1. Explique o que luz e cor, fisicamente (comprimento de onda, faixa visvel do espectro, etc).

. Cite alguns exemplos de cores com seus comprimentos de ondas aproximados. 2. Ns enxergamos completamente o que fisicamente existe? Discorra um pouco sobre isso. 3. Descreva o processo de captao da luz e cor em nossos olhos (retina, fvea, cones, bastes, pigmentos visuais, etc). 4. O que so espaos de cores? Para que servem? Quais so os mais comuns usados? 5. Qual a diferena entre um espao aditivo e um subtrativo? Explique a aplicao de ambos (onde so utilizados). 6. O que uma imagem? Como representar imagens (explique os formatos vetorial e raster)? Por que os displays vetoriais morreram? 7. O que um Display Full-color (ou true-color)? Explique por que alguns framebuffers (true-collor ou high-end) possuem at 96 bits de profundidade (ou mais). 8. O que uma tabela de cores (color-map)? Tente entender e faa um algoritmo que mapeia M cores (RGB) em uma colormap com N entradas formando uma rampa de tons de cinza? 9. Cite alguns dos formatos mais usados para armazenamento e manipulao de imagens (descreva suscintamente). 10. Para que serve a operao de convoluo? Coloque a sua forma matemtica, contnua e discreta, bidimensional. 11. Descreva o que filtragem e para que serve. 12. Descreva a aplicao (para que serve), coloque a forma matemtica e apresente exemplos de mscaras 3 x 3 para: 1. Filtro suavizante (blurring); 2. Filtro para realce de arestas (detector de arestas); 3. Filtro Gaussiano. 4. Filtro Gradiente do Gaussiano 5. Filtro Laplaciano do Gaussiano.

13. Coloque as imagens resultantes das convolues do filtro gradiente de Sobel 3 x 3, nas duas direes X e Y, com a imagem abaixo. Coloque a imagem que representa a magnitude dos filtros aplicados. 000000000000 000000000000 000011110000 000111111000 001111111100 001111111100 001111111100 000111111100 000011111000 000001110000 000000000000 000000000000 RESPOSTAS Explique o que luz e cor, fisicamente (comprimento de onda, faixa visvel do espectro, etc). Cite alguns exemplos de cores com seus comprimentos de ondas aproximados. A luz uma onda eletromagntica de comprimento entre 380 e 740 nm, entre o infravermelho e o ultravioleta. A luz possui intensidade, direo de propagao, frequncia e polarizao, com velocidade aproximada de 300.000 km/h.

Refraction is the bending of light rays when passing through a surface between one transparent material and another. It is described by Snell's Law:

where is the angle between the ray and the surface normal in the first medium, is the angle between the ray and the surface normal in the second medium, and n 1 and n2 are the indices of refraction, n = 1 in a vacuum and n > 1 in a transparent substance.

2. 3.

Eyes are organs that detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. In higher organisms the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm, focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a [1] [2] complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.

Perception of colors
Main article: Color vision

"Color vision is the faculty of the organism to distinguish lights of different spectral [37] qualities." All organisms are restricted to a small range of electromagnetic spectrum; this [38] varies from creature to creature, but is mainly between wavelengths of 400 and 700 nm. This is a rather small section of the electromagnetic spectrum, probably reflecting the submarine evolution of the organ: water blocks out all but two small windows of the EM spectrum, and [39] there has been no evolutionary pressure among land animals to broaden this range. The most sensitive pigment, rhodopsin, has a peak response at 500 nm. Small changes to [2] the genes coding for this protein can tweak the peak response by a few nm; pigments in the [2] lens can also filter incoming light, changing the peak response. Many organisms are unable to discriminate between colours, seeing instead in shades of grey; colour vision necessitates a range of pigment cells which are primarily sensitive to smaller ranges of the spectrum. In primates, geckos, and other organisms, these take the form ofcone cells, from which the more [40] sensitive rod cells evolved. Even if organisms are physically capable of discriminating different colours, this does not necessarily mean that they can perceive the different colours; [2] only with behavioural tests can this be deduced. Most organisms with color vision are able to detect ultraviolet light. This high energy light can be damaging to receptor cells. With a few exceptions (snakes, placental mammals), most organisms avoid these effects by having absorbent oil droplets around their cone cells. The alternative, developed by organisms that had lost these oil droplets in the course of evolution, is to make the lens impervious to UV light this precludes the possibility of any UV light being [40] detected, as it does not even reach the retina. [edit]Rods
[40]

and cones

The retina contains two major types of light-sensitive photoreceptor cells used for vision: the rods and the cones. Rods cannot distinguish colours, but are responsible for low-light (scotopic) monochrome (black-and-white) vision; they work well in dim light as they contain a pigment, rhodopsin (visual purple), which is sensitive at low light intensity, but saturates at higher (photopic) intensities. Rods are distributed throughout the retina but there are none at the fovea and none at the blind spot. Rod density is greater in the peripheral retina than in the central retina. Cones are responsible for colour vision. They require brighter light to function than rods require. In humans, there are three types of cones, maximally sensitive to long-wavelength, mediumwavelength, and short-wavelength light (often referred to as red, green, and blue, respectively, though the sensitivity peaks are not actually at these colours). The colour seen is the combined effect of stimuli to, and responses from, these three types of cone cells. Cones are mostly concentrated in and near the fovea. Only a few are present at the sides of the retina. Objects are seen most sharply in focus when their images fall on the fovea, as when one looks at an object directly. Cone cells and rods are connected through intermediate cells in the retina to nerve fibres of the optic nerve. When rods and cones are stimulated by light, the nerves send [40] off impulses through these fibres to the brain. [edit]Pigmentation The pigment molecules used in the eye are various, but can be used to define the evolutionary distance between different groups, and can also be an aid in determining which are closely [40] related although problems of convergence do exist.

Opsins are the pigments involved in photoreception. Other pigments, such as melanin, are used to shield the photoreceptor cells from light leaking in from the sides. The opsin protein group evolved long before the last common ancestor of animals, and has continued to diversify [2] since. There are two types of opsin involved in vision; c-opsins, which are associated with ciliary-type [41] photoreceptor cells, and r-opsins, associated with rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells. The eyes of vertebrates usually contain cilliary cells with c-opsins, and (bilaterian) invertebrates have rhabdomeric cells in the eye with r-opsins. However, some ganglioncells of vertebrates express r-opsins, suggesting that their ancestors used this pigment in vision, and that remnants survive [41] in the eyes. Likewise, c-opsins have been found to be expressed in the brain of some invertebrates. They may have been expressed in ciliary cells of larval eyes, which were [41] subsequently resorbed into the brain on metamorphosis to the adult form. C-opsins are also found in some derived bilaterian-invertebrate eyes, such as the pallial eyes of the bivalve molluscs; however, the lateral eyes (which were presumably the ancestral type for this group, if [41] eyes evolved once there) always use r-opsins. Cnidaria, which are an outgroup to the taxa mentioned above, express c-opsins - but r-opsins are yet to be found in this [41] group. Incidentally, the melanin produced in the raticate is produced in the same fashion as [41] that in vertebrates, suggesting the common descent of this pigment.

4. A color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be
represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components (e.g. RGB and CMYK are color models). However, a color model with no associated mapping function to an absolute color space is a more or less arbitrary color system with no connection to any globally understood system of color interpretation. Adding a certain mapping function between the color model and a certain reference color space results in a definite "footprint" within the reference color space. This "footprint" is known as a gamut, and, in combination with the color model, defines a new color space. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB model.

Fontes:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space