Week 6, Week 7 & Week 8

IRMA NOORAZURAH MOHAMAD MARCH 2012 JULY 2012

Learning outcome; 1. Be able to describe the sources of wastewater

2.

Be able to explain on the conventional wastewater treatment process. Be able to differentiate centralized and decentralized system in wastewater treatment plant.
Be able to discuss on the sludge disposal methods.

3.

4.

Where it comes?

Compositions?

Where it goes?

What is wastewater? Any water that has been used by some human domestic, agricultural or industrial activity. It also include storm water runoff. All these water go into larger pipes called sewers. The sewers take all the wastewater to the treatment works.

What is wastewater? Any water that has been used by some human domestic, agricultural or industrial activity. It also include storm water runoff. All these water go into larger pipes called sewers. The sewers take all the wastewater to the treatment works.

WHERE

IT GOES??????

Seweragecollection, treatment and disposal of liquid waste. Sewerage/sewage works all physical structures required for collection, treatment and disposal. Sewage liquid waste; may include domestic and industrial discharges as well as storm sewage, infiltration, inflow.
Sewerpipe or conduits, generally closed, normally not flowing full and carries sewage.

Storm sewer carries storm sewage & other wastes discharged into streets or onto surface of the ground.
Sanitary sewer carries sanitary sewage and exclude storm sewage, infiltration and inflow. Combined sewer carries both domestic and storm sewage. Sewage treatment any process used to favorably modify the characteristics of the wastewater. Sewage disposal discharge of liquid wastes to the environment.

Combined Sewer System

Separate Sewer System

FROM

WHERE THE SOURCES??????

1.

Domestic sewage

2.

Non-Domestic sewage

1. Domestic Sewage

Although the word sewage usually brings toilets to mind, it actually is used to describe all types of wastewater generated from every room in a house sinks, bathing, and laundry. There are two types of domestic sewage: blackwater wastewater from toilets; and graywater which is wastewater from all sources except toilets.

2. Non Domestic Sewage

This is discharged by manufacturing processes, hospitals, farms, restaurants and any other commercial enterprises such as laundry. It also include stormwater is a nonresidential source and carries trash and other pollutants from streets, as well as pesticides and fertilizers from yards and fields.

Wastewater from some non-residential sources may require additional treatment steps. For example, stormwater should be collected separately to prevent the flooding of treatment plants during wet weather. In addition, many industries produce wastewater high in chemical and biological pollutants that can overburden onsite and community systems.

 Pre-treatment

removes materials that can cause operational problems, equalization optional Primary treatment *remove ~60% of solids and ~35% of BOD Secondary treatment *remove ~85% of BOD and solids Advanced treatment *varies: 95+ % of BOD and solids, N, P

Industrial wastewaters must be pretreated prior to being discharged to municipal sewer system e.g. screening, grit chamber, oil and grease removal Approach is to remove materials that will not be treated by municipal system Local authority must monitor and regulate industrial discharges e.g DOE, IWK.

IN WASTEWATER??????

CONTAINS

What is in the wastewater? 1. Organisms

Organism is a living thing (such as animal, plant, fungus, or micro-organism). An organism may either be unicellular (singlecelled) or be composed of as in humans, many billions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs. A variety of bacteria, protozoa and worms that work to breakdown certain carbon-based (organic) pollution in wastewater by consuming them. Organisms turn wastes into carbon dioxide, water, or new cell growth.

What is in the wastewater? 2. Pathogen

Is a biological e.g parasites, viruses agent that causes disease or illness to its host. The term pathogen is derived from the greek "that which produces suffering. The body contains many natural defenses against some of the common pathogens in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria.

What is in the wastewater? 3. Organic Matter Organic matter is matter that has come from a onceliving organism; is capable of decay, or the product of decay; or is composed of organic compounds. An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon e.g METHANE. Originate from plants, animals, or synthetic organic compounds, and enter wastewater in human wastes, paper products, detergents, cosmetics, foods, and from agricultural, commercial, and industrial sources.

