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2007
.1 4 ' :
2
3
4
5
1
1
1
3
5
5

. matlab .
:
,
1
1

21= 0
=1
3

= 1

4 1

0
3

20

=52

1
=2

=0
1

31

42

32

22

1
= 1

5
=0

53

02
54

31
3

4 3 = 2
53

11

55
5

1
)p(x) = 1 + 1(x 1)(x 2) (x 1)(x 2)(x 3
3
.
;]X=[1:5
;]Y=[1 1 3 5 5
;)P=polyfit(X,Y,4
;]Z=[1:0.001:5
))plot(Z,polival(P.Z
.2

.3

5
6
24

32 32
b = 144

213
59 23
0 0
8 5 6

1 0
U = 0 2 4

0 0 3
7 1

8
A = 48

72
1
L= 6

. L U A
. LU
. LU A
:
. L U A
L U lu .A

Ax = b
LUx = b
Ux = y
Ly = b

0 0 y 1 24
24

1 0 y 2 = 144
y = 0

3
7 1 y 3 213
5 6 x 1 24
1

2 4 x 2 = 0
x = 2

1
0 3 x 3 3

1
L= 6

9
8
U= 0

[L U]=lu(A) .
.4 f (x) = 2x + 3

(f (x) p(x)) dx
2

' ] [-1,1
.

f (x) = 2x + 3 [0..2]
g(t) = 2(t + 1) + 3 = 2t + 5 [ 1..1]
p0 = 1
1 1
1
1
a 0 = 1 2t + 5dt = (2t + 5)1.5 | 11 = [71.5 31.5 ] = 2.2207
2 1
6
6
p1 = t
1

1 t (2t + 5)1.5 (2t + 5)2.5

3 1
3 t (2t + 5)1.5 1 1
a 1 = t 2t + 5dt =
(2t + 5)1.5dt =

= 0.45
2 1
2
3
3 1
1
5
2
1
p2 = 0.5(3t 2 1)
a2 =

1
1

5 1
5 1.5t 2 (2t + 5)1.5
2
1.5t
2t
+
5

0.5
2t
+
5dt
=
(2t + 5)1.5 tdt 0.5 2t + 5dt =

1
1
2 1
2
3

2.5
1 (2t + 5)
1

5 1.5t 2 (2t + 5)1.5 t (2t + 5)2.5

dt 0.5 2t + 5dt =

1
1
2
3
5
5
1
1

5 1.5t 2 (2t + 5)1.5 t (2t + 5)2.5 (2t + 5)3.5 (2t + 5)1.5

= 0.03139
35
6
2
3
5
1
P(t) = 1 2.2207 + 0.45t + 0.03139 (0.5 (3t 2 1))
t = x 1
P(x) = 1 2.2207 + 0.45(x 1) + 0.03139 (0.5 (3(x 1)2 1))
h=0.5

xe
0

dx = 0.5940 .5

.
. "matlab .

x = [0 :0.5 :2]
x = [0,0.5,1,1.5,2];

:
.

f (x) = xe x
0.5
Simp =
[f (0) + 4f (0.25) + 2f (0.5) + 4f (0.75) + 2f (1) + 4f (1.25) + 2f (1.5) + 4f (1.75) + f (1)] = 0.55
6
0.594 0.55
error =
= 0.079
0.55
.
F=@(x)x*exp(-x)
I=quad(F,0,2)

)2y ' + xy = sin(x

.6
y(0) = 1
midpoint h=0.5 )y(2
. matlab )y(0),y(1),y(2),y(3

ronge kuta

)k 1 = h f (y,x
k1
h
) ,x i +
2
2

y i +1 = y i + h f (y i +

sin(x) xy
)= f (y,x
2
k 1 = hf (y,x) = f (1,0) 0.5 = 0
y(0.5) = 1 + 0.5 f (1,0.25) = 0.9974
k 1 = hf (y,x) = f (0.9974,0.5) 0.5 = 0.0056
y(1) = 0.9974 + 0.5 f (0.9974 0.0028,0.75) = 0.9878
k 1 = hf (y,x) = f (0.9829,1) 0.5 = 0.00356
y(1.5) = 0.9878 + 0.5 f (0.9829 0.0017,1.25) = 0.918
k 1 = hf (y,x) = f (0.918,1.5) 0.5 = 0.096
y(2) = 0.918 + 0.5 f (0.918 0.048,1.75) = 0.78
= 'y

