&cdkifuAsmeefY

&cdkiftawG;tac:
okawoD - pHausmfxGef;

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay c^55? uRef;a&T0gvrf;? bk&ifhaemifyGJHk? &efukef/ zkef;-247807? 666890

pHausmfxGef;
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf xkwfa0ol - 700^95 (10) - 149^96 (3) - OD;&Jjrifh wufvrf;pmay (01049) trSwf(967)? ya'om&yf? apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;?tif;pdef?&efukefNrdKU/ yHkESdyfol - a':cifcif0if; uvsm (atmhzfquf)? 02670 152?uRef;a&TNrdKifvrf;?ok0P?&efukef/ yxrtBudfrf? 1996-ck? Edk0ifbmv? tkyfa& wefzdk; (500)tkyf usyf

'kdYwm0efta&;okH;yg;
jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIrNydKuGJa&; f hH kd J tcsKytjcmtmPmwnfwciNf ra&; 'kdYta&; 'dkYta&; 'dkYta&;

pnf;urf;vdkufem ab;uif;uGm pnf;urf;&SdrS wdk;wufrnf pnf;urf;udkufnD ab;uif;onf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onf jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;\ y"meusaomwm0ef jzpfonf/

t*FvdyfpmyDa& t*FvdyfvlrsdK; wpfrsdK; om;vHk; BudK;pm;vdkYwdk;wufpGm/ *syefpmyDa& *syefvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;om;vHk; BudK;pm;vdkY wdk;wufpGm/ &cdkifpmyD wdk;wufzdkYtwGuf igdkUZmvkyf uwfzdkYvJ

b0aumufaMumif;
q&mpHausmfxGef;udk 1936-ck? Zlvdkifv (20)&uf? t*FgedrSm ajrmufOD;NrdKU? jrif;pdkif; jrif&GmrSm rGD;yga&/ tz OD;wufwdk; (a&Tyef;xdrfazmfq&mBuD;)? trd a':rndK jzpfyga&/ nDtpfudk armifESrig;a,mufrSm ti,fq;kH jzpfyga&/ rlvwef;ynmudk ajrmufO;D rSm pmoifNy;D au q|rwef;upvdYk ppfawGc&pf,mef ausmif;rSm oifcyga&/ 1954-ckESpfrSm 10-wef;atmifNyD; au ausmufjzL OypmaumvdyfrSm Oya' (c)udk atmifcyga&/ 0dZmbGJUudk 1958-ckESpfrSm &efukef wuodkvfu &[dcyga&/ r[m0dZmbGJU wufcGifh&yga&/ wuodkvfausmif;om;b0rSm &cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif;wm0efcH acgif;aqmifwm0efwd ,lcyga&/ &cdkifwefaqmif r*Zif;rSm &cdkifpmyDu@udk t,ifqHk;xnfhoGif;azmfxkwf yD;cyga&/ &cdkif&DS;a[mif;pmyDwdudk vdvmazmfxkwfNyD;au wwfpGrf;orQtm;eefY &cdkifpmyD jyefvnf&Sifoefa&;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk vkyfaqmifc yga&/ ppfawGrSm ]rkwfokef vIdif;oH}? eefYt&m uAsmpmtkyfwdudk xkwfcyga&/ uavmifemrnf ]toQifapmrGef} jzpfyga&/ tvGwfynmoif ausmif;q&mb0? tpdk;&ausmif;q&mb0wdudk wufwuf<u<u jzwfoef;cyga&/ 1977-ck? Zlvdkifv (24)&ufed? csif;jynfe,f xefwvefNrdKUe,frSm oDqHk;vm;yga&/

q&m---&[ef;oHCmwda& yGifhawmfrlNyD;a& jrwfpGmbk&m;oQifrSm wynfhom;wd jzpfawqdkygau q&mudk wpfcgavhrwGdzl; rjrifzl;vdkufaw uRefawmfa& q&mwynfhwpfa,mufyg q&mhemarudk taoQuyif Mum;zl;yga& q&mudk taoQuyif av;pm;&olwpfa,mufyg q&m&D;ca&pmtkyfudk zwf&a&cg q&mhudk ydkrdkav;pm;MunfndKrdyga& q&ma& pmyDt&mrSmavh ESHYpyfawqdkpGmudk a'pmtkyfrSm udk;um;a& usrf;wdu oufoDjyeDyga&/ ,if;pmtkyfwd yDrlwd usrf;*efwdudk ZmrSm&SmvdkY wGdEdkifygzdkYodrfhvJ q&m--aemufaemifb0wd&m &Sdygau q&meefYwGdcsif qHkcsifyga& q&mhwynfh&if;b0eefY q&mhbm;rSm ynm&ifEdkY aomufpdkYcsifyga& q&m&D;a& a'pmtkyfudkzwf,if; ]ighywf0ef;usiftwGuf iga'ydkifawG;Munfha&} vdkY uRefawmfhudk q&majymjyeDa&ydkif cHpm;&yga& q&m q&mudk MunfndKa&pdwf? owd&a&pdwfwdeefY a'pmtkyfudk xkwfa0vdkufyga& q&m-q&mudk,fwdkif vufaqmifyD;ca& toQifpudEbm;u rl&if;pmtkyfudk ul;,lAsm,f q&mBuD;Aodef;tultnDeefY q&mhrdom;pk\ cGifhjyKcsufaMumifh atmifjrifpGm xkwf0DvdkufygAsm,fq&m uRefawmfhBudK;pm;rIudk q&ma&muf&mbHkb0u om"kac:ygvD/ &cdkifvSjrifh 24-6-96

q&m---(1) ausmif;q&m? uAsmq&m? ordkif;q&m? wuoDvmrm r[m0dZmxd oifzl;a&vl? uRefawmfdkU &cdkifom; wd xJrm vlwpfa,mufwnf; a'ydkif*kPfyk'fwdrm ruefydkifa&vl? aumif;aumif;enf;yga&/ a,Zl;eefYtaMumif; wdkufqdkifvdkYtwGufay:rdau? q&mudk vGrf;wrda&/ q&mouf[dxif&Sm; [deDzdkYqdkau OD;azarmifwif&D;a&? jrefrmpmyDordkif;ydkif? &cdkifpmyDordkif; usrf;BuD; wpfapmifudk q&mhESvHk;om;? q&mh0dPf? q&mhynmeefY &cdkifhvltzGJU tpnf;twGuf trGy;D EdicvDzqpm t<uif;rJ,yga&/ ordi;f rsKd ;qufqpm twdZmw tpOftvm[d&yga&/ q&mxuf D k f Ykd kd G h kH k kd G wynfhwd awmf&a&vdkY &SD;ynm[dBuD;wdu rdefYqdkuwfyga&/ *vDvD,dk yufcHk;xufudkwufNyD;au? e,lwefMunfcvdYk pMum0Vmudk ydjk rifvma&/ e,lwefyufc;kH xufukd tdepwde;f (Einstein)wufMunfv?Ykd h f h ydvyvYkd jrifvma&/ ordi;f udk vufqifh urf;tNy;D NyKd iyeefEi;f auaumif;aumif;rvSyg/ acsmwdiwufyeefY k kd kd k f JG Y dI k f JG EIdif;au&zdkY xifyg,ifh/ &cdkifpmyD *kPfodum[dpGmwdk;wufjrifhrm;a&;qdka&atmifvHaoQudk&zdkY? acsmwdkif wufuwfpGmrm atmufqHk;u cHa&vlwd txJrSm q&m ygyga&/ (2) 1967-ck uRefawmf q,fwef;a&mufawESpfrm? t-x-u(1)ppfawG?(t*kppfawGaumvdyf)rm jref r mpmjya&/q&mtm;enf ; eD y ga&/ q&mu t-x-u(4)ueD N yD ; au? ynma&;wu o d k v f u d k oifwef;wufzdkY vm;eDyga&/ q&m jrefrmpmoifpGmu ppfawGrmemrnfBuD;yga&/ bmom&yfqdkif&m uRrf;usifydkifEdkifrIu ajymzdkY rvdkyg/ wdkif;cspfjynfcspfyk*dKvf wpfa,muf\ pdwf&if;apwemu jrLrIefr[d? yuwdoefY,Sif;yga&/ apwem rSefatwGuf oifjyenf;u tm;&wuf<up&mjzpfNyD;au tEkynmqefeD yga&/ q&mu tEkynmorm;? okcr orm; r[kwygvm/ ynmoifa&qkpm vnf; tEkynmwpf&yfygAsm/ k f d G q&ma& vkyfvdkYjzpfvma& ausmif;q&m
teacher) jzpfaw/ (Made-teacher)

r[kwfyg/ rGD;&myg ausmif;q&m (Born-

uRef a wmf d k U ausmif ; om;wd q &mud k arQmf e D , uf y if ; t-x-u(1)ud k ausmif ; zG i f h N yD ; wpfvavmufrm q&ma&mufvma&/ q&ma& uRefawmfdkUxifpGmxuf trsm;BuD; EkysdKvSyeDyga&/ ,if;tcsdefu jrefrmpmq&m qdkau acwfrrSDa& 0wfpm;qif,ifrIeefY ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD;ydkif rsuEmoDoeef?Y uGr;f pm;q&m0gBu;D wd rsm;yga&/ q&muawmh pwdiwpfrsKd ;eefyg/ rsuEmjynfjh ynf0i;f 0ki;f ? f S D k f Y f S h kd d rsufcHk;aumif;aumif;? ESmwHay:ay: acseefYyg/ tom;a&mifu0if;vdkY vlu NyHK;NyHK;acs/ acwfrDoefY jyef Y v d k Y vl v S ? vl c ef Y w pf a ,muf v d k Y ajymEd k i f y ga&/ pum;ajymau nif o mod r f a rG U yga&/

tcsewwaoQtwGi;f rm ausmif;om;ausmif; olUkd \ cspcifav;pm; ,HMk unfrukd q&m &,lEicyga&/ d f kd kd f I kd f jrefrmpmqdkpGm ausmif;om;wd raMumufaw? txifrBuD;a&bmom? Zmol Zmydkifajzajz 40rSwf&a& vdkY xifxm;uwfawbmom? ,if;bmomudk pdwf0ifpm;atmif? txifBuD;atmif oifzdkYqdkpGm rvG,fa&udpyg/ q&mu rvG,fpGmudk vG,fatmifvkyfypfaw/ q&meefY jrefrmpmoifvdkY ESpfywfoHk;ywfavmufrm uRefawmfudk,fhpGmudk,f odvdkufyga&/ igdUk q&mu jrefrmpmjypGmrm aumif;aumif;awmfauav;? jrefrmpmnHa& ausmif;om;pm&if;rm igxdyq;kH h f u rESm;a,/ wpf&ufedu edcif;rkefYpm;vGwfcsdefrm uRefawmfhudk q&mcef;xJudk ac:vm;yga&/ ]] rif; NrdKUa[mif;om; rem;a0? q&mBuD;om;qdk? igav;wla&vdkYrSwf,ifh? q&mav; NrdKUa[mif;ua0;}} vdkY pajymyga&/ q&mu NrKd Ua[mif;(ajrmufO;D taMumif;wdukd uReawmf pdw0ifwpm;jzpfatmifajymjyyga&/ f f uReawmfu pum; t&SnBf u;D jyefrajym0Hyg/ q&meefY wynfa[mif;Bu;D xJuwcsKd UdUk cifrif&if;ES;D ajymeD f h h uwfpmwd uReawmfjrifz;l yga&/ uReawmfu twef;xJrm vluav;ti,fq;kH ? toufuav;ti,fq;kH G f f ydijf zpfevYkd q&mwd&rm pum;ajym&zdqau aMumufwwfyga&/ q&mu uReawmfukd q&mwpfa,mufyif k D dS Yk kd f h kd r[kwbJ nDt&if;aoQ wpfa,mufyif xdtaMumif; a'taMumif; &if;&if;ES;D ES;D ajymyga&/ aemufq;kH rm f kd k q&majyma& pum;wpfcGef; uRefawmfh&ifxJrSm jrm;wpfpif;ydkif 0ifvmyga&/ ]]rif;udkq&mru ocsFmaumif;aumif;&a&vdkYawmh ajym a&a0;? jrefrmpm pdaunHha&uma0}} &Sufjcif;? aMumufjcif;? 0rf;enf;jcif;wdeefY uRefawmfAaAm aoQydkif jzpfvm;vDyga&/ q&mu uReawmhukd tm;yD;a&? aemufyi;f rmav;? wjcm;ausmif;om;wdxuf *kwpduunyg f f kd k f l D a&/ jrefrmpmqdka& bmomudkoifvdkY&m wckoifpGm&m uRefawmfvHk;0 pdwfr0ifpm;yg/ q&moifjyau pmoifaumif;vdYk wpfcsuaoQ pdw0ifpm;yg,if?h tm;auocsm? lyaA'wGuzpmud&m pdwa&mufvm; f f F f Ykd G k f vDyga&/ wcgu q&majymzl;pGm &ifxJrmpGJusefcyga&/ ]]q&m0efjzpfjzpf? tif*sifeD,mjzpfjzpf vlqdkpGm wedw&ufrm ud,taMumif;? ud,Nhf rKd Uud,&mtaMumif;? ud,vrsKd ;taMumif;udk &D;zdtcseusvmwwf k hf k k hf G k hf l Yk d f aw/ ,if;cg jrefrmpmta&;BuD;vmAsma0? t&D;aumif;zdkYvdka&a0ESrf;? t&D;aumif;csifau? tzwfrsm; &zdkY bmom&yfwpfckudk txifao;vdkY r&a0;}} q&m\t&dyftm0goatmufrSm uRefawmfESpfjynfheDcGifh r&vdkufyg/ rdk;edwpf&ufrm wifrdk;\ ]]tzdk;ocif udk,fawmfrIdif;odkY}} uAsmudk oifeD,ufyif; olcspfawwynfhwdudk EIwfyifrqufEdkifcbJ ynma&; avmuxJu rsufvSnfhjyydkif xGufvm;cvDa&/ uRefawmfdkU 0rf;enf;yufvufeefY vGrf;usefcuwfaw/ q&majym[ef qdk[efwd rsufpdxJrm