New Proposed Standards for Category 1 Effluent Plants Connected To Stagnant Water Bodies Parameter, mg/L Temperature (C) pH (units) Maximum Permitted Value Standard A Standard B

BOD5 AT 20C COD Suspended Soilds Ammoniacal-Nitrogen Nitrate-Nitrogen Phosphorus Oil & Grease

40 6.0 9.0 20 50 50 5 10 5 5

40 5.5 9.0 50 100 100 5 10 10 10

9/8/2010

 In

locations where sewers and a centralized wastewater treatment system are not available, on site disposal must be used Septic systems (small system)most common for individual residences Larger systems required for housing clusters, rest areas, commercial and industrial facilities

Septic Tank settling, flotation and anaerobic degradation

 The

oldest, simplest and lowest cost forms of treatment for domestic waste. Also used for treating industrial waste. Wastewater is treated through a combination of physical, biological and chemical processes. some systems use aeration devices to add oxygen to the wastewater. The lagoon that using the aerators can be called aerated lagoons.

 Pre-treatment

removes materials that can cause operational problems, equalization optional Primary treatment *remove ~60% of solids and ~35% of BOD Secondary treatment *remove ~85% of BOD and solids Advanced treatment *varies: 95+ % of BOD and solids, N, P

Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes

It operations to remove solids, organic matter and nutrients from wastewater In some countries, disinfection to remove pathogens sometimes follows the last treatment step after advance additional treatment

OBJECTIVES

of STP?

Objectives of wastewater treatment; 1. One of the principle objectives of wastewater treatment is to prevent as much of this "oxygen-demanding" organic material as possible. 2. Other objectives of wastewater treatment include, removal of objectionable items, nutrients and heavy metals.

1. Primary Treatment

Screening

Grit & grease Removal Primary Sedimentation

2. Secondary Treatment Activated Sludge, Aerated Lagoon, Trickling Filter, Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) etc. 3. Sludge Treatment and Disposal

Sewage inflow

Preliminary Treatment

Primary Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Tertiary Treatment

effluent discharge

screening

sedimentation

activated sludge

filtration

grit removal

floatation

biofiltration

disinfection

grease tank

sedimentation

tertiary ponds

pre-aeration

flow measurement

flow balancing /equalisation basin

Purposes/ Objectives

removal of rags, rubbish, grit, oil, grease

removal of settleable and floatable materials

biological treatment to remove organic and suspended solids

biological and chemical treatment to remove nutrients and pathogens

 Extended

Aeration (EA) Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) Oxidation Ditch (OD) Biofilter (BF) Hi-Kleen (HK) Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) Imhoff Tank (IT) Aerated Lagoon (AL)

Imhoff Tank

3
Raw Sewage Treated Effluent Stone Media

Pumping Station

Filter Bed

4
Sand Drying Bed Recycle

Filtrate

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF EXISTING IMHOFF TANK PLANT (ITPS)

***clarification of sewage by simple settling and sedimentation, along with anaerobic digestion of the extracted sludge

Mechanical Rotor Screens, Grit Removal Raw Sewage Inlet Sewage Pump Station

Flow Distribution

Final Clarifier

Flow Measurement Effluent To River

Oxidation Ditch

Return Sludge Pump Station

Chemical Dosing

Sludge Storage Area

Mechanical Sludge Dewatering Mechanical Sludge Thickener Sludge Holding Tank

Ultimate Disposal

Sludge Drying Bed

OPTIONAL

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF EXISTING OXIDATION DITCH PLANT (ODPS)

***long channel of an elliptical or circular shape equipped with an aeration equipment *** simple structure and can be easily operated as well as being able to remove nitrogen easily

Preliminary Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Mechanical Screen

Mechanic al Screen Grit Removal

Grease Removal

Sequencing Batch Reactor

Chlorination Tank

Dry well & Wet well Pump Sump

Screenings

Screenings

Grit

Water

Liquor

Washing Dewatering

Sludge Holding Tank

Mixing Tank

Chemical Solution Tank

Thickened Sludge

Filter Press

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR (SBR) PLANT

Sludge Cake

Haul to Sludge Disposal

***installation consists of at least two identically equipped tanks with a common inlet, which can be switched between them

