Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. A guide
Acknowledges
to sustainability
the importance of building
.................................................. 1
on the work of others. to choose Canadian transitions to sustainability.
Outlines a vision of a sustainable future for Canada and discusses some values and principles that underlie sustainability
business
.............................................................................................. 2
Transitions
............................................................................................ 7
2.
Canadian
sustainability
initiatives
......................................
engaged in. strategy. planning. are a crucial part of a national multistakeholder
Recognizes, validates and integrates diverse activities, encouraging a more holistic approach to sustainability
2.1Community 2.2 Provincial 2.3 Regional 2.4 National 2.5Aboriginal 2.6 Corporate 2.7 Other
10 18 28 34
55 57
decision
63
3.
International
Recalls the international
dimensions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..~.......................
development. development and economic organizations. development. environmental, commitments
71
Considers current roles of international Reviews some of Canadas international Recognizes the experiences 3.1 Sustainability
of other countries
in national
institutions commitments
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.2 Existing
3.3 UN
conferences
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4 Economic
3.5 learning
4. Choices
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
together in a functional way. the pros
Breaks with the past by focussing on choices for the future using basic human needs rather than sectoral interests. Takes an integrated approach that helps to bring various stakeholders
Encourages people to consider a variety of choices and their consequences in a fair way, weighing and cons themselves and beginning to accept the difficult tradeoffs involved.
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
........................................................................................................................ and salt Human relationships water and ................................................................................................... natural ......................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................
5.
Transition
tools
. . . . . . . . ..~................~......~........................
tools, including integrated decision making, economic instruments, education
113
and more on those aspects
Encourages people to concentrate less on the multitude of specific problems of governance and management that transcend all sectors and problems. Recognizes that sustainability will not be achieved changes during a period of transition. 5.1 Institutional change decision alternatives the economy values and and
5.6Scientific
5.7 Accountability
technological
innovation
. . . . . . . . . . . ..I...........................................................................................
126
6.
Implementation:
a collective
endeavour
,....,,....,...............e.
and overcoming the many obstacles and trust for the more
129
Recognizes that implementation must be a collective endeavour: identifying to sustainability, forging new partnerships and monitoring progress. Stresses importance of working difficult challenges ahead. first on issues whose early resolution
Shows that sustainable development does not require new funding but rather a reallocation of existing financial flows, involving shifts in both the revenues and expenditures of governments, corporations and individuals.
and
overcoming
obstacles
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 priorities
. . . . . 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
I: II: Ill:
Bibliography Sustainability
142 149
list of acronyms
............................................................................
ii
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
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1995
Whyarewedoingthis?
The Projet de so&t& and non-profit future. is a multistakeholder committed partnership to promoting of government, Indigenous, business organizations Canadas transition to a sustainable we are primarily by Recognizing that sustainable providing development is a collective responsibility, a catalyst for change, linking their activities a forum for sectors and individuals to a common purpose. to prepare a National for winning Sustaingames or to build consensus and contributions
has undertaken
Strategy.
a strategy
development
must move away from the notion at the expense of any sector is to base
cannot be achieved
Moreover,
the only way to ensure that we are all winners process that builds commitment
on a broad, participatory
by focussing
can pretend
to describe
that must be done at all levels to move us toward work for the various ahead. sectors By sketching cooperative efforts
sustainability,
but it can help lay the groundin the months and years and
we hope to encourage
communities
in Canada to see how they fit into the larger picture and engage them into assuming
their share of the challenge. Because sustainable development our approach decision requires a fundamental change in the way we think about a paradigm shift away from thinking.
is designed making
sector-based
more integrated,
system-wide
We hope that Canadian Choices for Transitions to Sustainability will stimulate insight, provoke discussion, draw criticism, challenge society assumptions while
vision, trigger It is
an attempt empowering
of Canadian
encouraging,
and
to sustainability.
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
...
111
The first draft of Canadian Choices for Transitions National Stakeholders on comments received
to Sustainability
was prepared
for the
was prepared
1995 and used to engage various about Canadas transition and concerns to sus-
This Final Draft reflects some of the comments and will be presented
National Assembly,
planned for the fall of 1995. Further work is planned to compensate cultural and sectoral imbalances still found in this Final Draft.
Members
Jean Arnold
Fallsbrook
of the 1994
Centre
Working
Group:
Shirley Lewchuck Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Elizabeth May Sierra Club Sheldon McLeod Canadian Council of Ministers Environment Beatrice Olivastri Bea trite Olivas tri & Associates Peter Padbury Canadian Council for international Chester Reimer lnuit Circumpolar Conference Cooperation of the
Garth Bangay Environment Canada David Bennett Canadian Labour Congress Keith Bezanson International Development Lynn Broughton Forum for Sustainability Theodora Carroll-Foster International Development Research Centre Research Centre
Gordon Clifford
Consulting Audit Canada George Connell National Round Tab/e on the Environment and the Economy Heather Creech International Institute Development for Sustainable
Sarah Richardson National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy Barry Sadler Consultant Ann Marie Sahagian Environment Canada Sandy Scott National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy
Anne Cronin-Cossette Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade John Dillon Business Council on National issues
Ron Doering (Chair, Working Group) National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy Charles Ferguson INCO Janine Ferretti Pollution Probe Gary Gallon Canadian Environmental George Greene Canadian International Arthur Hanson International institute Development George Kowalski Environment Canada Industries Development for Sustainable Association Agency
Dana Silk National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy Mary Simon lnuit Circumpolar Conference
Robert Slater Environment Canada Judith Swan Oceans Institute Susan Tanner Friends of the Earth Kathy Thompson Federation of Canadian Municipalities Miriam Wyman Women and Sustainability Networks
iv
Canadian
Choices
for
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to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
of a sustainable and discusses that underlie sustainability. Acknowledges importance the of building
1.1Doing
business differently
multistakededicated
when
new stakeholders
con-
processes long-term
needed
to facilitate
tinued to join the process, others left and the number increased
of people involved
ment does not lend itself to traditional things: strategic them ways of doing goals and
for a sustainable at a
It originated
specific
Canadas
development responsibly
Nations
on Environment (UNCED)
and individuals,
across both generations and continents. That is why this NSDS is more of a guide to sustainability based on a vision of the future and a set of principles to guide the process (Box I).
a strategy
Development
(NSDS) called 21. agreed that of transparency, and accountaby Canada for the
This document,
Canadian
let alone its sheer size, it would be naive to propose development would
a sustainable
meaning
to follow.
making would
and forging
will not be easy, and it has never been at the national will
done before
By highlighting initiatives
sustainability Canada
throughout
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
organizations
by working
traditional
governments
It is complemented overview
and working.
- Sustamabie Nether/an&, 1993
responsibility
we must all
tools that can facilitate to break with stakesustainable development way, including sus-
1.2 Visions
century
of the future
or organizations, organized
making. part it
hinge of history, with nothing less than the future of the planet in the balance: human
the importance
ensure that various choices and their consequences compared can weigh so that people the pros and and begin
I 5, 14Sll I QY~LIIIIU suv.u.y
are
HUNran beings share the Earth with many other species; we are both dependent and interdeper rdent. We recognize that human beings around the world also share many needs and hopes for themselves and their children:
l
Communities encouraged
clean water and air; fertile soil and good food; safety from poverty and disease; an optimum population size; respect, love and a gentle touch; music, laughter and the peace of prayer; social contact and a sense of community; a livelihood and a healthy economy;
to learn and grow in understanding; the wonder and discipline of nature; work, rest and celebration; and to become one with the Earth.
.
l
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
activities
and numbers
are
meet the legitimate of both current generations whelming assimilative the planet, sustainable
aspirations
obligations?
now altering
natural systems
on a global scale. Although there is some dispute over the rates of change, acknowledged commonly effects include
without
vision of a sustainable
should we strive? Is there, in fact, a single vision of sustainability or will it continue things to in different times?
if we embrace development.
loss of biodiversity diversity, tospheric change natural of which economic instability. thinning ozone,
is a process
contribute
to social,
is interpreted currency
as
and environmental
continuously
pressure from people seeking refuge from deteriorating conditions the world, in other parts of if not in regions of Many stake-
as a first step
rather than the last word, so But what does it mean to live within our ecological means space remains to include the visions of others. This vision was then used to generate set of overarching a
sustainability
1.3 Values
and principles
Canadas high economic, social and environmental deficits are clear symptoms of unsustainability. down environmental By drawing stocks,
such as forests, fish and soils, we also degrade and economic support the social that
systems
Sustainable would
ensuring that we no longer borrow from the assets of future generations aspirations. to pay for our own If not, our children the first
of diminishing
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
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May
1995
1.4
of concerns
reforms comple-
about the future that were first raised in Canada many years ago. The fact that we are only now coming to grips with them - after an unprecedented period of material - does not mean that development is a
by shifts in individual
As one moves on the conceptual sustainability design a future scenarios, gains direction continuum through for to and society from the goal of criteria
growth
halting all forms of technological innovation. is not whether how to develop. development The challenge to grow but Sustainable
sustainable
new concept.
Rather, it is an
a positive enterprise
our research and development capabilities and entrepreneurial skills to manage change. Principles upon which this
Commission
in detail
a clearing house for natural resource federal research done by officials, in 1921.
and provincial
change needs to be based have been elaborated a variety of forums, upon in including (Box 4).
It was not until the 1972 United Nations Conference Human Environment on the held
all provincial
strategies
development by the
identified
Print :iples
in provincial
strategies
Principles appear frequently: that less
l
ability planning process. As we .move away from households, businesses international increasingly agreement principles. communities to the national and and
fairer distribution of costs and benefits; meeting basic needs; cultural awareness; recognition of non-monetary values; focussing on the longer-term economic quality rather than quantity of development; encouraging scientific and technological innovation.
global respo nsibility; I. .-- .tir*-uvmg onme interest not the capital;
minimizing the use of non-renewable resources; - --:..r,.:-:- L.:,...J:.,,n:t., ..A&.. ;+nnr:h,t%4 brocesses; sion makina; -. larasmp ana molvidual responsibility; :ost accounting;
be much agreement
but there
understanding cannot be
in Canada without
global sustainability.
to Sustainability
- FinalDraft
May 1995
however,
that
National policies or strategies were also prepared for a variety of sectors, including national parks (I 9791, land use (I 9801, forestry (I 981), wildlife (I 9821,
of Canada
We are recklessly destroying of Canada is scarcely It occurs be looked the timber and there a possibilit . . . should in the to me that
and
Our
Canada
Common Future, was published, Canadas National Task Force on the Environment and the Economy for provincial conservation blueprints economic called
as a Conserver Society.
The following the publication of numerous decade saw or preparation federal (and the
face and some efforts made for the preservation of our timber.
1871
to the international
scene. The Green Plan, which identified actions and budacross the
getary allocations
water conservation
in Western
Canada and for coastal zones in the East, West and Arctic. It also recommended analyzing
in 1990.
asserted that the adoption of a truly cross-sectoral conserIn 1992, Canada was one of more than 100 countries that attended whose Agenda UNCED, 21 and provide
vation policy was still the greatest challenge federal government. to the
for global,
as potentially
pivotal
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
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1995
on the envi-
society
making and planning in a number of important First, they should economic, respects, integrate and
strategies
get to
action plans.
sustainability attention
environmental
is focussed
second, their
Each
intermediary
steps needed
to reach it. That is why this guide encourages to use the transition described Chapter people tools
participation;
of the current situation. Public concern about the future has already enabled of sustainstrategies
considerable
on local circumstances. Almost should Even the 1992 Earth Summit was perceived by some all of this development be quite sustainable,
at many levels and in many sectors across Canada. This NSDS or guide builds on the considerable work under
but some will not be. Because societies formed attention large, complex cannot overnight, be transspecial to
way at all levels of government, First Nations and the business and NGO communities (Chapter 2). Ongoing initiatives Biodiversity emerging framework provincial, sectoral such as the National Strategy, the
will be needed
on development
the parking lots of suburban shopping malls can be restored land, but extinct
federal sustainability and the various municipal strategies and will also We
to agricultural
need to be incorporated.
are faced with the constant challenge various of weaving these 21 AGENDA : is a blueprint for making development mentally sustainable.. sociallv, economicallv ,. and environ-
the transitions.
The Convention Climate on Change aims to stabilize and reduce greenhouse gases so as to prevent dangerous human interference with the global climate system. The Convention Biological on Diversity requires that countries adopt appropriate way? and means of conserving the Earths biodiversity and of ensuring that its benefits are equitably shared. The RioDeclaration Environment Development a statement of 27 principles on and is defining the rights and responsibilities of nations as they pursue human development and well-being. The Statement Principles Forestry of on advocates a global consensus on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests.
1.5 Transitions
to
responses Report
sustainability
Many international to the 1987 Brundtland
to Sustainability
-. Final Draft
May 1995
of preventing
growth
experienced
since the
damage.
in Western should
A distinction
between growth of
characterisit
and between
generations.
based on and
consumption,
or so that a global deficit has appeared accounts. gotten on the development It is sometimes foris
the efficiency
improvement
be
growth,
use of materials
that development
It is even possible to imagine a day in the future when we will be able to measure of growth the kind we
but also
or development
actually need. This will happen once national accounting tems internalize sys-
or at least
better reflect environmental and social costs. Who would growth argue against
The problem
efficiency,
social resilience
or security?
There is also no longer much illusion about the impact misguided whether centrally development, it is the collapse planned of of Another much maligned growth. term is economic No one
- Kumar, Manning 1993
and it can only be achieved by ensuring institutional still engaged growth that the market, and political forces in the old kind of
economies,
pains of former of
or the excesses
doubts the inability of most places around the world to support the kind of economic
What is needed is
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
some and projects are in. engaged local, regional initiatives part of multistake-
First Nations,
2.1 Community
initiatives
exist throughregard their real smaller than the
and governments Many kinds of communities out Canada. Some people community municipality as something
promote
sustainable
development. a brief
in which they live. Others feel a with a larger region or in social or profesones.
pages provide
of some of the key sustainability and projects engaged that Canadians in. The initiatives not only the efforts but also those businesses of
their community
it is within
here reflect
our communities
that we want to feel secure, that we hope to recreate in a healthy environment and
that we seek social interaction It should come as no surprise, that a lot of activity
more descriptive
than analytical,
local or community
this section should help people compare their initiatives, appreciate the interconnectedness
Sustainability
planning
between environmental better questions
of their work with that of others and better understand the broad context. Of course, it As the interrelation and economic understood, issues has become and the longer-term communities
more obvious,
have sprung
up across
Municipal government
Many municipalities Hamilton-Wentworth the concept
in Canada, such as (Box 71, have adopted development or a goal. strategies municipalities
of sustainable principle
development
by local or regional
as independent
into revisions
plans or have replaced them. We hope that this overview sustainability where initiatives of Canadian Water and energy conservation issues
progress
and protection
of environmentally go
significant
10
Canadian
Choices
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Transitions
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1995
adopting
ecosystem
planning
Some
compact
been appointed
by city councils,
effects,
many others
have emerged
assessment. has
One
of the challenges we have faced finding is old work the right sleeves-up
from the grass roots when citizens gather to address of their comround
statevision
Provincial
statements developed
encouraged
to deal with
issues in a more cooperative way. The City of Vancouver is currently particularly by engaging choices undertaking innovative some work in making future of them
-Dr. Gordon Edwards, Chair, Owen Sound Round Table
municipa-
the population
fact, efforts
made to involve
and and
municipalities
mentation,
on the Environment
of integrating
the environment
a way busi-
labour, to discuss
tectian of natural
on issues They
; common issues r .. . .
development.
at the national,
Canadian
Choices
for
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to Sustainability
Final
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May
1995
as
is more
in British Columbia, (Box 8). In other there are some for example, have launched planning
Manitoba provinces,
have developed
their own goals, work rules. In Manitoba, has defined In almost the all
to be followed.
sustainability
is made to arrive at
by consensus. a sustainable
Many LRTs aim to produce development however, to achieve to resolve community. a healthy strategy.
In some cases,
Healthy communities
The Canadian funded Healthy Communities Project,
they work on specific projects more immediate contentious results or by Health Canada and sponsored Institute of Planners and Municipalities, communities
issues in the
of Canadian
establishing
healthy
communities
conference
groups,
sector, a a
and politicians
in creating
enable
to achieve
- defined
by the United Nations as a state of physical, mental program and social well-being. The
involvement,
commitment (emphasizing The range of issues addressed varies considerably. by LRTs provision Although
promotion
a sustainable
in British Columbia,
(Box 9). There are also healthy and contact points in the
communities
other provinces
12
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
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May
1995
Community
projects
have
of sectoral ment,
managedevelopment
of bringing to assess
land-use
together
their concerns
of RAPS has been led by the federal and Ontario, ments, government local governgroups,
per day watching television...many women in rural and children India spend per fuel.
interest
industries
are recognizing
are aware of this and have improved the quality involvement. locations, reoort and making particti frustratina barriers a difference.
Seventh
that there are many determinants that lie beyond of health the for-
form of round
multistakeholder
mal health care system, such as road safety, population growth, afford-
table at the local level (Box IO). Most of the communities involved reports and
and time
are defined.
the Canadian Healthy Communities has become of interactions leaders outside a contact with
Network
Healthy
that grew
the country.
a commitment to implement
program.
Lakes region of Canada designated the International currently Joint Commission remedial action
developing
plans (RAPS) for their waterfront RAPS take a comprehensive approach waterfront to restoring
areas
ecosystem
and protecting
determines
and on what
They consolidate
the variety
Canadian
Choioes
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
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May
1995
for managing
sustainable
developeight
of 13 communities
involved
Through community-based,
muitistake-
holder round tables, each project is meant to develop agement comprehensive environmental The model enables that has been developed such
Each plan
how it is to be financed
key steps are to collect After an assessment environmental is developed conservation In addition quality, of the areas a long-term actions vision and to do a self-evaluation looking mental at economic, characteristics, for the future.
data and
of the community, social and environand then develop The program has
a strategy focussed
much wealth
communities,
and challenges
development.
Watershed planning
Because a watershed forms a coherent, signifi-
and Studies
a Sustainable
easily described
and ecologically
in 1991 to work
cant area around which nities have been involved in land-use centre and resource
community develop
a self-help
around
watersheds.
tremendously watershed (Chapter in scale. A considerable has occurred Edward watershed been funded Agreement
in scope
amount in Atlantic
on Sustainable
about development
environment.
14
Canadian
Choices
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1995
ambitious
watershed
As for housing and urban land use, projects or programs conversion, are under way to promote neighbourhood rehabilitation, and residential infilling, mixed-
framework:
a loo-year
plan was first used in Saskatoon in the 1970s to develop a plan for the South Saskatchewan similar River valley and a planning horizon has
difficult people
adaptive density.
getting
Lake watershed.
A recent and relatively large-scale watershed is the work example planning of a exercise
School Project,
in cleaning
up local rivers and ravines, planting trees and doing bird counts. Although these
reduction
and management
,.,>.. gij?
g g
,&:,A ,,*>-;-
planning, habitat
conservation (particularly
are transportation,
and urban form issues. Many of these activities others are community-driven, are municipal government while initia-
tives that are often funded programs Current metering, restrictions, (Box 14). water projects
by provincial
The Rayal CommiSsion on ttie Future of the Toronto Waterfront (also k~otin~ as the Crombie Gemmission after its chairperson, David Crombie) wosesked. in 1988 ta make recommendations regarding the future of theToronto waterfront area. But in its first report, it ncknowledged that everything is connected to everything else, and it expandedthe scope of its study to include the Oak Ridges Moraine, , the Niagara @carDment end the,many rivers and streams that flow from these lsnds to Leke Ontario. The Commission recognized that -&ything happening in thewatersheds of the Greater Toronto Area 1 vvoulcl undoubtedly be tied tn the~environmentol quality and health of - the waterfront area, and therefore it decided to consir der the waterfront iFJithhtthe eontextof the greatmbiuregion in which it lies. ,The Comm~&on edopted and promoted an ecosystem approach to ~pjanningas en~aljproprhrte wau of addressing the range of problems th,ey Were Sacod.wi& &&u&g a degraded physical environment, .nr&m s~~a~l,.ov~~lapp~ng andinefhztual jurisdictions, and fiscal inefficiencies~ ; , green initiatives are less comprehensive planning level,
building water
retrofits,
of municipal of energy
lighting, stanthat
efficiency
land-use efficiency,
planning renewable
sources,
municipal
transit
fleet fuel
conversion
and district
heating
systems.
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
15
Improved
An important tables,
decision
aspect
making
of local round green
are making
changes
of more
healthy
communities
to changes
Institutional
Municipal
change
committees
environmental
sound environmental
decisions.
had environmental
departments for
responsibility
environmental positions
in larger municipalities.
cases, there are interdepartmental on environment, offices and in a few have been
committees
There does not yet appear to be any movement development development toward joint environmentor sustainable
departments officers.
Monitoring
A number palities
and reporting
of cities and regional municithe issues
and others
Most of these
In Toronto,
16
Canadian
Choices
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1995
well-developed
nize the need. A number In order to report a need to monitor cipality or region. there are under way to address Provincial in the muni-
round tables
British Columbia,
Manitoba
has often
Not all organizations at the municipal/ community of reporting. when recognized, is often expensive ously too technical its value considered and too to be sericonsidered at level. level are Even is reporting aware of the value
there
of province-wide
toward
programs. attempts
Communities
Volunteers
information
testing
techniques erosion
in sustainable development
the community
munity members
awareness so detect
to these
provincial
in environmental
conditions.
through
its Canadian
on the Environment
Environmental
Environmental
Impact Assessment
Impact Assessment (EIA)
working
at the national
level to establish
and provincial
not been used by municipal to make development decisions municipal until recently. governments
since
of the degree
and sustainable
assessment
(Box 15).
ytivities, appr&als age&es ,). priva&,s?cfor from and the levels City, development i md prop osak requirir requiring from ta citv , Dlannina _ . planning other I aooroval. , .
de\ielopmentproposaIs
of gbvernment
and experience
Canadian
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to Sustainability
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1995
system
amount
of work
on susalong
in enhancing by sharing
initiatives
with other
relevant
through
techniques
its information
The International
acknowledge
(ICLEI), established
by some 200 municipalities from over 40 countries, acts at the international level as a clearing for sustainable house
they exchange
information
with cities in other countries. In fact, more than 100 municipalities partner in Canada have cities elsewhere These relationopportunities to
development policies,
ready to let go of in
globally.
departments
to infrastructureto
In addition,
Committee
2.2
Provincial initiatives
and territorial
play major roles environmental use. Many regional in the adopted
Provincial
priorities
at the provincial
and NGOs
sustainable below.
development
are described
and
In response to the 1980 World Conservation Strategy, a number of jurisdictions began developing strategies. Department in Canada
(I 987).
18
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
In the mid-1980s,
Albertas
Environment
instead of developing
a sustainable
develop
development as a frame
of reference for decision making. These strategies to guide decision required, have described making, principles
for 30% of all energy use in 66% monoxide,
each strathe
independently, were
similar
of nitrogen
and 42% emitted
Strategy, released
ples, established mendations
regarding
as well as issues.
disbanded
their strategy;
to promote
the transition
development
conservation
precursors strategies,
to sustainfocussing
and consensus
more on environment
encouraging
resource
and territories
described
above
in Canada all have, or are in the process of creating, strategies ponents sustainable that should of a national development be critical comsustainable develop-
Manitoba,
Environment
a comprehensive
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
19
land-use plans
Wilderness
Committee has
shop
talk
among
(planners)
is more
likely to concern current retailing trends or enhancing basin forest the municiriver or planning management. pal tax base than
processes
that will of
~~v~~~u~~~~~~t~~son
Environment (CORE).
manner. They also that environmental must be carefully and integrated decisions.
-Nigel Richardson, Land Use Planning and Sustainable Deveiopment in Canada, 1989
with resource-use
in isolation from other resource users and interests has led to conflict and over-allocation of resources. The government committed itself to integrated of Alberta resource
planning as long ago as 1975 through the adoption of its Integrated Resource Planning
System, which describes how resource-use plans should be developed. Many provincial forced to work as downsizing have resulted departments are now being fashion
measures or in some
of related resource
In Nova Scotia, for example, of Mines and Energy and of Lands and Forest were
of Natural Resources.
plans for eight regions of the province now being developed. Conservation mechanism resource-use Authorities in Ontario (and
are another
Authorities
to manage natural
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
resources on a watershed
basis in cooperation
vary from region to region. In Ontario, farmers are trying to address some of their through the development
with municipal and provincial governments. As long as 50 years ago, the Conservation Authorities recognized that planning was scale in order to natural
particular priorities
of farm plans (Box 21). Provincial sustainable have recognized to be considered a sustainable development strategies
use Ontarios
etc.) as inseparable
and interlocking
strategies,
need to ensure that farmers can earn a living wage, the need to provide consumers better information with
ment efforts are uncer way at the provincial level, including and protected succeeding toward resource strategies for wildlife, parks
to varying
in advancing for
more integrated
approaches
initiatives
fuels threaten
A draft National Farmers Union PoUcy on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Supply was presented and discussed at the NFlJs 1994 annual convention. The policy aims to achieve a food production, processing and distribution @stem that& economically viable, socially just and ecoJogic?iJy &nd,. Sustainable agriculture, it suggests, must be based tin &I understariding: that farmers have an obligation to society asproviders of safe and nutritious food products and as stewards of s&l, water, air and natural landscapes, while society must in return enable farmers totake on this role by providing safeguards against the fess of incomes below an acceptable level and against eviction from their farms and homes. The policy includes economic considerations; ecological considerations; inteJtectu+.properti, rights and genetic engineering; food security, safety andquaJii; rural communities; marketing, trade and international relations; and resetirch, education and extension work.
conservation, agricultural
water
dence on pesticides,
being given to issues such as biodiversity and climate through Farmers change. Farmers themselves, such as the National o;*$a& EmrirdG:ine;ntal Ageda
organizations
Union, have been addressing and An Ontario initiative hopes to encourage the development of 40,000 environmental pians for farms across the province. Co-sponsored by the Ontario Federation of Agriculture, the Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario, AGCare [Agriculturaf Groups Concerned About Resources and the Environment), and the Ontario Farm Animal Council, Our Farm Environmental Agenda outlines critical environmental concerns for - agriculture in Ontario and encourages individual farmers to develop their own env,jronmentaJ plans. While e&ouraging the development of individual farm plans, these ave groups atsorecognize that some issues wiJJ ha to be dealt with in coorhbnated ways by governments and the research community. That is why they see this as the beginning of a process for further cooperation and consultation among farmers, governments and researchers.
