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IN THE NAME OF GOD, THE MERCIFUL AND COMPASSIONATE IN ORDER TO HAVE A SUCCINT INFORMATION REGARDING APGHANISTAN AMD GETTING FAMILIAR WITH THE EVENTS, EVEN AT A SUPERSICIAL LEVEL, I? IS DEES MECESSARY ‘TO PRESENT SOME INFORMATIVE FACTS, 3EYOND WHAT IS CONTAINED IN THE FACTS AND DOCUMENTS OF THE PRESENT BOOK. THE MOST ESSENTIAL OF THESE ARE GEROGRAPHIC DATA AND A GLINPSE OF THE HISTORY OF THIS COUNTRY. AS REGARDS THE POLITICAL CONOTATIONS OF THE EVENTS IN VIEW OP THE LIMITATIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE DOCUMENTS IT WOULD BE TRIED TO REFRAIN FROM GOING BEYOND THOSE LIMITATIONS AND CONCENTRATE ON THE DOCUMENTS ‘THEMSELVES, GEOGRAPHIC DATA ABOUT AFGHANISTAN: AFGHANISTAN IS A COUNTRY IN CENTRAL ASIN WITH A POPULATION OF 22 MILLIONS BOUNDED IN THE NORTH BY THE SOVIFT UNI AND THE WEST RY IRAN, ON THE EAST AND SOUTH BY PAKISTAN, AND ON' THE NORTH EAST BY CHINA. ALTHOUG A LANDLOCKED COUNTRY BECAUSE OF COMMON BORDERS WITH PAKISTAN AND IRANIAN BALUCHESTAN, AFGHANISTAN CAN SERVE AS A MEANS OF ACCESS BY THE SOVIET UNION TO THE WARM WATERS OF THE SOUTH AND THE INDIAN OCEAN. THES ACCESS OF THE SOVIET TO THE INDIAN OCEAN CONSTITUTES ONE OF THE LONG TERM STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SOVIET UNION SINCE THE CZARIST PERIOD. ‘TONAY, BECAUSE OP THE PRESENT CIRCU~ MSTANCES, THIS QUESTION HAS ACQUIRED A CERTAIN SIGNIFICANCE. AFGHANISTAN’S ECONOMY IS MOSTLY DEPENDENT UPON AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK BREEDING. THERE ARE ALSO RESOURCES LIKE GAS, OIL, IRON, COPPER, COAL, URANIUM AND PRECIOUS STONES, WHICH, BECAUSE OF PENURY OF CAPITAL AND TECHNOL- OGICAL KNOW-HOW, ARE NOT EXPLOITED. ONLY JACENTH AND NATURAL GAS ARE AMONG ITEMS OF AFGHANISTAN'S EXPORT. @5 PERCENT OF AFGHANISTAN'S POPULATION ARE PEASANTS AND LIVE IN POVERTY. THIS FACT, PLUS THE FEUDAL SYSTEM OF THE COUNTRY AND THE GROWTH OF THE POWER OF FEUDALS ARISING FROM THE COLONIAL POLICIES OF THE PAST, HAS DEPRIVED THE PEASANTS FROM TH2 MOST PPIMIVIVE MEANS OF WELFARE. BECAUSE OF THE ILLITERACY OF 98 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION AND THE LOW LEVEL OF CULTURE , AND LACK OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONSCIOUSNESS AS WELL AS THE HETEROGENEOUS NATURE OF THE ETHNIC STRUCTURE OF AFGHANISTAN PASHTUOS, TAGIKS HAZAREIS, OUZBAKS, TURCOMANS, GHORISTANIS, BALUCHIES, ETC), TENDENCIES OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC SUPERIORITY HAVE DEVELOPED IN THE COUNTRY, BECAUSE OF WHICH THERE HAVE BEEN CONFILICTS IN VARIOUS PERIOOS. THIS TENDENCY HAS VERY OFTEN SERVED AS A POWERFUL WEAPON IN THE HANDS OF COLONI- |ALIST POWERS TO PENETRATE IN THE AFGHAN SOIL, THE SIGNING OF THE TREATY OF "GANDOMAK” BETWEEN THE AMIR OF PASHTOUS ( EMIR