CHAPTER 6 : ELECTROCHEMSTRY FORM 4

exists in ELECTROLYTE 1) Molten state 2) Aqueous state

Can allow electricity to flow

Because it has free moving ion

That are positive and negative ion

Reasons why electrolyte in solid state cannot allow electricity to flow : Ions exist as an ionic compound Ions held together by strong electrostatic force Ions are not moving freely Ions fixed in position So, ions cannot carry electrical charges

Electrostatic force

Reasons why non-electrolytes cannot allow electricity to flow : Are composed of molecules No free moving ions present

Ions in an electrolyte

Molecules in non-electrolyte

ELECTROLYSIS

Process of breaking down a compound into its constituent elements by passing electricity through it.

1) Molten State

2) Aqueous state

Electrochemical series

Concentration

Type of electrode

Electrolysis
- Both electrode are the same - Electron flow from anode to cathode Electric current flow from cathode to anode CATHODE Negative terminal (-) Positive ion will attract (cation) Cations tends to receive electrons and become atom/solid Half equation :

ANODE Positive terminal (+) Negative ion will attract (anion) Anions tends to release electrons and become atom/molecule Half equation :

How to determine the electrolysis terminal ? From the dry cell diagram If the length of the line is long it is anode If the length of the line is short it is cathode Short people has a negative growing because of lacking in nutrient therefore short line is for negative terminal

cathode anode

MOLTEN STATE Example :

carbon

Molten lead bromide

heat

(PbBr

IONS ATTRACT

Br

Pb

HALF EQUATION

OBSERVATION

Reddish-brown vapour released

Silver metal deposited

PRODUCT

Bromine gas

Lead metal

Half equation If the ions are from group 17, its product must be in the form of gas because it is Diatomic

Common GROUP 17 used Iodine

I Cl

Chlorine Bromine Br

Anode (anion) (negative ion)

FORMULA FOR ELECTROCHEMISTRY SERIES CATIONS (+ IONS)

KALAU

NAK

KAHWIN

MESTI

ADA

ZAKAT

FITRAH

SUPAYA

PENGANTIN

HIDUP

CUKUP

AGAMA

TAU

ANIONS (- IONS)

FARRAH

SUKA

NASI

CAMPUR

BERSAMA

IKAN

OOOOHHHH..

AQUEOUS STATE

Factor ECS Type of electrode Concentration

EFFECTS OF FACTORS ON THE OBSERVATION Only happen at anode electrode

FACTORS AT
ANODE CATHODE

ELECTROCHEMISTRY (ECS) CONCENTRATION TYPE OF ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMISTRY (ECS) ONLY

MUST HAVE !

FACTOF ECS (ELECTROCHEMISTRY SERIES)

ANODE

CATHODE

IONS

CHOOSEN ION

HALF EQUATION Colourless gas bubbles released Oxygen gas

OBSERVATION

Brown solid deposited

PRODUCT

Copper metal

If the electrolyte used has copper in it so the observation of the electrolye will be :

Blue

Paler

Because : Copper ions in the electrolyte move to cathode to be discharged\

FACTOR CONCENTRATION Only happens when the electrolyte is concentrated If it is dilute, use factor ECS

CONCENTRATED

DILUTE