In addition to these national concerns, programs specific to certain provinces For example, or
the Prince
of Agriculture
that encourages
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
21
(whether chemicals,
locally, with
management
a provincial
is also being of a
multistakeholder
group.
do to adapt to warming
Forestry
The provinces of productive control forest 80% land in
development
strategies
~~~~~~~~n~~n~~~~st
received input from a forest sector task force. In Manitoba, the provincial government responded to the forestry it made in its development strat-
commitments sustainable
healthy forest ecosystems in the country. Many provinces have revised programs
~~~i~~sr~~~~v~~~~e~tt~~l
act on the 41 policies in the strategy. Provinces have also
for managing
our resources.
- Conservation Sfrafegy far Susfeinabie Deveiopmenf in Saskatchewan, 1992
been very active in Canadas Model Forest Program and the National Forest Strategy, which are described in Chapter 2.4.
at the provincial a
has
Mining
One hundred and fifteen munities activities. are dependent Many provincial Canadian comon mining-related governments,
Territories
to develop
environmental
to protect against air and water caused by mining activities In a number demonstrable
(Box 22).
be further
performance
and economic
22
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
by some strate-
for reorienting
society
development
gies include the need for more research to improve disposal mining techniques the impormineral and waste
practices;
Aboriginal
with
representatives provinces
Canadian
land-use explo-
surrounding
plannkrs
policy
ani
related
is to
the Canadian
ration rights; and the need to develop new industries to replace resources.
developers
for Environmental
gradually
lit behaviour
change
in
pubfavour
Education and Communication. Some of the networks goals are encouraging the communication of information involved and exchange among those
of alternative portation
transmodes...
Education
A number of interested parties
- Don Drackley,
are ensuring that Canadian schools teach students sustainable development. about One example Future, is education an organi-
education,
Global Education
zation created to help Canadian educators make sustainable in school systems development from a reality to
global interdependence
(Box 23).
kindergarten
Grade 12. The organization the cooperative and territorial development, development frameworks, and identify models
aims to facilitate of provincial support program I seeks to develop knowledge, attitudes j and students to understand the global Lciate interdependence and to be more y the Canadian International Development ry provincial teachers organizations and Education promotes knowledge of global eded to address them. Through it, people riority to ecological sustainability, global $l&tice for all the worlds people, peace, human rights, and mutually beneficiai processes of economic, social and cultural development. It is organized a round six themes: self-esteem and responsibility, globat interdependence, commonality in diversity, biocentrism, futures perspective, and systems thinking.
education. initia-
tives related to environment most occur at the provincial level. For example, of Education
in Metropolitan
an annual one-day
ence for senior high school students. invites speakers development businesses from environmental
organizations to present
and green
Transportation
The transportation contributor sector is the largest in Canada. Many have envisections of
a range of perspec-
departments
guidelines materials
and prepare
policies, or environmental
for teachers.
job is to coordinate
assessments
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
23
projects and ensure that proper environmental protection measures are taken.
than
policies and programs a strategic and energy plan for alternatives Among
Association
transportation
nothinq done
has to
of cumula-
compared
effects
Less work appears to have been done on broader sustainability issues related Although
industries,
costs for
consumers, business
and improving
to transportation.
competitiveness. an Energy on
In British Columbia,
regional transportation
lanes
for buses, bicycle paths on roads, and more equitable taxation and subsidization little progress for road
use. Unfortunately,
has been
Table and the Council lost their funding the provincial governments
1994 budget,
but not before the Energy Council released its energy strategy Planning for the province,
addressed
level, but must be dealt on a national scale. Many provincial energy efficiency programs.
Energy
Most provinces and territories have estab
likely amount
I I
and renewable
Strategy for Sustainable Energy Deveiopment and Use for Ontario Hydra in an effort
to determine how to pursue more sustainproduction and use, able forms of energy and to achieve and competitive
energy programs. These cover conservation practices in industrial, commercial, tional and residential institu-
personal transportation,
at the provincial level includes wind, solar and geothermal Provincial energy, and energy from waste. government involvement in
Tourism
There has been considerable in ecotourism potential and recognition interest of its
each of these areas may include educational activities, demonstrations, development research financial of standards and development, incentives and the
and regulations,
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
in cooperation
In Quebec, ministries
the have
on the Environment
the Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan Round Tables, initiated a dialogue on sustainable tourism in 1992 which produced Codes industo
between
them to and
mechanisms
In Ontario,
of Ethics for tourists and the tourism try. In addition, guidelires encourage
were adopted
various interests
very innovative
Economic
Traditionally, economic
renewal
strategies
have had in place in Although could
in recent years (Box 24). The Canadian Council of Ministers Environment a discussion (CCME) recently of the
the provinces
development
strategies growth.
prepared the
strategy
health-environment
replace the need for both a conservation strategy strategy, separate and an economic development
might begin to work little action has been an increased of the relationship and health.
at the provincial
are beginning
to recognize protection
the importance and even to developStrategy, is of amilies and communities; crease the number of Icing illness, disability ;sible, affordable and appropriate Is have been adopted by
economic
toward
and environmental
protection.
have started
to think about ?ms; the need to integrate lanning; how to increase I to eliminate exposure .- ..- I to involve employees in eport emphasizes that, although gffect on health are very important, from issues related to our social, c$turaf and psychological environments. .( .
sustainability. Edward
cooperation on sustainable
with
development.
between
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
25
the Healthy
described
in Chapter
Iruruslue
..-1
wuclina
is
and recycling
or revised
now available
than haif of
to iore
the urban
~~r~i~~r~~~~~~~~~c~~,s
goal of reducing waste
strategies
households
Where it
in Canada.
is available I
Ministers
most people
use it.
programs
proposing these
for protecting
goal that has been collectively at the national measured level and can be
management engaged
in imple-
This may explain why so much activity has taken place in this area. In 1991, the Ministry Ontario announced of Environment in
for the
Action Plan (WRAP), which was intended to ensure that at least 25% of the provinces waste would be diverted from dis-
posal by 1992, and 50% by the year 2000. In Manitoba, a multistakeholder Recycling in June
Action Committee
was established
1989 to consult and advise the government on how to meet the 50% reduction The Manitoba Prevention mechanism mendations provinces, reduction, Waste Reduction goal.
and in 1990 as a
on at-source
and recycling.
Improved
decision making
A number of tools or changes in the way we do things can contribute that can effectively province. In Manitoba, as part of the prostrategy, has been to decision making sustainability.
promote
to improved context
in the provincial
are described
briefly below.
26
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
Institutional
A number
change
changes have
board often only makes recommendations to the Minister about the proposal. In 1992, provincial ments, and territorial governIn 1992; tiki
Canadian Co&holds of
of institutional
provincial
governments and
Some of the most significant have been made in Manitoba Chapter 5). Other changes in Quebec mental decision Northwest development provinces
governments
of ministerial
their environmental
10%
toilet had
committees
to facilitate
of a sustainable in some
Saskatchewan reviewed
fluorescent bulbs.
their processes,
(most recently
to consolidate
environmental
into single Acts. These institutional help create a more efficient regulatory climate,
and effective
Reporting
State of the environment reports (SOEFis)
better protection
Environmental
All provinces
Impact Assessment
in Canada assess-
Manitoba
and Quebec, and are being prepared in and territories Alberta (where they are now required by law), Ontario and the Yukon. A report for the Atlantic provinces was released in June 1994. Most of the provincial work on reporting, on municipal and national levels, has focussed on environmental tchewan indicators, though Saskahave some form of environmental ment process.
mental assessment
since the mid-l 970s (e.g., Ontario and New Brunswick), not legislated early 1990s. Because each assessment on the experiences have many features assessments process was built while other processes were
across the country. As environmental indicators are developed consistently become and applied more
are applied to both public and private sector proposals; and often there is a provision out minor projects to ensure system. Environmental assess-
easier to read, and interprovincial will be more easily made. The duplication of
comparisons
ment documents
are generally
approaches
and
by the proponent
collaborative
approaches
for review.
provision exists for public hearings to review certain assessment documents. The hearing
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
27
Accountability
In some provinces, considerable thought
2.3
Regional
initiatives
initiatives
initiatives, are not based on a level
has been given to the idea of environmental auditing or commissioners because of for
of government
different
have fashjoned
work together.
are contained
a leader in this area, with its new Commissioner the Environment In New Brunswick, than setting for
development
cases, even international boundaries. Most of these initiatives grew out of a recognition that management must be rather
up a separate General
to work toward
the parts.
boundaries. pro-
stood and easily delineated to find ways regions. In the North, there appears to be of the need to look
the possibility
taking legislative
(a Sustainability Act,
ecosystems
Development
and a cooperative
manner.
commitment
Northern
Considerable
Canada
effort has been made over appropriate in the
development
are circum-
and Indi-
In addition
to a number
28
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
of working
of present emphasis
The with
job opportunities, and knowledge resources damage. The four action Water, Waste ment/Economy
circumpolar
and official observers groups. Its goal is to should take to sustainable the
and counter
steps governments
than
resources are
by Indigenous to prepare
Its objectives
of sustainable including
1996) on the following: a) identification sustainable environmental mechanisms b) opportunities Indigenous of goals and principles development context; for applying in an Arctic opportunities and of
of Northerners
framework making
the Strategy.
and Audit Canada has contributed by preparing a report whose is that the Arctic Environhas been effective in many
communities
progress in
benefits for Northerners, support and participaof First Nations, and among Northerners
community
understanding
by management, activities;
of the programs
objectives.
to mitigate
or resolve
such issues; and d) the need for knowledge, facilitating communication ways of concerning tech-
of new or proven
and management
practices.
Circumpolar
Strategy
conservation by
On a national level, the Arctic Environmental Strategy, a component of the Green Plan, and enhance the and productivity for the benefit
issues, outlining
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
29
frontier.
It issues
including
concerning
certain
a register
of lnuit experts;
traditional
and modern
the international
and knowledge
investigations
in a manual of lnuit management; developing areas network; sustainable demonstration managing a protected carrying out
andmu\icipal
signed in 1972, are the largest component of the IJCs workprovision for
and international
The ICC has also helped to develop principles to guide Arctic policy.
a comprehensive
for a comprehenapproach to
at an unac-
s@ubstances.
- IJC, Seventh Biennial Rep?, 7994
and an
to address
also describe the unique relationship of lnuit people to their land - referred to as ecodevelopment. This culturally oriented
a wide
governments
perspective issue.
other sectors to accept their responsibilities for addressing persistent the virtual elimination of
development
toxic chemicals
Lakes Basin. To achieve has, among other things, eration of timetables chemicals, tion, reverse
the North, notably the negotiation implementation Cooperative for example, to resource traditional presenting ments resource
of land claim settlements. wildlife where management government programs, approaches with are
for sunsetting
management
This also has global implications chemicals kilometres. that would often travel thousands The transition achieve
alternative
to governto
to an economy
traditional
top-down
approach
management.
a comprehensive
River
(IJC)
ecosystem education,
established
as well as concepts
development.
could well serve as a national and international laboratory for these activities. There
30
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
but the need for science and premises decision-making assistance and health
of integrative
of conventional
of science and policy are posing important challenges. Other work being done on the action plans)
Atlantic
Canada
of regional initiatives About 25% a;the drugs sold in a Canadian pharmacy are derived from tropical forests.
very important
since 1989 in the St. Lawrence Plan, which (protecting has focussed endangered
in the govern-
four Atlantic
provinces
is the federal
Canada Opportunities
(negotiating
pollution with
of dredging
environmental projects
to develop
abatement
technologies),
(acquisition of analytical
under the title St. Lawrence was commoney atid ? high level bf public awareness term qf the Agreemtint. omit development, that will survive beyond the
Its mission
Plans efforts
to reduce Vision
Over 154 projects have been approved, committing $7 million. Projects range from waste reduction &d@use, ta improved integrated planning, and the development of new services and products fiDr the environmental market, Efforts are being made to support a community-based economic d&etopment approach. -.
discharges,
St. Lawrence
on preventing
pollution
the river ecosystem. among private sector, groups, research are also
governments by reaching
encouraged. involve
initiatives market
focussed
residents
and technology
resources
and restoration
Both Nova Scotia (Box 27) and Prince Edward Island have signed Cooperation
taries in Quebec,
St. Lawrence
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
31
on Sustainable
provides
a timetable
for action,
prioritizing
and actions,
and stating
As in other parts of Canada, the Atlantic regional better region supports promoting
the
Western
the focus activity
Canada
of considerable Columbia.
has realized is necessary sustainability For example, by B.C. basic in a market the size design to change be futile American times
initiatives
in British
--rl II -management. waterstleu Jlaine Council The Gulf of I\ on the Marine for example, dictional Environment, is an interjuris-
one-quarter
In 1985, the
sentatives
i~,~o~d~~S,e~~~b~~~~d
consensus create on how to between a balance
Gulf, the Council has developed a Gulf Action and a gulf-wide program. New Brunswick also developed, International preliminary management plan outlines directions celebrate and Maine through Plan
of this province.
- B.C. Energy Council, An Energy Strategy for British Columbia. 1994
monitoring
environmental nomic
and eco-
considerations
along the Fraser Estuary. have Five institutions, a British Columbia Fisheries Environment Ministry Canada, of Environment, the St. Croix Commission,
Waterway
cooperative
and Oceans
of the St. Croix River. The international goals and policy and maina
Commission, Commission
on water water-
quality,
and land-use
and involveplan
management
the plan
more closely
initiative
Management
Program.
different
business, community
environmental interests
(Box 29).
32
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
of the provincial
govern-
As a separate a number
initiative
within
this region,
of conservation
groups in Canada in
and the United States joined together 1992 to form the Cascade International Alliance to work toward a Cascade International would be connected the designation
Basin-Puget
of
be managed. priorities
identified
by new protected
was the management and the need for urban integrated The Georgia makes British regional
planning
for growth.
Basin-Puget
Sound bioregion
In a recent effort to address concerns about sustainability the International Development in the prairie region, Institute for Sustainable in a
and 75% of its labour concludes of deterioration that the of the are settleof of
study of sustainable
and the on
attention
environment
growth,
can have on the sustainability practices. framework that would The Institutes
report defines
resources.
It suggests
of policies develop-
the air and water of human severely are made governance compact activities strained.
to absorb
in the region
is being
Recommendations and
developing
and coordination
has collaboCentre
rated with
International
known
as Cascadia:
British
Columbia, Oregon,
Alberta,
forces
across political
sustainability transportation;
and economic
development.
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
2.4
Federal
National
initiatives
and decision-
government
federal departments, were agencies surveyed to
Thirty-five
has taken hold in many sectors. In the transportation a fundamental sector, for example,
what they are doing to achieve development. selective The result is inventory received of major from the
23 respondents,
Ports Canada
to establish environ-
(Box 30) and the National Capital Commission Strategies (Box 31). range from those at an embryonic The
mental awareness,
build an environmental to
survey results clearly show that the need for sustainable development is being internalized
responsibility. Defence,
for example,
the environmental
For projects,
tion, and in terms of process, the shift is to openness and transparency in consultations
made in Creating
the basis for the federal policy agenda. exercise are moving
be a beneficial departments
development
Green Plan
In December 1990, the federal government
released Canadas Green Plan, a six-year national strategy able development. consultation and action plan for sustainBased on an extensive
for sustainable
The first tier consists of action directed to environmental conservation, protection and
34
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
remedial focusses
measures;
outlined
on integrating
to promote an integral
considerations
into decision
at all levels of society, from individuals to large businesses The overall and future environment, economy. and governments.
that the
be separated agenda. It
devel-
sound environmental
or establishes including
targets,
The specific actions needed to meet these targets cut across the mandates of a
L-- n Ottawa
,,
The National CapitaJ Commisdon (NCC) and the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton (RMOCI have completed a draft Framework for the Harmonization of NCCIRMOC Capital Works Projects in Ottawa-Carleton, designed to avoid duplication while satisfying both federal and provincial environmental tegislation, Ln 1990, the NCC approved a Code of Etlvironmental Stewardship. A Corporate Environmental Stewardship Section was created in 1992. Annual action plans and environmental reports are prepared. They .include activities relating to the reduction of solid waste, energy and water consumption, the identification a nd assessment of contaminated sites and underground storage tanks, the elimination of PCi3s and hazardous materials, the protection am 5 management of NCC lands, and environmentat training and awareness of stafl ; The NCC also undertakes environmental assessments in all its plians and activities, including joint assessments \nrhere appropriate, and ensures that assessments are integrated into the plans and projects on federal Iands in Canadas capital.
departments.
The Green P/an highlights action in six areas: cleaning air, water and land; sustaining renewable resources; protecting special spaces and
and minimizing
Environmental into IND) adopted a policy statement ! department and the Canadian msiveness to and responsibility ut their activities; and to hat they are responsible Igram. The policy directive a commitment to the federa; governments Code of Environmental Stewardship. In addition to a. variety of measures undertake n to orotect the enviranment and conserve resources, DND has carried out baseline studies (environmentat audits) for each base, and conducts environmental assessments before any project is approved. A Defence Environmental Advisory Committee was established in 1992 with representatives from industry and academia to advise the department and Canadian Forces an-the impact of their a,ctivities and operations on the environment. The Comm$tee released its first annual report to the Minister, entitled Defence and the Environment, in March 1994.
must be incorporated
decision making in a more systematic, coherent and focussed manner than in the development
seven key areas of decision making: science, environmental education, economic processes information, environmental
legislation instruments,
and institutions,
Creating Opportunity
The federal governments on an integrated approach agenda is based to economic, policy
social, environmental
and foreign
Canadian Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
D.raft
May
1995
attains quality
prosperity
to the protec-
practices
February
governments
departments, corporations
l
agencies are
announced
the establishment task force to find to use economic the environment and disincentives practices. The
in which
authorities;
instruments
to protect barriers
and to identify
appropriately
accounting
to Parliament
agendas
and the public for the environmental impact of their programs and activities.
development.
Commissioner
of the Environment
Committee
to ensure
economic
that Parliament
Commissioner Sustainable
In October agreed
1994, the federal to create ronment The Task Force, which met for the first its final report
government
of the EnviDevelopment
included shorter-term
Canadian Environmental
Assessment Act
In June 1990, the Minister of the Environment announced a package of reforms to the fedAssessment and Review
the longer term, but few of them were reflected in the 1995 budget.
eral Environmental
36
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
assessment
offences;
provide for intergovernmental stipulate federal-provincial on specific envigreater govBettieen 1941 and 1991, the number of farms in Canada declined from 733,000 to 280,000.
agreements;
gram that would support public participation in the environmental These reforms environmental assessment process.
allow citizens
access to the law; improve are intended considerations to ensure that are integrated ernments own environmental on federal
the federal
performance
lands, including
reserves;
international
environmental
of development
programs
and policies in the early so that the identified can be minimized. consultareview,
of Parliament
effects
Act or its administration. In June 1992, after nation-wide tions and detailed parliamentary began its review
The committee
in June 1994.
Royal Assent.
came into force in October cant changes to the organization zmeraencies field. The roles and ,nt have been more clearly
1994 and will apply to projects for which the federal government authority-whether manager, Following financial holds a decision-making as a proponent, contributor land
or regulator. and publication The netily formed Federal C& tmittee for Environmental Emergencies is the coordinating body that hel[ IS departments meet their responsibilities ,for enuiionmefital emergency I esponses. Its mandate is to address interdepartmental polky s&&g, int ernationaf program involvement, public information, integrtition of interager ICY arrangements, the speedy mobilization of government-~j~e assets and tt le resolution of governmental problems related to environmentat emergencies -specifically, oil and hazardous substance spills and the environmental consequences of natural disasters.
the development
and Aboriginal
Canadian Environmental
The Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) was proclaimed in 1988 as a cornerprotection a lifeof toxic
to providing
to the management
it is designed
to consolidate that
and making
elements
and authorities
more consistent
contained
by working
by Environment consistency
programs
For more details, see the description The Act is also designed previously low penalties of the activities of Ministers
of the Environment.
fo Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
Pollution prevention
The National housed Office of Pollution Prevention,
strategy industry.
for the Canadian environmental It demonstrates commitment technologies, the federal to promote products and
in Environment of initiatives
in a number
is drafting In the a
Prevention
process of making pollution national goal, consultation with interested September Another stakeholders
prevention
strategy
and increase
is a consensus-driven reducing
voluntarily
or eliminating
emissions
industry
and government
job creation
ment Canada has also helped the Canadian Manufacturers Association (CMA) to develop Perform-
the Manufacturers
Environmental
the environmental
and technology
the program
best be applied
to support
companies.
goals to enhance
the quality
pro-
technologies,
and to our
to invest in science and technology three important of wealth goals: and jobs within development;
ecosystem. industry
employs
of sustainable
export
potential
environmental
problems
Government investment
taneously
and Environment
announced
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
this observation.
For example,
what should of
areas
be the components
of agreements
for three more by the year 2000. Since 1990, considerable made toward increasingly progress has been
mental officials the
done enough toward needs? Are conthese goals. Parks Canada is confident that the interim goal
system
environmental siderations
receiving
attention?
of at least five parks by 1996 can be met. Agreements have been signed for national in the western Northwest
How do we address Canadian linkages to international To answer science and technology? the govern-
and Vuntut in the Yukon, and for north Baffin Island. on two
is not
these questions,
ment sought the ideas and suggestions of Canadian individuals They had opportunities participate Internet through directly and organizations. in fall 1994 to through
are well-advanced
damage,
and how?
in the dialogue
be signed in the near future. Significant progress has also been made side by the areas
discussion
of marine conservation
of private-sector
in British
the West Isles in New Brunswick estuary area in Quebec. to be The diverse
on the development
much work
remains
done to complete
the system.
Protected areas
The Brundtland a Canadian cil report Report, the Green Plan, Advisory Coun-
landscapes
Environmental
parks, and work is under way to represent the remaining parks system heritage 40%. Completing the national and
Statement Canadas
of Commitment Networks
of Protected approach
issue requiring
financing
and provincial
and community
support.
the establishment
of Canada is also
of the whole
Parks System
2000, as first set out in the Green Plan. It calls for the establishment national of five new Parks Canada also encourages stewards of cultural resources management
parks by 1996 and the negotiation for the remaining to complete 13 national
cultural resource
the terrestrial As
and practices to their efforts. Heritage places are thus managed them and respects in a manner that sustains their intrinsic values,
a goal of
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
thereby
contributing
development
and conservation
to economic
devel-
Under the United Nations Educational, tific and Cultural Organization Man and the Biosphere Reserves are intended of sustainable 300 Biosphere
opment
potential
(UNESCO)
community.
Program, Biosphere to be living examples There are over Parks Canada is one of Canadas principal organizations ment. for cultural resource manage-
development. Reserves
It is responsible
(six in Canada), each with a core protected area, as well as a surrounding and a zone of cooperation. buffer zone
parks (including
marine
This program
conservation
areas), national
could be one of the best ways to implement sustainable development on a regional basis network. on
to responsible
The 1992 United Nations Convention Biological signatory, ensuring Diversity, of which
Canada is a instrument
of cultural resources
the qualities
in this chapter.
that deals with cultural resources as well as physical entities, by a sense of responsibility and to
heritage
is motivated
pass on our legacy. In 1990, the Cultural Resource Management Policy was developed
enhanced opportunities.
to provide a value- and knowledge-based framework for decision making. earlier, Parks Canada also of stewardship and her-
As mentioned promotes
sound principles
integrity
places;
are recognized
a conservation
based on respect
ecosystem
territorial
governments,
increase the costs to society it, the cultural heritage natural stakeholder tainable economic
community
pressures.
Department responsibilities
of Canadian
vision for
programs.
40
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
in
and closure
resources.