MOHAMAD YAEGHOOB KHAN) AND ‘THE BRITISH, OR THE SINISTER TREATY OF " DORAND" BETWEEN EMIR ABDUL RAHMAN KHAN AND THE BRITISH IN 1839, ARE IN THEMSELVES A CLEAR EVIDENCE OF THE MANY IN WHICH THE COLONIALISTS TOOK ADVANTAGE OF RACIAL CONFLICTS IN AFGHNISTAN. UNFORTUNATETY, DESPITE THE HEAVY BLOWS SUFFERED BY THE PEOPLE OF AFGHANISTAN AS A RESULT OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES, THE AFGHAN PEOPLE ARE STILL AFFLICTED. BY THEESE DIFFERENCES AND EVEN THE FORMATION OF GROUPINGS AND ORGANIZATIONS HAVE RACIAL OR LANGUAGE AFFINITIES AS MOTIVE. THIS FACTOR APPEARS ALSO AMONG MARKIST GROUPINGS. FOR INSTANCE THE KHALG GROUP AND THE PARCHAM GROUP, WHICH ARE BOTH MARXIST AND ASSOCIATED WITH THE RUSSIANS, HAVE ALWAYS STOOD AGAINST EACH OTHER, AND EXTERMINATING EACH OTHER (MOST PASHTU SPEAKING MARKISTSARE IN THE KHALG PARTY AND MOST PERSIAN MARXISTS 2 HAVE BEEN IN THE PARCHAM PARTY), THE DOMINATION OF THE COLONTAL SYSTEMS HAS NOT ONLY DEVELOPED RACIALIST TENDENCIES EXPLOITING THEM IN THETR OWN BENEFIT, BUT HAVE TRIED TO DISTORT AND DISCREDIT ISLAM AND RELIGIOUS BELEIFS AND HAVE ENCOURAGED THIS ISLAMIC NATION TO JUSTIFY THE CORRUPT REGIMES THAT HAVE ANTI-ISLAMIC TENDENCIFS. HOWEVER, DESLITE ALL THESE EFFORTS OF THE COLONTALISTS TO DESTROY THEIR CULTURE AND HISTORY AND DISCREDIT AND DISTORT ISLAM, THE PEOPLE OF AFGHANISTAN HAVE PRESERVED ‘THEIR RELIGIOUS ZEAL AND THEIR SPIRIT OF OPPOSITION AGAINST FOREIGN DOMINATION. THIS VERY VIRTUE OF THETRS HAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEFEAT OF THE BRITISH IN THE YEARS 1829 AND 1879 AND WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE FAILURE OF THE SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN. THE RULING REGIMES OF SHANISTAN FROM ZAHER SHAH TO AMIN ON THE STRENGTH OF THE EXISTING DOCUMENTS IN THIS BOOK, ALTHOUGH WE DO NOT POSSESS ANY INDEPENDENT DOCUMENTS CONCERNING THE MANNER IN WHICH Z2MER SHAH RULED IN HIS COUNTRY FOR 20 YEARS, HOWEVER, ON THE EXPERIENCE OF OUR PEOPLE DURING THE FIFTY YEARS OF DICTATORIAL RULE OP THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY, AND ON THE BASIS OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PARAMETERS WHICH MOHAK- AD REZA ENJOYED AND ZAHER SHAH LACKED THEM, IT CAN WELL BE SUPPOSED. WHAT THE AFGHAN PEOPLE HAD SUFFERED DURING THIS PERTOD, 40 YEARS OF RULE BY 2RHER SHA AND COLLABORATION WITH COLONIALISTIC POLICIES OF THE BRITISH AND THE U.S., HAS BROUGHT NOTHING BUT IGNORANCE, POVERTY AND THE PILLAY ING OF AFGHANTSTAN’S RECOURCES. THE REPUBLICAN RULE: THE INCREASE OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE WEST AND THE BLACKING OF THE MOVEMENTS OF THE MARXIST GROUPS AS A RESULT OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND 3

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