Surface Aerator

Screen Coarse

Flow Measurement
Treated Effluent

Raw Influent Grit Removal

Distribution Chamber Aerobic Lagoon Facultative Lagoon Polishing Pond

Pumping Station

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF AERATED LAGOON SYSTEM (AL)

Anoxic Zone Screens, Grit Removal

Aeration Tank

Flow Distribution

Final Clarifier Effluent To River

Raw Sewage Inlet Sewage Pump Station Return Sludge Pump Station

Liquor Chemical Dosing

Sludge Storage Area

Mechanical Sludge Dewatering Mechanical Sludge Thickener

Ultimate Disposal

Sludge Holding Tank

Sludge Drying Bed

OPTIONAL

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF EXTENDED AERATED PLANT (EA)

12/8/2010

Sewage inflow

Preliminary Treatment

Primary Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Tertiary Treatment

effluent discharge

screening

sedimentation

activated sludge

filtration

grit removal

floatation

biofiltration

disinfection

grease tank

sedimentation

tertiary ponds

pre-aeration

flow measurement

flow balancing /equalisation basin

Purposes/ Objectives

removal of rags, rubbish, grit, oil, grease

removal of settleable and floatable materials

biological treatment to remove organic and suspended solids

biological and chemical treatment to remove nutrients and pathogens

Primary treatment involves: 1. Screening to remove large objects 2. Grit chamber slows down the flow to allow grit to fall out 3. Primary sedimentation tank settleable solids settle out, while oils float to the top and are skimmed off.

Screening is the first technique employed in the wastewater treatment process. This step removes all sorts of refuse that has arrived with the wastewater such as plastic, branches, rags, and metals. The screening process is used primarily to present the clogging and interference of the following wastewater treatment processes.

Types of Screens 1. Coarse Screens: Coarse screens also called racks, are usually bar screens, composed of vertical or inclined bars spaced at equal intervals across a channel through which sewage flows. 2. Medium Screens: Medium screens have clear openings of 20 to 50 mm.Bar are usually 10 mm thick on the upstream side and taper slightly to the downstream side. 3. Fine Screens: Fine screens are mechanically cleaned devices using perforated plates, woven wire cloth or very closely spaced bars with clear openings of less than 20 mm. Fine screens are not normally suitable for sewage because of clogging possibilities.

This type of screen, called a bar screen, removes debris from wastewater.

Grit Removal The purpose of grit removal is to remove the heavy inorganic solids, which could cause excessive mechanical wear. Grit includes sand, gravel, clay, egg shells, coffee grounds, metal filings, seeds and other similiar materials.

These items settle to the bottom of the grit channels by gravity

 There

are several devices or processes used for grit removal. All of the processes are based on the fact that grit is heavier than the organic solids that should be kept in suspension for subsequent treatment. Grit removal facilities basically consist of an enlarged channel area where reduce flow velocities allow grit to settle out.

 Many

oils can be recovered from open water surfaces by skimming devices - which is designed to separate the oil and suspended solids from their wastewater effluents. However, hydraulic oils and the majority of oils that have degraded to any extent will also have a soluble or emulsified component that will require further treatment to eliminate.

Primary sedimentation simply entails the physical settling of matter, due to its density, buoyancy, and the force of gravity. Most of the suspended solids in wastewater are sticky in nature and flocculate naturally type-2 settling without the addition of coagulants.

Through sedimentation, the larger solids are removed in order to facilitate the efficiency of the following procedures. The tank is large enough that fecal solids can settle. Scum removal is accomplished by having sludge scrappers.

After primary treatment process, nearly 5070% of the solids settle down under influence of gravity and 25% 55 % of the incoming BOD are removed. But colloidal and dissolved constitutes are not affected. Continue with the secondary treatment.

**removal of rags, rubbish, grit, oil, grease, removal of settleable and floatable materials

1.

Domestic sewage

2.