According
parties through
licences
and Northern
stewardship
considerations effect
any nation.
that feed the fishing, farming, and The following development sections strategies
industries.
outline sustainable
forestry, fisheries,
measures
lease, licence
or permit. licences
Aboriginal
concerns
include
to address
Comprehensive claims
All claims agreements under negotiation structured consumptive wildlife are being
environmental
DIAND is working
Nations and other federal departments mechanisms to find effective to fill the gaps and regula-
of the Atlantic
of conservation.
sive claims under negotiation seek to combine ecological the traditional of Abo- State of the Environment in the Atiamc Region, 1994
knowledge
riginal people with the sciencebased expertise wildlife, of government regarding First Nations decision-making and resources
regarding mechanisms
These co-management
as the devolution
of authority
under the
At the
self-government alternatives to the of the lndian and land initiatives, Aboriginal development
Act, treaty-land
claims.
can be supported
In support
to enhance to manage
on a sustainable
impact assessment
mechanisms training
such as how
courses
and workshops.
is given to development
projects.
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
41
Agriculture
and agri-food
recognizes the
Since the early 198Os, these links have been increasingly reflected in government policies
of the agriculture
and initiatives.
sector and its need to be sustainable ,, ,;, ..7:; ,. * 8. .* long-term benefit of Canadians:
grain trade wars and rising input costs resulted in a farm income and debt crisis. developed on but
it accounts
Strategy
vides 1.8 million jobs. Exports of agricultural and agri-food the economy products add $13 billion to $2.9 billion
in 1986 with the provinces farm financial also addressed and farm family issues were and marketing
focussed issues,
and contribute
degradation
to Canadas trade balance. Today the sector is confronted competition markets, in domestic by intense
Many of the
considered
independently,
and public
These present
challenges, opportunities
but also provide for development is a priority input suppliers, consumers and
It envisaged
Sustainability processors,
sector increasbuilt
responsive,
and others,
including
strengths
and environmentally by
were established
to examine
issues, including
competitiveness, value-
marketing
added, food safety and quality, farm income safety nets, research and development, farm
of integrating
facets in a holistic
Growing Together
Some of the links between social and environmental able agriculture the economic,
It observed
that integrates
193Os, low grain prices, severe wind erosion and crop failures on the Prairies dramatized the fragility of its agricultural and commodity-dependent resource base economy.
based concerns,
systems
42
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
food, while
examine
reform, secretariat.
Canadas natural
and establish
ment for future generations. Measures economic, were taken TOintegrate environmental the
income
farmer
of women,
maximize
technology
and identify
works for developing aimed at prosperity the sector (Box 35). Some of the initiatives were a farm income commencement
These initiatives
industry.
Forests
The following are only a few of the of the Canadian Forest
of Western
a national transfer;
a national an
management system
program;
Natural Resources
Canada, in partindustry
regulatory
projects
Act explicitly
forests,
to pro-
mote sustainable
of Canadas
to the principle
of the Canadian
Future directions
Government response policy continues to evolve in
a safe, high quality food supply. Current initiatives interprovincial Agriculture include steps to remove
invited to express
Environment
Canadas forests,
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
43
changing
attitudes
and
receive
Forest
It clearly stated the Nine of the ten model forest spread over five major forest ecoregions of Canada, are in full operation. a variety They reflect values,
desire of the Canadian forestry and the Canadian public to and producoutlines
ensure the future health, vitality tivity of our forests. priorities The Strategy period.
watersheds,
traditional
value of wood
of sustainable
mechanism
implementation
of
in the practice
and a mid-term
evaluation
in the and
based
l
management
and indicators
To this end, by a
supported
the model
are breaking
decision-making
processes
reached
One of the most innovative in this regard is the extensive of local communities are managed.
on 17 criteria, definitions,
and proposed
a list of months, the Tree Plan Canada Tree Plan Canada is a six-year program partially funded by the federal government and managed by the National Community an NGO established specifi-
indicators.
to the Canadian
Ministers
and a proposal
Tree Foundation,
cally for this purpose. The program aims to encourage the planting of up to 325 million an opportunity for Canadians
Nations
Development
in April 1995.
trees, providing
to learn about proper planting, care and the importance life-support of trees to the planets
of the Green Plans $100 million in Sustainable Development Many other projects the auspices of the Green Plan to develop
44
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
specific strategies
to manis
Emphasis
It plants the seeds for new opportunities Key elements are support; focus; to
household 0.4% current tion 0.8% plastic household spent of its total consump-
a transition
in forestry yield
job creation,
for sustained
growth.
of the Strategy
active income
community-based targeting
Fisheries
Sustainable Framework The Department of Fisheries Fisheries
those willing
ically cessing
fish fishery; training and other provisions for those who qualify to remain in the streamlined, sustainable future;
l
within limits
fishery of the
resources.
a consultative involving
partners
Council, which is a partnership of federal and provincial the scientific mandate community governments,
of government
under TAGS that will enable displaced fisheries and plant workers opportunities to benefit from
In addition,
environmental demand
practices
for environmental
the effects of specific fishing on fish habitat; and, on front, the department
with the Food and Agriculture of the United Nations to develop fishing.
of community long-term
strategies
linked to sustainable
To that end, local and provincial The Atlantic Groundfish (TAGS) partner project advisory is a comprehensive initiative designed
stocks.
compassionate ultimately
transitional
Water
Water resources under the enabling programs cost-shared of the Canada to the
provisions
and requires
of people affected
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
45
years. In the late 198Os, a more integrated approach resources economic to ensuring continue that Canadas water to provide social, benefits
on the ecology
of the Peace,
and Slave River basins are contributing to the scientific base necessary sound with the of NGOs to
knowledge
was confirmed
and expe-
Our vision
social/v,
is of a
economicallv
and eiOmetllY
sustainable prosperous industry, community by political and mining underpinned and consensus.
active involvement
Minerals
provides
raw materials
new federal-provincial grams to deal with and the economy issue. For example,
ronmental minerals
arrangement
was signed in 1987 with Prince Edward Island to study critical sources of concern, including threats to the islands groundwater
development
are increasingly
applied in the industry. For many years, the minerals industry has contributed positively to sustainable develop-
and coastal estuaries. The idea of water agreements Brunswick, and the economy to New
ment by producing
that can be recycled and will be available for generations to come. Metal recycling offers and economic bene-
In addition,
various environmental
of material
that end up in landfill sites. Because recycled metal is indistinguishable metals can be considered from virgin material, a renewable
resource. Several Canadian steel mills and nonferrous smelters and refineries operated
rely on
sources of scrap for their raw material. The minerals supported and metals industry has
the creation
of the International
policy in 1989.
46
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
Natural Resources
environmentally
and economically
sustainable
A discussion
and provincial
Efficiency
and Alternative
(Box 37).
The paper covers a number of issues relevant including to the minerals and metals industry, land-use planning and integrated security of supply, international and trade, environmental
on measures
buildings,
Energy
Promoting The extent energy efficiency and nature of energy use are
a variety suasion,
partnerships
major factors affecting and the economy. in Canada tripled with non-renewable fuels) accounting consumed
Total energy consumption between energy 1958 and 1992, (mostly fossil
duced in the 197Os, had risen to 11% of the total by 1992. Alternative nologies energy techwage the greatest particiwincial governments; and
aseto enhance the competitiveness
(e.g., solar and wind power) make of total alid prodo&ity Canadian industry.
of
Climate
change, acid rain and the deterioare The program energy efficient market helps the demand move toward side of the more energyprocesses reducing that energy
rating quality of urban air and water just some of the environmental associated with energy
concerns and
production
for energy
greenhouse Indeed,
and operating
in this country.
are energy
related.
and consumption
of energy
for tapping
gas emissions. The Program Development of Energy Research (PERD) supports and of
sources of energy. a
a diversity
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
47
that can respond to evolving and economic department authority, analytical information the provinces development has enhanced improved capabilities,
is undertaken
stronger with
allies. aims
hydraulics,
strategy
energy
by upgrading
contributors
efficiency equipment,
for renewable
largely to research
and equipment
increase the scope for renewable technologies. As part of its strategic Mortgage
and modifying
and private sectors to address demographic, economic and quality. the building approach and environmental restructuring with
transportation potential
for market
pane, natural gas, methanol Federal initiatives the infrastructure stations) especially problems greater
and ethanol).
for these fuels and their markets, in urban regions with air quality that can be alleviated use of alternative through
are considered
CMHC is committed
Emissions
the development
data collection,
labelling
and standards
for emissions
from construction Research and development Under the EAE Program, research efficient and development technologies buildings NRCan conducts on energyand
materials. with
the building industry to reduce residential water use and to reduce, reuse and recycle waste in new construction
construction
NRCan in
and renovation
assistance
to industry
reduce, reuse and recycle - have a major effect on the amount environmental of energy used. The reusing
products,
processes, energy
services use.
to reduce
costs of recovering,
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
Plan. A preliminary
in 1991. Since then, regular reporting has been initiated Indicator Bulletins through Environmental
new materials.
to ensure timely
Public awareness
State of the Environment An excellent reporting to learn Environ-
communication
The State of the Environment is also working approach on applying to its reporting
ment Canadas State of the Environment Reports. The goal of these publications is to provide information objective, scientifically based and of The
on envirormental
conditions
the significance
with experts
these trends from a holistic perspective. primary theme activities is the link between
users in the public and private sectors are ongoing as selected environmental issues
human
and environmental
are targeted
for indicator
and improvement.
Research
approach,
in a sustainable
and ecological
:::: : Z,
/:,,
..,_ , ;;.
(health, economic, Applying the ecosystem approach is fundamental to achieving sustainable development. It incorporates environmental values and interests with those from a social and economic perspective, thus taking into account the three pibars of sustainable development: environment, economy and society. Foitowina the recommendations that arose from the North American Workshop on Environmental lnfur.mation hosted bv Mexico in October 1993, the State of the Environment Directorate will be taking the le ad on a working groopto develop an ecolo! &al spatial framework for sustainabte resource use and management. Following are some of the activities and products to be developed in the near future: documentation of ecosysten n approaches applied or tested in the United States, Mexico and Canada: a.oolication of common criteria for ecosystem classification and harmonization; deveiopment of a North American ecological n rap and description; and a state of the environment profile using a protected areas theme.
or other implications)
What are we doing about it? (how Canadians are responding) national reports
under way on the third National due in 1996. (Recent future work.) indicators environbudget cuts
environmental
and reported
Statistics
Canada integrates
a wide variety
of information progress
toward
it is responsible
analyzing
and publishing
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
49
statistical
information
related to the
ChoiceTM Program
commercial,
Canadas eco-labelling
households
responsible program
certifies
products
and services
and biophysical
Initiative the to
its own
that environ-
and collective
responsi-
Environmental
ties. The Office of Federal Environmental Stewardship are facilitates the greening of
of individuals in reaching
the government.
Government
departments
goals.
that own land and facilities have prepared Environmental Action Plans and report their
Promoting globally
sustainable
development
Trade and environment The federal government on a commitment by establishing Environment Advisory comprises The Initiative Environmental mental has four programs: Partners the has followed up
in Creating
Opportunity
a Task Force on Trade and under the International The Task Force of the business, communities, Trade
Committee.
representatives
and academic
Fund, EnvironEco-Action
Choice TMProgram,
Program and the Federal Environmental Stewardship Program. These programs organizations,
and environment
with its
through forums such as the new World Trade Organization, Cooperation the Organization and Development for Economic (OECD), the
tion, technology
demonstration,
on Trade and
50
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
Development,
the Canadian
Council of Ministers
of
on Sustainable
Research
Development
National
Round Table on the and the Economy of the NRTEE is to play the in identifying, explaining and
35,000 chemicals
ate repotted to be in use in Canada today.
is to support
able development
in developing
countries. Sustain-
1992, helped in
and in all regions of Canada, the principles and practices of sustainable development. agency
to position
issues Develop-
environmental
the environment
in ODA programming assessment of the NRTEE includes: Projet de soci&: abie Future-The multistakeholder ing a National Strategy Planning for a Sustain-
environmental
The main thrusts of the Policy for Environmental integrate Sustainability are to further into
environmental
considerations
ODA decision
to help developing
cerns; and to work with Canadian and international of integrating partners to meet the challenge considerations
Reporting-
environmental
capacity
sustainable a back-
development
- In partnership
institutions of sustainable
social marketing
SustainABILITY, develop-
development
educational community,
for Sustainable
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
Labrador
trade agreements
It provided
Commission
used to be sustainable
and what has made them unsustainable, in an effort to help them rebuild their communities and to develop recommendations collapses
on how to avoid similar fisheries in other regions of Canada. Transportation and Climate
Tariffs and Trades (GATT) and the World Trade Organization Summit, (WTO), the Miami
Change -
UK and Japan) (G7) Summit. Forest Round Table-The together 25 forestry NRTEE brought repregroups,
in Ontario around the issue and climate change. The NRTEE has
of transportation
stakeholders of interest
a task force to help to promote in the federal government. - A task to work with within sustainand techis
Technologies
Pulp & Paper Round Tab/e - Following the success of its dialogue NRTEE convened on forestry, the
sectors
25 stakeholders
from the
pulp and paper industry to work on principles to govern the sustainable production of
objective position
to strengthen
stakeholders support
action plans in
industry.
of the principles for Sustainable Decision Making - Round have agreed on Development The IISD is a non-profit established governments mandate opment business organization by the Its
Consensus
volume
is to promote in decision
devel-
making in government,
with several partner agencies ways to renew development. Partnerships Communities a joint initiative for Sustainable
and partnerships,
ment, trade and investment, Coastal - In and In the area of communications, intent is to empower and empowerment.
IISDs
people by delivering
52
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
on international by dis-
CCMEs current focus is on harmonization. It is engaged mental in developing a new environfor Canada responsithe federal,
expenditures water, fuel on and fluctuat3.1%
sustainable
management
framework
to help rationalize
management between
bilities and structures IISDs work on business and government issues has focussed ronmental employment reporting on corporate enviprovincial and territorial
and sustainable
and green budgets. Through EarthEnterprise, I ISD has encouraged around environmentally products and services. entrepreneurship responsible
CCME recently
and partnership
There are also other ministerial The Winnipeg Sustainable Principies for Trade and released in early Canada, a few of which mentioned. to sustainable were Development
to encourage
trade
to serve sustainable
of Energy Ministers
has worked
tively with the CCME on air issues; and the Councils of Wildlife Ministers Ministers, Forest
group on trade
and sustainable
and Environment
Ministers
All of these efforts will have an impact on the issues of poverty ment. IISD views poverty and empoweralleviation as
theme
on enhancing
,- : ,;,, e,,:, _
ini*iatie
and capacity of people to deal with difficult economic and ecological issues.
Canadian
Council
of Ministers
of the Environment The CCME is the major intergovernmental forum in Canada for discussion and joint
A task group was formed by the CCME in fall 1993 to resolve a number of problems, including the lack of clarity between the roles of the federal and provincial governments in environmental protection; duplication and over-tap between the environmental protection activities of the two orders of government; and lack of harmonization in environmental legislation and regulation across the country. The aim is to develop a new environmental management framework by May 1995 that would designate which level of government should appropriately handle each area of environmental protection work, such as science and technology, industry regulation or international issues. In addition, action will be taken on five priority issues: the Canadian Environmental Protection Act review and agreements, international environmental issues, trade policy, pulp and paper effluent regulations and environmental impact assessment
governments
council meetings
at least twice
a year. They
issues, exchange and establish International Centre Through developing long-term support for research, countries solutions IDRC helps Development Research
make decisions
policy for work to be carried out under the auspices Ministers of CCME. In 1992, the Deputy agreed that the Council should in promoting the concept
development.
ment problems.
Support
is given directly
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
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May
1995
53
whose
research
on meeting
the basic
needs of the population the problems between partners. Minister those of poverty.
was established
under the
institutions
tion projects
of IDRC would
be formally
on Agenda
development
issues.
National
Canadian
strategies
Biodiversity Strategy
Much of IDRCs work tends to contribute to capacity priorities building (one of the highest 21), helping devel-
The development
of Agenda
Strategy fulfils one of Canadas commitments under the United Nations Convention Biological December cooperatively on
oping countries
Diversity, which Canada ratified in 1992. The Strategy was developed with input from the federal, governments, and a
and policies. areas of the IDRC around development and natural management, etc.); health
and equitable
to address the Conventions and its more specific articles. feature of the Strategy is
resource
A significant conserving
sciences,
social sciences
(regional integra-
biodiversity
by using an ecosysand of of
(information
development,
spaces and species and the promotion the sustainable in agriculture, the Strategy use of biological forestry
(public information,
resources Once
and human resources IDRCs six core themes environmental, cies; information environment
development,
and fisheries.
is approved,
each jurisdiction it
for implementing
and fiscal capabilities. was distributed at the end of received from by the
and development;
technology
considered
Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working
on the Strategy,
was presented
Research.
in all jurisdictions.
of sustainable
development
are expected
54
Canadian
Choices
for
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to Sustainability
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May
1995
National Change
Action
Program
on Climate
social, cultural and ecoToday, they are developing resource harvesting and comtraditional
of Canadians veyed considered when for only sur-
As a signatory
strategies
for sustainable
work Convention
of the environment
gating global climate change by pledging to return Canadian greenhouse gas emissions
to 1990 levels by the year 2000. Canada also pledged to increase public awareness understanding and
sustainable hunting,
production and 3%
with
Traditional the
planning
the involvement
its National
Several
communities
of the Parties of the Climate in Berlin in March 1995. of the program to industry is a
this technological
application.
Some people believe that industrial society is throwing out the baby with the bath water development. peoples tradiknowledge natural tradi-
to reduce
gas emissions.
The federal
will set up a public registry action plans, reductions. is supporting (the Ballard production). A
and ecological
can be the basis of future sustainable resource management, tional economies Unfortunately,
industry
programs ethanol
people think that progress can only be achieved knowledge through contemporary and technology. Western indus-
Although
trial society is now aware of the importance of Indigenous awareness knowledge medicines and biodiversity, ecological
construction.
The federal
joint implementation,
of traditional
and international.
is virtually non-existent. also pose a threat Most Aboriginal with the natural
Some environmentalists
2.5
Aboriginal
peoples
knowledge
to traditional
economies.
world based on respect and thanksgiving. They have used nature to produce a sustainable supply of food, shelter and clothing. However, some environmentalists see the
environmentalists
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
55
forest, waters
territories.
In the past, such access land claims and coAboriginal peoples sustainthat are har-
regimes.
no longer need nature to survive does not recognize First Nations prerogative to sus-
to develop strategies
tainable economic,
traditional tourism
biodiversity uses.
protection, Indigenous
and recreational
that is unique to many different and societies distinct around the world.
farming, health,
trading,
transportation,
skill training
and energy
development.
In the health sector value for medicines plants discovered was estimated
by Indigenous
particularly knowledge,
be lost. A lime magazine article stated that Today, with little notice, more vast archives of knowledge oblivion, and expertise are spilling into in danger of losing it
leaving humanity
its past and perhaps its future as well. compares the loss of traditional
knowledge
to that of the great library in Alexandria, which burned down 1,600 years ago. sophis-
ple of natural law. One of the natural laws is that you keep things pure. Especially water, says Oren Lyons, Onondaga, point out that keeping while others
the first laws of life. If you destroy water, you destroy life. Sustainability traditional ecological is thus built into systems.
knowledge
56
Canadian
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May
1995
Indigenous
knowledge
is also recognized
whether
Future, which states that learn a great deal from their managing very
management thought
executives
traditional complex
of the month - here today When officer procan, instead it,... of recycling
Agenda 2.1 also has a section on Indigenous says, policies peoples that should be adopt-
Japanese
claimed that it was not enough to be the steward financial of all things
are scramblina to redesign products, recycled chaniing material building materials, product composition,
perty and protect the rights to preserve customary and administrative Sustainable Aboriginal developing thinking practices systems.
business community
kEli@f
~h~l~~a-$~
many are
new ways of
still beina refined and standardized to better penetrate the wide business community,
development
of ancient knowledge,
ogy and Western science. They have effectively participative used consensus community decision making,
waste
management reporting
environmental common
features
management
system
sustainable
development
as it this
strategies
tion, science and training. Joint management regimes pioneered by Aboriginal peoples
sustainable
resources
Therefore,
the
have inter-
2.6
Corporate
initiatives
management systems in the business community,
that long-term
viability
grating all three objectives When environmental first surfaced making. Rather than treating objectives
environmental
as costs, a
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
business
sustainable
development
and focusses In a study for Ontario Hydro, for example, Jim MacNeill and David Runnalls maintain that sustainable company development...enables a development
on the downstream
to ameliorate
Sustainable
end. Therefore,
energy, resource and material inputs, product lines and processes competitiveness. spent considerable able development Like many other and with efficiency and
Other companies
have also
time defining what sustainmeans to them (Box 43). business people conPaul
sees a critical role and opportunity He describes a restorative commercial designed a different economy, kind as
and constructed
nature at every step, a symbiosis and customer Hawken and ecology maintains world enough for our to the do we that
of company
an ironic twist
way forward.
he maintains
to ask, given the key role of do we save business? of his own experience Hawkens definition of
is how
business
undertake
58
Canadian
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for
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Take responsibility
focussed
on life-cycle
management
Do not require exotic sources of capital in order to develop and grow. processes that are
designed
to facilitate
and support
a of
and of
digrified
and intrinsically
designed
beneficial
Create objects of durability and long-term utility whose ultimate use or disposition
the business
to customers
through
experience protection
Issues (BCNI) has issued a set of Business Principles for a Sustainable petitive Future to provide and Comto its Officers While is
guidance
membership,
development
fundamentally maintains
a process of change,
BCNI that
of transthe
protecting
and enhancing
has become
but a potent
advantage.
As an al&native to watershed pianning, an ecosystem approach to pIann@ can also be applied to the management of an industrial park. The city of ,Datimouth, Rlova Scotia, is ane of the partners in a research project examining the industriaf park as an ecosystem. The project has used th& Burnside Industrial Park as its case study and has defined ,. a ni,tibqr of principles, guidelines and strategies for the development and managehenf of more ecologically sensitive industrial parks. The , pr&ise pf hdus$iat ecology is that the industrial economy-which inefudes raw materials extra&on, manufacturing processes, product use and waste di?posal -should, as far as PIossible, imitate the cycling sof inaterials as it occurs in the natural ecosy stem. ,
elements
of such a policy:
and future-oriented, lessons learned from other E-8. Edd$s approach togustainable devefopment provides an example - bf corporate @ture shift as well as ecoefficiency applied in a forest products company. In its attemptto quantify its progress toward sustainable development, the company began with the basic assumption . thtit everything used in its processes could be measured and accounted for. E.B. Eddy tracks socio-economic impacts, resources used, efficiency of reso&rce convizrsion, wastes generated, environmental effects and research activities as indicators of sustainable devetopment. Its first status rep&t on sustainable development, A Questionof Balance, notes that the combination of, quality pi-c. \cess, seoole and products will make &tainabie development a reality ani wiit be a market ~opportt&ty fur the company.
supported
training
and motivation
l
to
recognizing in developing
process technologies
to Susfainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
toward
sustainable
development.
Ecoeffimore
is stepping
forward
ciency is seen as the ability to produce goods and services with fewer while still achieving Its application
for voluntary
action on a
resources
of these initiatives
able if the broad social goals are not met, for example, emissions Among stabilizing greenhouse gas
(Box 46).
under way is BCNls proposed Finding a balance between regulation and economic voluntary instruments action, business action on climate
change.
that a cornerstone to the climate initiative adopted change by in the would, cost
sustainable community,
by its
program
A ground-breaking
to find the right mix can be seen in the Economic Instruments Collaborative. The
was established
in a multistakeholder contribution
of economic
While focussing
ground-level
that may be of value to other initiatives also endorsed Another by the group (Box 47). that embodies initiatives, the
example
as well
cooperative members
of Environment
Energy. The three large car manufacturers were the first to engage Canada, Ford Motor and General Motors in this - Chrysler of Canada,
Company of Canada.
60
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Following 65 targeted
their initial work to identify substances, the big three on a Suppliers role
experience
nity that was trying to learn to work with business on the toxics elimination It would exclusive, appear that while as the Economic experience voluntary issue.
on the suppliers
Collaborative The MVMA initiative helped to trigger a comparable motive effort on the part of the AutoAssociation, agree or trend toward
attests
Parts Manufacturers
again a voluntary
pollution-prevention
be trying to avoid such interaction, in others cases a cooperative was tried, but failed. Levering change
reduction
approach
used, generated
or released by the industry. A similar initiative drycleaning is under way in the It involves Environof Work under way to develop national standards, although new intercouched
business.
Ministry
and Energy, the Drycleaners Institute Association. and the Korean As a means of
able development,
will inevitably
demonstrate
and technologies.
has been in place in Toronto for a number of months and negotiations are under way
Management
Committee
International
Organization
for Standardizrepresentatives of
with several other Ontario cleaners to begin offering customers initiative a Green Clean option. many of the companies
consulting
In another
and associations
of a multistakeholder reduction
and elimination
product
and emergency
barriers (e.g., a lack of capital for new environmental management equipment) efforts at level.
action was defined as neither removing requirements regulations introduction ing a quicker, environmental government for emitters nor precluding
are under way to begin this transition least on the information The Canadian in partnership and distributes Chamber and training
of Commerce,
approach
the federal as
this initiative
to Environmen
the overall
Canadian
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Transitions
to Sustainability
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Draft
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1995
61
as environmental
industries,
out of the global opportunities as more and more countries stronger environmental development. industry
special programs for their conUnder the recently announced Industry Strategy, these and groups may be able to help problems and to pre-
regulations
Environmental associations
sustainable
The environmental
pare a viable plan of action to correct them by adopting environmental technologies. toward
The other side of the cost in moving environmental opportunities A whole management following
$11 billion in annual sales. 6%, or roughly of the overall for most
is the profit
is at approximately
SMEs account
of the firms in this sector, with a large number, roughly two-thirds of Canadas environsector. The
other third is made up of manufacturing firms which generate about $6 billion in for
Less than 20% of the output of Canadas environmental industries is currently export-
ed and, of that figure, over 80% is exported to the US market. Canada currently runs
goods and
services of roughly $1 billion per year. Such data illustrate both the necessity of, as well
for, strengthening
export performance.
