Strain Gauge

The change in value of resistance by straining the gauge consist of elastic nature If a strip of elastic material is subjected to tension (positively stained)
Its longitudinal dimension will increase While, there will be a reduction in the lateral dimension

Si Since, R L/A R=L/A

Hence, the resistance of the gauge increases with positive strain

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Its an inductive transducer to translate the liner motion into electrical signal It consist of a single primary winding P and two secondary winding S1 and S2 wound on a cylindrical former
S1 and S2 have equal number of turns and are identically placed on either side of P

A movable soft iron core is placed inside the former

The displacement to be measured is applied to the arm attached to the soft iron core

LVDT
Since, P is connected to an AC source
It produces an alternating magnetic field which in turn induces alternating current/voltages in S1 and S2 t/ lt i d
These S1 and S2 are connected in series opposition to provide the balance condition (NULL) Thus the differential voltage is, E0 = ES1 ES2

When the core is at normal (NULL) position, the flux linking with the secondary windings is equal y g q
Hence, E0 = 0 because ES1 = ES2

So, any physical displacement of the core causes the voltage of one , yp y p g secondary winding to increase
while simultaneously reducing the voltage in the other secondary winding

LVDT
The o/p is a linear function of core displacement within a limited range of motion, e.g., about 5mm from the null position Due to the presence of harmonics, an small unbalance would be there all the time
This result in non zero value of E0 at NULL

Advantages:
High range (1.25 to 250mm with 0.25% full scale linearity) Highly sensitive Low power consumption p p

Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT)

Variation of LVDT may be used to sense angular displacement
Similar to LVDT, except that its core is cam shaped and may be rotated between the windings by means of a shaft

Any angular displacement (rotation) from the NULL will result in a diff differential voltage output. ti l lt t t Rotation of shaft produces an increasing/decreasing voltages in equal/opposite eq al/opposite phase

Bourdon Tubes
It is used as pressure sensitive device Made of an elliptically flattened tube bent in such a way as to p y y produce various shapes One end of the tube is sealed or closed, while the other end is open for the fluid to enter
Due to the pressure of fluid, the tube tends to straighten out This causes a movement of the free end (closed one) and this displacement is amplified through mechanical linkages
This results in the movement of a pointer on a scale calibrated in terms of pressure

It has the following forms:

C type Spiral Twisted tube helical

Capacitive Transducer
It works on the principle of change of capacitance which may be caused by change in:
Overlapping area, A Distance between plates, d Dielectric constant

These changes are caused by physical variables like:

Displacement (Linear and Circular) p ( ) Force Pressure

Load Cell
It measures loads applied to deform or deflect the member provided that the resultant strain is large enough to produce detectable outputs It utilizes a an elastic member as the primary transducer and strain gauges as secondary Tensile-Compressive Cell:
This arrangement uses four strain gauges each mounted at 900 to each other, and a DC b id circuit d bridge i i Two of strain gauges experience tensile stress while the other two are subjected to compressive stress