Non-Domestic sewage

1. Organisms

A variety of bacteria, protozoa and worms that work to breakdown certain carbonbased (organic) pollution in wastewater by consuming them. 2. Pathogen Is a biological e.g parasites, viruses agent that causes disease or illness to its host. 3. Organic Matter Organic matter is matter that has come from a once-living organism; is capable of decay, or the product of decay; or is composed of organic compounds.

Typically, sewage treatment involves three (3) stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. THE STAGES

First, the solids are separated from the wastewater stream. Then dissolved biological matter is progressively converted into a solid mass by using indigenous, water-borne microorganisms. Finally, the biological solids are neutralized then disposed of or re-used, and the treated water may be disinfected chemically or physically (for example by lagoons and micro-filtration).
The final effluent can be discharged into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge.

 To

remove large suspended solids Two types: Coarse, medium and fine screens Opening = less 20 mm or more Reduce problems on machines (ex: blockage) Need to work at high and low flow Screen cover to block wind and improve aesthetics and reduce odor.

The main objective of grit removal is to separate by sedimentation all materials that may be detrimental to the treatment process. Ex: sand, metal fragments, eggshells Not benefited because can cause blockage, promote excessive wear on mechanical equipment Each wastewater treatment plant usually has at least two grit chambers. Normally, the grit is buried in a sanitary landfill

 Designed

to separate the oil and suspended solids from their wastewater effluents. Other hydraulic oils and the majority of oils that have degraded to any extent will also have a soluble or emulsified component that will require further treatment to eliminate.

The tanks are large enough that fecal solids can settle and floating material such as grease and oils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off.

The main purpose of the primary stage is to produce a generally homogeneous liquid capable of being treated biologically and a sludge that can be separately treated or processed.
Primary settlement tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge treatment stages

50-70%

of the solids settle down under influence of gravity 25% 55 % of the incoming BOD are removed.

Typically utilize biological treatment processes, in which microorganisms convert non-settleable solids to settleable solids. Provide BOD removal beyond what is achieved in primary treatment:
removal

of soluble BOD additional removal of suspended solids

How is this accomplished? Create a very rich environment for growth of a diverse microbial community

 High

density of microorganisms (keep organisms in system)

Good

contact between organisms and wastes (provide mixing) Provide high levels of oxygen (aeration) Favorable temperature, pH, nutrients (design and operation) No toxic chemicals present (control industrial inputs)

Basic approach is to use aerobic biological degradation:

organic carbon + O2 + microorganisms CO2 + H2O + inorganic matter

Two methods of treatment : 1. Dispersed Growth suspended organisms

Activated Oxidation

sludge ( include aerated lagoons ) ditches/ponds

2.

Fixed Growth attached organisms

Trickling Rotating

filters Biological Contactors (RBCs)

Activated sludge refers to biological treatment processes that use a suspended growth of organisms to remove BOD and suspended solids. The process requires an aeration tank and a settling tank. Part of the settled material, the sludge, is returned to the head of the aeration system to re-seed the new wastewater entering the tank.

What happen in aeration tank? The wastewater flows into large aeration basins, where it is mixed with air to aid the growth of microorganisms that naturally live in wastewater.

Diffused air enters the tanks from the bottom, creating bubbles, or surface aerator can also be use paddle mixing stir the water continuously.

How the treatment process happen?

The microorganisms called activated sludge clean the wastewater by digesting organic materials and other contaminants. Activated sludge consists of a mixed community of microorganisms that metabolize and transform organic and inorganic substances into environmentally acceptable forms. The typical microbiology of activated sludge consists of approximately 95% good bacteria and 5% higher organisms (protozoa, rotifers, and higher forms of invertebrates).

Secondary Sedimentation Tank The wastewater enters basins called secondary clarifiers, where the activated sludge settles out of the water; some if it is reused in the treatment process and the rest is collected, thickened, and dewatered using large belt presses that squeeze out the excess water.

Excess sludge which eventually accumulates beyond what is returned is then removed from the treatment process to keep the ratio of biomass to food supplied (wastewater) in balance.

Three (3) types; 1. Aerobic ponds 2. Facultative ponds 3. Anaerobic ponds Different between ponds and lagoons is, bulk of the oxygen in ponds provided by photosynthesis. Oxygen in lagoons is provided by artificial aeration.