Much of the focus of the environmental industry sector is determined of environmental legislation by the kind now in existence in less devel-
This is primarily abatement though it is moving As the mix of moves pollution will
prevention.
initiatives
development,
prevention become
and sustainable
technologies attractive.
more commercially
of technology
in IISDs EarthEnterprise
62
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Final
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May
1995
technologies
adoption should create - at home and globally. Clearly, this is a challenge that can draw Canadians together toward sustainability.
and the products and services they provide will produce a number of benefits ously rather than focussing objective. simultane-
on just one
They reduce the need for the envitradeoffs that characterize approach advanThe
2.7 Other
operating
decision
outside
makers
makers business,
and abatement
communities. womens
Professional
and environmental
to a
government additional
associations associations
tant responsibility the medical . ..As must continue our vision patient health, a profession,
Many professional
initiatives.
of the environmental industry sector. The three main elements Strategy of the
from the national level; in others, it has begun at the provincial level. The key factor seems to be a champion organization, and dedication whose within the energy
include delivery in a
of federal support
are fundamental
way; more
of the health
of the community.
- Canadian Medical The Environment, Deveiopmenl. Association, Health, and Susfainabie
of accountants, engineers,
vative environmental technologies; domestic and improved access to opportunities companies. expected responsibility
and sustainable
The Canadian Institute of Chartered ants, for example, accountability environmental promotes
corporate on
The Canadian
Institute of Planners has played an important role in the Healthy Communities professional re-examining engineering movement; are
to sustainable
associations
that its
their professional
practice
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
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63
guidelines
of sustainable
that universities
has prepared a
study on law reform options to support sustainable development. taken some interesting more sustainable Universities Architects have also
development
undergraduate Canadian
universities
and colleges
mental
studies,
environmental development.
and sustainable In the period leading up to the Earth Summit, Canadian university presidents
recently
of these university
some of the key issues and sustainable at the post-secondary report provides some
of universities of countries
environmental education
development
about relevant
teaching initiative
for universi-
of Canadian
the Canadian Centre for SustainResearch was formed the process of support
through
for interdisciplinary
Sustainable is respon-
Development
sustainable
Many labour unions are actively in sustainable For example, waste development industrial
involved
initiatives.
management
64
Canadian
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May
1995
teachers
in educational to
sustainability. highway,
One that
issues. Activities
was
to opportunistic
Peace Like other groups involved in the peace movement, the Canadian Peace
exploitation; reflects
to see
on three issues: in
the view that these now subject trust to ensure and eniovment genlGions.
pollution
to sustainability It believes
warfare
-The Canadian Bar Assoclatlon, SusWable Development in Canada: Options for law Reform, 1990.
for war
has recently
prepared
produced
on the Environment
The Alliances
and redistribution
funds to increase development The Canadian organizations to the will Peace Alliances
development
on the quality of the research our decisions research are based. Yet Initiated in September 1993, the Association of Canadian Community Colleges Environmental Citizenship Program was first pilot tested using Environment Canadas Environmental Primers as the basis for course and project content. T)he suc&ess of the pilot project was enough to co@rtce its steering committee membersthat the program could become a catalyst for improving college and institute environmental performance. All member institutions were therefore invited to identify an Environmental Citizenship representative. Response to the request was positive and enthusias$c: the initial goal of involving 120 institutions by the projects third year was surpassed within four months of the invitation. Nearly 150 colleges and institutes in 600 communities are now on board, Colleges and institutes, with their community-based educational mandates and orientation toward practical and applied fields, are in a pivotal position in this transition toward a sustainable future.
development
on the individual
There are, of course, many examples of how new technologies are helping
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
65
the connections
between
security
mandates
and roles. It is clear that tradiof aid and assistance to solve the problems are of
aspects - economic,
environmental,
poverty
Like other NGOs around the world, development NGOs are re-examining
to policy development
policy advocacy national forums. is an important In the recent policy review, International
of 125 development
NGOs, recommended
that the pivotal goal for Canadian foreign policy is the promotion and sustainability. is continuing processes existing networks to develop of global justice
work started
to build agreements
environmental
and development
and to influence
group on to
as a contribution
on Social Development. on
environmental member
organizations.
15 members
advocacy
and strategies.
UNCED fallow-up
major part of the agenda. Development environmental in environment working NGOs are working with
groups attached
Environmental
networks.
E&D working
was active on the forestry UNCED and continues Many of these working
issue during
66
Canadian
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1995
society)
and
solutions
As governments
speaking,
development
are eager to ensure that the Canadian debate on sustainability context. national is set in a global
been confronted
with increasing
processes. players
to be important
require
sharing of the earths carrying capacity. For instance, someday we are going to how do
have to answer
the question,
we share the globes carrying capacity for CO,? We could divide the available carrying capacity by population or by GNP The WEB/Nirv Centre is a global communications system designed to serve the needs of the environmental, peace, international development, suciat justice and social services corn1mmities. WEB enables users throughout Canada end in most countries around the world to communi. cate,with one another and share information through electronic mail, computer conferences and a user directory. Many computer conferences relat&I to sustainable developmenttake place on WEB including United Nations documents and related discussions. WEB is working with the Foundation for Interr&ionai Training to establish a womens network that will share information and prepare input forthe 1995 World Conference on Wbmen in Beijing. WE6 is creating a Community Economic Development Research and information Clearinghouse to link communiv economic developmentpradtitioners in Ontario and has recently secured funding to tink at1 environment groups in Qntario. WEB also feeds information to othei.ne&&ks - school-based networks, free nets, library networks so that information iS wide% accessible.
or by need. Regardless
do not share the carrying capacity, that it will affect Canadian behaviour choices. Canadian development
NGOs
are active in many ways trying to prepare Canadians for such choices. Environmental NGOs of environmental interests range
in Canada whose
protection in a broader
framework. are members networks; and ch Institute at the University of nce on Women and Sustainable s, held in Vancouver in May 1994 recess leadina LIDto the 1995 articulate their vision for sustainable vision uture. Part of the aim of the workth women in NGOs, the private secween research, policy and action. electronic directory of Canadian s and of reaional events that will
or regional
provincial
networks
together
Environment
has and
(to promote
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
67
Women Womens have taken development much activity and Sustainable groups active and individual women
roles in sustainable In the past year on the Women Conference in May 1994
efforts.
all aspects
youth
(Box 53). There was also considerable activity related to the 1994 United Nations
of environmental between
degradation
Conference
on Population
and Develop-
ment and the 1995 Fourth World Conference Womens on Women. involvement in sustainable issues is certainly International (WILPF)
regional,
levels. They
a national
Youth Declaration
in Canada through
issues of disarma-
as the Environmental
for years. To mark its 75th anniversary in Canada, WILPF has prepared published a 60-page the Canadian Womens and Budget,
(ENJEU) in Quebec,
Canadas
Although
sustainable
development
tives, they are in fact important of the sustainable In addition nizations, in almost development
of seniors
of Canadian
seems
particularly on peace,
focussing health
care and environmental defence and tax budgets compared Seniors national are working level through
to funds devoted
and environmental
68
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
of thousands
include has
on two aspects of sustainable how the lack of sustainable cause disability of toxins,
development: can
which
practices
gardening
and harvesting
lack of worker
rations and war, and malnutrition) how to integrate sustainable Foundations A sector of Canadian society the disabled
is undertaking
animal
into any
development
initiatives.
intergenerational
Boy Scouts and Girl Guides. Disabled Much of the work of organizations disabled people focussed on human components The Council for example, accessibility for rights
and control
that has in
Canada four
increased times...from
adequate
attention
is charitable
foundations. role in
0.7% to 2.8% of
total investments.
play an important
and health,
of sustainable
of Canadians with Disabilities, is an advocacy for, identifying group promoting and meeting
opportunities
will have to adapt to a new reality and Canadians will have to recognize interests that ade-
of Canada. Their work to the social-equity development. has created and Sustain-
significantly
contributes
that happen, International commitment direct financial foundations to support a Task Force on Environment able Development issues of disabled development. which peoples
to volunteerism, support.
The choices
on Canadas transition
to sustainability.
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
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69
Recalls
the context
current
roles of international environmental, development economic Reviews Canadas and organizations. some of international in the
area of sustainable
he success with which we manage with the rest of the world impact on our ability development at
waste from the former Soviet Union threatens the natural food supply and health of Aboriginal peoples in Canadas Arctic, while other airborne toxins from the southern of the hemisphere reaches
our relations
to promote
home and abroad. Our ability to shape international regimes and institutions will also burdens climate
for Canadians in other parts of the country. As a country with the second largest land
enable us to share our adjustment with others and build a supportive in which our domestic As such, a successful efforts
can flourish.
longest
Approximately
environmental
of our GDP, three million jobs, and the prosperity depend of many of our communities on exports. of living (Box 55) resource
social policies have a powerful Canada. For example, 90% of Canadians distance because
influence
directly
live within
Maintaining
without
in the United States could cause more Canadians to cross the border for better prices, with a loss of economic in Canada and possible the desired environmental negation activity of
stewardship
the free flow of trade in an environmentallyenhancing preferences, ments, and sustainable standards, way. Consumer instruand
economic
benefit.
domestic
regulations,
subsidies
environmental European fishing fleets have contributed to the depletion of fish stocks off Canadas cost to the commu-
on Canadas ability to serve foreign and thus to generate economies the employment
markets, and
nities that have relied on that resource for several hundred years. Airborne nuclear
international
community.
capabilities environmental
measures,
to act when
necessary,
Pollution
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
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May
1995
More often, we rely on legislation, and public diplomacy with major powers,
lobbying,
Strengthening
environmental
institutions is
counterparts
very much in Canadas national interest. With about 3% of the worlds GNP and share of international trade, Canada is
land used roads, in Canada for highways, drive ways lots. is
long quest to reduce American of acid rain. But above all, Canada has found solutions in building strong, effective multilateral insti,
. ..a 5 ha parcel land... Canadian person an equal ductive would requiring could consumption If we allotted share land), receive their
of
economic
power
in the world.
But with about 10% of the worlds forests and fresh water, it is arguably the first-ranked environmental Integrating power. social
and parking
building has acquired added force in recent years because of the increasing transboundary dimensions environmental of many problems
environmental,
and economic
considerations to a number
and the globalization of the economy. Canadas strategy supporting development for
rates, monetary
fiscal policy and technology transfer, but also ecological social concerns and
Canadians consumption
reduce throughput
sustainable at home
by two-thirds.
- Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1993 Environmental Scan
Given the critical importance of trade to Canadas economy and deficit, however, environment to a medium-term instistrengthening trade and
strategy.
ment should be done in a way that does not pose new barriers to Canadian exports, and that enhances to, competitiveness the longer-term and demand access for
worldwide. operate
new bureaucracies
of environmental
could be placed on making these institutions (or their replacements) by endowing with greater cal capacity, ity for timely more effective among them and techni-
and concentrating
on effective
ones. It also
scientific
Canada has real influence. the details of the international strategy for
professionalism, action.
Defining dimension
of a national
Canadian
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Transitions
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Final
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73
development
and
meet these
and effectiveness.
trade institutions.
3.1 Sustainability
witnessed institution formed
institutions
has
three great bursts of multilateral building: the League of Nations the United
sary has placed its reorganization of the international us a vital short-term our objective
Nations born in 1945, and the North Atlantic network Although that has emerged these systems functional since 1949. contained agencies from dealing
more integrative,
their inception
UNDP
more or less unaddressed. It was only with the 1972 Stockholm Conference on that
It will not be possible for the community of nations peace, rights tion, reduction integration the context to achieve any of its major goals - not not environmental not human not fertility not social - except of sustainthat security. in or democratizaprotection,
Develop-
economic in poorer
created the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), which still suffers from a secondary tus even today. UNEP The mission United of the Environis to provide sta-
institutions,
Bank, has
tional strengthening
Nations
new Global Environment Facility, which could serve to strengthen among cooperation
international
compromising generations.
Development
concept
tion to meet the challenge It shifted activities its emphasis to enhancing countries, in seeking problems.
of development,
Development
Development economic
74
Canadian
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1995
Global Environment
and gender
ranked first or second in the world on the combined what index (but somegender
to help developing
and economies-in-transition
less when
address
equality Another
world, environcan
out of
iolicy
too far
conservation diversity;
UNDP and UNEP to incorporate a Sustainability into the overall by integrating environmental with economic Commission Sustainable Index
of international
partners
without economic
imposinq costs.
mechanism
on Climate
Change and Biodiversity. UNCED named as the principal the Facility mechanism
of the Earth Summit was the creation of the UN Commission on Sustainable Developstates,
issues and agreement 1994 on a restructured In the coming employ ways. interest water
has 53 member
responsibility of the years, Canada could usefully at the GEF in three its influence
is to review
the progress
of Agenda
First, it could focus the GEFs in biodiversity pollution and international Canadian, and
on improving
tion exchange
the UN system
on particular
- forestry
it could promote
so as to replenish
in the future.
its linkages with other UN agencies and other organizations. somewhat resources But the CSD has already been by a lack of financial constraints
future
weakened
(particularly
the neces-
and by bureaucratic
for replenishing
inherent within the UN. Canada could use moves to reform the UN as an opportunity to strengthen the CSD, particularly its policy
of international
and large
and implementation
also actively identify the post-Rio issues and help to mobilize political will, especially among its own members, to address them.
and funding.
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
-*-
---a
,,,.lmitments
in the above institutions is other international organiza-
document
is divided
into
Each chapter sets out a variety and suggested achieving Agenda actions for Overall, a guide for
of objectives
them.
international Indeed,
21 provides
of supporting
and enforce
strengthening
those inteconven-
grated international
own plans of action. This has been done in a variety of ways throughout the world
integration.
in environmental domestically.
Bar Association, 1990.
implementation 21 to date.
of Agenda Diversity
those that are most threatened unsustainable practices; and equity. the
on Biological
were completed
in June 1992. It has since been ratified by over 50 countries December and came into force in
21 is the global plan of action by 179 States at the It outlines a vast work that aims
of the Parties, the decision-making was held in December The Convention the conservation sustainable equitable 1994.
the need for a high quality with the need for a healthy for all peoples It strongly and
and the
emphaholistic
to conserve
sizes the need for an integrative, approach economic partnerships national to environmental, development
social and
sustainably, financial
at local, national
will prevent
the goals Canada became the first industrialized country to ratify the Convention and
of sustainable
76
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1995
immediately
began developing
a response
Developed countries
countries
assistance
each jurisdiction
and a framework
change
adaptation
costs; by providing
tally sound technologies; the development these developing Montreal Protocol Protocol
and by supporting in
in the world.
implementation.
on Substances
that
Delete the Ozone Layer was negotiated in Montreal in 1987 and commits parties
to a reduction through
controls
mined to have the most damaging on the earths protective Two subsequent
amendments
The CCCs goal is to stabilize gases in the atmosphere not dangerously system. Because
greenhouse
Protocol
(London,
chemicals
and a quickening
greenhouse
schedule Because
for CFCs and halon. Canada has been at the forefront activity to address the it was
of ozone
layer depletion
all the more disturbing The Convention requires that developed expect a 10% increase
nations as well as economies-in-transition (e.g., Eastern Europei adopt national and take measures greenhouse them to limit emissions policies of
preventive
and economic
to protect
such as forests
for these nations to reduce their emissions of CO, and other greenhouse gases to
3.3
UN
conferences
are held each year, to and countries with opportunities concern
1990 levels by the year 2000 (Box 56). At the March obvious 1995 meeting it was
Canada participates
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
conferences
population,
demographic
more
acting on
objectives.
on the 20th anniversary, in Turkey. The conference adopt a general principles statement
over, Canada should ensure that future conferences less narrow oriented are
and commitments
while
and a related global plan of action. The themes tat II are sustainable settlement an urbanizing world of Habihuman in
corner-
development
and adequate
shelter
Population
address environmental
mega-cities
1994, following
and their
conferences
and the marine food chain. The process will be firmly leading to the conference rooted at the national level
of 160 countries
in negotiations Programme
on a comprehenof Action to
issues that have an immediate on population sustainable growth. economic These growth, equality health
a wide
country
sustainable
development,
gender
reproductive
and international
our lead federal agency for this process, but unlike is co-ordinating Canadas domestic consultation particigroup, the
Canada does not have a national tion policy. Canadians any population highest country population
private sector, NGOs and the academic community, has been set up to this end. have been taking place and inputs into and the
problem growth
of any OECD
research
surpassed sumption
deliberations
level. Accordingly,
Canadian delegation.
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1995
Social Development A UN World Summit for Social Development in March 1995. The
bodies that govern the world trade system and that provide high level political guidance system
on the global social development crisis and to agree on a number of concerted national
Debt
relief
a stronger
initiatives
an important of freeing
of
reform once it has reformed or greened tic and national G-7/G-8 The G-7/G-8 system consists of major (with its own domesinstitutions.
particularly
of the more disadvantaged and marginalized alleviation poverty; ductive groups; of of pro-
employment.
Russia participating
in the political agenda); level forums for trade, and newer G-7
were also to be taken into account failed to take a real to issues and
ministerial
for environment
approach
dimensions.
3.4
Economic
institutions
of environment will require a major Canadian international
Achieving
an integration
and economy
in the future at the annual Summits. could include the institutionalization environment ministers forum,
procedures,
awareness
a joint work
and capabilities,
development Development
the Caribbean
Canada is a leading donor), new bodies such as the Bank for European tion and Development, Reconstruc-
Canadian
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for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
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May
1995
program,
and dialogue
among
the Council at the Ministerial the Joint Experts procedural for improving the Mutual
ministers
ing the 1995 G-7 meeting it has a unique opportunity obiectives. OECD The Organization and Development dealing Because
and approved
methodologies mental
of policies
for Economic
Cooperation of
l
on the environment;
l
it is well placed to
the many facets of the relationship trade and the environment. in early 1991 by
A Joint Session was formed the Trade Committee Policy Committee, tribute to improving and environment
life-cycle
management
and trade;
harmonization
of standards; principles
policies.
In June 1993,
l
economic subsidies
environmental
investment
dispute
The OECD has the further being the first influential nomic organization as observers.
international
The participation
delegations
and Austrian
governments
access to information
development,
trade and environment. GATT and the WTO The results of the recent Uruguay of Multilateral important Trade Negotiations recognizing Round are an and
step toward
80
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19%
concerns, General
of the new WTO provides to remedy promote this situation. the importance in key trade and help build a environmental and needs
In 1991, Canada genetated,about
development
direct attention
and mediations
considerations
in several
areas: the new World Trade Organization, agriculture, measures, dispute sanitary technical and phytosanitary barriers, subsidies,
More attention
5,800 kg of
hazardous for each US$ waste million
settlement,
and the Working NAFTA, NAAEC and CEC Although not an issue until the very end of on the Canada-US the environment Free was on
Party on Trade in Services. The new VVTO will build on the work done by the former Environmental Trade, through Working Group on
while
Measu<es
and International
the agenda by the time the North American Free Trade Agreement negotiated. agreement (NAFTA) was being
of environmental
recycling
directly, or indeed to identify of sustainable core concerns. NAFTAs preamble development the Agreement, for specific includes development
taxes) to trade rules, trade for environmental for transparency, and market purposes, dispute
sustainable objective of
as a primary
The Committees
mandate
with all GATTAIVTO trade and environment issues, including services those related to goods, The
trade obligations
and bilateral
and intellectual
property.
agreements.
Two sections
Committees
program
protect
will be reviewed
to determine protection
the level of environmental that they consider on investment that would appropriate; contains formally an
The GATT/WTO are at a severe disadvantage from the perspective opment because of sustainable develto be to the
of their tendency
provision
dominated exclusion
a government
from lowering standards investment Provisions also make for the and
haven. settlement
conference,
national delegations
it more environmentally
sensitive.
any relevant
Passage of NAFTA in the United States was conditional on the successful negotiation of
positions.
a side deal to protect the North American environment from any negative effects of
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Canada, the United States and Mexico negotiated Agreement the details of a North American on Environmental Cooperation
for preparing
Strategies
Conservation
Strategy.
to oversee
and continuing
improvement
plans, and the World Bank started fund National notably released mental Environmental countries. Action
for country
is an advanced
and strategies
natural resource
law (exploitative)
but it was not until the agreements UNCED that many countries to work on national started
sustainable
develop-
of Canadas
the implementation
and Australia,
characteristic (located
are moving
to members
of the public
but federal
for sustain-
sustainable Switzerlands
work on a national
3.5
Learning
from
other
countries
United Kingdom In 1990, the United Kingdom a comprehensive ment, strategy published
with various
on the environwhich
and sustainability
This Common
inheritance,
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of several post-Rio reports. These include Sustainable which Development: The UK Strategy, national stratetargets them
tation had proved counterproductive in the mid-l 980s they decided the sectoral approach
to abandon
in favour of an inteenvironmental to
to achieve
to managing
The UK Strategy
benefited
This enabled
those involved
it does identify
solutions
developed
need to be played by other bodies, seeks their active participation, the decisions, individuals and finds that of lives
for one sector from causing unforeseen problems in another. in 1989 of the first
have to be made
released
Environmental
Policy Han (NEPP), which was signed by four ministers, of Economic NEPP adopted including including the Minister
Four specific
principles
fied as necessary
for facilitating
action on sustainable
l
development:
utilities,
consumers
facilitated
when
uncertain,
precautionary
to reduce potentially
It led to a change in the relationthe federal and other levels Local authorities became
priority should be given to the ecological impact of using non-renewable and to the problem of irreversible resources effects;
involved
the polluter
pays principle,
bringing
was undoubtedly
used to
should apply.
NEPP was a policy document was taken in the Netherplanning for sustainable basic principles its legislated ronment:
and approaches,
whereas
started
revision,
Todays touchstone,
the implementation
of environmental in December
that arose, the Dutch had some 35 environmental laws by the beginning of the 1980s.
to self-regulation, agreements
or covenants
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have already been signed with the printing and packaging, industries. The Dutch strategy sustainable generation of quantified measure decisions proposes to achieve one use base metals and chemical
for Ecologically
Sustainable
development
within
and agencies to
on the extent
progress
and by changing
which their actions have met ecologically sustainable development guidelines, and
for incorpo-
economic,
into the design and use and to reshape socioIt recognizes that the
considerations plans.
on international
the introduction
by the Dutch Friends of the Earth, whose Action Plan Sustainable Netherlands space out-
tices. An original feature report is the way in which only the challenges 30 sectoral,
morally
and objectives
of over
intersectoral
program
has resulted
a strategic
the recent signing of Bilateral Sustainable Development Agreements with Bhutan, equality facilitate a
Benin and Costa Rica. Stressing and reciprocity, cooperative practices sustainable the agreements
development
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with the on for the future basic human rather than interests.
past by focussing
Takes an integrated approach to bring stakeholders in a functional Encourages to consider of choices consequences way, weighing and beginning accept tradeoffs that helps various together way. people a variety and their in a fair the pros to
stakeholders
ach section
of this chapter
starts
but rather are meant to evolve in both their form and substance as stakeholders adopt
tainable
and adapt them to their own constituencies In order to increase the chances of reaching more
thus the Proiet de soci& on how to reach these goals. That is why this is not a traditional strategy
of selling
the
innovative blinders
solutions,
the
on pre-packaged positions, engaging of of process between draws people and policy Instead communication, discussion and leaders.
and Immerwahr, 1994
of sectoral bias
have been reduced by organizing this chapter around basic human needs. By adopting a sectoral approach development,
but
make before
to sustainable
that reflect the 20th century mandates systems, of our educational many resource
of choices.
few choices are illustrated for each goal, but space is left to encourage work through readers to
of their own choices and corresponding consequences explanation (see Box 58 for an
of choicework). on basic human needs as ignoring the or definitive, discusand should not be interpreted
claims of other species to their share of the Earths carrying capacity. The unprecedented impact of the human species on the planets resources, however, demands that we focus for
wisdom
up new perspectives.
The Choice-
on the greatest
threat to sustainability
from overlap, it has the advantage issues in an interdisciplinary to bring various stakeholders functional
per se. They are concerned like heat, light and mobility.
about services
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believe,
for example,
to contribute
to sustainability
in both the
utilities
mate the effect of each choice on prices, taxes or other choices. The Choicework . Tables
consortia
agencies
th;$~n&ians
than km
consensus where
lmmedlate
in a new car.
consensus
building is needed.
