Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 Samant . / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),1992-19931992-1993
Review ArticleISSN: 0974-6943
Available online throughwww.jpronline.info
*Corresponding author.
Lalit R. Samant Centre for Research and Development PRIST University (east campus),Thanjavur-614904
Tamil Nadu, India
INTRODUCTION
Curcuma amada
Roxb.: A Phytopharmacological Review
Lalit R. Samant*
*
Research scholar, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University(East Campus), Thanjavur-614904, Tamil Nadu, India
Received on:07-01-2012; Revised on: 20-02-2012; Accepted on:26-03-2012
ABSTRACT
Herbal medicine is also known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine which means a plant or any part of the plant is used to prepare medicine to assistin the healing process during illness and disease. Green plants synthesise and preserve a variety of biochemical products, many of which are extractableand used as chemical feed stocks or as raw material for various scientific investigations and industrial utilization. Medicinal plants contain naturalchemicals, which are acceptable to human and animal systems. All these chemicals cannot be synthesised in laboratories.
Curcuma Amada
Roxb. consistsof several phytoconstituents belonging to category of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides and many others. The present article including the exploration of phytopharmacological properties of
C. amada
in attempt to provide a direction for further research
.Key words:
Curcuma amada
Roxb., Phytopharmacology, PhytoconstituentsThe important genera coming under
Zingiberaceae
are
Curcuma, Kaempferia, Hedychium, Amomum, Zingiber, Alpinia, Elettaria
and
Costus
. The genusname
Curcuma
was coined by Linnaeus in 1753 in his Species
Plantarum
.The word probably derives from the Arabic word ‘kurkum’, which meansyellow colour [1,2]. In the genus
Alpinia
,
A.galanga
is the most importantone, which finds varying uses in ayurvedic preparations such as “Rasnadi powder”.
Curcuma amada
Roxb. (Family:
Zingiberaceae
) is perennialrhizomatic aromatic herb which is known as Mango ginger and is availablefrom November to April. Mango ginger (
Curcuma amada
Roxb.) is a uniquespice having morphological resemblance with ginger but imparts a raw mangoflavour.The genus originated in the Indo-Malayan region, and is widelydistributed in the tropics of Asia to Africa and Australia [3]. Many of theseindigenous medicinal plants are also used for medicinal purposes[4]. Someof its chemical and pharmacological properties are discussed in this review.
1.1 Vernacular Names
C. amada
Roxb.
English: Mango ginger, Sanskrit: Amrardrakam, Karpuraharida, Hindi: Ama-haldi,Malyalam: Mangainchi, Tamil: Mankayinci, Telugu: Mamidi Allam
1.2 Systematic Position of
C. Amada
Roxb
.The systematic position of the plant
C. Amada
is as follows.Kingdom : PlantaeSub-kingdom : PhanerogamaeDivision : SpermatophytaSubdivision : AngiospermaeClass : MonocotyledonaeSeries : EpigynaeOrder : ScitaminalesFamily : ZingiberaceaeGenus : CurcumaSpecies
: C. amada
Roxb
RADITRADITIO
TRADITIONAL USESNAL USESL USES
TRADITTRADITIONAL USESIONAL USES1.3 Botany
C. amada
Roxb. is a rhizomatous aromatic herb with a leafy tuft and 60-90cm in height. Leaves are long, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, glabrous and green on both sides. Flowers are whiteor paleyellow, arranged in spikes in the centre of tuft of the leaves. Lip is semi-elliptic, yellow, 3-lobbed with the mid lobe emarginate [5]. The plant is alsodescribed [6,7].
1.4 Distribution in INDIA
Mango ginger is cultivated in Gujarat and found wild in parts of WestBengal, U. P, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MANGO GINGER RHIZOME
The well-known curcumin, demethoxy curcumin andbis-demethoxycurcumin are the major constituents from acetone extract of C. amada [8].The essential oil contains a-pinene, a-and b-curcumene, camphor, cuminylalcohol, myristic acid and turmerone. Car-3-ene and cis-ocimene contributethe characteristic mango odour of the rhizome. Rhizomes yield 1% essentialoil containing d-a -pinene 18%, ocimene 47.2%, linalool 11.2%,linalyl ac-etate 9.1% and safrole 9.3% [9]. The free in mango ginger are caffeic (26%,195 mg/g), gentisic (24%,180 mg/g) and ferulic (20%, 150 mg/g) followed bygallic (10%, 75 mg/g), cinnamic (7%, 52.5 mg/g), protocatechuic (7%, 52.5mg/g) and small amounts of syringic (4%,30 mg/g) and p-coumaric acids(2%, 15 mg/g) [10]. 45% starch present in
C. Amada
Roxb.Rhizome andalso have functional properties as reported [11]. Mangiferin present in
Curcuma amada
was extracted with the help of microwave assisted extrac-tion (MAE) and the extraction solvent was ethanol [12]. Three terpenoids
viz
. difurocumenonol,amadannulen and amadaldehyde were successfullyisolated and characterized from chloroform extract of
C. amada
rhizome[13-15].
3. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES3.1 Antimicrobial activity and Antifungal activity
The aqueous and organic solvent extracts of mango ginger are antibacterialagainst
Escherichia coli
,
Bacillus subtilis
and
Staphylococcus aureus
[16].The different extracts like hexane, chloroform, ethyacetate, acetone andmethanol extracts are highly antibacterial against
Bacillus cereus
,
B. subtilis
,
Micrococcus luteus
,
Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, En-
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012 Samant . / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),1992-19931992-1993
terococcus fecalis
and
Salmonella typhi
[13,14]. Antibacterial activity of free and bound phenolics from mango ginger rhizomes has been reported[10]. The extract of
C. amada
with various solvents
viz.
PE,MtOH,Chloroform, Ethayl acetate show antibacterial activity in sig-nificant amount against
Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumonia , Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus , Salmonella typhi , Enterobacter aerogenes
and
Staphylococcus aureus
[17]. Some components of volatile oils
viz.
Myrceneand pinene have shown antifungal activity against
Curvularia palliscens, Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, Fusarium moniliforme and F. falcatum
[18].
3.2 Hypotriglyceridemic activity
C. amada
Roxb. extract showed hyportriglyceridemic activity on Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats and also influences on both liver synthesis and blood clearance [19,20].
3.3 Hypoglycemic And Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity
Methanol extract of Curcuma amada rhizome exhibited anti-hyperglycemicand mild hypoglycemic activities in mice and no toxic effects were associ-ated with the plant extract even at high dose of 650 mg/kg b.w.[21].
3.4 Anthelmintic Activity
Ethanol extract (150mg/ml) and Dichloromethan extract (150mg/ml) of bothCurcuma species were very effective in causing death of earthworms [22].
3.5 Antioxidant Activity
The methanolic extract of both leaves and rhizomes showed higher abilityto scavenge H
2
O
2
followed by chloroform and aqueous extracts. Rhizomesshowed higher activity.
Methanolic extract of both leaves and rhizomesefficiently inhibited the nitric oxide and superoxide generation in vitrofollowed by chloroform and aqueous extracts [23].
3.6 Antiallergic activity
Mango ginger is reportedly used in anti-allergic formulations of herbal plants [24].
3.7 Anti-inflammatory activity
The ethyl alcohol extract of mango ginger rhizome has anti-inflammatoryactivity in acute and chronic administration in albino rats [25].
3.8 Platelet aggregation inhibitory activity
Platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate extract and acetoneextract is reported to be very high compared to methanol extract [15].
3.9 Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity of the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and metha-nol extracts of mango ginger towards both normal and cancer cell cultureswere reported [15].
The cytotoxicity results of different extracts of mangoginger indicate that the extracts are less toxic towards the normal cell linesas compared with cancerous cell lines.
4. CONCLUSION
From the time of immemorial, plants have been widely used as curativeagents for variety of ailments .
Ayurveda and Unani medicinal systems havegiven much importance to mango ginger as an appetizer, alexteric, anti- pyretic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and laxative and tocure biliousness, itching, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma, hiccough andinflammation due to injuries.
The pharmacological studies so far have been performed in vitro and in vivo systems. Therefore there is need of investi-gation and quantification of phytoconstituents and pharmacological pro-file.