.
)[T Y]=ode45(@(t,y) 0.5*(sin(t)-t*y),[0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3],1

.7

1
5
9
23
1
0.9870
24
24
736 44 191 292
1
0.9773
858
858
x= x=
b=
b=

A =
966 294 903 477
2
2.0137
3042
3042

1288 236 1711 935

4
3.960
6110
6111
. .
. ?
. .

0
0
0
1

b
0.0385
1
= )= 0.008 (b
= =
= 0.00016
4
b
b 6110

0.013
0.0227
0.0137
0.0385

x
=
x

= )(x

. 50
'
x
b
) k(A
x
b

)53.75 k(A
cond(A,inf).

0.0088 k(A) * 0.00016

.8
.9 2y-ty+sin(t)y=t3 y(0)=-1 y(0)=0
y(0)=-1
. " "
. ) y(1 h=0.5
:

)t 3 + t y'' y sin(t
2
define
= '''y

y2

Y' =
y3
3
) t + t y 3 y 1s in(t

y1 = y
Y = y 2 = y '1 ,

y3 = y2 '

)Yi +1 = Yi + h Y'(t
1.5
0.5

1.25

Y1 = 1.5 + 0.5
1
= 2

0.5(0.53 0.5 + 0.5sin(0.5)) 1.03

1

0
1 0.5

Y0.5 = 1 + 0.5 1 = 1.5

1

0 1

.10
'
8
2.6

7
4.2

5
4.6

6
3.4

4
2.5

2
2.1

3
-3.4

1
1.2

.
." ) p(x ' x=4

.
spline ,
,
.
. 8' 1 8
0 = 1
1 (x) = x + a
2 (x) = x 2 + bx + c
8

(x) (x) = 0

36 + 8a = 0 a = 4.5

i =1
8

(x) (x) = 0

204 + 36b + 8c = 0 c = 25.5 4.5b

i =1

+ b(x 4.5) 25.5 = 0

(x) (x) = 0 (x 4.5)(x

1

i =1

i =1

b = 9 c = 15
2 (x) = x2 9x + 15
8

3.2
= 0.019
168

y
2

i =1

) (x) (x
2

1 (x) = x 4.5
8

i =1

21.1
=
= = 0.502 a 2
42

1 y i
i =1

= ) (x) (x
1

0 = 1

i =1

= a1

17.4
=
= 2.175
8

0 yi
i =1

) (x) (x
0

= a0

i =1

)P(x) = 2.175 + 0.502(x 4.5) 0.019(x 2 9x + 15



.1. cubic spline
1 2
4
1 8
5
. matlab "

.
hi
h i + h i +1
h i y i +1 y i y i y i 1
a i 1 + a i
= + a i 1
+
6
6
6
hi
h i 1
i=1
1+2
2 1
0 + ai
+ 0 = + = 3 a1 = 6
6
2 1
3
)S0 (x) = (x 1) + (2 x) + 7(x 1
1 x 2

2 x 4

(4 x)3
)+ (8 2x) + 2.5(x 2
2

= )S1 (x

.
;]X=[1 2 4
;]Y=[1 8 5
;)]P=spline(X,[0 Y 0
;]Z=[1:0.01:4
;))Plot(Z,ppval(P,Z
.2
. x = 3 .x=1
. matlab '.
) f (x n
x n +1 = x n
) f '(x n
3

3 1.6663
3 1.47173
1.4717
x
1.4717
=
=

= 1.4428
2
3 1.6662
3 1.47172

x 2 = 1.6666

31
2
=1
3
3

x1 = 1

.
x=1
while x-alpha>epsilon
;alpha=x
;)x=x-(3-x^3)/(-3*x^2
end
.3

1 2 3 4
6

A = 1 2 3 5 b = 7
1 5 6 7
12

. A QR
. .
. matlab QR A

.
-0.5774 -0.4082 -0.7071
Q= -0.5774 -0.4082 0.7071
-0.5774 0.8165 -0.0000
R=-1.7321 -5.1962 -6.9282 -9.2376
0
2.4495 2.4495 2.0412
0
0 -0.0000 0.7071
.
QR = A

Ax = b

QQ' = I

QRx = b
Rx = Q' b

x1
21.7321 25.1962 26.9282 29.2376
214.4338
x
2

'
Rx = 0
2.4495
2.4495 2.0412 = Q b = 4.4907
0
x3
0.7071
0
20.0000
0.7071

4
x4 1
x3 0
x2 1
x1 0

.
.
;]A=[1 2 3 4;1 2 3 5;1 5 6 7
;)[Q R]=qr(A

.4

. dx

) cos(2x 5

sin(2x 5)e
0

. .
. Matlab "
:
.

ba
b+a ba
x+
()
)dx = g(x)dx
1
2
2
2
x 1
1
1
1
)cos(2( + ) 5
x 1 1
x 1
) cos( x 4
0.5dx
0 f (t)dt = 1 f ( 2 + 2 )( 2 )dx =1 sin(2( 2 + 2 ) 5)e 2 2 0.5dx = sin(x 4)e
x 1 = 0.6 x 2 = 0 x 3 = 0.6
5
8
5
= w1 = w2 = w3
9
9
9
8
5
5
I = sin( 0.6 4) ecos( 0.6 4 ) 0.5 + sin( 4) ecos( 4 ) 0.5 + sin( 0.6 4) ecos( 0.6 4 ) 0.5 = 0.4786
9
9
9
.
1

( f (t)dt = f
1

dx

)cos(2x 5

sin(2x 5) e
0

)u = cos(2x 5
) sin(2x 5
dx
2
1
1
1
1
1
eu du = eu = ecos(2x 5) | 10 = ecos( 3) + ecos( 5 ) = 0.4872
2
2
2
2
2
| | 0.4872 0.4876
= )(x
= 0.00082
0.4872

= du

.
))F=@(x)sin(2*x-5)*exp(cos(2*x-5
)I=quad(F,0,1
e t y + 2t y ' = 0

.5 "
y(1) = 2
. ) y(1.5) y(2) y(2.5 h=0.5
. ' ) y(t .
) (
. 4

) y i +1 = y i + h f (y i ,t i
y' = e t y + 2t
y(1.5) = 2 + 0.5 (e1 2 + 2) = 5.713
y(2) = 5.713 + 0.5 (e1.5 5.713 + 3) = 20.0321
y(2.5) = 20.0321 + 0.5 (e2 20.0321 + 4) = 96.041

)(x 1.5)(x 2)(x 2.5

)(x 1)(x 2)(x 2.5
)(x 1.5)(x 1)(x 2.5
+ 5.713
+ 20.032
)(1 1.5)(1 2)(1 2.5
)(1.5 1)(1.5 2)(1.5 2.5
)(2 1.5)(2 1)(2 2.5
)(x 1.5)(x 2)(x 1
+96.041
)(2.5 1.5)(2.5 2)(2.5 1
.6
. f (x) = x + 4

P(x) = 2

(f (x) p(x))2 dx

12

X=5

f (x) = x + 4 [0..12] x = 6t + 6
]g(t) = 6t + 10 [ 1..1
p0 = 1
1 1
1
1
1 6t + 10dt = (6t + 10)1.5 | 11 = [161.5 4 1.5 ] = 3.5

2 1
16
16
p1 = t

= a0

1.5
)1 (6t + 10
3 t (6t + 10)1.5 (6t + 10)2.5
3 1
3 t (6t + 10)1.5
a 1 = t 6t + 10dt =

dt =

= 0.266
1
2 1
2
9
9
9
9 6 2.5 1
2

)p2 = 0.5(3t 2 1
1

1.5
)1 (6t + 10
1

5 1
5 1.5t 2 (6t + 10)1.5
a 2 = 1.5t 2 6t + 10 0.5 6t + 10dt =

tdt 0.5 6t + 10dt = 0.01739

1
2
2
9
3
1

))P(t) = 1 3.5 + 0.266t + 0.01739 (0.5 (3t 2 1

x 6
6
)(x 6
))+ 0.01739 (0.5 (0.5 (x 6)2 1
6

=t

P(x) = 3.5 + 0.26

.
F(5)=3
P(5)=3.454

3.454 3
= 0.15
3

= )(x

- 2 4
.7

2
1 1

A = 1 2
2
2 2 a2 + 4

. a .
0
. b = 1 Ax=b
a2

:
. ) (
,
2
1 1

A = 1 2
2 | A 11 | = 1 | A 22 | = 2
2 2 a2 + 4

| A 33 | = 2 ( 2) 2 0 + ( a 2 + 4 ) 2 > 0
+ 4) > 0

( 2a

a 2 > 2

1 1
A = 1 2
2 2

1 0
L = 1 1
2 0

A = R Rt

2
1

0
r2 = r2 r1
2
r3 = r3 2r1

0
a 2 + 4

0
1 0 0

0 Du = 0 1 0
0 0 a
1

2
1 0
0 a 2
1

1 0 0
R = L D = 1 1 0

2 0 a

Ax = b
R R tx = b
R tx = y
Ry = b
1 0 0
0
0
1 1 0 y = b = 1

y = 1
2 0 a
a2

a
R tx = y
1 1 2
0
3
0 1 0 x = y = 1

x = 1
0 0 a
a
1

X
Y

1
-3

: .8
2
3
4
5
6
1
7
15
25
A

3
21= 4
=1

31

64

0
4 2=1

61

a 37
24
)(a 37

63

10 8

0.5(a 35) 1

= 10
64

25 15

a 35
= a 25

15 7
15

54

7 1

86

0
6 = a 37
62
24

32

4 3 =8
53 =1

1+3
1

=6

25
65

a 25
a

a 37
)(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5
120
. a 37 ,
.

p(x) = 3 + 4(x 1) + 1(x 1)(x 2)

.9

x + y 2xy 9 = 0
2

4xy x 2 4y 2 + 8 = 0
. x,y .
x 4
. =
y 0 1
.
:
.

x 2 + y 2 2xy 9 = 0
4xy x 2 4y 2 + 8 = 0
x
x
x
1
y = y J f y
n +1 n
n
2x 2y 2y 2x
J =

4y 2x 4x 8y
no solution
(2x 2y)(4x 8y) (4y 2x)(2y 2x) = 0
8x 2 24xy + 16y 2 (8y 2 12xy + 4x 2 ) = 0
4x 2 12xy + 8y 2 = 0
x,y

.
x + y 2xy 9 = 0
2

4xy x 2 4y 2 + 8 = 0
x
x
x
1
=

f

y

n +1 y n
y n
2x 2y 2y 2x
6 6
J =
J =

4y 2x 4x 8y
4 8
8 6 1 4 3 4 0
J 1 =
=
f =
4 6 2 2 3 1 4
x 4 4 3 0 8
y = 1 2 3 4 = 11
1

y(0)=1 y(0)=2 y'' 5yt 2 + e t y = 7 .10

" ".
h=0.5 y(1.5) .
.
y1 = y
y 2 = y '1 = y'
y 2 ' = y'' = f (y,y',t) = 7 5ty' e t y
y2

y' =

t
7 5ty 2 e y 1

y
y '
y = 1 y' = 1 =
y2
y2 '

y2

7 5 t y + et y

2
1
1
0
0
y1 y1
y
2
1 2.5
1 = 0 + h F( 01 ,t) = + 0.5
=
1
7 0 + 2 5.5
y2 y2
y2
5.5
y 21 y 11
y 11
2.5

5.25
=
,
+
h

F(
=
2 1
1 ,t) = + 0.5

0.5
7 5 0.5 5.5 + e 2.5 9.689
5.5
y2 y2
y2
9.689
y 31 5.25

10.094
+ 0.5
=
3 =

1
7 5 0.5 9.689 + e 5.25 13.022
y 2 9.689