This could also lead to a preliminary existing analysis of the gaps in work, including impli-
by persuading choice
at using choicework
made in 1994 by Canadas Climate Task Group, which compiled 76 measures on jurisdiction, to implement, degree Although
a catalogue
that include basic information type of measure, estimated impact readiness and
can make
it comes because
of stakeholder
support
was subjective
could not be taken In order to make it easier for people to come to grips with approach emphasizes hard choices, the values this were identified, subject
it clearly
complex
implicit
of each choice, and instead use a scale, which which avoids the problems
4.1
Air
problems have been at the local level in Canada, fixes, such
of numbers
or environmental In an expanded
partly because technological version program, based more as unleaded scrubbers, gasoline
compLterized
to the direct impacts and highly visible nature of traditional forms of air pollution. The
be found in accompanying
indirect risks and lower visibility of CO,, however, have contributed to dramatic increases
of choices,
gases.
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Because
of the international
implications
of protecting
of urban smog -
to this problem do
to stay indoors on certain days. Despite the danger that climate change poses i: ,:,. .: ,) . ,-.
if honoured,
PrcWidkaf?ce& to potable water and economical supplies of water for other purposes while maintaining the integrity of our aquatic ecosystems for other uses and species.
more sustainable
to food production
for human needs. Although mitted change, programs Canada is comto fighting climate
additional
for invoking to
energy-intensive that
processes
consumer
house gases.
For some
in North America. Because air quality issues have rarely been considered in relation to economic forces, to
of what have
energy-intensive would
and where
their markets
laugh at
the problems
and ozone
depletion
to cause
Colder winters
dieback,
is agreement ozone
problems Increasing
in stratospheric
Although
more focussed
attention,
and human
towards
cost pricing but also the economies our major trading partners.
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4.2
Fresh
and salt
fresh water water
water
and disposing
In addition heritage,
to our generous
freshwater
Canada also has the longest in the world, from effective programs. depend ecosystems but it has yet coastal zone
Municipal supply networks the majority with in
coastline to benefit
on marine
not being paid, Canadians largest world. per capita water The most
in the
and cultural
traditions.
undervalued
function
the traditional
fisheries
of water
is its role in the hydrological keeps our forests, ecosystems healthy farms or causes
aquaculture,
tourism,
recreation
depending Unfortunately, environment to the coastal and marine continues to be degraded activities, which
by a variety
of land-based
resources
are responsible
generated
that purify water that store it. Like many other water
naturally
settlements flows
or altered caused
resources,
nutrients
has suffered
from being
which
particularly
and quantity
sources shipping
result in ecosystem
to water
and sanitation
reservoirs
essential to
that all too often fall victim of the commons. by the recent However,
of hydro-electricity
dispute
with the
impact assessments
of straddling
in protecting demands
of improving
in other parts
those living in urban areas or the need for electricity in the first place.
of the world.
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4.3 Food
Farmers are under increasing pressure to land degraurban sprawl, deal with unfair trade practices, dation, air and water uncertain inequitable business declining commodity financing, concentration pollution, prices, agriand
permanent
cover or wildlife
habitat.
ucts, helping to maintain ._ . ,,. .,.-:;. i. \L-, ? i: :,.;:, -x~ Ensilie:a ,g&~ai&b,e value of suburban farming
land for
rural communities.
Improving the sustainability also the proretail and that of the food system involves changing
1969 and 1992 in Canada was from spending food, which declined on by
6.3 percentage
by skewing
players in the food chain. Direct subsidies, such as farm income excise tax exemptions, indirect subsidies lation, marketing, government, safety nets and fuel are giving way to reguby
of sustainable
A more sustainable
food system
for reducing
health
provided
improved
the consumption
for home or local use could also contribute to a more sustainable food system.
could improve
As the collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery attests, reliance on management programs
Higher prices for fuel and chemical would encourage the adoption tillage,
based on maximizing
effort is thus needed to cultivate protect damage marine biodiversity, and waste
and prevent
and equipment.
In addition,
but may bring fragile land into production to maintain output. and drainage
are needed to restore natural and communities. of food, Canada should food
fishing capacities Full-cost pricing of irrigation systems could remove some marginal and into
As a major exporter
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markets
are gradually replaced by more local systems that recognize levels and
sustainable
the global limits to consumption human numbers. ing that exporting This would
include ensur-
ing our natural capital, driven by the desire to increase to changing our standard of living. In addition patterns,
food costs and prices, and helping importing countries to increase their productivity more self-reliant. in
we must also work to ensure that our neighbours respect and other countries also
order to become
sustainability. are the basic social unit in and the livability determinant of our of our
Households
4.4 Habitat:
countries population
Human
and natural
with 76% of its But
is an important
overall health and quality of life. Our homes are major consumers of natural resources and water in in
and demolition
of raw materials
of natural capital from all over Canada and the world. also produce products Our human settlements many waste , ; . .o : +
are the largest per capita and water, and the producers of waste
of energy greatest
on nature and
ProVidkz adkquate shelter and a sense of community for all Canadians while conserving the natural habitat upon which people and all other species depend.
life, regulatory infrastructure and working as this is Development
benefits
indefinitely,
the future of humankind. The impact of the way Canadians live on the future
help ensure the sustainability of the resources it depends. Sustainable development community is also essential. on which
of other people and species around the world more troubling. consumption is even Data on global patterns indicate
Canadian
more efficient
indoor living
As inequitable
form and land-use mix of our communities and also define acceptable able systems rigid standards stifle innovation; and unacceptBut overly regulation
rates in order to maintain existing consumption levels by expanding into new markets.
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30 of urban is
and parking
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flexibility
in the approvals
process without
private
landowners, efforts.
building
on existing
stewardship Achieving
human and
productive
must be planned so that they do not demand por-tation systems consume trans-
Some
scientists
estimate as 25% number on Earth by the of the Of the in extirsome have been
times of fiscal restraint. Market forces and taxation will continue to influence
that of
that as much of the total of species coulb first sDecies Cakada, designated Dated ihreat
1994
to air pollu-
vanish decades
tion. Greater savings and more emplovment to be achieved investments infrastructure need
ing, human settlements and the natural environment must be respected. comprehensive these problems a systemic that touches The
through
such as combined
response,
depends and
Partnerships solutions
objectives integrity.
that respond
ecological
It must
the importance
of a variety
implementation
of social factors,
grams at the local level. Community-based groups can be particularly ments for achieving municipal effective instruat the
sustainability
most sustainable
while enhancing
development
habitat
4.5 Humanrelationships
In addition a reasonable to a healthy livelihood, environment and human beings things. The vision
British Columbia, and the Quebec all of which development biodiversity the active
by intense
love, laughter,
Conserving
sense of community,
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These needs, met for the most part through relationships with family, friends, are important development colleagues
to perform
to a high level,
violence,
ness, mental
illness, alcohol
Ensure &at people respect one another for their differences and human values and are able to reach their full potential without compromising
~PP~~~~iti~~ of
ends meet. This not only leads to physical strain, but social strain on personal family and
are all factors that reduce our ability to be productive, to respect others and to feel fulfilled -they deterrents are significant
reduced
to achieving
that individuals
jobs are asked to do more. This creates a situation which many people in
the
others.
have no
will have to emphasis on This work-related compounded a family working stress is often of raising Long and by the difficulties adequate
by a greater
a high quality of life. Although would deny the importance many aspects make them
without
support.
relationships, society
of contemporary increasingly
inadequate Increased
access to child care have all family stress. The faster that family pace
difficult
to enjoy. competitive
of life has meant We are living in an increasingly world, one in which spend riences, passing support
members
understanding Inadequate
developments,
is a contributing of crime,
mental
mindedness. needs
which
most people
doubt greatest
but many are also affected of not knowing Although improved whether working
physical
over time,
employees
are under
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Functional
traditional
in-class
or alternative,
for education,
social problems.
social values, personal growth, financial support but to The media has had an
and reducing
violence,
important
role to play in
man willing
to slop
our view of work, family and community most significant life, but has been
issues.
costs associated
its impact on increasing the demand consumption. for material Television influ-
alone, such as alcohol and other drug related problems, poor diets and lack of exercise, the increasing of single-occupied number dwellings
(replete with all the amenities) threatens any progress the energy appliances, to erode in improving of
the world. Some corporate advertising and many telecontinue and that
efficiency
unhealthy lifestyles
addiction,
has also an
Canada is becoming
urban society,
as small rural
and rural farms lose their economic and individuals are forced to move devel-
4.6 Health
Most Canadians goes far beyond now recognize the absence that health of disease. physical,
It encompasses mental ,1
but it has been an alienating experience for others. The and lack of merchants contact with
being. Contemporary
Create A t+ealthy environment and an affordable health care system that will improve the physical
and menta we-being
of health include not only equitable access to a good but also commuand lives.
members.
income
and meaningful
that most people would like to have, but the cost of education continues to rise.
we not only
of all Canadians.
lifestyles be healthy narrow
Governments
can no longer support that many have to in Canada. Perhaps over the
links between
and sustainable
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quality,
air quality
affects
The fundamental conditions resources are peace, education, income, ecosystem, able resources, justice and for health shelter, food, a stable sustainsocial and equity.
taking
substances, training
decisions seems
the health
People who
and may be an important choice to consider ning for the future. have an appropriate between in planDo we balance
or driving
are also not as productive as they could be, which hampers the competitiveness industry.
hospital-based
cures and community-based health care? What would more affordable system health a
of Canadian In addition
care
to healthy
natural
Would preventative care programs lives than capital and highways? often Addressing inevitably traditional these questions investments
and workplace
communities.
income
leads to poor living conditions tion, but unhealthy affect those High-fat, eating
and nutri-
and challenges
moves the debate far beyond the health care sector, especially if
in higher income
low-fibre
the health of not only human but also of the other species
development
with which we share this planet. Changes to environmental programs, protection practices, social
consumption resources
of energy
workplace
environments
and
at the expense
of communityThe
land-use planning are just some of the choices that we might consider.
all kinds
to social and
4.7 Security
National security, traditionally understood to mean the protection of our territory from external responsibility Defence forces, of the (DND).
Safe homes,
and national
interests
only help to reduce stress but also physical injury. Communities cultural traditions able to carry on their will be healthier than to build
of National
With the end of the Cold War, however, much more attention given to other forms now needs to be of security, in recognithreats
of this opportunity
and a feeling
of belonging of some
and responsibility.
The example
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to the security
of Canadian
billion-dollar
highways
despite
If Canadians
feel less danger, fear or worry, address threats collective some of these to our individual security.
and respiratory
many more lives at much less cost. ,;,, ;, ( ; a :gocietv The reduction lence through of social viobetter control
Internal threats to security include crime, violence (including family violence), contamination or water of our food
in which people feel secure and safe in their homes, communities workplaces. and
of drugs, guns or the media, could also become tant national Greater security an imporissue.
security. More of our military budget could be invested to ensure secure supplies of energy, food, air and water as well as more stable
attention
of children
safer neighbourhoods, However, internally not all security driven continues or controlled. Global
health care and governance. we can do this, however, of these energy we must security
security
by intercontinental inefficient
consumption extends
that Canada does not need to go to war to protect its energy supplies in of or those
change,
The Canadian structure, military them respond of public including ondary and disciplined, skills an inherent
supplies, managemay be
organization
of all armed
combined.
from a security
ratings and loan guarantees) offshore generators transmission The resilience food supply drilling, centralized
and contribute
and immigration
- Green P/an, 1990
Transportation
Governments
tinue to sanction
urban sprawl
and build
most to sustainable
development
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in Canada, what will bring us the greatest benefit for the least cost, and what should first.
infrastructure economic,
maintenance environmental
be undertaken
lities for urban areas in Canada. When combined with the indirect this results rail service subsidies of of of
Between 1990, 1930 automobile and
The future role of DND will have to be carefully considered. Whether DND needs
to continue
ail affect
our ability
rently does, whether to undertake security-related to be completely considered. to consider employers siderable through pollution
work on some of these other issues, or whether re-thought it needs Our unprecedented not only unsustainable and gloablly parents inequitable.
10 times...
but historically Our grandaround the country, and the vast come
In the meantime,
that as one of the largest federal and purchasers, DND has conits operations and
rarely moved
over 1,000
continents,
potential
to improve
of globetrotting
tourists
efficiency
programs.
by groups
Earth, whose
Action suggests
4.8 Mobility
Compared geography, energy to European historical countries, Canadas and low development
Netherlands in passenger
to implement
According
to the Transporta-
major changes
Erisure kvekof mobility and communication that support basic human needs without denying future generations similar opportunities.
actually some
demand
underscoring
and effimobility of
considerable
ciency of personal for the vast majority .urban residents be increased movement
could
include deaths and injuries from unnecessary accidents, streets increased alienation, unsafe
of people
from private
vehicles
to various including
of public transport,
mobility
group of people,
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--.
..--, - -.--
.-...- .~
-,-
--._.
to maintain. involved
sustainability transportation.
be restricted
operations, airport
to increase
to high-speed
of increasing
public transportation
be accom-
4.9
Closed-loop systems
concerns of human patterns impact
panied by similar shifts in the manufacturing sector towards Increased as some autoworkers move
making
Current
employment
of economic
are based on an of
of car and van pools) could employment of equipment. aspect would in the Another, be an
physi-
decreased
resource forests,
(e.g., cutting
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or byproducts
of industrial
pro-
What constitutes
environmental
sustainability ecosys-
(Box 61). Often, these waste take the form of pollutants damaging and affect that
Environmental means
maintaining
: ._(
De&b ti clb&Hb3p systems of resource use that maintain the source and assimilative capacities of ecological systems.
capacities It refers
The emphasis,
to the capacity of ecological processes demands by society to meet the imposed without on them cumulative
, and
or irreversible
depletion. and
possible,
no regrets
policies that
and environmental
was localized. This is no longer the case. We live in an era where have become are limiting limited natural resources
by and, in turn,
argue that society net loss of natural current source redesign The
development.
capital. In order to maintain When the 1972 report of the Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth, called for a transition from growth dismissed to global equilibrium, it was and sink capacities,
a significant necessary.
almost out-of-hand.
must employ
resource depletion,
attention
and domestic
gained by improved
an expensive
consequence
and increased exploration. industrial processes and few seemed wastes went.
Many observers
is the capacity of air, water and soil to waste products (especially approach CO,). must
assimilate
and tradeoffs
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of waste
generated
Charges
sinks such
misuses
poses significant
of the entire life cycle of all products not only result in higher employment and greater pollution energy efficiency,
products
to be repaired would
of creating
tional skilled A great deal of the complicated reuse and recycle hierarchy assumed by industry. production industries use installation excellent it would could be
of the manufacturing
of natural resources
choice for a green tax because encourage while people penalizing products to produce large coninstead
of waste
of material
This would
appear to be the most effective to waste attempting and sources resource involved management. to regulate of waste
would
ment problem
markets
social) pedigrees
exports.
on environmental
include population;
reducing
consumption
l
and processes.
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accountability. Encourages to concentrate on the multitude specific problems and that all sectors more on those of governance management transcend and problems. Recognizes sustainability not be achieved a single rather step, through that will in but a series steps a people less of and aspects
of transition.
ather than focus on traditional economic or social sectors, whose and compartmentaliza-
for local or specific environmenand fail to deal with sustainable Canada has only now begun to address the root causes,
specialization
development.
. ..statistical indicates reversals attained require structural in basic processes... involve maior of consumbtion or other impacts that
evidence real trend they have not been when substantive changes production br when they alterations patterns significant
which cut across all environmental and developmental problems Where (Box 64).
of unsustainabi-
governments have
and institutions
takes a systemic
is an opportunity
to learn
Scan, Canada
has been quite successful at controlling symptoms water issue-specific (such as air and and dealing
on lifestyle...
have identified
- National Center for Economic Alternatives, index of fnvmnmenta/ Trends, 1995
pollution)
with surface causes (such as CFCs and harvesting most pollution control practices). But
tions to sustainability. These provide a strong base from which to consider national transition tools (Box 63).
policies were
in the linked.
sections
accountability,
5.1
Institutional
considerable
change
work on the environhas been paid development or taxathat
Despite
sustainable
New legislation
programs
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Symptom
:e
Cause
Emissions of deleterious substances from fossil fuel combustion & CFCcontaining products
Disposal of products &packaging that have reached the end of their useful life
Underlying
Cau SO
Inadequate controls over emissions, effluents wastes, & I^^^ -ri L..LL,.A
Root,
cyse
/3
/I
II
I
aaeta-doot Cause
Symptoms and causes of environmental Mis-guided Values and Beliefs
degradation.
Saurce:
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
embrace
sustainable
development
by taking
approach
an integrated encounter
approach
considerable
More will
dynamic
~~~i:~,,,6,~C~~~~~~~al
problems, reliance and thus their on environment despite the
be required
institutional
involved sustainability
Canadian
than
departments,
and other institutions have been operating decades mandates with sectoral
~~~:h~~v~,~~~~~a~~rnts
responsibility development. that sustainable for sustainable The changes development
a significant
is further
underestimated.
involves
pose
it the its
challenge
to
many national
and internaThus,
tional organizations.
capacity.
for
some of their employees may resist such changes. In Manitoba, effort considerable
adopt sustainable
Yet sustainability
will
initiative.
interesting
changes
to the institutional
structure
The case of Energuide, Choice and the Ontario Act labelling redundancy, bargaining provincial
and enforced
that results from shared federalresponsibilities may in some it tends to of the political with various for some
cases be beneficial
because
and allows
competition
governments. jurisdic-
The disadvantages
of overlapping
counterproductive
116
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of accountability; jurisdictional
training systems,
but also in the creation of new institutions. This implies dismantling some old institu-
We must find and sensible making ment. find Canada Together, in sustainable
5.2
dealing with more than one level or set of regulations. One of the real institutional challenges to address that we need is finding ways the decisionof First regarding Devolu-
of increasing
- Hon. Sheila Copps, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Environ-
particularly
self-government
agree-
decades
and co-management
structures claim
established agreements
under comprehensive
did not prepare them for the needed to problem for intersolving.
progress in developing
to make
that affect their local in Canada will comnterjurisdictionai coirjuak Caribou Management ment signed in Winnipeg in .--J -...-.. _ -- ard involves representatives d tnuit communities with provincial II (Government of the of Indian Affairs and la) representatives. t accomplishments is the development u Management Plan based on md a special-user assembly P include territorial hunting nmendations, cooperative ion, a curriculum-based school ?t and biology, youth contexts , an allocation priority list, a forest fire habitat protection measures. y and effectiveness was a unaniyears from 1992 to 2002.
for the idea that national sustainability only come through munities. tainable
building sustainable
If communities practices,
to make the kind of changes that will allow this to happen. The roles of different of government in this transition levels
to sustain-
with those of the public. As it would be nalve to the scope of the challenge:
has noted,
success requires not only changes in existing institutions, such as the media and the
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
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117
consensus-based
approaches
would
be a major challenge
making (Box 67), such approaches to be integrated Consequently, into traditional our understand-
systems.
it could help to accelerate the streamlining of governments necessary penditures and institutions to reduce exand encourage develooment.
ing of the needs of sectors or constituencies our own is limited, understand other than and we to
As a government,
We intend to innovate,
look
at
Old
the interrelatedness
sustainable
the long-
~o~~!,t~~a~;;~~u~y
to a more integrated consideration of needs
issues in a be
term outcomes
way would
to focus on human needs such as shelter or food or health (as described in Chapter 4), rather sectors such
and programs.
Opportmty, 1993
~~~r~c~e~t~p~~~ing
such as coastal zone management and ecosystem recognize
or transportation.
This process
allow
people to move away from approach between integrative that emphasizes sectors. would this
of a resource
considering
different
in an integrated impacts
approaches
An example
to land-use
on Resources
through
better support
understanding, It minimizes
made
for increases
5.3 Regulatoryalternatives
Sustainable be impeded development by overlapping continues to and competing negotiations that rarely
complex
court challenges
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issues. Jurisdictional
controlling
sensitive
industries,
promoting
national interests
Very few concrete have been reduce emissions American compared is needed targets. innovative sures would taken energy producers proportional the stabiliration
British Columbia 1994
steps to gas
Insurance effec-
protection,
taken
can provide
tive ways of internalizing social and environmental costs into the prices of goods and services, but
greenhouse jurisdiction,
in any North to how much to meet policy meafor and Unprecedented, have to be
entails social and costs, but only were environmental as factors. as of environand be within
standards might
immediately consumers
of charges,
Canada, such a task pales in comparison effort necessary ize sustainable factors. with the to harmondevelopment
tions; whereas
to change
produc-
practices contracts.
development.
be affected,
approach
fast-track
transitions
This has led to greater interest in alternatives to regulation, forms of regulation. as well as to alternative Alternatives to regulainsurance persuasion,
user changes,
Alternative
include information
controls,
process controls, and price controls, Public ownership has been used in of purposes, including
Canadian
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119
Promotion through
of voluntary
the resulting
wastes and
multistakeholder
contributed government
by increasing
needs. that
the cost of certain and the modification can affect Information requirements hazardous warnings
goods and services; of private law rights underpricing from our children enormous deficits. planned the world, has resulted social of
environmental,
around
wastes
on cigarette
The define
challenge is to
and implement
accountin
pressure,
ages. Controlling
suppliers
licensing entitled
full-cost
sustainability.
resources,
in effects
a waythat
adverse or on on individuals
For prices to reflect the real costs of goods and services, economic instrumenls will
Production workers
costs that are now borne by current public budgets deferred to those or
of future
or substances,
and can
would
be to remove
the indirect
subsidies rates of
to unsustainable
through
consumption
in unrelated
and standards.
increases
content,
ity, durability,
by decreases corporate
in revenue
itself or on how
taxes.
In order to maintain
versal access to basic goods and services, such changes by measures would have to be tempered low-income suffer
5.4
Driven
Greening
the economy
growth many natural resources,
by a vision of economic
By reducing indirect subsidies of fossil fuels, renewable energy sources would become
traditionally
subsidized
fisheries,
agriculture
and fossil
more attractive
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
that would
reduce rather than subsidize use of resources. also promote Such an long-term, employrather than
would
community-based
cost with does not of where so can the over-all but rather them
many agricultural
with higher prices for local food products and lower taxes. In these and other cases, special efforts would be
expenditures
needed during the transition phase to ensure that displaced oil workers or disenfranchised for
less driving and more walking, the use of more fuel-efficient vehicles and public transportaand (such
fiscal deficit recoil at the idea of cutting indirect subsidies to the energy sector (estimated
- Paul Hawken,
to reach
$4 billion per year) they could consider other measures, such as increasing gasoline taxes. of the impacts subsidies of is needed
A full evaluation
they are promoting practices. lvet in Canada at almost -___ >n the Environment and the sach subsidies at $30 bitlion per year! rop, d&y and livestock products as transportation subsidies. Significant tiveness and higher effirading partners maintain
sustainable
transportation
or any other sector. every sector of society, but largely invisible, influof producers and conway to integrate
Act and replace it witP a sustainability act (Box 70). Reforming sustainability This would income, would involve taxation
to promote
send the right signals. shifting current taxes on to sustainability i deficit, sustainability taxes, such as increased gasoline taxe s, would be better than raising income or corporate taxes.
to Sustainability
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121
if
As Olewiler wants
noted
such as a
to minimize
in the GST and income taxes, in government initiatives point out spending (Box 71).
is very clever
at finding that taxes on environmental problems broader would also garner than
taxes.
of its ancient
public support
or goods
A precedent
energy Taxes
for such taxes is the federal tax on automobile tioners that contain air condiCFCs.
country madness,
waste.
also have the advantage being able to be imposed quite quickly, with more results
of
as economically as it is envidamaging.
1992
of behaviour generation. if
and
levies on
pollution
Much higher taxes on non-renewable energy sources, pesticides, solvents that conintended
peting
bureaucracies agricultural
subsidize
and other goods and services strain sustainable to reduce dedicated taxation development,
on wetlands.
consumption, to reducing
one might ask if we can afford to subsidize the price of fossil fuels while to reduce CO, emissions. trying
activities ideally
In this case,
is reduced,
will decline,
fossil-fuel
in inter-
all aspects productivity. ductivity in step with the deficit. Some research has shown, however, that people would taxes The concept to overall industries
of its economic
of our natural
of our jobs will be lost to other countries. of productivity which should extend depends and
to go to general
productivity,
on the efficiency,
competitiveness
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self-sufficiency
Many new jobs will be knowledge-based as opposed to product- or resource-based. will be used to of resource-based with which distributed,
hydra-electric project has flooded
with which Canada uses its natural resources may be similar to that of the United States, but it is far worse trading partners. some investments may not become such decisions than that of other major Although the effects of
in ncreased apparent
productivity
goods and services are produced, consumed, Fortunately, reused and recycled.
must be made now in prospects for just as a diverse ecosystem disruptions, composed so of is better able to withstand too is a diverse economy,
could be learned
from
industry
in Canada, which
and consumption.
their resources
create, can better adapt to cyclical downturns and changing international markets,
raw materials.
to fragile, systems.
will need to be done, however, Atlantic salmon overdue groundfish industry. industry Investments
transportation
5.5
regenerative
Education, behavioural
to restore
and maintain
Although world
is faced with many serious problems, to make decisions unsustainable based on world views.
that depend
they continue
information
on water inequity
create more jobs that are often better and safer than those which currently exist.
degradation, social
attitudinal
change
loss of biowill provide for change. to understand of process personal change. in and not the We
will be required.
