First Aid 1 2010

First Aid I
(First aid at a scene of fire)

Kitakyushu City Fire and Disaster Management Department
JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010
Introduction
At scenes of various disasters, such as fire, inhabitants and firefighters are always exposed to the risk of suffering various kinds of illnesses such as a burn and poisoning. Todays theme
Acquiring knowledge and skills mainly on first aid
Possible accidents at a scene of fire
Accident due to the fire itself Accident due to inhaling of a gas caused by the fire Accident due to a falling when escaping Accident due to collapse of a building or a falling object Secondary sudden illness due to a shock from an accident Necessary to acquire correct skills in first aid and always practice training, including image training.
JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010 3
FirstFirst-aid equipment
Various types of stretchers and equipment for fixing the sick and wounded (Equipment for rescue and conveyance) Bandage, gauze and adhesive plaster (Equipment for treatment of wound) Bag mask, various types of air ways and oxygen (Equipment for management of breathing) Always keep them clean so that they are available anytime.
Protection against infection
Diffusion of Standard Precautions

Regard all wet biological substances as being positive for infection and use some protectors as a preventive measure. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CDC)
The object
1. 2. 3. 4. Blood All body fluids and excretions other than sweat and tears All skins Mucous membrane
Preventive measures
*Hand *Hand washing (use of soap for 30 or more seconds) *Glove *Gown *Mask and goggles *Disposal of infectious wastes
Risk of being infected whenever going into action.

Safety management
The risk of a secondary disaster always exists at a scene of fire.

* Secure the safety of yourself. * Move the sick and wounded to safe places and give first aid to them promptly.
Refrain from giving first aid until the safety of firefighters is secured.
Observation
The main purpose is to grasp the conditions of the sick and wounded.
* Observation of circumstances (to grasp the number of wounded persons and the surroundings) Request for help * Observation of the sick and wounded
Collect information promptly and decide which to give precedence. Environmental measures for preventing a secondary disaster
Observation of the sick and wounded
Sharing information
All the firefighters in action should share information so that they can grasp the condition of the accident and take action.
Outline of the accident Conditions of the sick and wounded and degrees of sickness and wounds Details of the first aid to give
Caras lifesaving curves

(Death rate)
100
75 50 25
0
30sec 1min 2 3 5 10 15 30 60min
time
(1) The death rate is 50% about 3 minutes after cardiac arrest. (2) The death rate is 50% about 10 minutes after respiratory arrest. (3) The death rate is 50% about 30 minutes after excessive bleeding.
CardiopulmonaryCardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation (CPCR)
If the circulation stops, the person will lose consciousness within 15 seconds, the breathing will suspend within 60 seconds, an irreversible disorder will occur in the central nervous system 3 to 5 minutes after, and a permanent nervous disorder will occur 10 or more minutes after.
Necessary to carry out CPCR at early stage.

Basic Life Support (BLS)

A: Air way B: Breathing C: Circulation + Control of active bleeding D: Defibrillation A, B, C, D = BLS (Basic Life Support)
13
Defibrillation
AED: Automated External Defibrillator When the power is on, operations are instructed audibly, and defibrillation is carried out according to the instruction. The electrocardiogram is automatically examined, and judgment is made as to whether to give an electric shock. Even the general public who have no medical knowledge can easily handle AED. AED is installed at places where many people gather, such as schools, airports and stadiums.
Installation of AED
Atlanta Airport
Narita Airport
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation -Practical DescriptionDescription-
16
Confirming consciousness
Are you all right?
Tap the shoulder and call the person with a loud voice. If the person is unconscious, ask for help.
Securing the respiratory tract
Cause of occlusion of the respiratory tract

* Sinking of the root of the tongue that accompanies conscious disorder Securing of the respiratory tract by hand and various types of air ways * Edema in the respiratory tract due to a burn Necessary to insert a tube early * Alien substance in the respiratory tract The Heimlich method or removal by the use of tools
18
Method of securing the respiratory tract
Bending the head backward and raising the lower jaw by hand
Raising the lower jaw by hand
19
Confirming breathing
Look, listen and feel
Confirming within 10 seconds
After securing the respiratory tract, look at the chest, listen to the breathing and feel the expiration.
Breathing or Not
Breathing Breathing Body position for recovery
Not breathing/Abnormal breathing Artificial respiration

Mouth-toMouth-to-mouth respiration
Pinch a nose while securing airway. Expire air twice a second to the extent that a chest swells a little.
Evaluation of Circulation
General citizen
No breathing = Regarded as cardiac arrest Do not check pulse

Medical
profession (including ambulance crew) Check carotid artery

Cardiac Massage with Breastbone Compression
With cardiac massage with breastbone compression, 1/3 - 1/4 of the normal bloodstream are secured.
CPCR with only cardiac massage It is regarded effective to conduct only cardiac massage without mouth-to-mouth rescue mouth-tobreathing, fearing the infection of HIV and hepatitis.
Cardiac Massage with Breastbone Compression
Center on the line connecting both nipples

Strongly, quickly, and completely get rid of pressure.
Push vertically. Compress 4-5 cm, 30 times consecutively at a pace of 100 times/ minute.
Until Arrival of Rescue Party
Conduct artificial respiration twice and cardiac massage 30 times repeatedly. repeatedly. Continue them until AED arrives, a patient moves his/her body, or a rescue party arrives.
27
CPCR by a pair
28
Bag-ValveBag-Valve-Mask Method
Advantage * Fatigue at conducting artificial respiration can be reduced. * Higher concentration of oxygen can be given.
29
Leave some space and sit down.
30
Put your little finger at a corner of the lower jaw.

EC method
31
Good
NG
CPCR by a pair
33
Pocket Mask
34
Face Shield
35
CPCR for Baby

Cardiac massage : artificial respiration
36
CPCR for Child

Cardiac massage : artificial respiration
37
Summary of BLS
1. Confirm whether a patient is conscious or unconscious. unconscious. 2. In case of being unconscious, call for a rescue party. party. 3. Secure airway. airway. 4. Confirm respiration. respiration. 5. Conduct artificial respiration twice. twice. 6. Check pulse (only medical profession) Conduct cardiac massage 30 times. times. 7. Conduct artificial respiration twice and cardiac massage 30 times repeatedly.
Firefighters should be specialists in BLS. Firefighters are required not only to be well acquainted with these treatment methods but also to have deep knowledge and skills enough to make others understand them well.
39

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First Aid I

(First aid at a scene of fire)

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

Acquiring knowledge and skills mainly on first aid

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

Possible accidents at a scene of fire

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

Protection against infection

Diffusion of Standard Precautions

Risk of being infected whenever going into action.

The risk of a secondary disaster always exists at a scene of fire.

Caras lifesaving curves

CardiopulmonaryCardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation (CPCR)

Necessary to carry out CPCR at early stage.

Basic Life Support (BLS)

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation -Practical DescriptionDescription-

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

Securing the respiratory tract

Cause of occlusion of the respiratory tract

Method of securing the respiratory tract

Raising the lower jaw by hand

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

Breathing Breathing Body position for recovery

Not breathing/Abnormal breathing Artificial respiration

No breathing = Regarded as cardiac arrest Do not check pulse

profession (including ambulance crew) Check carotid artery

Cardiac Massage with Breastbone Compression

Cardiac Massage with Breastbone Compression

Center on the line connecting both nipples

Strongly, quickly, and completely get rid of pressure.

Until Arrival of Rescue Party

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

Leave some space and sit down.

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

Put your little finger at a corner of the lower jaw.

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

CPCR for Baby

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

CPCR for Child

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

JICA"Fire Fighting Techniques "2010

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