3 Dirac Delta Function

A frequently used concept in Fourier theory is that of the Dirac Delta Function, which is somewhat abstractly dened as:
Z

(x) = 0 (x) dx = 1

for x = 0

(1)

This can be thought of as a very tall-and-thin spike with unit area located at the origin, as shown in gure 1.
( x )

Figure 1: The -function. N OTE : The -functions should not be considered to be an innitely high spike of zero width since it scales as: Z a (x) dx = a where a is a constant. The Delta Function is not a true function in the analysis sense and if often called an improper function. There are a range of denitions of the Delta Function in terms of proper function, some of which are: (x) = (x) = (x) = x2 1 exp 2
1 x 2 1

1 x sinc

being the Gaussian, Top-Hat and Sinc approximations respectively. All of these expressions have the property that, Z

and we may form the approximation that, (x) = lim (x)

0

(x) dx = 1

(2)

(3)

which can be interpreted as making any of the above approximations (x) a very tall-andthin spike with unit area.
School of Physics Fourier Transform

Revised: 10 September 2007

In the eld of optics and imaging, we are dealing with two dimensional distributions, so it is especially useful to dene the Two Dimensional Dirac Delta Function, as, (x, y) = 0
ZZ

for x = 0 & y = 0

(x, y) dx dy = 1

(4)

which is the two dimensional version of the (x) function dened above, and in particular: (x, y) = (x) (y). (5)

This is the two dimensional analogue of the impulse function used in signal processing. In terms of an imaging system, this function can be considered as a single bright spot in the centre of the eld of view, for example a single bright star viewed by a telescope.

3.1 Properties of the Dirac Delta Function

Since the Dirac Delta Function is used extensively, and has some useful, and slightly perculiar properties, it is worth considering these are this point. For a function f (x), being integrable, then we have that Z (x) f (x) dx = f (0) (6) which is often taken as an alternative denition of the Delta function. This says that integral of any function multiplied by a -function located about zero is just the value of the function at zero. This concept can be extended to give the Shifting Property, again for a function f (x), giving, Z

where (x a) is just a -function located at x = a as shown in gure 2.

f(x) f(a)

(x a) f (x) dx = f (a)

(7)

Figure 2: Shifting property of the -function. In two dimensions, for a function f (x, y), we have that,
ZZ

(x a, y b) f (x, y) dx dy = f (a, b)

(8)

where (x a, y b) is a -function located at position a, b. This property is central to the idea of convolution, which is used extensively in image formation theory, and in digital image processing.
School of Physics Fourier Transform

Revised: 10 September 2007

The Fourier transform of a Delta function is can be formed by direct integration of the denition of the Fourier transform, and the shift property in equation 6 above. We get that,

F {(x)} =

and then by the Shifting Theorem, equation 7, we get that,

(x) exp(2 ux) dx = exp(0) = 1

(9)

F {(x a)} = exp(2au)

(10)

so that the Fourier transform of a shifted Delta Function is given by a phase ramp. It should be noted that the modulus squared of equation 10 is |F {(x a)}|2 = |exp(2au)|2 = 1 saying that the power spectrum a Delta Function is a constant independent of its location in real space. Now noting that the Fourier transform is a linear operation, then if we consider two Delta Function located at a, then from equation 10 the Fourier transform gives,

F {(x a) + (x + a)} = exp(2 au) + exp(2 au) = 2 cos(2 au)

while if we have the Delta Function at x = a as negative, then we also have that,

(11)

F {(x a) (x + a)} = exp(2au) exp(2au) = 2 sin(2au).

(12)

Noting the relations between forward and inverse Fourier transform we then get the two useful results that 1 (13) F {cos(2 ax)} = [(u a) + (u + a)] 2 and that 1 F {sin(2ax)} = [(u a) (u + a)] (14) 2 So that the Fourier transform of a cosine or sine function consists of a single frequency given by the period of the cosine or sine function as would be expected.

3.2 The Innite Comb

If we have an innite series of Delta functions at a regular spacing of x, this is described as an Innite Comb. The the expression for a Comb is given by, Combx (x) =

i=

(x ix).

(15)

A short section of such a Comb is shown in gure 3. Since the Fourier transform is a linear operation then the Fourier transform of the innite comb is the sum of the Fourier transforms of shifted Delta functions, which from equation (29) gives,

F {Combx (x)} =
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i=

exp(2 ixu)

(16)

Fourier Transform

Revised: 10 September 2007

4 x3 x2 x x 0

x 2 x 3 x 4 x

Figure 3: Innite Comb with separation x Now the exponential term, exp(2ixu) = 1 so that:
i=

when 2xu = 2n

exp(2 ix u)

when u =

n x

= 0 else

1 which is an innite series of -function at a separation of u = x . So that an Innite Comb Fourier transforms to another Innite Comb or reciprocal spacing,

F {Combx (x)} = Combu (u)

with u =

1 x

(17)

This is an important result used in Sampling Theory in the D IGITAL I MAGE A NALYSIS and I MAGE P ROCESSING I courses.

1/ x

2/ x

1/ x

1/ x

2/ x

Figure 4: Fourier Transform of comb function.

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Fourier Transform

Revised: 10 September 2007