Using a DIAGRAM briefly discuss the definition, concept, advantages and disadvantages of Aerobic, Facultative and Anaerobic ponds.
Two

(2) groups will be selected to present their findings.

19/8/2010

A trickling filter consists of a bed of highly permeable media on whose surface a mixed population of microorganisms is developed as a slime layer. The word "filter" in this case is not correctly used for there is no straining or filtering action involved. Passage of wastewater through the media causes the development of a gelatinous coating of bacteria, protozoa and other organisms on the media.

With time, the thickness of the slime layer increases preventing oxygen from penetrating the full depth of the slime layer. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic decomposition becomes active near the surface of the media. The continual increase in the thickness of the slime layer, the production of anaerobic end products next to the media surface

The maintenance of a hydraulic load to the filter, eventually causes sloughing of the slime layer to start to form. This cycle is continuously repeated throughout the operation of a trickling filter. For economy and to prevent clogging of the distribution nozzles, trickling filters should be preceded by primary sedimentation tanks equipped with scum collecting devices.

It consists of a series of closely spaced, parallel discs mounted on a rotating shaft which is supported just above the surface of the waste water. Microorganisms grow on the surface of the discs where biological degradation of the wastewater pollutants takes place.

The rotating packs of disks (known as the media) are contained in a tank or trough and rotate at between 2 and 5 revolutions per minute. Commonly used plastics for the media are polythene, PVC and expanded polystyrene

About 40% of the disc area is immersed in the wastewater.

ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS

Biofilms, which are biological growths or good organism that become attached to the discs, assimilate the organic materials in the wastewater. Aeration is provided by the rotating action, which exposes the media to the air after contacting them with the wastewater, facilitating the degradation of the pollutants being removed.

Sewage inflow

Preliminary Treatment

Primary Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Tertiary Treatment

effluent discharge

screening

sedimentation

activated sludge

filtration

grit removal

floatation

biofiltration

disinfection

grease tank

sedimentation

tertiary ponds

pre-aeration

flow measurement

flow balancing /equalisation basin

Purposes/ Objectives

removal of rags, rubbish, grit, oil, grease

removal of settleable and floatable materials

biological treatment to remove organic and suspended solids

biological and chemical treatment to remove nutrients and pathogens

Advanced level of treatment to remove remove nitrogen, phosphorus, additional suspended solids, refractory organics, heavy metals and dissolved solids. This level of treatment is utilized when the effluent is discharged to a sensitive receiving environment or in water reuse applications. The process can be accomplished using a variety of physical, chemical, or biological treatment processes to remove targeted pollutants.

Industrial wastes is part of the waste streams and are not removed in primary and secondary treatment; Some are not biodegradable Some are toxic or hazardous Tertiary/advanced treatment use techniques geared to specific problem

1. 2. 3. 4.

Coagulation settling filtration Carbon Adsorption Membrane process Nutrients removal

1.

Coagulation settling filtration Process is similar to that used in water treatment Removes

residual suspended solids microorganisms sand filters (single media) clog too easily

Commonly use dual- or multimedia filters

2. Carbon Adsorption

Carbon is heated to about 1500 oC to activate surfaces High surface area of particles with vast pore spaces

capable of absorbing high quantity of organics

Wastewater effluent is passed through filter (under pressure) Removed material that cause odor and smell as well as toxic organics

3. Membrane process To remove dissolved irons. Expensive. Examples: reverse osmosis, electrodialysis

The Reverse Osmosis process uses a semipermeable membrane to separate and remove dissolved solids, organics, pyrogens, submicron colloidal matter, viruses, and bacteria from water. The process is called "reverse" osmosis since it requires pressure to force pure water across a membrane, leaving the impurities behind.

Reverse Osmosis is capable of removing 95%99% of the total dissolved solids (TDS) and 99% of all bacteria, thus providing safe, pure water

 Electrodialysis

Another membrane

process, uses electrical potential to drive the positive and negative ions of the dissolved salts through separate semipermeable membranous filters, leaving fresh water between the filters.

