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Introduction
At scenes of various disasters, such as fire, inhabitants and firefighters are always exposed to the risk of suffering various kinds of illnesses such as a burn and poisoning. Todays theme
Accident due to the fire itself Accident due to inhaling of a gas caused by the fire Accident due to a falling when escaping Accident due to collapse of a building or a falling object Secondary sudden illness due to a shock from an accident Necessary to acquire correct skills in first aid and always practice training, including image training.
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FirstFirst-aid equipment
Various types of stretchers and equipment for fixing the sick and wounded (Equipment for rescue and conveyance) Bandage, gauze and adhesive plaster (Equipment for treatment of wound) Bag mask, various types of air ways and oxygen (Equipment for management of breathing) Always keep them clean so that they are available anytime.
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The object
1. 2. 3. 4. Blood All body fluids and excretions other than sweat and tears All skins Mucous membrane
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Preventive measures
*Hand *Hand washing (use of soap for 30 or more seconds) *Glove *Gown *Mask and goggles *Disposal of infectious wastes
Safety management
Refrain from giving first aid until the safety of firefighters is secured.
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Observation
The main purpose is to grasp the conditions of the sick and wounded.
* Observation of circumstances (to grasp the number of wounded persons and the surroundings) Request for help * Observation of the sick and wounded
Collect information promptly and decide which to give precedence. Environmental measures for preventing a secondary disaster
Observation of the sick and wounded
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Sharing information
All the firefighters in action should share information so that they can grasp the condition of the accident and take action.
Outline of the accident Conditions of the sick and wounded and degrees of sickness and wounds Details of the first aid to give
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100
75 50 25
0
30sec 1min 2 3 5 10 15 30 60min
time
(1) The death rate is 50% about 3 minutes after cardiac arrest. (2) The death rate is 50% about 10 minutes after respiratory arrest. (3) The death rate is 50% about 30 minutes after excessive bleeding.
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If the circulation stops, the person will lose consciousness within 15 seconds, the breathing will suspend within 60 seconds, an irreversible disorder will occur in the central nervous system 3 to 5 minutes after, and a permanent nervous disorder will occur 10 or more minutes after.
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Defibrillation
AED: Automated External Defibrillator When the power is on, operations are instructed audibly, and defibrillation is carried out according to the instruction. The electrocardiogram is automatically examined, and judgment is made as to whether to give an electric shock. Even the general public who have no medical knowledge can easily handle AED. AED is installed at places where many people gather, such as schools, airports and stadiums.
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Installation of AED
Atlanta Airport
Narita Airport
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Confirming consciousness
Are you all right?
Tap the shoulder and call the person with a loud voice. If the person is unconscious, ask for help.
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Bending the head backward and raising the lower jaw by hand
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Confirming breathing
Look, listen and feel
Confirming within 10 seconds
After securing the respiratory tract, look at the chest, listen to the breathing and feel the expiration.
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Breathing or Not
Mouth-toMouth-to-mouth respiration
Pinch a nose while securing airway. Expire air twice a second to the extent that a chest swells a little.
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Evaluation of Circulation
General citizen
With cardiac massage with breastbone compression, 1/3 - 1/4 of the normal bloodstream are secured.
CPCR with only cardiac massage It is regarded effective to conduct only cardiac massage without mouth-to-mouth rescue mouth-tobreathing, fearing the infection of HIV and hepatitis.
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Push vertically. Compress 4-5 cm, 30 times consecutively at a pace of 100 times/ minute.
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Conduct artificial respiration twice and cardiac massage 30 times repeatedly. repeatedly. Continue them until AED arrives, a patient moves his/her body, or a rescue party arrives.
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CPCR by a pair
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Bag-ValveBag-Valve-Mask Method
Advantage * Fatigue at conducting artificial respiration can be reduced. * Higher concentration of oxygen can be given.
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EC method
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Good
NG
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CPCR by a pair
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Pocket Mask
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Face Shield
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Summary of BLS
1. Confirm whether a patient is conscious or unconscious. unconscious. 2. In case of being unconscious, call for a rescue party. party. 3. Secure airway. airway. 4. Confirm respiration. respiration. 5. Conduct artificial respiration twice. twice. 6. Check pulse (only medical profession) Conduct cardiac massage 30 times. times. 7. Conduct artificial respiration twice and cardiac massage 30 times repeatedly.
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Firefighters should be specialists in BLS. Firefighters are required not only to be well acquainted with these treatment methods but also to have deep knowledge and skills enough to make others understand them well.
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