Some of
and violence necessarily impetus also need the power affecting social
- .lh&
this light include the meaning of success, economic petitiveness, prosperity, comof
more direct
growth,
standard
living, quality of life, winning and losing, and the role of human beings in nature. Prosperity, for example,
energy
also be used to create further jobs. Other benefits in choosing the efficiency
with material
consumption
scenario would include much higher levels of unskilled and semi-skilled and better the province.
rates that are not sustainable. More appropriate progress measures of satisfaction, must be found. of what
and development
Canadian
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123
people
to value as go
structures
important:
and frugality
to be more receptive
hand in hand? Some have argued we do not need a new set of values, but rather a return to some
so that we can make more collective and informed A social proposed choices. strategy, like the campaign, devel-
of the values that many of our elders still hold and many of us learned as children. The seven virtues we know as prudence, temperance, fortitude, justice,
marketing
SustainABILITY
sustainable
people
to sustainability. measures
in their own
(Box 72). This could encourage rather than reactive, to re-examine change their values are likely to provide the most success in education, However, reinforced particularly for children and youths. because values are absorbed throughout and Of course, campaign the potential will be reduced promoting
and eventually
other mechanisms
unsustainable it. If is to be by a
to outweigh campaign
be accompanied
unsustainable As
programming.
changes
much faster
are dealt with at once. Although intuitively society, many Canadians what is wrong seem to know with our current unable it. Part of
is to give people
the tools they need to take action and to build their communities. will be needed Strategically, communities Different tools
by different
constituencies.
to change.
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Individuals,
governments
In the case of the East coast fishery, believe that large draggers damage
some
were causing
fish at an unsustainable
was an eco-
how to think of
nomic boon to some, it might have been more sustainable fishing vessels. to rely instead on smaller Whatever the truth in this in Canada in This is of
the longer term, and how to see the .interconnectedness and incompatibilities of the
are uncomfoortabie
which challenge
of technological
decisions.
ethical questions.
Beliefs and values will change through consistent efforts to encourage tolerance
of differences creative
of change
, was launched bv the ni about submissions about the citys future, city prepared a workbook of ideas he workbook and thereby lemselves. The completed pproximateiy six alternative visions 3. inviting the bublic to think creatively about what .. --I -- __ ,..._ ..i 20 years not only generated a real r sense of understanding on the part of the public, as and alternatives considered
thinking,
about the status quo, and to promote consideration natives of a wider range of alter-
in decision
the quality of many lives. Scientists people to that Individuals and societies need to re-establish some sense of control over the technologies they use. Conscious made at the beginning development work, choices need to be and
nology has played a large part in societys ability to address many of these concerns. The development some technologies, and inappropriate however, use of
of research
which
tends to be professions
institutions,
careers.
scientists
awe or fascination
strong interdisciplinary
research
there is almost
someone
who stands to gain from the use of new technologies and sorreone insufficient who stands attention
to lose. However,
to Sustainability
- Final Draft
May 1995
and development
decisions should
available
to
There remains a real need for good scientific and technological must, however, innovation in Canada. It
know what
versus fossil fuels, for example, cancer research reproductive versus research
in Ontario and British Columbia new harvesting more efficient techuse and will be for Canada in other
technologies.
More open
public debate about science and technology expenditures would also require communiaccess to in order
regeneration
of natural resources
to make informed
and to All
particularly
for environmental
technologies,
5.7 Accountability
Accountability means being held responsible an organization, Accountability necessary a for actions as an individual, corporation or a government.
decision making between society, something is trying to promote. be achieved, and corporate
as individuals tra-
must go beyond
and even to other species. requires much greater and and for
people
leaders
their actions.
in developing procedures
and
impact
to alleviate Project
is made.
proponents
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- Final
environmental
assessment
by removing
indirect
that disguise
or programs,
effects.
sinks. Until then, of on green products and introduced a carbon tax on fossil fuels.
the GNP will remain some governments General or Comto hold Much more attention to developing indicators. economic incorporate progress have appointed missioners departments Auditors
it will not
sustainability
criteria.
they make and how they might affect the environment. difficult It will undoubtedly be more
and monitoring
Incorporating reports
UV readings
are enlarged
to include
other indicators
to stockSuch
Two vital aspects of accountability access to better indicators to report regression. on measurable
measurable, accepted
sustainability
would
more than just glimpses they would the linkages compel within
of human activities:
cators, federal
are becoming
lead to different
state of
tions in Canada, but less progress made on the challenge reports to include indicators,
of expanding
more socio-economic
such as those found in the Reports of UNDP. In 1993 a State of the City Report was prepared for Toronto by the Healthy City office, This reporttookthe concert of state of environment reporting to a new level by attematino to report on the state of , the c&,4 environment, social structm es and economy in a single report. Coordinated through tt te Realthy City Office, it documents conditions and trends under a variety of different categories, including community health, economic life, the environment and education.
Human Development
Some effort was made by the City of Toronto to combine a number of social, ecoin their (Box 75). will
indicators
on resource
of GNP. Considerable
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127
that
be a collective identifying the to forging and progress. the importance first will on build whose early and trust, ahead.
endeavour:
and overcoming many obstacles sustainability, new partnerships monitoring Stresses of working issues resolution confidence challenges Shows require
development
6.1 Identifying
and overcoming
there is a great deal of Canada
thinking
will be required
obstacles
taking
logue about the critical issues that we must lthough work toward resolve together. highway Although the electronic under way to move sustainability,
much of it is
Key opportunities
it is inadequately
until their interconnectedness is understood. This guide to sustainability is designed cooperation between to facilitate more
has already
been done
VJe believe people collective their sense, connections resource often problems
- Rocky Mountain
in Canada on sustainable development Like similar past, notably Society recent strategies. efforts in the
plex problems
the Conserver
different
interests.
initiatives
already
under way, demonstrates the need for links, and shows the kinds of choices that Canadians must begin some
understanding
lined and often disappointing levels of implementation. It might seem that no amount analysis of good scientific (a characteristic Society political
at once.
Institute, 1994
throughout
of society.
the Green Pian), or bottom-up, The next steps would governments, non-profit
First
be to encourage
those
consensus-based
commitment
(a feature
of
Nations, businesses
and
and
organizations
done so to develop
to begin to make the choices that will allow them to move toward In developing strategies, identifying sustainability. these What is needed to move ahead is not just a scientifically and implementing attention must be given to key roadblocks rigorous, politically acceptable
and community-based
order), but a strategy that will deal effectively with those forces that pose the greatest obstacles to its implementation. a plan requiring projects
or constraints, establishing
techniques
to undertake
ing development
has created
and economic
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deficits.
model
the diversity
of interests
and reveals how comneeds are and how the make affect the
7% of the worlds but half of
than they now face. This will require tifying the counter-productive
forces that
that individuals
need to be coopted
ability of others to make their own choices. The choicework process in Chapter 4
population generate its waste, of its toxic
shows
toral approach
and other forces that are not These obstacles will differ
of choices. this
different
It is not clear how best to approach new way of decision understanding comprehensive choicework making, beyond
communities,
6.2 Forgingnewpartnerships
One of the main needs identified the Projet de so&t6 consensus-building the transition there toward by is cross-sector and coordination in
approach cations,
it should
decisions.
to sustainability.
Although
sectors of Canadian society have a role to play in moving toward sustainability, it does
the way it is carried forward, arrangements for developing fruitful between ent sectors _ , tainable
kind
ations. One of the goals of this guide is to facilitate cooperation where mutual interests exist by
in the cause
describing initiatives
development.
passed for asking governments problems, to solve all our there is a danger
in leaving critical decisions in the hands of any one sector or interest. That is why the Projet de so&t6 to provide a broadly agreed is trying
to work together
upon sense
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as to where
be moving, priorities
without
monitoring
and priorities
and
is a delicate if,
or responsibilities. or a compact to task, but one that can be facilitated by addressing the intersectoral tools identified
The concept
of a covenant what
must happen
transition in Chapter 5,
strategy
We must continue research monitor innovative and fashion policies tions scientific into problems and our progress. strategies flkible and solutions,
tools cut across sectors, focus then becomes sector is a priority, transition
What this guide proposes is that stakeholders upon themselves to doing something contribute sustainability take it to commit that will
We must adopt and techniques and instituready to adapt of new and information,
best. The choice of which tool to focus on first will likely be based on existing of opportunity windows
or which tool
will give the most return on investment. It will also be important work whose first on some to
multistakeholder
issues will
choices ahead.
sustainable
term strategic
planning,
too is it important
to have in
Projet de soci&G provides a forum through which all sectors of society agreement to act. implementation more difficult
for the
steps ahead.
of any windows
of opportunity
the current
concern
and the loss of major resource as the East coast groundfish may mean taking review forums advantage
examining
economic
and technology
policy.
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Although
it is important
to have some it is
around a number at
on some of
the longer-term
they are not left until too late. Some steps toward sustainability may be very difficult
the necessary
to undertake,
that the longer they are deferred, dramatic the changes required
6.4
in 1991
will be and
the harder it will be to make them. Sustainability strategies or plans, such for federal
this guide does not new funding, financial but rather flows.
of existing changes
governments,
their
the transition
that transitions
and re-focus
of dollars oppor-
There will also be a need to monitor larger national picture and to provide
Canadas financial, as
kind of evaluation
environmental an integral
There may be a role for an organization like the frojet de sock% in such an effort.
radical change in our accounting systems, one that requires and honesty.
and pricing
One of the key tasks at this point is to build commitment sustainability through interests across Canada to It could come sectors and
transparency
transitions. where
a process
tend to decrease
get out of the subsidy business and allow market forces to reflect more of the costs involved, notably the environmental and
tools outlined
hidden in other
the discussion
from the public to the private sector. One of the many challenges we face economist, in applying in an equitable
through
the typical
By adopting
truly sustainable
Canadian
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1995
models,
be able
to reduce its deficits to more responsible levels, and then concentrate on improving environmental economic stability its resources
the carrying
health, and
of a resource
or a country
exceeded,
be it the fisheries or
social equity at home and abroad. In fact, sustainability offers considerable for increasing employment, potential
On'Y
or a
care and reducing the deficit without income raising personal or corporate taxes. will
our lack
that specific
correct
ignore.
Sustainable involve
development
politically
strategies followed. exists to act, possibility
- Marilyn Waring,
living,
modifying
some other
be there
it also represents
a rare
characteristics
of Western lifespans to
~~~x~~~~;~~~~ous
re-evaluation and economic of our social institutions,
society. Average
turns
is the
to improving
quality of life it by
of change.
if Women
~:~~~se~~sd~~~~~~~~~ing
This may appear to be an overwhelming and daunting
Counted, 1988
more expensive
task, but we need only remind ourselves that we have no other choice. We must, in this generation, solve the dilemma of natural beauty
nents (or drive to the mall), but there will be more human and family contact as telecommunication patterns costs decrease and employment
become
rather than national and international. Foreign aid programs with will eventually trading
be replaced practices
more equitable
self-reliance. in from
flown
increase, improve.
There will, of course, be costs, but most of them will be short-term social costs that and public
and behavioural
change. The burden of these costs could be mitigated by prevention patterns and planned shifts
in consumption which
and employment
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Annex I : Bibliography
This document of the references increase were readability,
quotations
Rev/ews and
borrowed
listed below.
Cassils, J.A. 1991. Exploring incenf/ves: An infroducfion to incentjves and economic instruments for sustainable development. Ottawa: NRTEE. (Working Paper 13.) CIBment, P. 1993. Nationa/ oven/,ew of strategic planning of sustaInable development in Canadas provinces and territories. Ottawa: NRTEE. (Working Paper 18.) Commission on Land Use and the Rural Environment. 1993. Summary report. FrederIcton: Department of the Environment. Dene Cultural Institute. 1994. indigenous agendas for conservation: A directory of indigenous peoples projects in environmental protection and resource management ,n the Amerjcas. Dene Cultural Institute. Denhez. M. 1992. You cant give if away. Tax aspects of ecoiogicaiiy sens/tive iands. Ottawa: Canadian Wetlands Conservation Task Force/NRTEE. ~. 1990. This common inherjtance. London: HMSO.
was paid to
authors.
and strategies
policy reports
Australia. 1992. Nationa/ strategy for ecoiogicailp sustainable development. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Barney, G.O.; Blewett, J.; Barney, K.R. 1993. Global 2000 revisited: What shali we do? The cnt;ca/ issues of the 21st century Arlington: Millenium Institute. Bass, S.; DalaCClayton, B. 1992. A guide to national susta,nab/e development strategies. London. Internatlonal Institute for Environment and Development (Unpublished.) Bastedo, J. 1987. Framework for a Northwest Territories conservation strategy. Canadian Sooefy of Environmenfal Bioiogisfs Buiiefin, Vol. 44, No. 2. (Conservation strategies in Canada.) Bond, W.K.; Bruneau, H.C.; Blrcham, PD. 1986. Federai programs with the potential to significant/y affect Canadas land resource. Ottawa: Environment Canada. Boyce, RIchardson. 1993. Peopie of Terra Nuliius Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. Bramm, S. 1992. Profecting ecosystems in Alberta: A survey of government mechanisms. Edmonton: Environment Council of Alberta. Business Council on National Issues. 1992. Towards a Sustainable and Competitive Future. Ottawa: BCNI. Cairncross, F. 1992. Costing the Earth. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Canada. 1994. Reporf of Canada to the United Nations Commission on Susfainable Development. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada. ~. 1992. Economic instruments for environmental protection: Discussion paper Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada. ~. 1990. Canadas Green P/an. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada. ~. 1989. Nationa/ repor? on sustainable development: Economics of susta/nabilify Ottawa: Department of Finance. Canadian Bar Association. 1990. Sustainabie deveiopment in Canada: Options for law reform. Ottawa: CBA. Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers. 1987 Report of the National Task Force on fnvlronment and Economy. DownsvIew, CCREM. Carroll-Foster, Theodora, ed. 1993. A Guide to Agenda 21 - issues, Debates and Canadian inifiafives. Ottawa: IDRC.
Development Assistance Committee. 1992. Good practices for country environmental surveys and strategies Parls: OECD. Dewees, D.N. 1990. Potentiai uses of economic environmentai poiicies in Ontario. Toronto: Ministry of Treasury and Economics (Taxation Branch.) Doern, G.B. 1990. Regulations and market approaches. The essential environmental partnership. In: G.B. Doern. ed. Getting/t Green. Toronto: C.D Howe Institute. Doyletech Corporation. 1992. Building a stronger environmental technology exploitat/on capabiiity in Canada. (updated in 1994 by the lnnovest Group International.) Energy Options Advisory Committee. 1988. Energy and Canadians info the 21st century. Ottawa: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. Environment Canada. 1993. Environmenta/ protection regulatory review. Discussion document. Ottawa: Environment Canada. ~. 1990. impiemenhg sustainable deveiopment Report of the Interdepartmental workshop on sustainable development in federal natural resource departments. Ottawa: Environment Canada. ~. 1984. First annual report Implementation of the World Conservation Strategy: Federal review. Ottawa: Environment Canada. ~. 1981. Worid Conservation Strategy: federal review. Ottawa: Environment Canada. de Gennaro, R.; Kripke, G. 1993. Earth budget: Making our tax do/jars work for the environment. Washington, D.C. Federal-Provincial-Terrltorlal Biodiverslty Working Group. 1994. Draft Canadian biodlversity strategy for discussion. Ottawa: Biodiverslty Conventlon Office. Gillies, A.M. 1994 Where to stari: An action p/an for protecting the enwronment and reduong Canadas defiot. Winnipeg: IISD. Goodland, R. et al., eds. 1991. Environmentallysusfainabie economic development: Building on Brundtland. Paris: UNESCO.
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1995
Hawken, P. 1993. The ecology of commerce: A declaration of susfainabiiity. New York: HarperCollins. Hill, J. 1993. Nationa/ sustainabiiify strafegies -A comparative review of the status of five countries: Canada, France, The Netherlands, Norway and UK. London: The Green Alllance. Industry Canada; Environment Canada. 1994. Environ-mental industry strategy for Canada: Cons&at/on paper: Ottawa. Inglis, Julian T. 1993. Traditional ecoiogicai know/edge: Concepts and cases. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature and IDRC. Interdepartmental Working Group on the Evolution of the Climate System. 1994. Global warming and Switzerland: Foundations for a nalional strategy. Berne: Federal Offrce of Environment, Forests and Landscape. International Development Research Centre. 1993. Agenda 21: Green Paths to the Future. Ottawa: IDRC. International Institute for Sustainable Development. 1993. EarthfnterprLse Too/ Kit Winnipeg: IISD. Kageson, P 1993. Getting the prices right A European scheme for making transport pay its true costs. Brussels: European Federation for Transport and Environment. Keating, M. 1989. Toward a common future. A report on sustainable development and its implications for Canada. Ottawa: Environment Canada. Kennett, S.A. 1993. Making federaiism work for unsusta/nabi/ity: Addressing overlap, duplication and conflict in environmental regulation. Ottawa: Projet de soci&3. (Unpublished manuscript.) Kumar, R.; Manning, E.W.; Murck, B. 1993. The chaiienge of sustainabiiity. Toronto: Foundation for International Training Langdon, Steve J., editor. 1986. Contemporary A/a&an native economies. University Press of America. Liberal Party of Canada. 1993. Creating opportunity: The iiberalpian for Canada. Ottawa: Liberal Party of Canada. MacNeill, J.; Runnals, D. 1993. A Strategy for sustainabie energy deveiopment and use for Ontario Hydra. Toronto: Ontario Hydro. Manitoba. 1990. Towards a sustainable development strategy for Manitobans. Winnipeg: Manitoba Roundtable on Environment and Economy. Manning, E.W. 1990. Conservation strategies: Providing the vision for sustainable development. Alternatives, Vol. 16(4). ~. 1986. Towards sustainable land use: A strategy. Ottawa: Environment Canada. Marbek Resource Consultants; G.E. Bridges & Associates. 1993. Energy investments and employment. Ottawa: Marbek. Measures Working Group. 1994. Measures for Canadas nationai action program on climate change. Ottawa: Environment Canada. (Final Report.) Mele, A. 1993. Poiiufing for pleasure. New York. W.W. Norton.
Melville, K. 1989. The environment al risk: Responding to growing dangers. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt. Miles, S., ed. 1986. Towards a conservation strategy for Ontario. Toronto: Conservation Council of Ontario. Ministry of Houslng, Spatial Planning and Environment. 1994. Nationa/ environmenta/ policy p/an 2. The enwronment: Todays touchstone. The Hague: VROM. Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. 1990. Nationa/ Environmental Poiicy Plan p/us. The Hague: VROM. __. 1989. To choose or to iose. National Environmentai Policy P/an. The Hague: VROM. National Commission on the Environment. 1993. Choosing a Suslainabie Future. Washington: Island Press. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection. 1989. Concern for tomorrow: A national environmenta/ survey 1985-2010. Bilthoven: RIVM. National Stakeholders Working Group. 1993a. Progress report: Toward a nationai sustainable development strategy for Canada Ottawa: Projet de soci& =a: 1993b. Overview of the Projet de soci6tk. Prolet de soci&?. (Volume 1.)
1993c. Report of the Vision and Process Committee. Ottawa: Projet de so&t& [Volume 2.) 1993d. Report of the Document and Informa-. tion Commirtee. Ottawa: Projet de soci&. (Volume 3.1 1993e. Progress report: June-Decembes ?%.Ottawa: Projet de so&t& (Volume 4.1 New Brunswick. 1992. Because we want to stay: Sustainable development in New Brunswick. Fredericton: Premiers Round Table on Environment and Economy. 1992. Towards sustainable development in -. New Brunswick: A p/an for action. Fredericton: Premiers Round Table on Environment and Economy. Olewiler, N. 1990. The case for pollution taxes. In: G.B. Doern, ed. Getting it Green. Toronto: CD Howe Institute. Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy. 1990. Chalienge paper. Toronto: Queens Printer for Ontario. 1992. Restructuring for sustainability. Toronto: -, Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy. Pearce, D.W.; Turner, K. 1992. Benefits estimates and environmental decision-making. Paris: OECD. Peat Marwick Stevenson & Kellogg. 1993. 1993 environmental scan: Evaluating our progress toward sustainable deveiopmenl. Winnipeg: CCME. Pinn, J. 1994. Women from the edge. Sustainable Development Research Institute Newsletter: Special Ed/t/on. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. Pippard, L. 1993. A reflection on the Projets progress in fulfillment of its mandate and a proposed alternative way of proceeding. (Unpublished.) Pollard, D.FW.; McKenzie, M.R. 1986. Worid Conservation Strategy- Canada. A report on achievements in conservation. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada.
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Public Advisory Committees to the Environment Council of Alberta. 1990. Alberta conservation slralegy: Framework for aclion. Edmonton: Environment Council of Alberta. Rees, W.E., ed. 1990. fianning for sustainabie development: A resource book. Vancouver: UBC Centre for Human Settlements, (proceedings of a November 1988 symposium organized by the School of Community and Regional Planning, UBC.) Regulatory Consulting Group. 1994. A strategic approach lo assessing regulatory alternatives. Ottawa: Treasury Board. Rhbaume, G. 1993. The chailenge of climate change: /o/icy options for Canada. Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada. Richardson, N. 1989. Land use planning and sustainable development in Canada. Ottawa: Environment Canada. Runnails, D. 1993. Canadas Green Plan: What went wrong? MontrBal: IRPP. (Unpublished.) Sachs, I. 1992. Transition strategies for the 21 st century. Nature & Resources, Vol. 28(l). Sadler, B.; Fenge, T. 1994. A national sustainable development strategy and the territorial north. Northern Perspectives, Vol. 21(4). (Projet de so&~& supplement.) Sanderson, K. 1991. Expioring municipal oplions for a greenerA/befla. Edmonton: Environment Council of Alberta. Saskatchewan. 1992. Conservation strategy for sustainable development in Saskatchewan. Science Council of Canada. 1977. Canada as a conserver society: Resource uncertainties and the need for new technologies. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada. (Report No.27,) Scruggs, P. 1993. Guidelines for state /eve/ sustainabie development. Washington: Center for Policy Alternatives. Sitarz. Daniel. 1993. Agenda 21: The Earth Summit strategy lo save our earth. Boulder: Earthpress. Slater, R. 1993. Changing the way we govern: Sustainabie deveiopmenl in Canada. Cambridge: Centre for Business and Public Sector Ethics. (Unpublished.) Slocombe, D.S., ed. 1991. Too/s for sustainability: Expiorations andprospecls. Gland: IUCN. Slocombe, D.S.; Van Bers, C. 1991. Ecoiogicai design criteria for a sustainable Canadian society. Waterloo: University of Waterloo, Sustainable Society Projet Working Paper #2. (Unpublished.) Solway, J. 1990. Reelections on s&a/nab/e planning. The impiications of sustainable deveiopment forpianning and the Canadian lnslitute of Planners. Ottawa: CIP. Sustainable Seattle. 1993. Sustainable Seattle 1993: indicators of suslainable community. Seattle: Metrocenter YMCA. Unlted Kingdom. 1994. Sustainable development: The UK strategy. London. HMSO. Victor, P.A.; Kay, J.J ; Ruitenbeek, H.J. 1991. Economic, ecologica/ and decision theories: indicators of ecoiogicaily sustainable development. Ottawa: Canadian Environmental Advisory Council.
Wall, Steve; Arden, H. 1990. Wisdomkeepers: Meetings with native American spirilual Eiders. Beyond Words Publishing Inc. Waring, Marilyn. 1988. If Women Counted: A new feminist economics. New York: HarperCollins. Weatherford, Jack. 1991. NaWe roots: How the Indians enriched America. New York: Fawcett Columbine. Weichel, B. 1993. Common destination: An analysis of Canadian strategies for sustainable development. Winnipeg: CCME. (Unpublished.) Wildlife Ministers Council of Canada. 1990. A wildlife policy for Canada. Ottawa: Environment Canada. Yankelovich, D.; Immervvahr, J. 1994. The rules of public engagement. In Beyond the beltway: Engaging the pubiic in U.S. foreign policy. New York: W.W. Norton. Yankelovich, D. 1991. Coming lo public judgement: Making democracy work in a complex worid. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. Indicators and reporting
British Columbia Minlstry of Environment, Land and Parks; Environment Canada. 1993. State of the environment report for British Columbia. Victoria; Ottawa: Ministry of Environment, Land and Parks; Minister of State (Environment Canada.) British Columbia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (BCRTEE). 1993. Sustainabjiity: From ideas to action. Victoria: BCRTEE. Burch, R.D. 1994. Municipal report,ng on suslainabie deveiopment: A status review. Ottawa: NRTEE. (Working Paper No. 24.) Conseil RBgional de IEnvironnement du Saguenayi Lac-Saint-Jean. 1988. Les &a% g&&aux de Ienvironnemenl du Saguenay/Lac-Saint-Jean - Brat de /a situation -pour notre avenir a lous. Alma: Conseil RBgional de IEnvironnement du Saguenay/Lac-Saint-Jean. Environment Canada. 1994. Stale of the Environment in the Atlantic Region. Dartmouth: Environment Canada. Hancock, T. 1993. Reporting on sustainable development The munxpai and household /eve/. Ottawa: NRTEE. National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. 1993. Repot? to the fnme Minister. Toward reporting progress on sustainable development in Canada. Ottawa: NRTEE. Nitkin, D.; Powell, D. 1993. Corporate sustainable deveiopment reporting in Canada. Ottawa: NRTEE. (Working Paper Number 17.) Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth. 1990. State of the environment 1990. Hamilton: Planning and Development Department, Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth. Salsberg, L.; Hatchey C. et al. Modelling qua/fly of life indicators in Canada: A pilot tesl of qua/@ of iife indicators in Toronto: Toronto: Healthy City Office, Corporation of Toronto. Saskatchewan Environment and Public Safety. 1991. Saskatchewan stale of the env\ronment report. Regina: Saskatchewan Environment and Public Safety.