5. REFERENCES
1.Salvi ND, George L and Eapen S, Direct regeneration of shootsfrom immature inflorescence cultures of turmeric, Plant Cell Tiss.Org., 62, 2000, 235–238.2.Shirgurkar MV, John CK and Nadgouda RS, Factors affecting microrhizome production in turmeric, Plant Cell Tiss. Org., 64,2001, 5– 11.3.Sasikumar B, Genetic resources of Curcuma: diversity, characteriza-tion and utilization, Plant Gen. Res. 3, 2005, 230–251.4.Aiyelaagbe OO and Osamudiamen PM, Phytochemical screeningfor active compounds in
Mangifera indica
leaves from Ibadan, OyoState. Plant science Research
2009;2(1):11-13.5.Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK.and Ramankutty C, Indian MedicinalPlants. Vol.1-5. Orient Longman Ltd., Madras 1993-1995.6.Gamble JS Flora of the presidency of Madras, Ed. Bishen SinghMahendra Pal Singh Vol.III., Dehra Dun, India, 1987, 1478-1493.7.Kirtikar KR and Basu BD, Indian Medicinal Plants. Internat. Book Distributors, Dehra Dun., 1987, 2444-2449.8.Gupta AP, Gupta AM and Sushil KK, Simultaneous determination of curcuminoids in curcuma samples using high performance thin layer chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatog. Technol., 22, 1999, 1561– 1569.9.Chopra, RN, Nayar SL and Chopra IC, Glossary of Indian MedicinalPlants. CSIR, New Delhi,1980.10.Siddaraju MN and Dharmesh SM, Inhibition of Gastric H+,K+-AT-Pase and Helicobacter pylori Growth by Phenolic Antioxidants of Curcuma amada, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 2007, 7377–7386.11.Policegoudra RS and Aradhya SM, Structure and biochemical prop-erties of starch from an unconventional source - a mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome, Food Hydrocoll., 22, 2008, 513– 519.12.Padmapriya K, Dutta A, Chaudhuri S, Dutta D, Microwave assistedextraction of mangiferin from
Curcuma amada
. Biotech., 3, 2011,1-4.13.Policegoudra RS, Divakar S and Aradhya SM Identification of Difurocumenonol, a new antimicrobial compound isolated frommango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome, J. Appl.Microbiol.,102, 2007a, 1594–1602.14.Policegoudra RS, Abiraj K, Channe Gowda D and Aradhya SM, Iso-lation and characterization of antioxidant and antibacterial com- pound from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome, J.Chromatogr. B, 852, 2007b, 40–48.15.Policegoudra RS, Rehna K, Rao LJ and Aradhya SM. Antimicrobial,antioxidant, cytotoxicity and platelet aggregation inhibitory activ-ity of a novel molecule isolated and characterized from mangoginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome, J. Biosci., 35, 2010, 231– 40.16.Chandarana H, Baluja S and Chanda SV, Comparison of antibacterialactivities of selected species of Zingiberaceae family and some syn-thetic compounds, Tur. J. Biol, 29, 2005, 83-97.17.Jayalakshmi B, Raveesha KA and Amruthesh KN Phytochemicalinvestigations and antibacterial activity of some medicinal plantsagainst pathogenic bacteria, J. App.Pharma. Sci., 01, 2011, 124-128.18.Singh G, Singh OP and Maurya S, Chemical and biocidal investiga-tions on essential oils of some Indian Curcuma species, Prog. Crys-tal Growth Charact., 45, 2002, 75–8119.Srinivasan MR and Chandrashekharan N, Effect of Mango ginger on lipid status in normal and hypertriglyceridemic rats, J. Food Sci.Technol., 29, 1992, 130–132.20.Srinivasan MR and Chandrashekharan N, Effect of Mango ginger on Triton WR-1338 Induced hyperlipidemia and plasma lipasesactivity in the rats, Nutr. Res., 13, 1993, 1183–1190.21.Syiem D, Monsang Sh W, Sharma R, Hypoglycemic And Anti-Hy- perglycemic Activity Of Curcuma Amada Roxb. In Normal AndAlloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice Pharmacologyonline, 3, 2010, 364-372.22.Gill R, Kalsi V, Singh A, Phytochemical Investigation And Evaluationof Anthelmintic Activity of
Curcuma Amada
And Curcuma Caesia
-A Comparative Study , Inventi Impact: Ethnopharmacology , Vol.2011 , Article ID- “ Inventi:ep/412/11, 201123.Sivaprabha J, Sumathi S, Dharani B and Padma P R, Radical ScavengingActivity of Leaves And Rhizomes of Curcuma Amada, IJPRD, 3,2011, 167 – 174.24.Pushpangadan PR, Chandana VR, Ajay KS, Ojha SK and Reddy GD,2006 Anti-allergic herbal formulation(s). Patent No. WO2006067802.25.Mujumdar AM, Naik DG, Dandge CN and Puntambekar HM, Anti-inflammatory activity of
Curcuma amada
Roxb. in albino rats,Indian J. Pharmacol. 32, 2000, 375–377.
Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared
Reward Your Curiosity
Everything you want to read.
Anytime. Anywhere. Any device.
No Commitment. Cancel anytime.