4. Nutrients removal

The problem with nutrient in the water Eutrophication

Eutrophication is an increase in chemical nutrients compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus resultant in excessive plant growth and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations.

Centralized and Decentralized

 Centralized

processing concepts are comprised of the collection and treatment of wastewater in one main location.

A collection and treatment system containing collection sewers and a centralized treatment facility. Centralized systems are used to collect and treat large volumes of wastewater. The collection system typically requires large-diameter deep pipes, major excavation, and frequent manhole access.

 At

the treatment facility, the wastewater is treated to standards required for discharge to a surface water body. large amounts of biosolids (sludge) generated in treatment are treated and either land applied, placed on a surface disposal site, or incinerated.

The

This concept has some decisive drawbacks: In addition to the cost of a central treatment plant, main sewage lines must be installed, resulting in higher initial investment and increased operating cost for maintenance of the network and associated pumping stations. Possible interruptions in the central plant have a major impact on all communities within the network. Specialized treatment requirements cannot easily be met.

Example 1 : Activated Sludge Process

Example 2 : Trickling filter

Example 3 : Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

The major differences between SBR and conventional continuous-flow, activated sludge system is that the SBR tank carries out the functions of equalization, aeration and sedimentation in a time sequence rather than in the conventional space sequence of continuous-flow systems

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is a special form of activated sludge treatment All of the treatment process takes place in the reactor tank and clarifiers are not required. This process treats the wastewater in batch mode and each batch is sequenced through a series of treatment stages.

 In

a decentralized treatment system, individual sewage lines are combined and treated locally

An onsite or cluster wastewater system that is used to treat and dispose of relatively small volumes of wastewater, generally from dwellings and businesses that are located relatively close together.

A conventional system is composed of a septic tank for pre-treatment and a drain field used for disposal of the wastewater. Each system, however, must be designed according to specific site conditions to ensure proper treatment.

Advantages over a centralized system:

The cost of a main sewage line network equal the investment expenses for an entire group of decentralized compact treatment systems, saving the capital investment of a central treatment plant. Greater flexibility in accommodating needs of individual communities.

Continue Local industry can be outfitted with their own separate treatment facility, lowering the investment cost for the municipal treatment plant and sewage lines. Possible interruptions only impact the local treatment facility.

Example 1 : Septic Tank The main purpose of the septic tank is to temporarily retain and store wastewater to allow solids, and fats, oils, and greases (FOG) to separate before the wastewater flows to the drain field. The tank is generally designed to provide a 2day retention time for wastewater settling to occur. Heavy solids sink to the bottom forming a layer of sludge, while light solids and FOG form a floating scum layer.

Example 2: Lagoons

Lagoon systems: also known as "pond systems" for onsite wastewater treatment are less often found in use for single family residential wastewater treatment. A residential lagoon system may use a conventional septic tank, but effluent from the tank flows to a storage pond or lagoon for further treatment.

Lagoon systems require comparatively large land areas and are more likely to be found therefore in rural areas or where a common wastewater treatment system has been designed to serve multiple dwellings. For example lagoons are used for effluent disposal on small farms and for animal waste treatment/disposal on small and large farms or livestock operations.

Advantages

Lagoon septic systems can be very cost effective, particularly in rural areas where the cost of land is low. They can handle intermittent and very large, sudden loads better than most other types of system, making them ideal for seasonal places such as campgrounds & resorts. They are normally fairly simple to operate and maintain They are very effective at treating wastewater

Disadvantages Lagoon septic systems require more land than other systems They don't work as well in cold climates Odors can be a problem, particularly at certain times of the year or if not properly maintained Some wastewater requires additional treatment to meet local regulations

Disinfection

 Advanced

Wastewater Treatment

to understand the most common types of advanced wastewater treatment used to understand the contaminants removed by each

 Numerous

pollutants are present (or can be present) in untreated wastewater are not removed by conventional secondary wastewater treatment

Some

 High

treatment efficiency
BOD to ~ 20 - 50 mg/L SS to ~ 20 mg/L

Low

treatment efficiency
Nitrogen Phosphorus Heavy Metals Poorlybiodegradable organic chemicals Small particles Resistant organisms

 Presence

of small particles that are too small to be removed by settling. Attached to these particles can be organic chemicals and metals. Particles may eventually settle in river or stream (longer detention time). Particles can also be bacteria, protozoans, etc.