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Statistics Canada. 1994. Human AcWy and the Environment. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. UNDO 1994. Human Development Report 1994. New York: Oxford University Press. Provincial strategies
Premiers Round Table on Environment and Economy. Towards sustainabie development in New i?runswick: A p/an for aclion. Fredencton: Premiers Round Table on Environment and Economy. 1992. Because we want to slay: sustaainabie -. development in New Brunswick. Fredericton: Premiers Round Table on Environment and Economy. Prince Edward Island Department of Environmental Resources. 1994. Stewardship and sustainability: A renewed conservation strategy for Prince Edward /s/and. Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island Department of Environmental Resources. Province of British Columbia. Stewardship of the water of British Columbia: A review of Bntlsh Columbias water management poiicy and legislation. Victoria: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. (Collection of ten policy papers.) Saskatchewans Round Table on Environment and Economy (SRTEEI. Conservation strategy for sustainable deveiopmen? in Saskatchewan. Saaskatoon: SRTEE. Sustainable Development Subcomittee of the Nova Scotia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NSRTEE). 1992. Sustainable deveiopmenr strategy for Nova Scotia. Halifax: NSRTEE. Yukon Department of Renewable Resources. Yukon conservation strategy: For our common future. Whitehorse: Yukon Department of Renewable Resources. Other provincial
Alberta Round Table on Environment and Economy (ARTEE). 1993. Steps to reaiiz,ng sustaainable deveiopment. Edmonton: ARTEE. 1991, Aiberta: Working for a sustainable future. Edmonton: ARTEE. British Columbia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. 1993. Slrafegic directions for community sustainabilIty: A report to the citizens of British Coiumbia. Victoria: BCRTEE. ~. 1993. An economic framework for sustainability: A draft discussion paper for Ihe citizens of Brit;sh Columbia. Victoria: BCRTEE. 1992. A sustainabiiity strategy for energy: A report Gcitizens of B&h Columbia. Victoria: BCRTEE. 1992. Towards a strategy for sustainability: -. A report to the citizens of British Columbia. Victoria: BCRTEE. Conseil de la conservation et de lenvironnement (Gouvernment de Quebec). 1989. Les &ments dune strat6g;e qu&b&oise de /a consen/ation el du d&eloppement: avis g&&a/. Quebec: Conseil de la conservation et de Ienvironnement. 1989-l 990. les 6/6men& dune stratggie -. q&bGco;se de la conservat:on et du d&eloppement. QuBbec: Conseil de la conservation et de Ienvironnement. (Neuf volumes sectoriel.) Conservation Council of Ontario. 1986. Towards a conservaGon strategy for Ontano: An assessment of conservation and deveiopment in Ontario. Toronto: The Conservation Council o+ Ontario. Future Environmental Directions for Alberta Task Force. 1995. Ensuring Prosperty: lmpiementing Sustainable deveiopment. Edmonton: Environment Council of Alberta. Government of Manitoba. 1994. Sustainable deveiopment Sustainabie deveiopment strategy for ManUoba. Winnipeg: Government of Manitoba. 1994. Sustainable development; Applying -, Manitobas foresr policies. Winnipeg: Government of Manitoba. 1994. Sustaainable development: Applying -. Manitobas mineraipoiicies Winnipeg: Government of Manitoba. 1994. Sustainable development: Applying -. Manitobas water pol~aes. Winnioeg: Government of Manitoba. Government of the Northwest Territories. 1990. Northwest Territories sustainable development policy. Yellowknife: Policy and Planning Division, Department of Renewable Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy (ORTEE). 1992. Resrructunng for susta,nabi/ity. Toronto: ORTEE.
Association of Conservatjon Authontles of Ontario. June 1993. Reslructuring resource management in Ontario: Documenting the opportunity. Toronto: Association of Conservat/on Authorities of Ontario. 1992. A conservation strategy for the conser-, vatjon authorities of Ontario. Toronto?: Association of Conservation Authorities of Ontario. Le Bouquet Bcoiogique. Montreal: le R&eau qu6bkcois des groupes &ologistes. British Columbia Energy Council. 1994. DRAFT Energy Strategy. Vancouver: B.C. Energy Council. British Coiumbia environmental report. Vancouver: B.C. Envlronmental Network. Clean Air Strategy for Alberta. 1991. Report Tothe Ministers. Edmonton: Alberta Energy and Alberta Environment. Commission on Land Use and the Rural Environment. April 1993. Summary report Fredencton: Department of the Environment. Commisslon on Resources and Environment (CORE). 1994. Finding common ground: A shared vision for /and use in British Coiumbia. Victoria: CORE. 1994. Finding common ground: A shared vision -. for /and use in British Columbia - Volume li Appendices. Victoria: CORE. 1994. Vancouver /s/and /and use plan voiume one. -. Victoria: CORE. Conseil de la conservation et de Ienvironnement, Gouvernment du QuBbec. 1991. Avis sur la pertinence dun commlssaire g lenvironnement au Qukbec. QuBbec: Conseil de la conservation et de Ienvlronnement, Gouvernement du Quebec.
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The Conservation Council of Ontario. 1989. Ontarios environmental track record.. A review of significant Ontario government conservation initiatives. Toronto: The Conservation Council of Ontario. Environment Network News. Environmental Network. Edmonton: Alberta
Peterborough Committee on Sustainable Development. 1991. Sustainabie development and the officiai p/an of the City of Peterborough: A green paper for discussion and debate detailing amendments for the proposed official p/an. Peterborough: Peterborough Committee on Sustainable Development. Prince Edward Round Table on Environment and Economy (PEIRTEE). 1993. 1st annual report of the Prince Edward round table on environment and economy 1993. Charlottetown: PEIRTEE. The Regional Chairmans Task Force on Sustainable Development. 1993. implementing V/s/on 2020: Directions for creatrng a sustainable region. Hamilton: Regional Municrpahty of Hamrlton-Wenhniorth. 1993. Implementing Vision 2020: Detailed -. strategies and actions for creating a sustainable region. Hamilton: Regional Municrpality of Hamilton-Wentworth. Regional Municipality of Waterloo. 1994. Regionai official polrcies p/an: Pianning for a sustainabie community. Waterloo: Regional Municipality of Waterloo. (Draft report.) 1993. Development strategies: Policy directions -. and settlement pattern concept recommendation report. Waterloo: Department of Planning and Culture, Regional Municipality of Waterloo. (Report No. 8.) 1992. Towards 2021: Shaping our regionai -. vision together: A discussion paper. Waterloo: Department of Planning and Development, Regional Municipality of Waterloo. (Report No. 4.) Regional Planning and Development Department and the Ramsey Lake Technical Committee. 1992. Community improvement p/an: Ramsey Lake. Sudbury: Ramsey Lake Steerrng Committee, City of Sudbury. Stratford and Area Round Table for Environment and Economy. 1993. Report of the Stratford and Area Round Tab/e for the Environment. Stratford: Stratford and Area Round Table for Environment and Economy. Task Force on Sustainable Development for Peterborough Area. Report of the Task Force on Sustainable Development for the Peterborough Area. Peterborough: Task Force on Sustarnable Development for Peterborough Area. Tomorrow Together Workrng Group. 1992. Tomorrow together: Toward sustainable development rn the regionai municjpaiity of Sudbury. Sudbury: Regional Municipality of Sudbury Vancouver CityPlan. 1994, Making choices. Vancouver: City of Vancouver. 1993. CityPian ideas iilustrated. Vancouver: -. City of Vancouver. Other local
Government of Alberta. Seizing opportunity: Albertas new economic deveiopment strafegy. Edmonton: Government of Alberta. Ontario Environmental Network (OEN). 1991. Sustainability as if we mean it. Guelph: OEN. Ontario Environmental Network News. Guelph: OEN Ontario Federation of Agnculture (OFA); Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario (CFFO): Aaricultural Groups Concerned About Resources and-the Environment (AGCare); Ontario Farm Animal Council (OFAC). 1992. Our farm environmentai agenda. OFA; CFFO; AGCare; OFAC. The Ontario Wildlife Working Group. 1991. Looking ahead: a wiid life strategy for Ontano. Toronto: Wildlife Policy Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Prince Edward Island Round Table on Environment and Economy (PEIRTEE). 1991. Sustainabie development in Prince Edward /s/and. Charlottetown: PEIRTEE. Task Force on Sustainable Energy Development. 1993. A strategy for sustainable energy development and use for Ontario Hydro. Toronto. Western Canada Wilderness Committee. Western Canada Wilderness Committee educational report. Vancouver: Western Canada Wilderness Committee. Local strategies The Citizens Greenprint Committee of Ottawa-Carleton. 1990. The Ottawa-Carieton greenprint. Ottawa: Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. Civ Green Strategy Subcommittee. 1993. Cambridge city green strategy: A community actjon p/an for the environment. Cambridge: City of Cambridge. City of Halifax. 1993. Response of City of Halifax departments, boards and commission to the report of the round table on the environment and the economy. Halifax: City of Halifax. City of Halifax Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (HRTEE). 1993. A path to sustanability. Halifax: HRTEE. Gimli and District Communifr, Development Round Table. Gimi;: a community view. Gimli, Manitoba: Gimli and District Community Development Round Table. Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD). 1993. Creating Greater Vancouver2 green zone: The livable region strategic p/an. Burnaby: GVRD, Strategic Planning Department, Parks Department. imagining Nanaimo Steering Committee. 1993. Nanaimos community goals and strategies. Nanaimo: City of Nanaimo. Moriyama & Teshima Planners Limited. 1991. The Ramsey Lake and watershed community improvement plan: A 100 year vision. Toronto: Moriyama & Teshima Planners Limited.
Darnell, J.; Khong J.; et al. 1993. Healthy City Toronto Project progress report and inventory 1990 to 1993. Toronto: Healthy City Office. Department of Engineering and Works, Environmental Management Branch 1993. The City of Ottawas munrcipal environmentai evaluation process 0V?MEEfj: Guideiines for appiication. Ottawa: City of Ottawa.
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Dykeman, F.W., ed. 1990. Er;trepreneuria/ and sustaainabie rural communities. Sackville: Rural and Small Town Research and Studies Programme, Department of Geography, Mount Allison Uriversity Local Round Table Task Force of the British Columbia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Guide to estabiishing a /ocaI round tab/e. Victoria: BRTEE. Maclaren, in Canada: Summary mittee on V.W. 1992. Sustainable urban development From concept to practice - Volume one: report Toronto: Intergovernmental ComUrban and Regional Research.
-; Pell, D. 1994. Sustainable development and Canadian cities: current initiatives. Ottawa, Centre for Future Studies. In Housjng and Living Environments of the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporat;on. Ottawa: Canadian Global Change Program, The Royal Society of Canada. (Draft report.) Wackernagel, M. with McIntosh, J. et al. 1993. How big is our ecoiogical footprint? A handbook for estimating a CommunityS appropriate carrying capacitv Vancouver: Task Force on Planning Healthy and Sustainable Communities. Regional British Columbia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. 1993. Georgia Basin iniliative: creating a .sqsta,nab/e future. Victoria: BCRTEE. Cascadia Institute; Discovery Institute. 1994. Opportunilies for achieving suslajnabiiity in Cascadia. Vancouver: International Centre for Sustainable Cities. The Conservation Foundation and the Institute for Research on Public Policy. 1990. Great Lakes, great iegacy. Baltimore: Conservation Foundation. Fraser Basin Management Board. 1993. Strategic p/an for the Fraser basin management board 1993-98. Vancouver: Fraser Basin Management Board. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 1991. The Arcric environmental strategy: An action p/an. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. International Joint Commission. 1994. Seventh bIenniai report on Great Lakes water qua6ty. Ottawa: International Joint Commission Office. lnuit Clrcumpolar Conference. 1993. Circumpoiar sustainabie deveiopment and the Projet de societ6: An overview of the work of Ihe lnuit Circumpolar Conference and others on Arctic sustainable deveiopment. Ottawa: lnuit Circumpolar Conference. St. Croix InternatIonal Waterway Commission. 1990. St. Croix international Waterway: A heritage a future: A preiiminary plan for the long-term cooperative management of the St. Croix International Waterway St. Stephen: St. Croix International Waterway Commission.
1992. Sustainable urban development in Canada: From concept to p,racllce - Volume three: A compendium of initiatives. Toronto: Intergovernmental Committee on Urban and Regional Research. Manitoba Department of Rural Development. 1991. Community choices: A sustainabie communities program for Manitoba. Winnipeg: Manitoba Department of Rural Development. Ontario Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. 1991. iocai round tab/es on environment and economy. Toronto: ORTEE. Roseland, M. 1992. Toward sustainabie communifies: A resource book for munic(oal and local governments. Ottawa: NRTEE. Royal Commission on the Future of the Toronto Waterfront. 1992. Regeneration: Toronto> waterfront and the sustaainabieci!y Final report Toronto: Royal Commission on the Future of the Toronto Waterfront. Sawin, S.; Carrier, L., eds. 1993. Private visions community v;sIons: Results of Ihe Cowichan Visions ZOZO/sustainablecommunit/es initiative survey. Victoria: Centre for Sustainable Regional Development, University of Victoria. (SustaInable Communities Initiative Working Paper No. IO.) Tomalty, R; Alexander, D.H.M.; et al. 1994. Planning with an ecosystem approach in Canadian cities. Toronto: Intergovernmental Committee on Urban and Regional Research. (Draft report.)
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Cultural Resource Management Policy. Contact: Sharon Jeannotte, Acting Chief, Strategic Planning and Coordination, Canadian Heritage, Jules Leger Building, Terrasses de la Chaudiere, 25 Eddy St., 12th floor, Hull, Quebec KIA OM5. Efficiency and Alternative Energy Program. Contact: Natural Resources Canada, Tel. (613) 995-0865. Environmental Citizenship Initiative. Contact: Environment Canada, 25 Eddy Street, 3rd floor, Hull, Quebec. Tel. (8191 953-9449. Federal Committee for Environmental Emergencies. Contact: Sam Baird, Manager, Departmental Emergencies Secretariat, Environmental Emergencies Branch, National Programs Directorate, Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, Place Vincent Massey, 17th floor, 351 St. Joseph Boulevard, Hull, Ouebec KIA OH3. Tel. (819) 997-4277, Fax (819) 997-l 529. Federal Buildings Initiative. Contact: Rick McKenzie, Director, Energy Ventures Divisron, Natural Resources Canada. Tel. (613) 9964079. Fisheries and Oceans, Department of. Tel. (613) 993-0600. House of Commons. Contact: Marian Campbell, Environmental Projects Officer, Offlce of the Environment, Room 390, Wellrngton Building, House of Commons, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OA6. Tel. (613) 943-l 564, Fax (613) 943-0479. House of Commons Parliamentary Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development. Tel. (613) 996-l 595. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Indian and lnuit Programs. Contact: John Graham, Director General, Lands and Environment Branch, Land and Trusts Services. Tel. (819) 997-8212. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Northern Programs. Contact: Hiram Beaubrer, Director General, Natural Resources and Environment Branch, Northern Affairs Program. Tel. (819) 997-9381. OR, Leslie Whitby, Director, Environment and Renewable Resources Directorate, Natural Resources and Environment Branch, Northern Affairs Program, Room 615. 10 Wellington Street, Hull, Quebec KIA OH4. Tel. (819) 997-2728. international Joint Commission. Contact: Philip Slyfreld, Secretary, Canadian Section, 100 Metcalfe Street, 18th floor, Ottawa, Ontario Kl P 5Ml. Tel. (613) 995-2984, Fax (613) 993-5583. International Organization for Standardization, Environmental Management Committee. Contact: Canadran Standards Assocatron, 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Etobicoke, Ontario M9W 1 R3. Tel. (416) 747-4000. National Capita/ Commission. Contact: Lourse Kingsley, Senior Officer, Environmental Assessment and Planning, National Capital Commission, 161 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontarro Kl P 6J6. Tel. (613) 239-5591, Fax (613) 239-5393. National Office of Pollution Prevention. Contact: Environment Canada. Tel. (8191 953-9086, Fax: (819) 953-7970.
across Canada. about organizations noted in the report, contact list. of the
specifically
in Canada
some initial contact points for those interested in finding out more about these initiatives. National Federal government:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Contact: Michael Presley, Chief, Environmental Strategic Policy, Environment Bureau, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Room 670, 930 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OC5. Tel. (613) 943-l 611 (ext. 22451, Fax 1613) 943-l 612. Auditor General of Canada. Contact: Cameron Young, Principal, Audit Operations Branch, Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 240 Sparks Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OG6. Tel. (613) 995-l 925. Biodiversity. Contact: John Herity, Director, Biodiversity Convention Offrce, Environment Canada, 351 St. Joseph Blvd., 5th Floor, Hull, Ouebec KIA OH3. Tel. (819) 953-4374, Fax (8191 953-l 765. Canada3 Mode/ Forest Program. Contact: Richard Baerg, Canadran Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada. Tel. (8191 997-l 107. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Contact: Jack Smugler, Senior Officer, International Relations Division National Office, CMHC, 700 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OP7. Tel. (6131 7482468, Fax (613) 7482302. Canada Ports Corporation. Tel. (613) 957-6787.
Canadian International Development Agency. Tel. (819) 997-5456. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPAl Review. Contact: Ruth Wherry, Senior Policy Advrsor, CEPA Offce, Environment Canada, Place Vincent Massey, 5th floor, 351 St. Joseph Boulevard, Hull, Quebec KIA OH3. Tel. (819) 997-1342, Fax (819) 997-0449. Canadian Heritage, Department of. Tel. (819) 997-0055. Consulting and Audit Canada. Contact: Ted Manning. Tel. (613) 947-2335. OR, Gord Clifford. Tel. (613) 995-8247, 9th Floor, Tower B, 112 Kent Street, Place de Ville, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OS5. Fax (613) 943-l 097.
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National Research Council. Contact: Terry B. Kimmel. Business Development Ofice, National Research Council, Institute for Environmental Research and Technology, Buildrng M-12, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6. Tel. (613) 990-6618, Fax (613) 957-8231. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Contact: Tel. (613) 995-6295. Parks Canada. Contact: Sharon Jeannotte, Acting Chief, Strategic Planning and Coordination, Canadian Heritage, Jules Leger Building, Terrasses de la Chaudiere, 25 Eddy Street, 12th floor, Hull, Quebec Kl A OM5. Program on Energy Research and Development. Contact: Office of Energy Research and Development, Natural Resources Canada, 14th floor, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OE4. Tel. (613) 995-0478. Public Works and Government Services. Contact: Michael Dawson, Corporate Policy, PWGS, 15 Al, Phase III, Place du Portage, Hull, Quebec KIA OM2. Tel. (8191 956-0885, Fax (819) 956-4962. Science and Technology Review. Contact: Secretariat for Science and Technology Review, lndustrv Canada. 11th floor, East Tower, 235 Queen Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OH5. Tel. (613) 943-7034. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Contact: A. Fox, Director, Policy, Planning and lnternatronal Relations Division, SSHRCC, 350 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontarro Kl P 6G4. Tel. (613) 992-5125, Fax (613) 992-l 787. Statistics Canada. Contact: Michael Bordt, National Accounts and Environment Divison, Statistics Canada, Tunneys Pasture, 21A R.H. Coates Building, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OT6. Tel. (613) 951-8585, Fax (6131 951-3618. Transport Canada. Contact: Pierre Renart, Director, Government Relations and Environmental Affairs, Policy and Coordination Group, Transport Canada, 26th floor, Tower C, Place de Ville, Ottawa, Ontario KIA ON5. Tel. (613) 991-6503, Fax 1613) 991-6422. Water andEconomy. Contact: Frank Quinn, Head, Water Policy, Water and Habitat Conservation Branch, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Kl A OH3. Tel. (8191 953-l 513, Fax (819) 994-0237.
Automotive Parts Manufacturers Association. Contact: Mark Cotter, Director, Environment, 516 - 195 The West Mall, Etobicoke, Ontario M9C 5Kl. Tel. (416) 6204220. Fax (4161 620-9730. Business Principles for a Sustainable and Competitive Future. Contact: The Business Council on Natronal Issues, Royal Bank Centre, 90 Sparks Street, Suite 806, Ottawa, Ontario Kl P 5B4. Tel. (613) 238-3727, Fax (613) 236-8679. Canadian Bar Association (CBA). Contact: Marshall Burgess, Chair, Legislation and Law Reform Committee, National Environmental Law Section, Canadian Bar Association. Tel. (902) 424-5300. OR, Bruce Willis, Chair, National Environmental Law Section, Canadian Bar Association. CBA, 90250 OConnor Street, Ottawa, Ontario Kl P 612. Tel. (403) 668-5252. Canadian Centres of Sustainable Development Research. Contact: Ann Dale, Sustainable Development Research Centre, University of British Columbia. Tel. (604) 822-6899. Canadian Council for International Cooperation. Contact: Peter Padbury, Environment Coordinator, CCIC, 1 Nicholas St., Suite 300, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 7B7. Tel. (613) 241-7007. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Contact: Barbara Czech, Director of Communications, 326 Broadway, Suite 400, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Tel. (204) 948-2090. Canadian Environmental Network. Contact: Box 1289, Station B., Ottawa, Ontario Kl P 5R3. Tel. (613) 563-2078. Email: cen@web.apc.org. Canadian Healthy Communities Network. Contact: Stephen Jewczyk, Chairperson, City of Mount Pearl, 3 Centennial Street, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland Al N 2C2. Tel. 1709) 7481029. The Canadian Healthy Communrtres Network (national) has provincial-territorial network contacts for Alberta; British Columbia; Manitoba; Nova Scotia; Ontario; Quebec; and Saskatchewan, as well as contacts in hundreds of communitres across Canada. Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. Contact: Randy Billings, Ernst and Young Chartered Accountants, Toronto-Dominion Centre, P.O. Box 251, Toronto, Ontario M5K 1J7. Tel. (416) 864-l 234. Canadian institute of Planners. Contact: Sylvia Planka, Communications and Public Relations. Tel. (800) 207-2138. Canadian Labour Congress. Contact: David Bennett, 2841 Riverside Drive, Ottawa, Ontario KlV8X7. Tel. (613) 521-3400 Canadian Manufacturers Association. Contact: Doreen Henley, CMA, 130 Albert Street, Suite 302, Ottawa, Ontario Kl P 5G4. Tel. (613) 233-8423. Canadian Network for Environmental Education and Communications. Contact: c/o Ecologic, P.O. Box 1514, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2L8. Tel (902) 863-5984, Fax (902) 863-9481. Canadian Peace Alliance. Contact: CPA, 5-555 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1Y6.
development
ACCC Environmental Citizenship Program. Contact: Ruth Watson, Director, ACCC Environmental Citizenship Program, Association of Communrty Colleges, Suite ZOO,1223 Michael Street North, Ottawa, Ontario Kl J 7T2. Tel. (613) 746-7639. Email: rwatson@accc.ca. Acelerated Reduction and Elimation of Toxics (ARET). Tel. (819) 953-9086, Fax (8191 953-7970. Automotive Manufacturing Pollution Prevention Project. Contact: Mark Naltais, President, Canadian Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Associatron. Tel. (416) 364 9333.
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Canadian Society of Landscape Architecture. Contact: Larry Patterson, Executive Director, 1339 Fifteenth Avenue SW, Suite 310, Calgary, Alberta T3C 3V3. Tel. 1403) 228-6591. Canadian Urban Research on the Environment. Contact: Dan Friesen, Research Consultant, Federation of Canadian Municipalities, 24 Clarence Street, Ottawa, Ontarro Kl N 5P3. Tel. (613) 241-8484. Council of Canadians with Disabilities. Contact: April DAubin, Council of Canadians with Disabilities, 294 Portage Avenue, #926, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C OB9. Tel. (204) 947-0304, Fax (2041 942-4625. E.B. Eddy Forest Products. Contact: 1600 Scott Street, 7th floor, Ottawa, Ontario KIY 4N7. Tel. (613) 725-6743. EarthEnterprise Too/Kit. Contact: IISD, 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th floor, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B OY4. Tel. (204) 958-7735. Economic instruments Collaborative. Contact: Gene Nyberg, NRTEE, 1 Nicholas St., Suite 1500, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 7B7. Tel. (613) 992-7189. Global Education Program. Contact: Tom Lyons, Ontario Teachers Federation, 1260 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2B5. Tel. (416) 966-3424. Intergovernmental Regional Research 150 Eglinton Avenue M4P 1 E8. Tel. (416) Committee on Urban and f/CL/RR). Contact: ICURR, East, Suite 301, Toronto, Ontario 973-5629, Fax (416) 973-l 375.
