Test for Cations TEST SOLUTION TEST SOLUTION

1M NaOH

1M NH3

WITH PRECIPITATE
Cu2+: Blue Fe3+: Brown Ca2+: White Zn2+: White

NO PRECIPITATE
NH4+

WITH PRECIPITATE
Cu2+: Blue Fe3+: Brown Zn2+: White

NO PRECIPITATE
Ca2+, NH4+

EXCESS NaOH

EXCESS NH3

PRECIPITATE DISSOLVES Zn2+

PRECIPITATE REMAINED UNDISSOLVED Cu2+ Fe3+ Ca2+

PRECIPITATE DISSOLVES Cu2+ Zn2+

PRECIPITATE REMAINED UNDISSOLVED Fe3+

Confirmatory Test: Cu2+: test solution -> EXCESS NH3 -> deep blue complex Fe3+: test solution -> 0.1M KSCN -> blood red complex

test solution -> K4Fe(CN)6 -> dark blue precipitate Ca2+: test solution -> 0.1M (NH4)2C2O4 -> white precipitate NH4+: test solution -> evaporating dish -> 1M NaOH -> cover with watch glass with litmus paper -> red litmus turns blue Zn2+: test solution -> K3Fe(CN)6 -> yellow precipitate test solution -> K4Fe(CN)6 -> white precipitate Test for Anions TEST SOLUTION

1M Ba(NO3)2

WITH PRECIPITATE CO32PO43SO42-

NO PRECIPITATE I-, SCNBr-, NO3-

Confirmatory test: CO32-: Precipitate -> 1M CH3COOH -> Precipitate dissolves WITH EFFERVESCENCE PO43-: Precipitate -> 1M CH3COOH -> Precipitate dissolves WITHOUT EFFERVESCENCE test solution -> 0.1M MgCl2 -> white precipitate SO4-: Precipitate -> 1m CH3COOH -> Precipitate remains UNDISSOLVED

TEST SOLUTION TEST SOLUTION 1M HNO3, 0.01 M KMnO4, toluene 1M HNO3, 0.1 M Fe(NO3)3, toluene NO CHANGE CO32PO43 SO42-

WITH CHANGE
aqueous ISCNBrNO3Yellow Blood Red Yellow Yellow organic Pink Colorless Colorless Coloress

NO CHANGE
CO32PO43SO42ISCNBrNO3-

WITH CHANGE
aqueous Yellow Brown Peach Yellow Brown Yellow Brown organic Pink Colorless Yellow Colorless

Confirmatory test: I-: test solution -> 1M HNO3, 0.1 M Fe(NO3)3, toluene -> pink toluene layer SCN-: test solution -> 1M HNO3, 0.1 M Fe(NO3)3, toluene -> deep red aqueous layer Br-: test solution -> 1M HNO3, 0.01 M KMnO4, toluene -> yellow or orange toluene layer NO3-: test solution ->6M H2SO4, FeSO4 -> Tilt test tube to 60o -> 18M H2SO4 -> formation of brown ring