The disinfection of potable water and wastewater provides a degree of protection from contact with pathogenic organisms including those causing cholera, polio, typhoid, hepatitis and a number of other bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases.

Disinfection is a process where a significant percentage of pathogenic organisms are killed or controlled.
The most common indicator organism used in the evaluation of drinking water is Total Coliform (TC), unless there is a reason to focus on a specific pathogen. The most common indicator organism for wastewater evaluation is fecal coliform but there has been discussion regarding the use of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Total Coliform.

There are a number of chemicals and processes that will disinfect wastewater, but none are universally applicable.
Most septic tanks discharge into various types of subsurface wastewater infiltration systems (SWIS), such as tile fields or leach fields. Chlorination/dechlorination has been the most widely used disinfection technology ozonation and UV light are emerging technologies & expensive.

2 Each of these three methods have different considerations for the disinfection of wastewater.

Onsite wastewater treatment systems distributing wastewater on the ground surface are required to include a disinfection component as part of the advanced pre-treatment process. Additionally, some sub-surface drip systems applying wastewater into shallow soils require disinfection prior to dispersal. Disinfection is the destruction or inactivation of disease-causing organisms.

The disinfection component reduces the concentration of the pathogenic constituents to an acceptable level. This usually relates to a health standard or a maximum required number of organisms for infection. For onsite wastewater treatment systems, the most common form of disinfection is chlorination.

 Filtration
Carbon

absorption Membrane process Phosphorous & Nitrogen removal UV light

 Process

is similar to that used in water treatment Removes

residual suspended solids microorganisms

Commonly

use dual- or multimedia filters

sand filters (single media) clog too easily

 Achieves

80% reduction in suspended solids for activated sludge (~ 10 - 25 mg/L SS) 70% reduction in suspended solids for trickling filter sludge

No

removal of

soluble BOD or COD soluble phosphate, nitrate, heavy metals, etc.

 Secondary-treated

Wastewater

Estrogenic hormones, such as the human hormone 17b-estradiol and the synthetic hormone ethinyl estradiol, could be present in wastewater at concentrations high enough to explain the abnormalities observed in fish

 Refractory

(non-biodegradable) organic chemicals are present as soluble COD Secondary effluent COD values of ~ 30 to 60 mg/L The same process as pollutant retardation is soils (from groundwater hydrology) More efficient than process on soils

 Carbon

is heated to about 1500 oC to activate surfaces High surface area of particles with vast pore spaces

capable of absorbing high quantity of organics Surface area > 1,000 m2/g

Wastewater

effluent is passed through filter (under pressure)

 Carbon

becomes exhausted

indications

removal of material ceases effluent pollutant level too high

replace

carbon in system regenerate carbon

on-site or off-site

phase that acts as a barrier to the flow of molecular or ionic species between other phases
by pressures

Driven

Produce

product water and reject stream

 Should

achieve 100% removal based on molecular weight cutoff Actual removal observed less - may be shortcircuiting

 increase

in nutrients and organic substances, sediments overstimulation in growth of algae and aquatic plants create conditions that interfere with recreational uses of lakes, and the health and diversity of indigenous life

 Usually

accomplished with chemical precipitation (salts)

Ferric chloride: FeCl3 Alum: Al2(SO4)314H2O Lime: CaO or Ca(OH)2

FeCl3 + HPO42- = FePO4 (s) + HCl Al2(SO4)314H2O + 2 HPO42- = 2AlPO4 (s) + 2H+ + 3SO42 Effective

range for alum or ferric chloride is pH 5.5

to 7.0 If insufficient alkalinity - must add lime to neutralize H+

FeCl3

Secondary Effluent

Rapid Mix

Reaction Basin

Settling Basin

Activated Sludge Primary Effluent FeCl3

Secondary Clarifier

 Excess

nutrients: nitrogeneous BOD exerts oxygen demand Anaerobic conditions in stream

 Forms:

NH3, NH4+, NO2-, NO3 Nitrification/ De-nitrification

Occurs

in activated sludge process - by increasing the detention time in activated sludge basin in separate reactor

Nitrification: De-nitrification:

NH4+ + 2O2 = NO3- + H2O + 2H+ (2 steps)

2NO3- + organic matter = N2+ CO2 + H2O

Ammonia

stripping

Raise pH to convert ammonium ions to ammonia

NH4+ + OH- = NH3 + H2O

Ammonia purged from water in process similar to aeration

Tray-type Air Stripper

Packed Column Air Stripper

Ultraviolet light is another disinfection method for destroying disease-causing organisms in wastewater effluent in onsite wastewater treatment systems. The UV light destroys the genetic material of microorganisms which prevents them from reproducing. Wastewater flows parallel to the UV light in a thin film to increase contact time. For the UV light to be effective, the UV radiation must come in direct contact with the microorganisms in the wastewater stream.

Constituents allow a hiding place for the pathogenic organisms and shield them from the UV light. If the UV light does not come in direct contact with the constituents of concern, then it is useless.
Turbidity, suspended solids, and flow rate of the wastewater must be kept at low levels to ensure proper treatment. Proper cleaning of the lamp sleeve and selecting the proper advanced pretreatment components will help ensure proper disinfection of wastewater.

Sludge Management

 Sludge

Treatment and Disposal

to understand the origins of sludge to understand the issues dealing with the disposal of sludge

Sludge disposal facilities represent 40 60% of the construction cost for WWTP, account for 50% of operating cost. Primary sludge

Contains inorganic solids and coarser fraction of the organic colloids 3 to 8% solids, 70% organic material Consists of wasted microorganisms and inert materials; about 90% organic material

Secondary sludge

Reduction

Ash

Sludge

Thicken

Condition

Dewater

Sanitary Landfill

Stabilize

Condition

Dewater

Soil Incorporation

Increasing the solids content can result in drastic reductions in the sludge volume. The cost for sludge disposal facilities is based on the volume of sludge to be handled. Thus considerable saving can be attained by sludge volume reduction sludge thickening process.

1. Gravity thickening Best with primary sludge Concept is similar to secondary clarifiers tank. Able to double the solids content thereby eliminating half the volume of the sludge.

2. Flotation

Especially effective on activated sludge Thickening by dissolved air floatation. Small quantity of water is aerated under a pressure about 400kpa near the bottom of the sludge tank. The bubble will entrapped in the sludge solids, floating the solids to the surface. Then the thickened sludge is skimmed off at the top of the tank.

Aerobic Digestion Extension of activated sludge Accomplished by aeration of sludge then followed by sedimentation Treated sludge is 3% solids

Anaerobic Digestion

2 stages: acid fermentation followed by methane production Advantages:

produce methane do not add oxygen

1. Chemical Conditioning Add lime, ferric chloride, or alum or polymers Chemicals are added just prior to de-watering stage 2. Heat Treatment High temperatures (175-230 oC), high pressures (10 to 20 atmospheres) Advantages

bound water is released and sludge is easily dewatered complex process, highly concentrated liquid stream

Disadvantages

1. Sludge Drying Beds

Most popular method Simple, low maintenance Effected by climate Apply vacuum to pull out water Force out water by essentially squeezing water between two moving filter belts

2. Filtration

Drying beds

Vacuum filtration

1. Incineration Complete evaporation of water from sludge Requires fuel Solid material is inert Exhaust air must be treated prior to discharge 2. Wet Oxidation Treated sludge is wet Requires energy Solid material is inert Exhaust air must be treated prior to discharge

Incinerator

Land Spreading

lawns, gardens agricultural land forest land golf courses and other public recreational areas

Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Utilization in other materials

1. Wastewater treatment process flow Physical Chemical Biological

2. Advanced Treatment 3. Disinfection 4. Sludge Management

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