Projet de societe. Contact: Planning for a Sustainable Future, 1 Nicholas Street, Suite 1500, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 7B7. Tel. (613) 992-7189. Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. Contact: Tim Kehoe, Executive Director, RAIC, 55 Murray Street, Suite 330, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 5M3. Tel (613) 241-3600. Royal Society of Canada. Contact: David Henderson, Royal Society of Canada, PO. Box 9734, Ottawa, Ontario Kl G 5J4. Tel. 613-991-6990, Fax (613) 991-6996. Rural and Small Town Research and Studies Programme. Contact: Mary Sampson, Rural and Small Town Programme, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick EOA 3C0. Tel. (506) 364-2393. Communities particrpating in this program include Cavendish, P.E.I.; Georgetown, P.E.I.; Summerside, P.E.I.; Sussex, N.B.; McAdam, N.B.; Campobello Island, N.B.; Klmberley, B.C.; and Creston Valley, B.C. She// Canada. Contact: Linton Kulak, Director, Corporate Health, Safety and the Environment, 26th floor, Room 2662, 400 4th Avenue SW, Calgary, Alberta T2P 3H5. Tel. (403) 691-2091. Student Action for a Viable Earth (SAVE Tour). Not touring during 1994-95. SustainABILITy. Contact: Carla Doucet, Policy Advisor, Education, NRTEE, 1 Nicholas Street, Surte 1500, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 7B7. Tel. (613) 947-0668, Fax (613) 992-7385. Tourism Industry Association of Canada. Contact: 130 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario. Tel. (613) 238-3883. WES/Nirv Centre. Contact: Tel. (416) 596-0212 Rory OBrien.
International Council for Local Environmental initiatives (/CLE/). World Secretariat: 8th floor, East Tower, City Hall, Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N2. Tel. (416) 392-1462, Fax (416) 392-1478. International Development Research Centre. Contact: Theodora Carroll-Foster, Agenda 21 Unit, IDRC, P.0 Box 8500, 250 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario Kl G 3H9. Tel. (613) 236-6163, Fax (613) 238-7230 International Institute for Sustainable Development Contact: Heather Creech, Director of Communrcations and Partnerships, 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th floor, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B OY4. Tel. (204) 958-7700, Fax 12041 958-7710. lnuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC). Contact: Chester Reimer, ICC, 504-170 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario Kl P 5V5. Tel. (613) 563-2642. Learning for a Sustainable Future. Contact: Jean Perras, Executive Director, 45 Rideau Street, Suite 303, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 5W8. Tel (613) 562-2238. National Community Tree Foundation. Contact: 1550-220 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario. Tel. (613) 567-5545. National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Contact: Kelly Hawke Baxter, Director of Communicatrons, NRTEE, 1 Nicholas St., Suite 1500, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 7B7. Tel. (613) 992-7189. National Round Table on the Environment and the Economys Task Force on Education. Contact: Carla Doucet, Policy Advisor, NRTEE. Tel. (613) 992-7189. One Voice. Contact: One Voice, 1005-350 Sparks Street, Ottawa, Ontarro Kl R 7S8. Tel. (613) 238-7624.
Whitehorse Mining Initiative. Contact: Mining Association of Canada, 1105 - 350 Sparks Street, Ottawa, Ontario Kl R 7S8. Tel. (613) 233-9391. Women and Sustainable Development, Canadian Perspectives (Conference). Contact: Shawna Sylvester, Conference Coordinator. Tel. (604) 822-9154. Womens International League for Peace and Freedom IWILPFI. Contact: Marcy Holyk, R.R. #3, Ashton Station Road, Ashton, Ontario KOA 1 BO. Tel. 1613) 253-6395.
Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency. Contact: Head Office, P.O. Box 6051, 644 Marn Street, Moncton, New Brunswick El C 9J8. Tel. (506) 851-2271, Fax (506) 851-7403. At/antic Coastal Action Han (ACAP). Contact: Jim Ellsworth, Manager, ACAP, Environment Canada, 4th floor, Queen Square, 45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 2N6. Tel. (902) 426-2131, Fax (902) 426-4457. ACAP communitres include St. Johns, Nfld.; Humber Arm, Nfld.; Bedeque Bay, P.E.I.; Cardigan Bay, P.E.I.; Sydney, N.S.; Lunenburg, N.S.; Mahone Bay, N.S.; Annapolis Royal, N.S.; Pictou, N.S.; Saint John, N.B.; St. Croix, N.B.; Madawaska, N.B.; Miramrchi, N.B.; Letang Estuary, N.B.
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Canada-Nova Scotia Cooperation Agreement on Sustainable Economic Development. Contact: Brad Hodgins, Provincial Coordinator, COASED, 11 th floor, Queen Square, 45 Alderney Drive, Darmouth, Nova Scotia BiY 2N6. Tel. (902) 426-1649. Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment. Contact: Secretariat, New Brunswick Department of Environment, P.O. Box 6000, 364 Argyle Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5Hl. St. Croix International Waterway Commission. Contact: 435 Milltown Boulevard, St. Stephen, New Brunswrck E3L 1 J9.
Fraser River Estuary Management Program. Contact: Dianna Colnett, Fraser River Estuary Management Program, 301-960 Quayside Drive, New Westminster, British Columbia V3M 6G2. Tel. (604) 5251047. Georgia Basin Initiative. Contact: Joan Sawicki, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Munrcipal Affairs, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 1X4. Tel (604) 953-3009, Fax (604) 387-7973. Sustainable Development for the Great Plains. Contact: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B OY4. Tel. (204) 958-7701.
,,1,.
,.,
,,
_,-
/ .,
Great Lakes-St,
Lawrence
River
Provincial,
Territorial
and Local
Great Lakes Remedial Action Plans (RAPS). Contact: Madhu Malhutra, Great Lakes Regional Office, Envrronment Canada, Public Involvement Coordinator. Tel, (416) 954-5150. OR, Bruce Kirschener, International Joint Commission Great Lakes Regronal Office, 100 Ouellette Avenue, 8th floor, Windsor, Ontario N9A 6T3. Tel. (519) 2576710. RAP communities in Ontario include Peninsula Harbour; Jackfish Bay; Niprgon Bay; Thunder Bay; St. Marys River; Spanish River Moutn; Collingwood Harbour; Severn Sound; St. Clair River; Wheatley Harbour; Niagara River; Hamilton Harbour; Metro Toronto; Port Hope; Bay of Quinte; St. Lawrence River. Great Lakes 2000. Contact: Office. Tel. (519) 257-6700. Great Lakes Regional
Newfoundland
Newfoundland and Labrador Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Contact: Tom Graham, Director of Policy and Planning, Department of Environment and Lands, P.O. Box 8700, St. Johns, Newfoundland Al B 436. Tel. (709) 729-0027.
Nova Scotia
Dartmouth Lakes Advisory Board. Contact: Audrey Manzer, Chairperson, Dartmouth Lakes Advisory Board, c/o Library, Department of Munrcipal Affairs, P.O. Box 216, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2M4. The Industrial Park as an Ecosystem. Contact: Ray Core, School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 1312 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Tel. (902) 494-3632. Nova Scotia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Contact: Dr. Chang Lin, Assistant to the Deputy Minister, Department of the Environment, 5151 Terminal Road, 5th floor, P.O. Box 2107, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3B7. Tel. (902) 424-3617, Fax (902) 424-0644. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. Contact: David Hopper. Tel. (902) 424-8151. Sustainable Communities Network of Nova Scotia. Contact: Karen Laine. Nova Scotia Environment and Development Coalition, Suite 502, 1657 Barnngton Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2Al. Tel. (902) 422-4276, Fax (902) 423-9736.
/nternationa/./oint Commission. Contact: Philip Slyfield, Secretary, Canadran Section, 100 Metcalfe Street, 18th floor, Ottawa, Ontario Kl P 5Ml. Tel. (613) 995-2984, Fax (613) 993-5583. St. Lawrence Vision 2000. Contact: International Joint Commission (see above.)
Northern
Canada
Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. Contact: ICC (see above ) Arctic Environmental Strategy. Contact: Lillian Blondrn, Communications Branch, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Ottawa, Ontarro KIA OH4. Tel. (819) 997-8407. lnuit Regional Conservation Strategy. Contact: ICC (see above.) Principles for a Comprehensive Arctic Policy. Contact: ICC (see above.)
Prince Edward
Island
Western Canada
Cascadia. Contact: Dr. Institute for Sustainable Hastings Street, Harbour Columbia V6B 4N5. Tel. Fax (604) 666-0009. AIlan Artibise, International Cities, Suite 1150 - 555 West Centre, Vancouver, British (604) 666-0061,
Prince Edward Island Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Contact: Andre Lavoie, Assistant Policy and Planning Coordrnator, Department of Environmental Resources, 11 Kent Street, 4th floor, P.O. Box 2000, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island CIA 7N8. Tel. (902) 368-5032, Fax (902) 368-5830. Prince Edward Islands Department of Agriculture. Contact: John MacQuarry. Tel. (902) 836-5450.
Fraser Basin Management Program. Contact: David Marshall, Director, 700 West Georgra Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V7Y 1 B6. Tel. (604) 660-I 177, Fax (604) 660-3600.
New Brunswick
Action North. Contact: Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, P.O. Box 6051, 644 Main St., Moncton, New Brunswick EIC 9J8. Tel. (506) 851-2271.
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McAdam Sustainable Development Strategy. Contact: John Flynn, Southwest Development Corporation, P.O. Box 8, Harvey Station, New Brunswick EOH 1 HO. Tel. (506) 366-3022, Fax (506) 366-3444. New Brunswick Round Tab/e on the Environment and the Economy. Contact: David Besner, Director Policy and Intergovernmental Affairs, Department of the Environment, 364 Argyle Street, 2nd floor, P.O. Box 6000, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5Hl. Tel. (506) 453-3703, Fax (506) 457-7800. New Brunswicks Commission on Land Use and the Rural Environment (CLUREI. Contact: CLURE, c/o N.B. Department of the Environment, P.O. Box 6000, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5Hl. Tel 1506) 453-3095, Fax (506) 453-3377.
City of Sudbury Ramsay Lake 100 Year Plan. Contact: Tin Chee Wu, Senior Planner, Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Regional Planning and Development Department, P.O. Box 3700 Station A, Sudbury, Ontario P3A 5W5. Tel. (705) 673-2171 (ext. 298). Ontario3 Commission on Planning and Development Reform (Sewell Commission). Contact: Ministry of Municipal Affairs, 777 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2E5. Tel. (416) 585-7000. Ontario Green Communities initiative. Contact: Enrico Nino, Program Manager, Community Outreach Programs, Energy Efficiency Branch, Ministry of Environment and Energy, 56 Wellesley Street West, 14th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M7A 2B7. Tel. (416) 327-l 475. Green Communities in Ontario include Atrkokan; Barrie; Belleville; Collingwood; Cornwall; Elora; Guelph, London; Markham; Ottawa; Peterborough; Port Hope; Riverdale; Sarnia; Sault Ste. Marie; and Thunder Bay. Ontario Healthy Communities Network. Contact: Margaree Edwards, Ontario Healthy Communities Network, 1350 Hawthorne Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7E8. Tel. (705) 745-5864. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. Contact: Ken Richards, Coordinator, Intergovernmental Relations Office. Ministry of Environment and Enerav. 135 St. Clair Avenue West, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontar& M4V 1 P5. Tel. (416) 3234652, Fax (416) 323-4442. Ontario Premiers Council on Economic Renewal. Contact: Ontario Premiers Council Tel. (416) 3266754. Ontario Premiers Council on Health, Well-Being and Social Justice. Contact: Ontario Premiers Council. Tel. (416) 326-6754. Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy. Contact: Ken Ogrlvre, Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy, 1 Dundas Street West 2502, Toronto, Ontario M5G 123. Tel (416) 327-2032. Local Round Tables in Ontario exist in Guelph; Haldimand-Norfolk; London, Muskoka; OttawaCarleton; Owen Sound and Area; Peterborough; Prince Edward: Sarnia-Lambton; Stratford; Sudbury; and Vaughan (City of). Provincial contact: Ron Nielsen, Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy. Tel. (416) 327-7029. Ontario3 Waste Reduction Action Plan. Contact: Ontario Waste Reduction Office, Ministry of the Environment, 135 St. Clair Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario M4V 1 P5. Our Farm Environmental Agenda. Contact: The Ontario Federation of Agriculture, 491 Eglinton Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario M5N lA8. Tel. (416) 485-3333. Royal Commission on the Future of the Toronto Waterfront. Contact: Waterfront Regeneration Trust, 207 Queens Quay West, Suite 580, Toronto, Ontario M5W 2V4. Tel. (416) 314-9490. Society for Ecological Restoration (SER), Ontario Chapter. Contact: John Ambrose, Metro Toronto Zoo, P.O. Box 280, West Hill, Ontario Ml E 4R5. Tel. (416) 392-5973. Toronto State of the City Report. Contact: Healthy City Office, 20 Dundas Street West, Suite 1036, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C2.
Quebec
Conseil de la Conservation et de fenvironnement. Contact: Germain D. Gerard, 800 Place dYouville, 20 etage, Quebec Gl R 3P4. Tel. (418) 643-3818, Fax (418) 646-l 693. Gouvernement du Quebec. Contact: Robert Lauzon, Sous-ministeriat au developpement durable et a la conservation, Ministere de IEnvironnement, 3900 rue Marly, Sainte-Foy, Quebec GIX 4E4. Tel. (418) 643-7860, Fax (418) 643-7812. Table ronde quebecoise sur lenvironnement et feconomie. Contact: Andre Harvey, Assistant Deputy Minister, Sustainable Development and Conservation, Department of Environment and Wrldlrfe, 3900 Marly Street, 6th floor, Sainte-Foy, Quebec GIX 4E4. Tel (418) 643-7860, Fax (418) 643-7812. Vive Montreal en sante. Contact: Real Lacombe, Reseau quebecois de villes et villages en sante, 1050, chemin Satnt-Foy, Quebec Gl S 4L8. Tel. (418) 682-7959.
Ontario
A Vision for Ottawa: City of Ottawas New Official Plan. Contact: Rasheda Nawaz, City of Ottawa Planning Department, 111 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 5Al. Tel. (613) 564-l 663. Bay Area Restoration Council (BARC) of HamiltonWentworth and Ha/ton Regions. (Hamilton Harbour RAP) Contact: Room 329, Life Sciences Building, McMaster Unrversrty, Hamilton, Ontario. Tel. (905) 525-9140 (ext. 27405). Fax (905) 521-2955. Canadas Capital Region, Official Plan Review. Contact. Chris Bradshaw. Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton Planning and Property Department, 111 Lisgar Street, Ottawa, Ontario. Tel. (613) 560-1229. City of Guelph Wet-Dry Recycling Program. Contact: Jutta Srebel, City of Guelph, Engineers Department, City Hall, 59 Carden Street, Guelph, Ontario Nl H 3Al. Tel. (519) 837-5604. City of Ottawa Municipal Environmental Evaluation Process. Contact: Susan Costello, City of Ottawa, Department of Engrneering Works, Environmental Management Branch, 111 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Kl N 5Al. Tel. (613) 564-l 549, Fax (613) 564-4617.
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Cities and regions with experience in preparing state of environment reports include, among others Burnaby; Hamilton-Wentworth; Kitchener-Waterloo; Montreal: Ottawa-Carleton; Toronto; Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean; and Winnipeg. Towards a Conservation Strategy for Ontario. W Contact. Chris Winter, Conservation Council of Ontario. Tel. (416) 969-9637. Vision 2020: Directions for Creating a Sustainable Region. Regional Chairmans Task Force on Sustainable Development. Contact: Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth, 119 King Street West, 14th floor, P.O. Box 910. Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3V9 Tel. (416) 546-2195, Fax (4161 5464364.
Saskatchewan Round Table on the Environment and the Economy- no provincial round table exists, but several local community round tables do. Local Round Tables in Saskatchewan exist in CreightonDenare Beach; Estevan and Area; Kamsack and Area; Mid-Lakes; and Springside and Area. Provincial Contact: Rraz Ahmed, Community Environmental Management Program, Environment and Resource Management. Tel. (306) 787-l 521. South Saskatchewan River Valley 100 Year Plan. Contact: Meewassin Valley Authority. Tel. (306) 665-6887.
Alberta
AIberta CIean Air Sfrategy Alliance. Contact: Mike Kelly, Executive DIrector, CASA, Standard Life Centre, 14th floor, 10405 Jasper Road, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 3N4. Tel. (403) 427-9793. Alberta Environmental Profecfion. Contact: Ron Hicks, Assistant Deputy Minister, Research and Strategic Services, Alberta Environmental Protection, 10th floor, 9915-I 08 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2C9. Tel. (403) 427-8155, Fax (403) 422-6305. Alberta Forest Conservation Strategy. Contact: Bill Oppen, Corporate and Strategic Management, Alberta Environmental Protection. Tel. (403) 422-9615. City of Calgary Environmental Policy. Contact: David Reynolds, City of Calgary Engineering and Envrronmental Services Department, Office for the Environment, PO. Box 2100, Station M, Calgary, Alberta T2P 2M5. Tel. (403) 268-8050, Fax 1403) 268-l 529. Environment Council ofAlberta. Has been disbanded. For further informatlon contact: Kathy Achieson, Policy Analyst, Alberta Department of Environmental Protection, 3rd Floor, Oxbrrdge Place, 9820 106th Street, Edmonton, Alberta. Tel. (403) 427-0047, Fax (403) 422-5136.
Manitoba
Community Choices: A sustainable communities program for Manitoba. Contact: Ross C. Thompson, 103 - 235 Eaton Avenue, Selkirk, Manitoba. Tel. (204) 785-5129, Fax 1204) 785-5155. Local Round Tables in Maritoba exist in Altona; Arborg; Armstrong; Beausejour; Birtle; Bowsman; Carman-Dufferin; Cartier; Churchill Tree Line; Coldwell/Lundar; Dauphin; Del-Win; Emerson; Flin-Flon; Gilbert Plains; Grmli and District; Glenboro; Grahamdale; Grandvrew and District; Grunthal; Hamiota; Headingley; La B-oquerie Municipality; McCreary; Manitou; Melita and Area; Minnedos and District; Montcalm; Morns; Neepawa; North Cypress/Carberry; North Norfolk/Macgregor; Notre Dame de Lourdes; Pinawa; Rapid City; Reston and Area; Reynolds-Whitemouth; Riverton-Bifrost; Roblin; Rock Lake; Rossburn; Selkirk & Area; Shoal Lake; Southpark Community; St. Pierre; Stoney Mountain; Swan Valley; Somerset-Lorne; Souris River; Strathclair and Area; Southeast Angle Community; Ste. Agathe; St. Georges; Ste. Anne and District; Stonewall; Turtle River; Treherne-South Norfolk; Vlrden and District; Wawanesa and District; White School; Winkler and District; and Winnipegosis and District; Woodlands. Manitobas Round Table on Environment and Economy; Sustainable Development Strategy; Minerals Strategy; and Forest Policies etc. Contact: Bob Sopuck, Sustainable Development Coordination Unit, 305 - 155 Carlton Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3H8. Tel. (204) 945-l 124. Manitoba Department of Environment. Contact: Dick Stephens, Director, Legislation and lntergovernmental Affairs, Manitobas Department of Environment, Buildrng 2, 139 Tuxedo Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3N OH6. Tel. (204) 945-8132. Fax (204) 489-9860.
British Columbia
British Columbia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. The provincral round table was disbanded in June 1994. Local Round Tables in British Columbia exist in Anaheim Lake; Boundary; Bulkley Valley; Capital Regional District; Comox Valley; Cowichan; Creston Valley; Dawson Creek; Fort St. James: Howe Sound; Kamloops; Kelowna; Kimberlv: Kinafrsher: Kispioti Lakes; Ladvsmith/Nanaimo; Nahatlatch; Nycola Watershed; North Columbia; Peachland; Penticton; Pitt Meadows; Prince George; Richmond; Robson; Salmon Arm; Salmon River; Saltspnng; Skeena; Slocan Valley; South Kalum; South Surrey/White Rock; Sunshine Coast; Vanderhoof; West Arm; and Williams Lake. Provincial Contacts: Craig Darling, Commission on Resources and the Environment. Tel. (604) 387-l 210. OR, Linda Thorstad, Fraser Basin Management Program. Tel. (604) 660-I 177. British Columbia Healthy Communities Network. Contact: Barbara Berry, British Columbia Healthy Communities Network, 2182 West 12th Avenue, Suite 103, Vancouver, Bntish Columbia V6K 2N4. Tel. (604) 261-3478.
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food. Contact: John Babcoch, Soil Conservation Specialist, Envrronment and Engineering Branch, Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food. Tel. 1306) 787-9768. Saskatchewan Department of Environment and Resource Management. Contact: Bruce Smith, Director, Policy Branch, Ervironment and Resource Management, 3211 Albert Street, Room 534, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 5W6 Tel. (306) 787-5760, Fax (306) 787-0024.
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Commission on Resources and Environment. Contact: CORE, 1802 Douglas Street, 7th floor, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 1X4. Tel. (604) 387-l 210. Environmental Youth Alliance-Vancouver. Contact: Doug Ragen, Environmental Youth Alliance-Vancouver. Tel. (604) 737-2258. Environmental Youth Alliance-Victoria. Contact: Environmental Youth Alliance-Victoria, Box 8100, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3R8. Tel. (604) 383-2062. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Contact: Toby Vigod, ADM, Corporate Policy, Planning and Legislation, Mrnistry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 810 Blanshard Street, 4th floor, Victoria, British Columbia V8V 1X5. Tel. (604) 356-7223, Fax (604) 387-5669. Seniors Outreach Services. Tel. (604) 791-5531. Sunshine Coast Wildlife Seniors Group. Tel. (604) 885-5997. Vancouver City Plan. Contact: Anne McAfee, Associate Director of Planning, Planning Department, City of Vancouver, 453 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbra V5Y lV4. Tel. (6041 873-7451.
Western Canada Wilderness Committee. Contact: WCWC, 20 Water Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6B lA4, Tel. (604) 669-9453.
Yukon
Department of Renewable Resources. Contact: Larry Duguay, Acting Director, Policy and Planning Branch, Department of Renewable Resources, IO Burns Road, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, Yukon Yl A 2C6. Tel. (403) 667-5634, Fax (403) 667-2438. Yukon Council on the Environment and the Economy. Contact: Ken Carradine. Tel. (4031 667-5939. .
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Annex
ACCC
III:
List
of acronyms
of Canadran Community
CPC CRM
Canada Ports Corporation Cultural Resource (Parks Canada) Canadian Standards Management Policy
Associatron Colleges
Act on
[United Nations] Commission Sustainable Development Canadian Urban Research Environment Department International Department
Agricultural Groups Concerned About Resources and the Environment Asia-Pacific Economic Commission Forum
CURE
on the
DFAIT
DFO DIAND
Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Department Efficiency of National Defence and Energy [Program] Advisory Group
DND EAE EAG EEC EIA ENJEU EYA FBI FREMP G7 Cooperation GATT GDP Protectron Act GEF GIS
BCNI BEPAC
Envrronmental European
Committee
Economic
Community
Canadian Councrl for International Cooperation CCME Canadian Council of Ministers Environment Commission Canadian on Environmental of the
Group of Seven (USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, UK and Japan) General Agreement Gross Domestic on Tariffs and Trade
Environmental Officer
Network
Environmental
Information
GNP GRIP
Gross National Product Gross Insurance Government hectare Human Development Index (UNDP) Income Plan
CIEDAC
Canadian Industry End-Use Analysis Centre Canadran Labour Congress Commission Environment Canadian
Database
and
Sales Tax
CLC CLURE
Health Actron Lobby International Bank for Reconstruction and Development lnuit Circumpolar Conference
CMA CMHC
Manufacturers
CORE
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
ICLEI
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives [United Nations] International Conference on Population and Development Intergovernmental Committee and Regional Research International Development on Urban
PERD
Program of Energy Research Development Public Service Commission Royal Architectural Remedial
and
ICPD
PSC RAIC
Institute of Canada
ICURR
Action Plan
Research Initiative
Regional Munrcrpalrty of Ottawa-Carleton Student Action for a Viable Earth Sustainable (Manitoba) Development Coordinatron Unit
SDRI
Sustainable Development Research Institute (University of British Columbia) Society for Ecological Restoration Strategy for International Research Small- and medium-srzed Social Sciences Council Fisheries
SER Index of Sustainable International of Nature Economic Welfare SIFR Union for the Conservation SMES JPAC LRTs MEEP MEER MVMA NAAEC Joint Public Advisory Committee SSHRC Local Round Tables Municipal Municipal Environmental Environmental Evaluation Evaluation Process Report SOER TAGS TEK UNCED
enterprises Research
and Humanities
Report Strategy
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers North American Agreement Envrronmental Cooperation North American Commission on the Envrronmnet North American
Association on
Traditional Ecological Knowledge United Nations Conference ment and Development United Nations Conference and Development United Nations Development United Nations Environment on Envrron-
NACE
UNCTAD
on Trade
UNDP UNEP
National Capital Commission National Environmental (Netherlands) National Farmers Union Account Policy Plan
UNESCO United Nations Educatronal, and Cultural Organizatron WCED World Commrssion and Development Western Western
on Environment
WCWC Natronal Round Table on the Environment and Economy National Sustainable Non-Governmental Natural Sciences Council Development Organrzation WMI NSERC and Engineering Research WRAP Assistance Cooperation WTO WRAP Strategy WGTA WILPF
Committee Act
NSDS NGO
Reduction
ODA OECD
Official Development
PCPA
Canadian
Choices
for
Transitions
to Sustainability
Final
Draft
May
1995
Please
Projef
send
any comments
:
or suggestions
to:
de soci&S
Future
Kl N 787
Notes: