EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010

Eastern Mediterranean University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EENG 360 Communication System -I
Lab Sheet for Hardware Experiment #1
SECONDORDERFILTERING

Objectives:

Understanding the characteristics of filters.
Using KL-93001 module to implement a second-order low pass filter.

Introduction:
Filters which are often required in communication systems are designed so that they pass a
specified band of frequencies while rejecting all others outside this band.
Filters are usually classified by their magnitude and/or gain response and the most popular ones
include: low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. Classification based on the circuit
components is also possible and the two popular classes are referred to as active and passive
filters. Passive filters are the circuits that contain only passive components (resistors, inductors
and capacitors) whereas active filters employ active components such as transistors and/or
operational amplifiers, along resistors, inductors and capacitors. Active filters are widely used in
modern communication systems, because they have the following advantages:
1. No need to employ inductors,
2. The high input impedance and low output impedance of the operational amplifier means
that the filter circuit is excellent in isolation characteristic and suitable for cascade,
3. Because active components provide amplification, desired gain can be adjusted.

In the following sections, we will focus on the characteristics of the second-order low-pass filter.

EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010

SecondOrderLowPassFilter:

A low-pass filter is an electronic circuit that has a constant output voltage from DC up to a cutoff
frequency. As the frequency increases above the cutoff frequency, the output voltage is
attenuated. The cutoff frequency, also called the 0.707 frequency (the 3dB frequency), or the
corner frequency, is the frequency where the output voltage is reduced to 0.707 times its pass
band value.
A typical active low-pass filter circuit, shown in Fig. 1.1, is commonly called inverting integrator
or Miller integrator. Its transfer function can be expressed by:



I
out
(s)
I
n
(s)
= -
1
SC
R
=
-
1
RC
S
= -

0
S
(1.1)

Where,

0
=
1
RC





Fig. 1.1 Miller Integrator


From Eq. (1.1), we can find that the Miller integrator circuit is a first order low-pass filter
therefore, a second-order low-pass filter can be easily constructed by cascading two Miller
integrators with an inverting amplifier.
EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010

The block diagram for a second-order low-pass filter is depicted in Fig. 1.2. The filter is
composed of two Miller integrators, a unity-gain inverting amplifier, and an adder.


Fig.1.2 Block diagram of a second-order low-pass filter
Therefore, the transfer function is

I
out
(s)
I
n
(s)
=
K
0
2
S
2
+ [

S +
0
2
(1.2)

This is a general form of second-order low-pass filter. Following this block diagram, a practical
second-order low-pass filter can be implemented using operational amplifiers and passive
components as indicated in Fig. 1.3.
+
_
Vin
R1=1.5k
+
_
C2=1000pF
R4=15K
+
_
R5=15K
C1=1000pF
R2=10 K
R3=15k
R6=15K
V OUT
U1:C
LM348
U1:B
LM348
U1:A
LM348
8
10
9
7
6
5
14
13
12

Fig.1.3 Second-order low-pass filter circuit



-

0
S

-1 -

0
S

Output
V
out
K
Input
V
in
1

EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010


In this circuit, the operational amplifier U1: A performs the functional combination of the adder
and the first Miller integrator in Fig. 2-2. If

C
1
= C
2
= C
R
6
= R
5
= R
4

The transfer function will be



I
out
(s)
I
n
(s)
=
R
3
R
1
1
R
3
R
4
C
2
S
2
+ [
1
CR
2
S +
1
R
3
R
4
C
2
=
R
3
R
1
1
R
3
R
4
C
2
S
2
+_
R
3
R
4
R
2
1
CR
3
R
4
_S +
1
R
3
R
4
C
2
(1.S)

Comparing Eqs. (1-2) to (1-3), we yield

K =
R
3
R
1
(1.4)

0
=
1
CR
3
R
4
(1.S)
=
R
2
CR
3
R
4

In the circuit of Fig. 1-3, the components of R1, R3, R7, C1 and U1: A are connected as the first
Miller integrator with the function of weighted adder. The adder is used to add the input signal to
the feedback signal U1:C output signal. The combination of R
4
, C
2
, U1: B is the second miller
integrator and the combination of R
5
, R
6
, U1: C is a unity-gain inverting amplifier.



EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010


EXPERIMENT
TheoreticalWork:
Derive Eq. (1.2) using the circuit diagram provided in Fig.1.2.
(thiswillbecollectedaspartofassignment,tobecompletedathome)

ExperimentalWork:
QUIPMENT REQUIRED
1. Module KL-92001

2. Module KL-93001

3. Oscilloscope


Procedure:

1. Locate the Second Order LPF circuit on Module KL-93001. Insert connect plugs
in J1 and J2 to set C 1 = C2 = 0.001F.
2. Connect a 100mVp-p, 10Hz sine wave to the input (I/P). Using the oscilloscope,
observe the output signal and record the output amplitude in Table 1.1.
3. Observe and record the output amplitudes in Table 1.1 for input frequencies of
100Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz, 5KHz, 8KHz, 10KHz, 20KHz, 50KHz and 100KHz .
4. Calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and record the results in
Table 1.1.
5. Using the results of Table 1.1, sketch the Bode Plot of voltage gain in Fig. 1.4.
EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010

6. Remove the connect plugs from J1 and J 2 and then insert them in J3 and J4 to set
C 3 =C 4 =0.01F.
7. Observe and record the output amplitude in Table 1.2 for input frequencies of
10Hz, 100Hz, 200Hz, 500Hz, 800Hz, 1 KHz, 2 KHz, 5 KHz, 10 KHz and 100
KHz.
8. Calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and record the results in
Table 1.2.
9. Using the results of Table 1.2, sketch Bode plot of voltage gain in Fig. 1.5.















EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010














Fig 1.4






Table1.1: (C
1
= C
2
= u.uu1pF)
InputFrequency
(HZ)
10 20 1k 2k 5k 8k 10k 20k 50k 100k
OutputAmplitude
(mV)

VoltageGain(dB)

Voltage
Gain (dB)
Frequency (KHZ)
EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010

Fig 1.5




Table1.2: (C
1
= C
2
= u.u1pF)

InputFrequency
(HZ)
10 100 200 500 800 1k 2k 20k 1k 10k 100k
OutputAmplitude
(mV)

VoltageGain(dB)

Voltage
Gain (dB)
Frequency (KHZ)
EENG 360 Lab #3

2010 EMUEEE Department 10/18/2010

Questions
1. Inspecting equation (1.5), which of the components can you change easily to vary
the bandwidth of the lowpass filter designed?

2. If we need to change the bandwidth of the filter depicted in Fig 1. 3 to 5 KHz,
what capacitance values for C
1
and C
2
are required?