jrifwkef;? q&mhpum;oHwdudk em;xJrm Mum;eDrdwkef;yg/ q&mhwynfh xdkESpfu q,fwef;atmifa&cg? q&majyma&ydif ocsmuawmh [kwaw0SuvYkd qdEiyg,if?h jrefrmpmuawmh pdaoQr[kwf aumif;aumif; k F f f k kd f nHhyga&/ ,if;cgu q&mudk vGrf;rda&/ wefbdk;enf;a& yk*vdu tvGrf;yg&m/ q&mu tEkokckrorm;? a,auav;b0 jzpfwnfrIrSm jy|mef;csufu wyHkpHjzpf&vDa&/ jrefrmpmudk pdwfr0ifpm;? jrefrmpmtvGefnHha&aumif;? &cdkifpmqdkpGm acgif;xJvHk;0r[da& q&mhwynfh/ atedcg q&m cspjf rwfE;kd ca& &cdipmyDukd trdyicspvYkd q&mhypH tEkocrorm;wynfyg/ atedcgq&mudk k f kd f f kH k k h ydkvGrf;yga&/ pmyD,Ofaus;rIeefY,SOfNyD;au trsdK;bmomeefY,SOfNyD;au tvGrf;rda&b0 vGrf;ygq&m/ (3) &cdkif*E0ifedrdwfyHkdkU/ vif;vufNydK;jyufaw ajrmufOD;rm q&mudkrGD;a&/ awmf0ifeef;awmfukef; taemufbuf? jrif; pdi;f jyift&yfrm jzpfaw/ q&mdUk tdraemufrm od*e'D ajrmufO;D acsmif;a&? pdr;f pdr;f jrjr? k f F tvStyaoQ pD;qif;eDa&/ q&mhtzu vl&wwfyef;xdrBf u;D wynfwruef? q&mhb0u tD;tD;csr;f csr;f ? h d taoQuyif El;El;nHhnHhaoQ? 'kwd,urm ppfjzpfvma&cg q&mdkUrdom;pka& tee'Dav;NrdKUjrpfurf; ab;u jruf&dwfuRef;&GmaoQudk ajymif;eDuwfaw/ ,if;cg q&m 6-ESpf? 7-ESpf? vlrSef;odvdkY aysm&icpm;wwfp jyKa&cserm vSya& &cdiobm0w&m;eefY qd;k 0g;a& ppfa' ESprsKd ;a& q&mhb0xJudk f T f H d f k f f wNyKd iaw; 0ifvma&/ aumif;uifxufrm ppfv,mOfysw?d q&mu av;NrKd Urm&DcsKd ;? tyifwMd um;rmyke;f ? f D H aomifjyifrmNy;D ? tdrrm pmoif? omjcif;em;axmif? 0wKem;axmif,ufyif;eefY ppfumvudk jzwfoef;c& f a&/ taoQuyif bmomw&m; udk udkif;,SdKif;a&? pmBudK;pm;a&? ordkif;,Ofaus;rIudk jrKyfNyD;avhvma&/ Pfaumif;a&? xufaw/ wuovukd cvkwrowfbJ a&mufvm;cyga&/ wuovrm q&mhb0yDjyif kd f f kd f kyfvHk; <uvma&/ q&maumif; orm;aumif; wdeefYwGd&vma&/ vrf;TefrI&vma&/ pmyDrdwfaqG aygif;oif;a&mif;&if;dkUeefY aygif;pnf;qHkwGdvma&/ twGd tMuHKwdruefeefY &ifhusifhcdkifrmvma&/ jruRef;omu ausmif;ydwfvdkYtdrfjyefvmau? trdtdrf&dyfxJrm tudkwdeefY jiif;&cHk&a&? q&mu armifErig;a,mufxrm ti,fq;kH jzpfaw? tpfuo;kH a,muf at;rwpfa,muf [da&/ tpfuo;kH a,muf S J kd kd u ordi;f acwfxrm jrpfuvufypfu;l ca&vlw/ q&muawmh ud,0goem? ud,ynm? ud,,MkH unf&m k J kd d k hf k hf k hf eefu,/ Y kd f jruRe;f ndKrm? &cdipmyD tEkynm0di;f xJ vIy,m;,if; yifjrifawmf0if yef;oZif? MunfE;l &ifcea& k f k f S h k f arwmbGUJ wpfck q&mhEv;kH tdrxrm jzpfawca&/ ukovMf urmrrSygcvdyif qd&vDzvm;/ trsKd ;bmom S f J kd D Yk k Ykd wlauav;? b0rwl? vrf;rwlvdkY tvGrf;jyZmwfwpfyk'f&mjzpf&vDa&vdkY qdk&zdkYvm; rajymwwf ygAsm/ trd0gBuD;ru ynmwwfom;aoQudk tdk;eefYtdrfeefY jzpfpDcsifa&/ ppfawGNrdKUu azom0vm

tvTmwdu urf;vSr;f vma&vufukd q&macgif;cgvDa&? xdumvu acwfpm;a&vifa&mif; vif0,fpepf k udk q&mqefYusifa&/ ,if;ydkifeefY EGDuEm&opmvrf;rm q&mwpfa,mufxJ/ vlqpm ud,jhf zpfawrIukd ud,wivwvwvyfvyf &G;D cGi[yga&/ ud,ordi;f udk ud,&;DG &a&/ kd G k k f kd f G f G f hf d k hf k k f NrDjyifrm? aumif;uifrm? jrpfrm? yifv,frm? awmifrm? awmrm? t&yfrsufESmaygif;pHkrm jyefYBuJeDa& ordkif;tzJhtpaoQwdudk pkpnf;zdkY av;pm;zdkYqdkpGmu vuf[drsdK;quf? vmzdkYrsdK;qufwd wm0efyg/ (4) a'pMum0VmxJrm aumif;rIuovvyca& vlwtwGu?f ok*wdbv[yga&vwf/ ,if;bHrm S k kd f k f d kH Ykd d k &cdif &GmvdYk [dyga&vwf/ ,if;&Gmrm q&mBu;D pHa&Ty?k q&mBu;D atmifomOD;? q&mBu;D OD;omxGe;f ? q&mBu;D k pHomatmifUkd eefY tzef &nfaomuf,ufyif; &cdiordi;f ? &cdipmyDwukd q&maqG;aEG;wdiyifvYkd [dvygzd/ k f k k f d k f D Yk ,if;&Gmrm ajrmufO;D vrf;aoQukd avQmuf,ufyif; q&mBu;D atmifvZeefwyem? &cditrsKd ; om;ynma&; S H Y dG k f taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;vdkY[dvDygzdkY/ armifcdkifatmif

&cdkifuAsmeefY &cdkiftawG;tac:
ed'gef;
1969-ck? ZGefv (28)&uf? peDedwGif &efukef0dZmeefY odyHwuodkvf? ,k'oefcef;raqmifwGif &cdif trsKd ;om;pmyDeef,Ofaus;rI qyfaumfrwuusi;f yaom a[majymyGa[majymconfh ]]&cdiuAsmeefY k Y D D J k f &cdkif tawG;tac:}} taMumif;udk pmwrf;jyKpkxm;vdkufygonf/ a[majymyGJ ,if;taMumif;t&mudk ajyma[mzdkY &GD;cs,f&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufrSm ]em;vnfr}I &pDzYkd jzpfygonf/ &cdiuem;vnfrI &pDzyif jzpfygonf/ &cdiukd &cdiem;vnfr&pDz?Ykd &cdiukd k f kd Ykd k f k f I k f csif;? ucsif? oQrf;? u,m;? u&if? rGef? jrefrmdkU em;vnfzdkY? &cdkifudk urmhvlom; wpf&yfvHk;em;vnfzdkY t"du &nf&G,fygonf/ &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf tusdK;arQmfrIwqdwfauxm;ygonf/ ,if;tusdK;arQmf rlum; tjcm;r[kwyg/ tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfjcif; aMumifh tcsi;f csi;f cspcifnnm&D;? tcsi;f csi;f av;pm;&D;? f f D tcsif;csif; tcGifht&D;udk rxdcdkuf rapmfum;&D;? tcsif;csif;Nidrf;csrf;pGm eDxdkif&D;dkUay:xGufvmzdkYudk tusdK;arQmfygonf/ {csifha& t"du &nf&G,f csufrl? t"du tusdK;arQmfrIyg,m/ ]]&cdkifuAsmeefY &cdkiftawG;tac:}}udk ed*Hk;tygt0if tydkif;BuD;av;ydkif; ydkif;jcm;tyfygonf/ ,if;dkUrSm(1) pmyD? &cdkifpmyD (2) pmyD\ yHkoPmefeefYtaMumif;t&m? &cdkifpmyD\ yHkoPmefeefY taMumif;t&m (3) &cddkifuAsmwGif wGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD;oHk;&yf
(4) ed*Hk; [l jzpfygonf/

tydkif;(1) pmyD? &cdkifpmyD

vlom;dkU\pmyDonf vlYcHpm;csuf? vlUawG;ac:csuf? tajymtqdk t&D; tom;dkUudk pkaygif;csufrS ay:xG u f vma& vl U toH k ; taqmif y p n f ; wpf c k jzpf y gonf / vl o nf ywf 0 ef ; usif e ef Y xdwaucHpm;wwfygonf/ pOf;pm; awG;ac: wwfygonf/ ,if; tcHtpm; tawG;tac:dUk udk EIwuzGihf dG f ajymau tajymtqdk jzpfvmygonf/ &D;om;au t&D;tom; jzpfvmygonf/ tcsKyrmum; pmyDqonfrm f S kd S - um,uHrI? 0pDuHrI? raemuHrIqdka& trIoHk;yg;aygif; pyfwDxGifvdkufjcif;wpf&yf jzpfygonf/ acwfeeftnDtavsmf ajymif;vJvuvma& ta[mif; qH;k vlUtoH;k taqmifypn;f wpfcyif jzpfygonf/ Y kd f k &cdkifdkU\pmyDonf &cdkifcHpm;csuf? &cdkifhawG;ac:csuf? &cdkifhtajymtqdk? &cdkifht&D;tom;dkU pkaygif;csufrS ay:xGef;vma& &cdkifhtoHk;taqmifypnf;wpfck jzpfygonf/ &cdkifonf &cdkifhywf0ef;usif tavsmuf cHpm;ygonf/ pOf;pm; awG;ac:ygonf/ ,if;cHpm;csuf? ,if;pOf;pm;awG;ac:csufdkU udk EIwfuzGifhajymau &cdkifpum; jzpfvmygonf/ &cdkifydkif&D;om;au &cdkift&D;tom; jzpfvmygonf/ tcsKyfrSmum; &cdkifpmyDqdkonfrrSm &cdkifhtrIoHk;yg;vHk;udk aygif;pyfwDxGifvdkufjcif;wpf&yf jzpfygonf/ acwfeefYtnDtavsmf ajymif;vJvdkufvmonfh ta[mif;qHk; &cdkifhtoHk; taqmifypnf;wpfckyif jzpfygonf/ igdkUonf cHpm;csuf? awG;ac:csufdkUudk ywf0ef;usifu&onf/ ordkif;u &onf/ &cdkifdkUonf &cdicpm;csu?f &cdiawG;ac:csuUkd udk &cdiywf0ef;usiuyif &ygonf/ &cdiywf0ef;usiwif yuwdt[d? k hf H k hf f k hf f k hf f G tjriftwGd? tMum;tem/ teHYtoufdkUudk tmHkpdkuf&ygrnf/ owdjyK&ygrnf/ ppfqD;oefYpif&ygrnf/

tuRefdkU\ tjriftwGd
&cdkifdk;rawmifwef;BuD; &cdkifyifv,f&Djyif? &cdkifv,f awm,mNrD? &cdkifNrdKU jyaus;&Gm toD;oD;dkUudk jrifwGd&ygonf/ xyfrHvdkYajym&ygau-tmumrSDcdkif;? qdkif;qdkif;NydKif;NydKif;? xnfxnf0g0g? crf;crf;em;em;? &yfwnf eDa& &cdi;kd rEG,f csKd ief;awmif;kd awmifp,eefpr;f pdnKd jraom &cdiyif v,f&jD yif? d;k awmifwef;rS k f G f Y d k k f jrpfzsm;cHNyD; yifv,fjyifodkY pD;qif;eDuwfonfh jrpfe'DtoG,foG,f? iSufcg; awmifydkifpdrf;pdrf;pdkpdk jrjrndKeonfv,fcif;? aumufcif;? qefEcif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ t&m t&mrsm;onfyif tuReUkd \ D h HS f tjriftwG?d rsupyom' tMunftqdu?f &cditvStyobm0rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ rd;k wdrtqdi;f tqdi;f f d k k hf f k k tvIdif;tvdIif;wdeefY wefqm qif,ifxm;a& tuRefdkU\rmefatmifuRef;? wdkufuRef;? &JuRef;eefY

uRe;f aygif;rsm;pGm xdtjyif ESv;kH rGd avsmf aysmz,twd &rm0wD&rf;jynfuRe;f Bu;D ? t&mwpfzufrmqdau Yk f G f h S k a&T0gcsdKif? aiGvTmaomifurf;? &GufjzLwvGvG vSDoabFmwdeefY? yPm&-Munfhr0aysmfrqHk;? 0ifxGufrpJ woJoJeefY 'Gm&m0wD oHwGJNrdKUBuD;/ xkdYjyif &ur@dKif? &cdkifGefYzl;? ajrmufOD;a&TNrdKUawmfa[mif;eefYwuG? avmif;Muuf? ae&&m? awmifil? Ncdyf? yk&drf? ym? prm0uf? a0omvD? ausmufavSum;? "n0wD? ausmufyef;awmif;? eDvmyef;awmif;? uefoHk;qifh? iacG;oifawmif? 'Gg&m0wD? &ryl&ponfh NrdKUawmf a[mif;rsm;/ a,NyD;au- oQpfaomif;? udk;aomif;? rmefig;yg;eefYwuG Ovif; "mwfawmf? OD;&pf"mwf awmf? qHawmf? tHawmf? eHawmf ponfb&m;ykx;kd *lausmif; Z&yftxyfxyf/ wcg- r[mrkeu,pm;awmf h k d kd f eefY r[mZdeutp kywawmftaygif;? "mwfawmf taygif;ude;f 0yfpaysmf &m awmifxyf awmifxwrsm;? f f k H d G f oD&*wue;f ? uwnuke;f paomuke;f jrwfNrjD rwfrsm; ponfponfUkd rSm tuReUkd \ tjrifrm pGMrufp&m? d k f k f S J cspfcifp&m? MunfEl;p&m? &cdkifhtvSty tjrwftEdk;&wemrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ ywf0ef;usif? ywf0ef;usifdkUudk tuRefdkUjrifwGd &ygonf/

tuRefdkU\ tMum;temESifh toif;&eHY

,uftloH? vIdif;qloH? rkwfokefvIdif;dkufcwfoH? pdrfhprf; csdKajrmifrsm;u waomaomwnHnH &DpD;oHrsm;? atmufcsif; iSufpaom &cdkifhusD;iSufoHom wGefjrnfusL;&ifhcsufrsm;? qiftp oQOfhtqHk;? om;&Jwd&pmefwdkY\ twefweftvDvD atmfjrnfaysmfjrL;oHrsm;? v,f,mtudktbmdkU\ ta&GUoH? EGm;aigufoH? pmvdkufoH? wHigdkU\ wufcwfoH? [D;avoH? tefqdkoH/ t&mdkUum; tuRefdkU\ csdKw odrfhodrfh? csrf;wNidrfhNidrfh Mum;&em &a& toHbvHrsm;yif/ ,if;aemuf ud,pwEpyg;udk Munfvif&iyso;DG <upDa& yifv,fjyif vDcsKd vDoefukd ,SL,SKd u&yg k f d f S f T f Y f onf/ awmoif;eHY? awmifoif;eHYudk ,SL&,SdKuf&ygonf/ tuRefdkU\ tMum; twGdwdyif jzpfygonf/ tcsKyajym& ygau- vGwvyfjcif;? &J&ifjh cif;udjk zpfpa& yifv,f&jD yif? wnfNirjf cif;? &ifusujf cif;udjk zpfpa& f f D d h D d;k rawmifwef;? &Tivef;jcif;? wuf<u jcif;udjk zpfpa& aumufcif;? v,fcif;? ,mcif;wda&? apmifa&Smuf f D h jcif;w&m; jynf0 uHva& &cdivtzGUJ tpnf;\ &cdiywf0ef;usif (Rakhine Environment) yif jzpfygonf/ h k kH k f Yl k f &cdkifywf0ef;usifavmuudk tuRefdkU\ tZltZm tqufqufu wnfwefYcdkifcefYvma& &cdkifESvHk; oGD; (Rakhine Hereditary Blood)rSm wGdcHpm;,lvdkufygau? xl;jcm;a&? xufjrufwuf<u Edk;Mum;aomcHpm;csuf ay:aygufvmygonf/ xl;jcm;xufjrufpGm? wuf<uEdk;Mum;pGm pOf;pm;awG; ac:vmygonf/ cHpm;csuf? awG;ac:csufwdudk EIwfu zGifhajymau? &cdkifpum; jzpfvmygonf/ vufeefY &D;zGJUvdkufau &cdkift&D;tom;? &cdkifpmjzpfvmygonf/ (&cddkifeefYurm xdwGdqufpyfrI? tawG;tac: us,0ef;vmrI? wd;k wufvmrIUkd udk {pmwrf; wduurqufpyf csexm; cygodonf/ f k f kd f f ) ckacwfumvrSm tawG;tac: tajymtqdkdkUudk t&D;tom;vkyfzdkY vG,fuleDaomfvnf;

xdk&SD;&SD;acwf uum; ckydkifrvG,fulyg/ vlonf olUtawG;tac: olUtajymtqdukd t&D;tom; vkyztwGuf tu&m(0g) trSwtom; k f Ykd f oauF w wpf c k c k v d k y gonf / ur m OD ; vl d k U uum; tu & mtrsd K ;rsd K ;? oauF w trsd K ;rsd K ;d k U ud k wnfxGifcuwfygonf/ &cdkif t&D;tom; pwifay:aygufvmonfhacwf[k owfrSwfxm;uwfonfh a0omvDacwfu &cdkifdkUum; &cddkif tawG;tac:? &cdkiftajymtqdkdkUudk &u0Ptu&meefYaygif;pyf Ny;D au &cdit&D;tom;? &cdipmudk wDxicuwfygonf/ tcsueefywfoufvYkd a0omvDacwfEiio;kH k f k f G f f Y kd f H '*Fg;rsm;? BuD;qD;rD;cGufrsm;? ausmufpmeefY yDpmwdudkvdvm auodomEdkifygonf/ ydkrdkeufeJus,fjyefYvm atmif wdusrSefuefvmatmif okawoevkyfzdkY udpyif jzpfygonf/ qdkcaom&u0Ptu&mrSm tif'dkat&D,efvlrsdK;dkU oHk;pGJonfhjA[Dtu&mrS jrpfzsm;cH um qif;oufvmNyD;au &cdkifhenf;vrf;t& qifhuJajymif;vJvmjcif;
(The Evolution of Rakkhawanna from Vrahmi)aMumifh

ay:xGef;vmaom

tu&myifjzpfygonf/ tvm;wlyif oD[Vtu&m? rGetu&m? ysLtu&m? jrefrmtu&m? oQr;f tu&m? kd f f xdi;f tu&m? crmtu&mdUk onfvnf; jA[DturS jrpfzsm;cHNy;D au qif;oufvm uwfonfyif jzpfygonf/ k wzef tckacwfoHk;&cdkiftu&m &u0Ptu&mrS qifhuJajymif;vJvmjcif; (The Evolution of modern
Rakhine Alphabet from Rakkhawanna)yif

jzpfygonf/qdkcaom &cdkiftu&meefY &cdkif tawG;tac:

&cdkiftajymtqdkdkUudk aygif;pyf&D;zGJUvdkufonfhtcg &cdkifpm ay:aygufvmygonf/ vlrsdK;wdkif;rSm vnf; twdkif;yif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifdkUrSm pmudk ausmufwHk;ausmufjym;? owKjym;? kyfwk? yD&Guf? xef;&Guf? 0g;jym;? puL ponfdkUrSm &D;vd om;vd[d uwfaomfvnf; yDrSmtrsm;qHk; &D;om;onfhtwGuf aMumifh pmeefyukd wGzufNy;D au ]]pmyD}}[k ac:a0: oH;k EIe;f vmwwfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh &cditjcif;eef&;D om;orQ Y D J kd f Y pmyDt&yf&yf dkUrSm ]]&cdkifpmyD}} (Rakhine Literature) yif jzpfygonf/

k tydi;f (2)

pmyD\ yHkoPmefESifh taMumif;t&m

&cdipmyD\ yHoPmefeefY &cditaMumif;t&m- &cdif pmyDukd t"duyHk oPmeft& tydi;f Bu;D av;ydi;f k f k k f k k k cGJjcm;xm; Edkifygonf/ ,if;dkUrSm- (1) vuFm? (2) pum;jynf? (3) vuFmpum;jynfESpfaxGa&m? (4) tzGifh [l jzpfygonf/ vlonf rdrd\cHpm;csuf? awG;ac:csuf? ajymqdkcsuf? &D; om;csufdkUrS pmyDudk rdrdoHk;pGJ&eftwGuf wDxGifyHk? wnfaxmif yHkoabmudk tydkif;(1)rSm wifjycyg,m/ vlUcHpm;csuf? vlU awG;ac:csuf (Feeling
and Thought) dUudk pum;zGU&ef? pmzGU &eftqifoYkd wufvmaomtcg pnf;urf;enf;vrf;dUrSm tpyxru k J J h k

r[dcaomfvnf; aemifwGif wpwpay:aygufvmcygonf/ cHpm;csufwpf&yfudkjzpfpD? awG;ac:csuf wpf&yf udkjzpfpD yHkazmf&ef BudK;pm;aomtcg tcsufBuD;ESpfcsufay:aygufvmygonf/ ,if;dkUrSm(1) taMumif; t&m (Content)eefY? (2) yHkoPmef (Form) dkUyif jzpfygonf/ vlYcHpm;csuf? awG;ac:csufdkUrm tjcm;r[kwfyg,m? pmzGJUzdkYtaMumif;t&myif jzpfygonf/ ,if;taMumif; t&mudk d;k d;k pum;eefY &D;zGUJ au pum;jynfyoPmef jzpfvmygonf/ pum;wefqmqifum kH um&efeefYzGJUau vuFmyHkoPmef jzpfvmygonf/ dk;dk;pum;eefY um&efygaom pum;a&mESmvdkzGJUauvuFmpum;jynf ESpfaxGa&myHkoPmef jzpfvmygonf/ &cdkifonf &cdkifoGD;om;t&vnf;aumif;? &cdkifywf0ef; usiftodkif;t0dkif; tzGJUtpnf;t& vnf;aumif;? cHpm;wwf aMumif;? awG;ac:wwfaMumif;? ajym qdk&D;om;wwfaMumif;udk &Sdutydkif;wGif wifjyNyD;yg,m/ &cdkifhcHpm;csuf? &cddkifhawG;ac:csufdkUudk &cdkifpum;zGJU&ef? &cdkifpmzGJU&ef tqifhodkYwufvm aomtcg &cdkdifpmyD pnf;urf;enf;vrf;dkUrSm tpyxrwGif tm;vHk;vlrsdK;dkUenf;wlyif yHkoDum;csyf[dzdkY r[kwfaomfvnf; aemifwGif wpwp ay:aygufvmcygonf/ ,if;&cdicpm;csu?f &cdiawG;ac:csuUkd rSmum; tjcm; r[kwyg,m/ &cdif pmzGUJ zdYk taMumif;t&myif k hf H k hf f f k jzpfygonf/ ,if;&cditaMumif;t&mdUk udk d;k d;k pum;eefzUJG au &cdipum;jynf jzpfvmygonf/ um&efyg k hf Y k f aom pum;eefYzGJUau &cdkifvuFm jzpfvmygonf/ ESpfrsdK;a&mvdkYzGJUau &cdkifvuFm pum;jynfESpfaxG a&m jzpfvmygonf/ bk&m;a[mygVdawmf? qef;usr;f ? tvuFmusr;f ? "rowfusr;f dUk udk zGiqau &cditzGihf hf kd k f jzpfvmygonf/ xdav;rsKd ;u tEkpwyoPmefrsm;udk cGxwvuau? ig;&mavmuf&vmzdYk xifygonf/ k d f kH J k f kd f {yHkoPmefav;rsdK;udk aygif;Hk;odkif;csHKNyD;au ]]uAsm}}[k ac:ygonf/ uAsm[laom a0g[m&onf ou# ouf pum;wpfvHk; jzpfygonf/ t"dym,fum; ]]udk,f}} [k jzpfyg onf/ pmyDwpfckvHk;\ udk,f[k

qdvygonf/ tcsKd Uuum; uAsm[lonf ygVdoufpum;wpfv;kH jzpfonf[k ,lquwfyg onf/ t"dym,f k kd rSm ]ynm[ddkU\ Opm}[lyif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifdkUu uAsmudk ]tzGJU} [kvnf; ac:a0:oHk;EIef;uwfyg onf/ oDzGJU&D;zGJUxm;jcif;aMumifh tzGJU[k ac:[efwlygonf/ uAsmxJrSm tusHK;0ifaomvuFmonf ygVdoufpum;wpfvHk; jzpfygonf/ vuFmqdkonfrSm toH tqifwefqm? teuftqifwefqmdkUeefY jynfhpHkonfh uAsmwpfrsdK; jzpfonf[k ynmoQifdkU zGifhqdk uwfygonf/ vuFmudk ]tjcif;}vdvnf;ac:ygod\/ vuFmeefaw;jcif;tygt0if uAsmoifatmif cyfrsm; Yk Y h rsm;udk tjcif;[l aom a0g[m&eefwNJG y;D au ac:a0:oH;k EIe;f aMumif; wG[&ygonf/ yHp-{jcif;? wrf;jcif;? Y d d k H tefjcif;? omjcif;? aw;jcif;? wHk;jcif;? [efjcif;? odkif;jcif;? vGrf;jcif;? ewfjcif;? yef;wsm;jcif;ponf uAsmrsKd ;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ eD&m tHjcif;onf vuFm[laomteufeefY eD;pyfeaMumif; wG[Eiygonf/ D d d kd f tcsdKUu vuFmeefYtjcif;udk wGJNyD;au vuFmtjcif;[k oHk;EIef;uwfygonf/ &cdivuFmtjcif;rSm ESprsKd ;ESppm; [dygonf/ (1) vuFmtjcif;? (2) ta&GUaw;jcif;dyif jzpfygonf/ k f f f Yk ]ta&GUaw;jcif;} qdonfrm *Dwyif jzpfygonf/ toH&n&nf usL;usL;&if&ifh oDq&onftjcif;udk k S S f S h kd h ta&GU (0g) aw;jcif;[kac:onf/ odkYqdkygu &Edkifaumif;ygonf/ aus;vufawm&Gm Zmwfaw;jcif;udk Zmwfta&GU? &cdkifaw;jcif;udk &cdkifta&GU? t*Fvdyfaw;jcif;udk zavmif;ta&GU? t*Fvdyfta&GUvdkY tckxufxd oHk;EIef;ajymqdk uwfygod\/ avmif;Muufacwf? rif;xD;bk&ifvuf xuf (1283-1389 at'D)rSm toQit*om&rax&fjrwf oDzUJG onfh ]avmuom&ysKd U}rSm ]oHo&mud?k rSepmodrarGU? ta&GU&Gv;kH ? f f G f J oDuH;k od?Yk usix;kH rSw&m}[k qdxm;yg onf/ ]avmuoHo&mtaMumif;udk &Gv;kH oDu;kH bdouJoreuefpm? hf f k J h Ykd S f G odrfarGUpGm ta&GUoDuHk;xm;aom usifhxHk;usifhpOf rSwfom;p&m}[k qdkxm;ygonf/ xdkaemuf 'kwd, ajrmufOD;acwf? rif;&mZmBuD;vufxuf (1593-1612 at'D) trwfBuD; OumysHoDzGJUonfh 0guRwfv &wkrSm ]tHhzG,frIaw;oH csdK? vufckyfajzmufajzmuf? jcif;aumif;oHNydKifqdk} [k qdkxm;ygonf/ wzef &SD;xHk;&cdkif&mZ0ifyDrl ]wm;} tcsyfwGif plVpE&m;rif;BuD; udk,fh&cdkifjynf a0omvDodkY rjyefbJ waumif;oif;wGJjynf pHpm;vsuf[dawmfrl&m? rSL;rwfynm[d taygif;dkUu apmif;onfdkUtm; ta&GU qdpum ud,jhf ynfzUJG eef;zGUJ udk a&Tem;awmfoi;f pDuwf onf/ ,ifoYkd azsmjf znfuwfyukd ]rsm;pGmapmif;onf? k D k G kH AdkvfcHvnfwGif? wD;onfjcif;&m? ta&GUabmfvsuf} [kvnf;aumif;? ]oH0gnif;nif;? wD;jcif; apmif;rSm? ta&GUabmf} [kvnf;aumif; oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ a'oE& a0g[m&toHk;rsm;eefY usrf;xGufpum; rsm;dkUudk ndEIdif;axmufqMunfhygau ta&GU? aw;? tjcif; aw;jcif;dkUrSm oabmcsif;wlaompum;rsm; yifjzpfaMumif; wGd[dEdkifygonf/ txl;ojzifh ta&GUeefYaw;jcif;[laom pum;ESpfvHk;rSm oHvGJaMumif;wl pum; rsm;yifjzpfaMumif; wGd&ygonf/ &cdkifvuFmtjcif;wGif yg0ifaomuAsmyHkoPmef trsdK;rsdK;dkUudk tEkpdwf &DwGufzdkYqdkau

aumif;aumif;Bu;D us,0ef;rnf xifygonf/ pmpHyp&zdvnf; vdygOD;rnf/ vuf[yufyif;umvwGium; f k D kH Yk k d f &cdkifpmyDrSm zsufqD; jcif; taxmifaomif;aMumifh tysufysuf t,Gif;,Gif; ta&ma&m taESmaESm[deD wke;f jzpfygojzifh tpHtvif tus,t0ef; wifjy&ef tuRerwwfpr;f Ediyg/ odaomf tm;rmefwif;um k f f G k f Yk tjzpft[d&oavmufudkpdppf um rcsifhr&JjzpfvsufeefYyif wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/ pmwrf;wGif uAsmyHoPmeftrsKd ;rsKd ;dUk udk wpfcpD wpfcpD wifjyau? pm[Hvm;zdvm;vdYk pOf;pm;cyg k k k k Yk onf/ odaomf pke;f pke;f jrKyjf cif;cHe&a& &cdipmyDtwGuf yHoPmef wpfcpwpfcpukd wifjyrS&m aumif;zdvYkd Yk D k f k k D k D Yk ,lqxm;ygonf/ ,if;ZkaMumifh atmufygtwdkif; wifjyvdkufygonf/

tcef;(1)

vuF m
&cdivuFmtjcif;yHoPmef trsKd ;rsKd ;dUk udk tuReoaw oejyK &xm;oavmuf wifjy&zdYk qdygauk f k f k k (1) vuFm? (2) ysdKU? (3) BudK;wef;vuFm? (4) ompGav vuFm? (5) armfuGef;? (6) oHydkif;? (7) ordkif;? (8) &Jwif;? (9) wrf;jcif;? (10) {jcif;? (11) &wk (vuFm&wk)? (12) &wk (ta&GU&wk)? (13) vl;wm;? (14) tefjcif;? (15) oHayguf? (16) omjcif;? (17) wdkufomjcif;? (18) ipnfjcif;? (19) a[mpm? (20) bdoupm? Mobmpm? oHpm? arwmpm? (21) taxmufpmwrf;? (22) rSmwrf;? (23) odue'gef;pm? d f k f d (24) tJ? (25) bGJU? (26) wHk;jcif;? (27) odkif;jcif;? (28) [efjcif;? (29) ewfjcif;? (30) Asm&wk? (31) oHcsyftrsdK;rsdK;? (32) Asm&wk? (33) Asmum;,ifh? (34) Zrf;? (35) ,mOf;omjcif;trsdK;rsdK;? (36) jynfolUta&GUtrsdK;rsdK; (Different Kinds of Folk Songs) dkU jzpfygonf/ (&cdkif&mZ0ifwGif a&GpmawmfwwftrwfBuD; 'dk;a0onf vGrf;jcif;uAsmwpfaxmif oDzGJUcaMumif; wG&ygod\) d vuFmtjcif;wGif yg0ifonfh uAsmtrsdK; (36)rsdK;rSm vuFmESifhqdkif&m yHkoPmefrsm;yif jzpfuwfygonf/ xuftydktrdk[dOD;rnf[k tuRef,HkMunf ygonf/ Adkvfrif;axmif oufaxmif? zvefaxmif? NrKH axmifUkd wGif &cdipmyDusr;f *ef tajrmuftjrm;[daMumif;? &efue?f rEav;? 'g*g? *dtm? k f k k vif'ifeefY tjcm;jywdkufrsm;? pmwdkufrsm;dkUwGifvnf; &cdkdifpmyDusrf;*efrsm;[daMumif; Mum;emrSwfom; zl;ygonf/ xdkxkd &cdkifpmyDusrf;*efdkUudk vdvm&au tckxufydkrdk us,f0ef;vmzG,f? eufeJvmzG,f? rSefuefwdusvmzG,ftaMumif; tvrf; trsm;BuD; [dygonf/ tcktcgrSmum; wifjyEdkiforQ tm;tefpdkufxkwfum tusOf;rQ wifjyvdkufygonf/ 1/vuFm/ toHtqifwefqm? teuftqifwefqmdkUeefY ESpfoufpzG,f jzpfatmif oDzGJUaom av;vHk;oDuAsm trsdK;udk uAsm[kac:aMumif; zGifhqdkEdkifygonf/ rif;xD;vufxufu toQit*om&rax&fjrwf oDzUJG confh ]avmuom& vuFm}udk taumif;qH;k f vuFm[k ,lqzG,f[dygonf/ wGd[d&orQ vuFmdkUwGif ta[mif;qHk; jzpfeDaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ tcsKd Uu avmuom&vuFmudk vuFm[k r,lqbJ woD;wjcm; ,lqvduwfygonf/ pmqdk toQiuum; k f ,if;ysdKUwGif ]rSwfom;pdrfhiSmysdKUvuFmjzifh} [k oDzGJUxm;cygonf/ pifppfysdKUeefY vuFmrSm teufwlaom a0g[m&ESpfvHk;yif jzpfygonf/ ysdKUum; &cdkifa0g[m&? vuFmum; ygVdoufa0g[m&jzpf t"dym,frSm twlwlyif jzpfygonf/

xdkaemuf ajrmufOD;acwfOD;? rif;apmrGefvufxuf (1430-1433 at'D)u toQifoDv0Ho rax&fjrwf odzGJUcaom u0du@ygoqef;vuFmrSm wGd[d &orQ &cdkifrl&cdkif[ef qef;tvuFmwGif ta[mif;qHk;jzpfyg onf/ qef;usrf; yg uAsmvuFmpnf;rsnf;pnf;urf; t&yf&yfdkUudk &cdkif ynm[d? jrefrmynm[d? &cdkifpmqdk? jrefrmpmqdk? &cdkifuAsmpmqdk? jrefrmuAsmq&mtaygif;dkU OD;xdyfxm;um av;pm;udk;um;uwfonfudk tpOfpOftqufquf wGd[d&ygonf/ tud;k tum;jyKaomusr;f *ef pmyDpm&if;? &cdipmyDu@? vuFmrsm;pm&if;wGif yg0ifonfvuFmrsm;rSm k f h tuRefwGdzl; rSwfzlaom vuFmrsm;yif jzpfygonf/

2/ ysdKU/

ESpfoufpzG,faumif;atmif oDzGJUxm;aom av;vHk;oDuAsm wpfrsdK;udk ysdKU[k zGifhqdkau &Ediaumif;ygonf/ k f

u0d*EKygousrf;eefY u0du@yygousrf;dkUwGif *kv [kysdKU? *dkPf;oQpf yg;ysdKU? r*dkPf;q,fXmeysdKU? ,*dP;f ckepfXm eysKd U? b*dP;f Z*dP;f o*dP;f oH;k Xme pdysKd U? e*dP;f wXmeysKd U? rMwmysKd U[l uAsmwdrsm;yg[d k k k k k k ygonf/ ,if;uAsmwdkrsm;udk ysdKU[k ac:qdkoHk;EIef;xm;onfudk owdcsyfoifhygonf/ &rf;jynfh? av;awmife,frS uif;q&m\ vuf&D;tvS oifysdKUrsm;udk &cdkifokawoDtrsm; wGdzl;uwfygonf/ tm;vHk; uAsmwdkrsm;yif jzpfuwfygonf/ wzef oD[dkVfjyef toQifauo& rax&fjrwf\ &cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(8)wGif &D;om; aom ]]rlrSef aomavSawmfysdKUjzpfa&;} aqmif;yg; ]ESpfacsmif; csDajrmuf? av;acsmif;aumuf? atmufutrSef? oHk;acsmif;cH} [k iysif;axGx&H&ufenf;ysdKUudk wifjyxm;ygonf/ taMumif;tcsursm;udk axmufqMunfau tusO;f csKyrwom;zdYk aumif;atmif ESpoufpzG,f f h f S f f twdkaumuf oDzGJUxm;aom uAsmwdkrsm;udkvnf; ysdKUac:aMumif; od[d&ygonf/ &mZysdKU? euwfysdKU? oufa&muf ysdKU[kvnf; ysdKUESpfapmif wGdzl;ygonf/

d G hf kd k f 3/ BuKd ;wef;vuFm/ BuKd ;wef;vuFm[lonfukd wdwusus t"dym,fziq&ef okawoejyKvy& ygOD;rnf/ vuf[dumvwGif [if;cg;a&mf q&meEoDzGJUaom Ak'0ifBudK; wef;vuFm? 0d"l&BudK;wef; vuFm [l usrf;ESpfapmif wGd[dxm;yg onf/ 4/ ompGavvuFm/ ompGav[k csDaom av;vHk;oDvuFm wpfrsdK;udk ompGavvuFm[k ac:yg onf/

tcsrSm ]&cdkifoma,mifhom,mpGav? ompGav? &cdkif om;av? ompGav} [k tcsrsm;ygonf/ wcsdKUrSm ]&cdkifom; av? ompGav} [kvnf; dk;dk;cswwf uwfygonf/ ta[mif;ompGav vuFmrSm ]0doMuKH ouausmuf;kd ompGavvuFm} jzpfvrrnf[k cefre;f rdygonf/ kd f d fh Y S ]&cdkif&mZ 0ifompGavvuFm}eefY tjcm;{uydk'f? ydk'fpHkompGav vuFm rsm;udkvnf; wGd[d&ygod\/ f f 5/ armfue;f / aemiftpOftvm O'gef;wGi&pfatmif oDzUJG tyfaom rSwwrf;ausmuf;kd uAsm wpfrsKd ;udk G armfuGef;[kac:aMumif; rSwfom;xm;zl;ygonf/ armfuGef;onf av;vHk;oDuAsmwpfrsdK;jzpf tcsDtcsrSm vuFmtcsDtcseefYrjcm;yif jzpfygonf/ armfuGef; [laom a0g[m&eefYywfouf toQifoDv0Horax&fjrwf\ u0du@ygoqef;vuFmwGif ]Mum;avm xuf0ef;? ZrLuRef;xuf? armfuGef;xGwfwif? ynmoQifwdkY? odjriftyfpGm? qef;vuFmudk? rSwfygukefrif;? wzefusif;tHh} [k vnf;aumif;? ]ynmausmfvS? oDv0Haomf? ax&fjrwfausmfonf? xifay:armfue;f rSmcJh aomf0}f [kvnf;aumif;? oQpaomif;bk&m;wnf armfue;f wGif ]vlxrQw?Ykd odMupdim? G f G kd S armfuGef;jzmtHh} [k vnf;aumif; toD;oD;zGJUxm;ygonf/ &cdkifoMupf 1078-ckxdk; awZ&mrausmufpm pwkwcsyfwGif ]armfuGef;[d? oCsv,f? rl;awmf rwfawmfaxmif pm;&mpm; eef;v,fESifh oif;pm;v,fonf v,fwdkYudky,f} [k &D;xdk;xm;ygonf/ uAsmrsm;eefY ausmufpmwGifyg[daom armfuGef;[laoma0g[m&\ t"dym,frSm ]rSwfwrf;? aemiftpOf O'gef;wGif pDaomrSwfwrf;} [k od[d&ygonf/ vuf[umvwGif oQpaomif;bk&m;wnf armfue;f eefY oQiem*dEarmfue;f dUk rSm wydi;f wprpHrvif d f G f G k k wGd[d&aom armfuGef;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ 6/ oHydkif;/ aemiftpOfO'gef;wGifatmif vuFm? armfuGef;? ordkif;omjcif;ponfdkU\ tqHk;ed*Hk; oDzGJU xm;aom rSwwrf; ausmuf;kd uAsmwpfrsKd ;udk oHyi;f [kac:aMumif; rSwom;xm;zl;ygonf/ f kd f oHyi;f onf av;vH;k oDuAsmwpfrsKd ;jzpf tcstcsrm vuFmtcstcseefrjcm;yif jzpfygonf/ bk&m; kd D S D Y ordkif;&Sd tqHk;wGd[d&aom oHydkif;dkUrSm EdkifiHudp? rif;udprsm; ygwwfygonf/ aoe*FAsL[musrf;wGif ]rif;&D;rif;&m? vdrrmojzif?h qdciqenf;? urn;f oHyi;f ? tvIi;f wBu;D ? pnfr;DS csKd om? vuFmwpf&yfabmf f k G hf kd kd d ynwftHh} [k wGd[d&ygonf/ 7/ ordkif;/ aemiftpOftvm rSwfom;&atmif oDzGJUxm;aom twKywduAsmwpfrsdK;udk ordkif;[k ac:yg onf/ ordkif;onf av;vHk;oDuAsm wpfrsdK;jzpf tcsDtcsrSm vuFmtcsD tcseefY rjcm;yifjzpf ygonf/

r[mrkedoGef; pufvuFmordkif;? r[mrkedbk&m;ordkif;? OD;&pfawmifbk&m;ordkif;dkUrSm xif&Sm;aom ordkif; rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ 8/ &Jwif; / &Jwif;[laom a0g[m&udk q&mtqlql dkU t"dym,ftrsdK;rsdK; zGifhqdk,Sif;jycsufwdudk rSwfom;zl;yg onf/ odkYaomf pmpHkyDpHk okaw oevkyfief;eefY&mtjznfrSef tzGifhrSefudk &Edkifrnf[k ,HkMunfyg onf/ rif;om;Bu;D a&Tyef;? a';0ef;atmifausm&?DS NrKd UolBu;D atmifausmZUkd &Jwif;uAsm trsm;tjym; &D;zGUJ c f f H aMumif; rSwom;zl;ygonf/ odaomf ,ckumvwGif tmZmenfpmqdawmfrsm; &D;zGUJ caom &Jwif;uAsm f Yk k oHk;yk'f&m wGd[d&ygonf/ jcif 9/ wrf;jcif; / &SD;tjzpfa[mif;? eD&ma[mif;dkUudk wrf;waom tjcif;wrsdK;udk wrf;jcif;[k zGifhqdkau &Edif aumif;ygonf/ wrf;f jcif;udk av;vH;k oDuAsmrsKd ;jzifh vnf;aumif;? omjcif;jzifh k vnf;aumif;? ta&GUwkjzifhvnf;aumif; trsdK;rsdK; oDzGJUuwfygonf/ wG[&orQ wrf;jcif;rsm;rSm ajrmufO;D NrKd U wrf;f jcif;rsm; jym;ygonf/ pmqdrnfornf0gjzpfaMumif;udum; d d k l k twdtus rodEdkifyg/ a';0ef;BuD;atmifausmf&SD\ ppfawGwrf;jcif;onf um; &cdkifdkU\ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU awmfvSef&D;acwfu ay:caomxif&Sm;aom wrf;jcif;wpfyk'fyif jzpfygonf/ 10/ {;jcif; / {;tcsif;{; tcs&ifh&ifhlloDqdkum {;,mOfusL;aomtcg oDqdk&onfh tjcif;wpfrsdK;udk {;csif;[k ac:ygonf[k zGifhqdkEdkifygonf/ {;jcif;rSm av;vHk;oDuAsmwpfrsdK;jzpf tcsDtcsrSm vuFmtcsDtcseefY rwlyg/ ]vnfukyfcsDcsenf;} eefY cs&yg onf/ &cdkifoMupf 817 (1455 at'D)wGif oDzGJUaom z'lrif;ndK\ ]arSmufawmf{;jcif;} eefY ]pE0dZ, ppfatmif{;jcif;} dkUrSm ,Sm;,Sm;yg;yg; wGd&onfh {;jcif;ESpfapmifyif jzpfygonf/ {;jcif;ESifhywfouf arSmufawmf{;jcif; t& tcsuftvuf oifhHkavmufudk od[d&ygonf/ {;jcif;udk bk&ifhom;awmf? orD;awmf? NrD;awmf? jrpfawmfdkUudk ykcufwifr*Fvmqif,ifaomtcg oDq&aMumif; od& ygonf/ ykcufawmfuudk &wemud;k yg;jzifh pDcs, cgomydwf aumif;? yd;k zJ? uwDygdUk udk kd f atmuftESD;cif;&aMumif;? a&TjcL a&T&Gufwyfqif&aMumif;? uwDygwrkwfBudK;udk ESpfzufqdkifum wyfqif&aMumif;?{;jcif;oHNyKd iqum {;,mOfusL;&aMumif;dUk udk arSmufawmf{;jcif;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ f kd {;,mOfusL;aomtcg bGm;awmfrz&m;Bu;D uaomfvnf;aumif;? r,fawmfrz&m;uaomf vnf;aumif; d k d k orkwBf uKd ;jzifh tomt,mvT&aMumif;? txde;f t, tysKd awmfUkd u vufcywajzmufajzmuf? pnf;pkwf J k f

w&Tif&Tif wD;cwfum {;jcif;wMuHMuH oHNydKifoDqdk&aMumif;d k Y udkvnf; od[d&ygonf/ {;jcif;oDqdkuwfyHkeefYywfouf ,if;{;jcif;tydk'f (5) wGif atmufrSmtwdkif; wGd[d&ygonf/ ]{; ------ {;vsuoNH yKd i?f &ifumqdiyr?hf {;wdiusL;du?f pnf;pkwvu? oHNrKd uoaumif;? oHanmif; f h k f d k f k f kd f f H oHnif;? oHni;f oHNy?D oHcsoty?f rQirQicsKyvsu?f vufcyajzmuf ajzmuf? {;axmuf{;cH? >yrf;>yrf;&Hvsu?f D H k f f f k f MuMH u&ifo,?f r,fawmfr,fu?kd emzG,Epor?hf ESv;kH NirrQ? oHqro{;? u&0dwa<u;od?Yk jcifao;qDausm?f H h G f S f d d hf d hf H f duumazmfonf? em;awmfa&Tcuf zsL;wnfav;/ k f G h [k azmfusL;oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ 11/ &wk (vuFm&wk)/ obiftcrf;tem;? tcg&moD &wkponfh taMumif;t&mdkUudk oDzGJUaom av;vHk;oD uAsmwpfrsdK; udk&wk[kac:tyfaMumif;taxmuf txm;rsm;t& odomediygonf/ k f tcstcsrm vuFmeefrjcm;yif jzpfygonf/ tyd'zUJG &m &m jcm;em;ygonf/ ta&GU&wkeefY uGjJ ym;atmif D S Y k f av;vHk;oD&wkudk vuFm&wk[k rSwf,laumif;ygonf/ &wkwif taMumif;t&mudvu bk&m;wdi?f rd;k bGUJ ? awmvm;? &Dvm;? ud,&nfo;DG ? us;D pD? qifa&muf? G k kd f k k f ppfcs?D trD;tjznf? jynfbUJG ? eef;bGUJ ? bke;f bGUJ ? *kPbUJG ? armifbUJG ? r,fbUJG [k &wktrsKd ;rsKd ; uGjJ ym;vm;ygonf/ f tydk'fzGJUyHkudkvdkufvnf; {uydk'f? tjznfhcH? ydk'fpHk[l trsdK;rsdK;uGJjym;vm;ygod\/ wzef ydk'fpHkwGif tyd'twdt&Sn?f tcstcsUkd udvu twGi;f yd'p?kH jyify'p?kH ud,wi;f jynfy'f pH?k tcsy'p?kH tcsy'p?kH k f k D k kd f k f kd f k f G h kd D kd f kd f tcstcsy'p?kH jrif;qufcy'pkH (0g) pMumyd'p?kH csecmvQmcs (0g) NcjD cm;csy'p?kH pmjywfy'p?kH 0rf;yduBf u;D yd'p?kH D kd f G kd f k f d f G kd f fkd f k k f vnfwdkydk'fpHk[l uGJjym;vm;ygonf/ &cdkifpmyDavmu xif&Sm;aom &wkpmqdkawmfrsm;rSm ok0Pa'0DapmjynfhndK? e&Ekrif;w&m;BuD;? oHwrz&m; apm,Ofr?d trwfBu;D r[mynmausm?f eef;wGi;f rdnKd ? jynfrz&m;? yJc;l rdz&m;? trwfBu;D Oumys?H JG d k d k k crufawmfvusfmjref*lwm? rif;om;BuD; a&Tyef;? a';0ef;BuD; atmifausmf&SD? NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZH? uif;q&mBu;D ? wefc;kd q&mxGe;f polUkd yif jzpfygonf/ tcktxd okawoejyK&oavmuf wifjy&jcif;&m jzpfyg onf/ okawoevkyief; rSeuefjynf0vmauum; xufyrpm wifjyEdirnf[k ,HMk unfygonf/ f f h kd kd G k f h 12/ &wk (ta&GU&wk) / obiftcrf;tem;? tcg&moD&wk ponftaMumif;t&mdUk udk jcif ao;vnfjyefzUJG enf;jzifh oDzGJUxm;aomuAsmwpfrsdK;udk &wk[k ac:ygod\/ tcstcsrm vuFmeefrjcm;yif jzpfygonf/ tyd'zUJG &m? um&ef,&m&m xl;jcm;ygonf/ av;vH;k oD D S Y k f l / zsL;wnfarSmufawmf? [kwwnfaMomf? em;awmfa&TzsL;? h f h csp0rf;El;rQ? usL;um&ifac:? om;udazsmonf? em;awmfwnfNh irav;? tdyaysmaq;? {;vnf;,if,if{;} f h k f d hf f f

vuFm&wkeefY uGjJ ym;atmif jcifao;vnfjyef oDzUJG enf;jzifh oDzUJG aom&wk udk ta&GU&wk[k ac:oifygonf/ h ZmaMumifhqdkaomf &wkrsdK;udk ta&GUqdkbdouJhodkY usL;&ifhoDqdk&aomaMumifhyif jzpfygonf/ tcsdKUu &wkrsdK; udk oWef;vdkuf&wk? oQifavmif;vSnfh&wk[k ac:qdkoHk;EIef;uwfygonf/ pifppf ta&GU&wkudk oQif a vmif ;vSnfh &m oWef;vdkufcsnf ; oD qd k &onf r[k wf yg/ oQif jyKyG J wpf ck wnf ;csnf ; oDqdk&onfr[kwfyg/ t&mXmetrsm; oDqdkEdkifygonf/ xdkYjyif &wkrsdK;udk oWef;vdkuf&wk? oQiavmif;vSn&wk[k ac:qd&rnfrmvnf; taxmuftxm; cdicivvkH rwG&odyg/ &wkrsKd ;onf f hf k S k f kd f kH d oQiavmif; vSn&mrS tpysKd ; ay:aygufvmonf[k wifjyEdi&efvnf; om"ur[dyg/ ]odeuefrewi}f f hf k f f d f G csDtvGrf;ta&GU&wkeefY trwfBuD; OumysH\q,fhESpf&moD ta&GU&wkdkUudk axmufqMunfhygau oQifavmif;vSnfh&wk[k ac:qdkzdkY aumif;aumif; cufcJzdkYydkif wGdrdygonf/ OumtJwGif ]&wkMuHMuH? v,fonfrsm;rSm? v,fudkxGefdkU? jrifvwfarav}[kvnf; qdkxm;ygonf/ v,fxGef&m vnf; &wkta&GU oDqdkuwfaMumif; odomEdkifygonf/ vuFm&wkyoPmefjzifh zGUJ qdEiaom taMumif;t&mtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk ta&GU&wk yHoPmefjzifh oDzUJG Edionf kH k kd f k k f &mru avQmufxHk;? rSwfwrf;? rSmwrf;? Zmwfedygwfawmfrsm;? &mZ0if aMumif;rsm;? '@m&DyHkjyifrsm;dkU udkvnf; oDzGJUEdkifygonf/ rSL;awmfrwfawmf okcrdefrsm;u avQmufwifvdkaom taMumif;t&mwpfckckudk ta&GUzGJUum avQmufwifc uwfonfvnf; [dygonf/ yk&racwf? avmif;Muufacwf? ajrmuf OD;acwf trwfawmfrsm; d f avQmufxHk;dkUwGif udk;um;uwfaom usrf;pum; aumufEkwfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; ta&GU&wkjzifh oDzGJU xm;onfwdkYudk wGd[dEdkifygonf/ ]&mZ0owd? tnDusrf;Hk;? ed'gef;uHk;ydrfh? &SD;xHk;pOfvm? jynftcsm} csusr;f pum;aumuf Ekwcsurm ta&GU &wkyoPmefjzifh zGUJ qdxm;csuyif jzpfygonf/ r[mynmausmu D f f S kH k f f rif;zavmif;BuD;tm; oHwref taMumif;eefY ywfouf avQmufxm;csufyif jzpfygonf/ a';0ef;Bu;D atmifausm&eefY NrKd UolBu;D atmifausmZUkd u ta&GU&wkjzifh rSwwrf;rsm;? wrf;jcif;rsm;dUk udk f DS f H f oDzGJUcuwf ygonf/ wef;cdk;q&mxGef;u Oawe0wK? uko0wKdkUudk ta&GU&wkjzifh oDzGJUcygonf/ ,if;tjyif taMumif;t&m twdktxGmrsm;udkvnf; ta&GU&wkoDzGJUNyD;au &yf&GmxJ oDqdkuwf onfudkvnf; &cdkif vlUtzGJUtpnf;wGif trsm;tjym; wGd[dEdkifygod\/ 13/ vl;wm; / &Sdtydk'f\ tcsydk'fudk aemuftydk'f\ tcsDyk'ftjzpf qufumqufum oDzGJU toH &Snf&Snf usL;usL;&ifh&ifh oDqdk&aom uAsmwpfrsdK;udk vl;wm;ac:aMumif; w&Geftdkif q&mawmfbk&m; rdefYMum;csufudk rSwfom;zl;ygonf/ av;vHk;oDuAsmwrsdK;jzpf wydk'fqHk;wdkif; ]vHk;wDav? vHk;wmav} [k vdkuf&ygonf/

vH;k wD? vH;k wmrSm pum;zd?k pum;r jzpfygonf/ vH;k wmrSm pum;&if;jzpf yKw[laom ygVdpum;rS qif;oufvm [efwlygonf/ yKwrS vw? vwrS vl;wm? vHk;wmrS vHk;wm; jzpfvm[ef wlygonf/ vl;rSv;kH jzpfvmyHukd {ydipOf;pm;rd ygonf/ OK? OK; o&rS OHK? OHK;o&odYk ajymif;vJvm;yHukd &cdif bmompum; k k f k k trsm;wGd[dEdkifygonf/ OK? OK; rS OHK? OHK; ajymif;vJjcif; Oya'oyif jzpfygonf/ ESmoduXmefjzpfaom i? n? e? P? r eefY w? v ponfh tu&mdUk odYk OK? OK; o& uyfau O? OK;onf OHK? OHK;odYk ajymif;vJwwfygonf/ yHkpHjy&yg au- ikyef;- iHk;yef;/ nKoH- nHKUoH/ tEk -tEHkU/ tPkjrL- tPHkUjrL/ trIudp -trHIUudp/ twkty- twHkYty/ a&mufvkeD;yg;? a&mufvHIUeD;yg; ponfdkUyif jzpfygonf/ ]armufawmfv;l wm;} wGif ]oHNyocsKd ? vH;k wmqd} [k oDzUJG xm;ygonf/ ,if;aMumifh vl;wm;oDqau D H k kd csdKcsdKomom usL;usL;&ifh&ifh oDqdk&aMumif; odom&ygonf/ tckumvydkif; okawoevkyfqJumvwGif vl;wm;ESpf yk'f&[dxm;ygonf/ ]armufawmfvl;xm;} eefY ]&Jabmfvl;wm;} ESpfyk'fyif jzpfygonf/ ukvm;weftnmacsmif;zsm;? yvuf0cdkif? w&Geftdkif q&mawmfxHrSm 1961-ckESpf 'DZifbmvu &[dcygonf/ DS d kd f 14/ tefjcif; / av;vH;k oDvawmfoH uAsmwpfrsKd ;udk tefjcif;[k ac:a0:uwfonfukd wGEiuwfygonf/ wydk'f qHk;wdkif; ][efpGav? [efpGav} [k vnf;aumif;? ][efpdav? [efpGav} [k vnf;aumif;? ][efpGav- [efpDav} [kvnf; aumif; vdkufuwf&onfudkvnf; wGd[dEdkifuwfygonf/ tcsdKUu tP0gjcif;? tPfjcif;? tefjcif;[l MuHquwfygonf/ &DjyiftP0geefYoufqdkifaom tjcif;[k qdkvdk&dyf[dygonf/ plVpE&m;rif; (733-769 at'D) waumif;oif;wGJ jynfodkY yifv,fywf&DaMumif;c&D; csDawmfrlpOf "raZ,s trwfBu;D u ]Asn;f -33vH;k vSawmfo}H udk zGJ qaMumif; &S;D tqdtrde[ygonf/ ,if;vSawmfoukd D Y kd k Yf d D H tcsdKUu ]Asnf; 33-vHk; [efpGav} [k ac:uwfygonf/ tcsdKUu ]uBuD;tef} [k ac:uwfygonf/ uBu;D tpcsum oDzUJG xm;ojzifh uBu;D tef[ac:onfyiwygonf/ tefjcif;rSm wG[&orQtefjcif;dUk D k h kd f l d d wGif ta[mif;qHk;[k ,lq&ygonf/ uBu;D tefac: Asn;f -33vH;k tefjcif;? tavmif;awmf awmxGutefjcif;? q&mxGe;f oDzUJG aom Asn;f f 33vHk; tef jcif;opfdkUrSm pkrdaqmif;rdorQaom tefjcif;rsm; jzpfygonf/ 15/ oHayguf/ av;vHk;oDuAsmwpfrsdK;udk oHayguf[k ac:a0:uwfygonf/ oHazmuf[l vlBuD; ola[mif;dkU ac:a0:oHk;EIef; uwfygonf/ oHaygufonf tvG,fqHk;uAsmwdk wrsdK;jzpf uAsmoifpjyK olrsm;twGuf uAsmpwifoifMum;&ef taumif;qHk; jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh ]uAsmoifp oHaygufu} [k qdkprSwfjyKuwfygonf/

ta[mif;qH;k oHaygufwpfrsKd ;udk ]u0d*EKygoQusr;f } eefY ]u0du@ygousr;f } dUk wGif wG[&ygonf/ d d usrf;q&mdkUuum; ,if;uAsmudk ysdKU[k ac:a0:oHk;EIef;cuwfygonf/ taMumif;wpfck tESpfom&udk ESpfouf pzG,f zGJUqdkxm;aomaMumifh uAsm\oabmudk,l ysdKU[k ac:xm;onfhydkifwlygonf/ oDzGJUenf;rSmum; oHaygufoDzGJUenf;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;oHaygufrSmum;]wacsmif;tiif? vHk;csnf;wif? v[ktrSefyif? t<uif; *kxif} [kyif jzpfygonf/ aemufaESmif;umvdkUwGifvnf; oHaygufuAsmdkUudk trsm;tjym;yif oDzGJUuwfrnfqdkpGmrSm ,HkrSm;p&mjzpfzdkY taMumif;r[dyg/ acwfqdk;acwfysufaMumifh trsm;tjym; qHk;,SHK; vm;c&pGmrSmvnf; ESrEarsmyg,m/ d S vuf[umvwGif toQipErmvmvuFm& rax&fozUJG aom OwkabmZeoHaygufusr;f ? q&mxGe;f d f D oDzGJUaom oHayguftrsdK;rsdK;dkUrSmum; xif&Sm;aom oHaygufusrf;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ omjcif 16/ omjcif; / omom,m,m ,ifh,ifh,l,l oDqdk&aom yg'jcm;jcm; um&ef,l&aom av;vHk;oD tjcif ; wpf r sd K ;ud k o mjcif ; [k ac:a0:uwf y gonf / tcsD y k ' f u d k ajcmuf v H k ; eef Y tcsrsm;ygonf/ wcgwcg av;vH;k ig;vH;k eefY cswwfuwfygonf/ tcsukd &wkcs enf;? D D vuFmcsenf;twdi;f tcsrsm;ygonf/ &Styd'\ tcsy'ukd aemuftyd' tpcs,um k d k f k f k f D l zGJUqdkjcif;rsdK;udkvnf; trsm; wGd&ygonf/ &cdiwpfrsKd ;om;vH;k omjcif;udk toH;k qH;k jzpfygonf/ omjcif;eefY tuRr;f 0ifq;kH jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh k f &cdkifpmyD avmuvHk;\ toGifxl;vuPm (Characteristic) rSm omjcif; jzpfonf[k qd&Ediaumif;ygonf/ k k f &S;D a[mif;&S;D d;k omjcif;Bu;D rsm;? q&mxGe;f \ omjcif;opf rsm;? &Gmacsmif;Bu;D q&m\ omjcif;opfrsm;eefY omjcif ; wd k r sm; d k U rS m od r f ; qnf ; &rd o rQ omjcif ; rsm;yif jzpf u wf y gonf / 0d r vtrwf B uD ; ? avmurmefatmif q&mawmf? uif;q&m? 0g;ausmif;q&m? q&momatmif? q&marmifa,mufau? opfuwdk;q&m? q&meE? wef;cdk;q&mxGef;? &Gmacsmif;BuD; q&matmifxGef;dkUrSm okawoejyKrdorQ omjcif;pmqdkrsm; yif jzpfuwfyg onf/ Y k f kd 17/ wduomjcif; / wpfO;D eefwpfO;D ? wzufeefY wzuf twdutcHjyKum oDquwf&aom omjcif;wrsKd ;udk k f wdkufomjcif;[k ac: a0:uwfygonf/ pum;ppfxdk;aom tjcif; (Debate) wrsdK;yif jzpfygonf/ 'kw,urmppfBu;D rjzpfrumvu &cdiaus;vufawm &Gmrsm; wduomjcif; acwfpm;caMumif;udk d D k f k f rSwom;zl;ygonf/ ,if;tcgu q&mxGe;f \ ]a,musm;rde;f r wduomjcif;} rSm acwftpm;qH;k jzpfcaMumif; f f k f

od&ygonf/ cif 18/ ipnfjcif; / ipnfeefYywfouf yw&mqifum oDzGJUaomav;vHk;oDjcif;wpfrsdK;udk ipnfjcif;[k ac:uwfygonf/ tcsrm vuFmtcsrsKd ;jzpfaomfvnf; tcsrm iNywufoufcsenf;rsKd ; D S D S D jzpfygonf/ oMupf 999 ck (1637 at'D)wGif ajrmufO;D xD;eef; vkyJG t&D;tcif;wpfcukd taMumif;jyK ipnfjcif; k udk avmif; Muufpm;trwf ynm[duov (e&ywdBu;D )u tptqH;k wDxiozUJG cygonf/ ]ud;k &mhu;kd q,f? k G f D udk;ck0,fyif} tpcsDaom q,fhudk;ydk'fyg0ifonfh ipnfjcif;wpfyk'fudk oDzGJUcygonf/ rlv yw&mipnfjcif;udkvdkuf aemufydkif;acwf umvwGif ipnfESpfom; wOD;wnf;uuGuf azmfvsuf oDqdkujyaom ipnfjyZmwfwpfrsdK; ay:aygufvmygod\/ ,if;ipnfjyZmwf\ Zmwfvrf;? Zmwfuu?f Zmwfaumif? umva'o? pum;oH;k ponfUkd udaxmufq NAwoQuveacwf OD;avmufwif G k d d kd kd D G &rf;jynfhNrdKUe,frS ay:aygufvdrfhrnf[k cefYrSef;rdygonf/ 19/ a[mpm / w&m;emy&dowftm; a[mMum;&ef &D;zGUJ aompmudk a[mpm[kac:uwfygonf/ um&ef eabeefY 0D0Dqmqm oDzGJUuwfygonf/ Zmwfawmf? edygwfawmfrsm;udk a[mpmtjzpf oDu;kH vd [duwfygonf/ ordi;f &mZ0if yHjk yifrsm;udvnf; k k wcgwcg oDuHk;uwfygonf/ aemufaESmif;pmqdkrsm;u a[mpmoDzGJUaomtcg(1) OD;wdupmpyfenf;? (2) jcifao;vnfjyef pmpyfenf;? (3) em&dcspmpyfenf;? (4) ememe,*rd&pmpyf k f enf;dkUudk toHk;rsm;aMumif; wGd[d&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh wef;cdk;q&mxGef; trsm;qHk;toHk;jyKcygonf/ uif;q&m \ ra[mo"a[mpm? araw,stem*w0ifa[mpm? a0E&ma[mpm? Ak'0ifa[mpmeefY q&mxGef; \ a[mpmrsm;rSm xif&Sm;aoma[mpmrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ d f JG G f d f 20/ bdoupm / Mobmpm? oHpm? arwmpm/ bk&ifh bdouyawmfwif &Gwbwf&aompm udk bdowpm[k d f vnf;aumif;? oQifjyK? em;xGif;? xdrf;jrm;r*FvmyGJdkUwGif &Gwfbwf&aompmudk Mobmpm[k vnf;aumif;? rif;tcsif;csif;? trwftcsif; csif;yD;zdkY &D;om;uwfaom pmudk oHpm [k vnf;aumif;? cspjf cif;arwmw&m;udk taMumif;jyKum wpfO;D eefwpfO;D Y taMumif;Mum; &D;om;aompmudk arwmpm[kvnf;aumif; ac:a0:uwfonf[k q&mhq&mrsm;\ tqdktrdefYudk rSwfom;zl;ygonf/ pmav;rsdK;eefYywfouf &D;zGJUenf; q,fhESpfenf; [dygonf/ ,if;dkUrSmum;(1) vTmcsi;f (0g) td;k cHzUJG enf;? (2) awhpyf&;D zGUJ enf;? (3) oH;k csun&;D zGUJ enf;? (4) oyfpEuo;kH csunD f D D S f f

&D;zGJUenf;? (5) yef;nmpyf (0g) py,fnm&D;zGJUenf;? (6) &xm;NyD;&D;zGJU enf;? (7) usbrf;oH&D;zGJUenf;? (8) jyefumquf (0g) quf&ufce&;D zGUJ enf;? (9) rif;usKd ;&Guxyf (0g) ebDpyf&;D zGUJ enf;? (10) rif;usKd ;&Guxyfjyef k f f f um[yf &D;zGJUenf;? (12) vHk;xyf (0g) 0dpmxyfwGefY&D;zGJUenf;[l jzpfygonf/ bdodufpmudk &SD;bk&iftqufquf bdodufr*FvmyGJawmfwdkif;wGif &Gwfzwfcuwfygonf/ twef; tpm;tvdkuf tvTmtvdkuf wrsdK;pD&Gwfzwf&ygonf/ tcktxift&Sm;wGdEdkifaom bdodufpmrsm;rSm y&drfNrdKUawmfoQif 'o&mZmrif;BuD; (1123-1139 at'D)\ bdodufpmeefY ajrmufOD;acwfaemufydkif; bk&ifrsm;\ bdodufpm rsm;dkUyif jzpfygonf/ Mobmpmudk &cdkifvlrItzGJUtpnf;\ r*FvmyGJrsm; &Gwfzwfvd[duwfygonf/ &SD;tcguqdkau rsdK;dk;tpOf pmudkcif;vsuf Mobmpm&D;vd&D;x[duwfygonf/ Mombmpmudk [l;&m;wwfynm[ddkU trsm;&D;zGJUuwfygonf/ ]tcgpm}[kvnf; ac:aMumif; q&mtcsdKUdkUu rdefYqdkuwfygonf/ tcgpmrSm oQifjyKyGJ? xdrf;jrm;yGJdkU rygau rNyD;yg/ oHpmqdkonfrSm bk&iftcsif;csif; EdkifiHjcm;trwftcsif;csif; wpfOD;eefYwpfOD; yD;ydkYuwfonfhpmudk oHpm[k oHk;EIef;&D; om;uwfonfudk &cdkif&mZ0if tapmifapmif zwfI&ygonf/ e&Ekbk&ifBuD; (1433-1458 at'D)? rif;Am;bk&ifBuD; (1531-1553 at'D)? rif;zavmif;BuD; (1571-1593 at'D)? rif;&mZmBuD; (1593-1612 at'D) oD&dok"r&mZm (1622-1638 at'D)eefY pEokre (1773-1777 at'D) dkUvufxufu &D;zGJUuwfaom&mZoHpmrsm;rSm EdkifiH&D;? tkyfcsKyf&D;? omoem&D;? pmyD&D;t& tvGeftqifhjrifhaom oHpmrsm; jzwfuwfygonf/ ]&mZoHywdusrf;BuD;}rSm oHpmtyD;t& aygif;csKyfusrf;BuD; jzpfygonf/ tckvuf[dyDpmrSm 'PfaMumifh rpHkrvifyg,m/ arwmpmudk &SD;&SD;acwfuyif toHk;jyKuwfygonf/ ajrmufOD;acwfaESmif; yxrydkif;avmufu[k cefre;f &aom rpHrvifonfh arwmpmrsm;udk axmufqMunfygau trsm;aom&[ef;ynmoQiUkd arwm Y S k h f pm &D;zGJUcaMumif; wGd[d&ygonf/ aemufydkif;umvwGif ppfawGaus;vuf? usufawmjyif q&mawmf toQivuFm&rax&fonf arwmpmtrsm;tjym; &D;zGUJ caMumif; wG[&ygonf/ &rf;jynfNh rKd U? av;awmif f d d e,f? uif;q&m\ arwmpmrsm;rSm pm[efpmodr;f tvGeaumif;ygonf/ arwmpmrsm;tjyif vufvr;f f S rrDEdkifodaom arwmpmrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;yif [dOD;rnf[k ,HkMunfxm;ygonf/ uif;q&mBu;D onf wpfcgu NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Utydi?f o&Dacsmif; uHapmuf&meD qGrsKd ;wpfO;D xH arwmpm k G D wapmif &D;zGJU yD;ydkYvdkufygonf/ ,if;pmwGif]ok'e? pdwuka#? ponfhrsm;ajrmif? a&Tawmif? aiGawmif? eHomawmifwdkYjzifh &Haqmifywfum? tcgcgeD rxdk;? ESif;tcdk;0D0D? aqmif;eD0oE? oHk;umvwGif? wedrQeDt[def? tcsdefrSm tmoefvjynfh?

xdyfwnfhwnfhwuGuf? eDpufxGef;y? taem'w&Dtrl? rdrdtylolUtavmif? ukefatmifapwwfaom? rsufjrwfapZmw? Mo"d arwmjzifh? uif;&Gmynwf? &rm&yfu? oQpfxyfaom yvifjrifhwGif? oQpfqifh xD;jzLudk? vlvljzefYrdk;? eDrsdK;ol&def? tordefwdkY? xdefxdefaomif;uRef;? wefcdk;rSef;onf? pHjref;awmfrl&m? wdkif;&umraZ? axGaxGe0&wf? rsufjrwf vQHjrL;? ajrmufOD;NrdKUapmif;? o&Dacsmif;t&Sdurf;? &yf&dyfcsrf; uHapmuf&Gmae vuform;bk&m;bat;xH} [k tpysdK; &D;zGJUxm;ygonf/ pmqdkawmf\vuf&mrsm; ajrmufOD;xD;[efeef;[ef ygygonf/ pm[efpmom;odrfrGdygonf/ pifppf uif;q&m eefY wef;cd;k q&mxGe;f dUk rSm &cdirif;qufjywfNy;D aemuf ay:xGe;f vmuwfaom pmqdrsm;teuf k f k xif&m;aom pmqdrsm;jzpfuwfonftjyif &cdipmyDordi;f wm0efukd us>D yefpm xrf;aqmif cuwfygonf/ S k h k f k G &cddkifpmyD rwdrfaum&atmif tm;rmeftjynfheefY BudK;yrf;cuwfonfh pmqdkBuD;rsm;yif jzpfuwfygonf/ 21/ taxmufpmwrf; / wbufom;udkuefumaxmufum oDzGJUaompmwrf;udk taxmufpmwrf;[k ac:aMumif;udk q&mxGef;\ tmabmft& od&ygonf/ ]pum;wefawmif? yGJabmifwGif? taumifuvl? apmuf apmuf&yf? axmufrnfholonf? t,lwvGJ? toHuGJ ESifh? yGJxJrSmyif? NrDwmiifonf? eifyifuRJom;[kwfovm;} [k q&mxGef;u ]uRJrif;taxmuf} wGif zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ pmqdk\ tqdkudk axmufqau taxmufpmwrf; axmuf uefonfhoabm ouf0ifaMumif; odEdkifygonf/ uRJrif;taxmufpmwrf;? rdef;r,kwf? rdef;rykyf taxmufpmwrf;rSm q&mxGef;\ [mo&o ajrmufaom 0dbp&oajrmufaom vuf&ma[mif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ tcsdKUu taxmufpmwrf;udk q&mxGef; wnfxGifc onf[k qdkuwfygonf/ 22/ rSmwrf; / taMumif;jcif;wdUk udk rSmMum;aom pmwrf;udk rSmwrf;[k ac:ygonf/ rif;oH;k rSmwrf;ESihf tcspfrSmwrf;[k ESpfrsdK;[dyg onf/ rif;oH;k rSmwrf;rSm (1) rif;uvGwawmftoD;oD;odYk ydaomrSmwrf;f ? (2) vTwawmftoD;oD;u rif;tm; f Yk f qufoGif;aomrSmwrf;? (3) vTwfawmftcsif;csif; yD;ydkYaomrSmwrf; [l oHk;rsdK;jym;vsuf [dygonf/ tcspfrSmwrf;rSm (1) armifhrSmwrff;ESifh (2) r,fhrSmwrf; [l ESpfrsdK;jym;vsuf [dygonf/ &S;D acwfu rSmwrf;rsm;teuf 'o&mZmrif;Bu;D ? rif;xD; bk&m;Bu;D ? rif;Ambk&ifBu;D ? rif;zavmif;Bu;D ? rif;&mZmBu;D dUk vufxuf rSmwrf;rsm;rSm txl;rSwom;p&m aumif;vSygonf/ rif;&mZmBu;D pmwrf;ac: f ]rif&mZmBuD;t&D;awmfxHk;} wGif yg0ifaom udk,f&HBuD;trwf r[maZ,sodef qufoGif;aom pmrSm rSwom; avmufaom ordi;f 0ifrmwrf;jzpf &cdiEii&;D ? tkycsKy&;D ? vlr&;D ? pmyD&;D taMumif;t&mrsm; f k S k f kd f H f f I

udk aumif;pGm odom&ygonf/ tcspfrSmwrf; [dczdkYqdkonfudk oHo,uif;,Sif;pGm vufcHzG,f[dygonf/ odkYaomf tckxufxd taxmuf txm; rwGd&odyg/ zsufqD;&m ygvm;zdkY rkcsyif jzpfygonf/ 23/ odkufed'gef;pm/ &SD;jzpfaemufjzpf taMumif;jcif;w rsm;udk azmfjyonfh pmrsm;udk azmfjyonfhpmudk odkufpm[k ac:ygonf/ aemiftem*wfumvwGif jzpfay:vmrnfh taMumif;twGuf w&if;pum;? wabmif pum;? wdwfedrdwf pum;dkUudk ed'gef;pm[kac:ygonf/ e&ywdrif;BuD;eefY odkufwwfivufHk;dkU trD;tjznf rdefYavQmufcef; tus,f&D;om;xm;ygonf/ &mZ0if a[mif; NrKd Uwnfcef;(vuf&;D rl) pmrsuEm 86? aMumif;&D 1rS 5 xdwif &cdioupmrsm;taMumif;udk f S G k f kd f e&ywd rif;BuD;tm; {ydkif avQmufwifxm;ygonf/ ]odkufwufivufHk;vnf;? toQifrif;BuD;? odkuf[lonfum; ewforD;udk;usdyfudk;a,mufqdkaom odkuf 99apmif? ewf om;udk;usdyfudk;a,mufqdkaom odkuf 99 apmif? "mwfodkuf vnf; 19-apmif? Asm'dw?f qwfr? &od? bDv;l ? irSeuef? bm;rJ?h odMum;? *0Hywdouaygif;wdukd bZmvlvQiusuf rnfenf;} f kd f Yk f [k avQmuf\/ wGif odkufpmrsm;pm&if;udk t>rufrQ od&ygonf/ ,if;usrf;pmrsufESm 90? aMumif;&D 21 rS 25 txdwGif ed'gef;taMumif;ESifhywfouf {ydkif avQmufxm;ygvDonf/ ]e&ywdrif;Bu;D vnf; a[oduwwfivuf;kH ? odu[aomtaMumif;udum; igodNy?D ed'gef;[laom k f k f l k taMumif;udk rod&wum;[k rD;awmfrl\/ odkufwwfivufHk;vnf; toQifrif;BuD;? oli,fwdkYESvHk; ewfwdkY rSDqdkjcif;? ykvdqdkjcif;? vlwdkYuysm (uAsm)qdkjcif;onf rSefaomed'gef;pum;} [k avQmufvD\/ &mZ0ifa[mif; NrdKUwnfcef;vmpum;udk aumufEkwfudk;um;um &D;om;xm;aom &cdkif&mZ0if opfusrf;? q|rwGJ? pmrsufESm 200? aMumif;&D 9? 10wGif ]toQifrif;BuD;? wenf;wHkaomfvnf; vlwdkY ysdKU? uAsm? vuFm? tJ? tefpum; onfvnf; ed'gef;rnfygonf} [kavQmuf\}[l wifjyxm;ygonf/ wGif ed'gef; taMumif;udk t>rufavmuf od&ygonf/ ]twGi;f uefrm? MumeDaxmifaomif;? Mumaumif;axmif&m? yGiaomcgvnf;? r,fwyef&m? y'krmum; S hf Ykd rygod/ ,if; MumyGium; oma,mifom,m? &cdirmom yGicygrnf/ ,if; MumyGiukd e*g;t& BuKd ;vwfrnf? hf h k f S hf hf e*g;r&? wefc;kd Bu;D pGm? jcifao;omvQif &vdrrnf/ jcifao;qGwNf y;D ? bk&m;Bu;D rSm wifvwHU / jcifao;ESpc?k hf f tNrD;vIyfum? ra[mufom? oifvnf;bmomwpfckjcifao;? tNrD;vIyfum a[mufvDcg? y#d yujcm;em;jynf&Gm jyKvdrfhrnf/ t&Sdwjcm;? oHwHcg;udk jcm;vdrfhrnf} um; odkufpmygwnf;/

]zGwfurD;ausmif;jzpfvQif? acsmif;jrpfrcHom? uRefu olaumif;jzpfvQif wdkif;jynfrpnf&m} um; e&ywd rif;BuD;rif;jzpfcgeD; ay:aygufaom w&if;pum;jzpfygonf/ ed'gef;pmygwnf;/ ]j*wfvSDoHk;q,f? &Sduwnf? MuHpnfaumif;jcif;? oHwGJ rif;/ jzpfvmrnfvnf;? awmovif;? oHwGJ>rDa[muf? tpG,faygufonf? vufaumuf0wfavmufNyDwum;? <uufum;pOfvsuf? tqufe*g;? aemufxm;a&ol ud;k quf [l\? ajrmufO;D tyg;? tdr&em;? e*g;oH;k cGcvwfrnf} um; oHwrif;om; f dS D DG JG bapmoD&d (rif;yg;BuD;) rif;jzpf cgeD;ay:aom waygifedrdwfpum; jzpfygonf/ ed'gef;pmygwnf;/ 24/ tJ/ toHudk&yfum? jzwfum? wefYum oDqdk&aom uAsmwpfrsdK;udk tJ[kac:ygonf/ vuf[d umvwGif ]Oum tJ} wpfckwGd[dxm;ygonf/ Adkvfrif;axmifom;wpfOD;xHrS &[dygonf/ OumtJrS aumufEkwfcsufwpfckudk wifjyygrnf/ auwkrwDawmifilwdkufcef;]OD;pD;ausmxif? ppfb&if? armifyifqifp;D ? trwfBu;D um;? oQiom;tmPmcsvwfaw/ tcgrawmf? f k f oOfacgifausm? qifxe;f 'Gg&*g? eifUkd red? qifuoqifatmf&rnf/ jrif;xde;f om;vnf;? jrif;udoqifuR;D f d kd H h k H h &rnf/ abmrIwfom;vnf;? abmudkoHqifhrIwf&rnf/ t0gnD;nD;? odMum;yD;a&? armif;BuD;usm;ES,f H&rnf/ pnfw;D om;vnf;? pnfuoqifh wD;&rnf/ vufoaygufukd tnDtnmcwfNy;D cgau? Aa'goH;k k kd H H cg aMumf&rnf/ tvsm;ig;vH? Bu;D ajymif;vH? urmwnfp? oHajymif;rud?k rD;aMumif;ckeyif? Bu;D a&ajymif;ud?k f pufo;D wif dUk ? awmif;wifoQpaomif;? Z0gajymif;vnf;? yg&a&a&? NrD aMumif;Muufvu?f Bu;D a&ajymif;ud?k f kd oHqufypfaw} [k zGJUEGJU xm;ygonf/ 25/ bGJU / twKywdtaMumif;t&mwpfckckudk csD;usL;zGJUEGJUaom uAsmwpfrsdK;udk bGJU[kac:ygonf/ tckumvwGif pE&m;bGJU? rif;apmrGefbGJU? ydk;0gbGJUdkUudk wGd[dxm;ygonf/ xmr&mbGJUwGif]apmxGD;vSpGm? rdukrmudk? qufcavhv/ pD;qif? pD;jrif;? o,ifvufaqmif? uHkatmifxGDjym;? vsifvsm;reD? igwnf; rif;udk? qufcavhav/ &TDzHkoD;? qufcavhvav/ rGDrHkoD;? yD; cavhav/ jrudktyif? pdefudktcuf? dk;vSoEm? eDvmighudk? qufcavhav/ &TDwyifvnf; yD;cavhav}[k zGUJ EGUJ xm;ygonf/ 26/ wHk;jcif;? 27/ odkif;jcif;? 28/ [efjcif;/ wHk;jcif;? odkif; jcif;? [efjcif;dkUonfwHk;yGJ? odkif;yGJ? [efyGJdkU oDqaom tjcif;rsm; jzpfuwfygonf/ wH;k uyGwif a,musm;aoQUkd yg0ifuuwfygonf/ odi;f yGwif kd J G f k J G a,musf m ;aoQ rd e f ; raoQd k U a&mvsuf y g0if u uwf y gonf / [ef u yG J w G i f rd e f ; raoQd k U yg0ifcuwfygonf/ wHk;tuudk wcsdKUuwHk;Murf;tu[kac: odkif;tuudk wHk;tu[kac:uwfygod\/ wHk;turSm

cyfMurf; Murf; u&aom a,musm;u jzpfygonf/ odi;f turSm EkEUJG ygonf/ [efturSm odi;f tuxuf f k k ydkrdk EkEGJUygonf/ aysmhaysmif;ygonf/ wHk;turSm ppfawGbkef;BuD;ysHyGJrsm; acwftpm;qHk; jzpfygonf/ NrKd Ui,frsm;eefY aus;vuf rsm; odi;f yG[efyrsm; acwfpm;ygonf/ tckacwf ppfawGw;kH yGrsm; acwfopfjy k J JG J ZmwfwpfrsdK;ay:ayguf&ef tm;,leDaMumif; wGd&ygonf/ f l J kd 29/ ewfjcif; / d;k &mewfu;kd uG,yaZmfyoyGrsm;wGif oDqaom tjcif;wrsKd ;udk ewfjcif;[k ac:uwfygonf/ omjcif;oDzGJUenf;eefY oDzGJUxm;ojzifh ewfjcif;udk ewfomjcif;[kvnf; ac:uwfyg odonf/ ewfjcif;rSm ESpfrsdK;yg0ifygonf/ ewfyefyGJ oDqdkaom tjcif;udk ewfomjcif;[kac: ewfuyGJ oDqdkaom tjcif;udk ewf,OfoHusL;[k ac:ygonf/ ewfyefyGJwGif ewfomjcif;udk ewfq&mrwpfOD; wnf;u oDq&ygonf/ ewfuyGwif ewf,OfousL;udk ewfq&mreefY yef;wsm;q&mdUk twditazmuf kd J G H k f oDqdkuwf&ygonf/ xif&Sm;aom ewfomjcif;wpfckudk wifjy&ygaomf]vS&Munfau? xGD;r,facsmif;rSm? t0rSmwwef? &DiefcH a&? tv,fwdk;? vS&Munfau? xGD;r,f acsmif;rSm? tdi0ef;wd;k vd?Yk tzsm;wwef? vS&Munfau? xG;D r,facsmif;rSm? &DcsKd ca&/ ,if&jJG cKH av? yef;jcKH rr?Ykd k f H Ykd vS&Munfav? xG;D r,facsmif;rSm? &DnKd UndKUav/ ,if;&GjJ cKH av? yef;jcKH ypyf? vS&Munfav? xG;D r,f acsmif;rSm? d azmifcsif;cyfaw? ukvm;uGufau? vif;csufjrnfoH? ukvm;wefau? tnmacsmif;rm? jzm;rjyefav? tykwfaujrnfoH? omrGefacsmif;rm jzm;rjyefav}[k jzpfygonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKU? vufaumufpsD;&yfeD OD;armifvSabmfrdac: ewf q&mrBuD;xHrS &[dygonf/ 30/ yef;wsm;jcif; / ewfuyGJwGif yef;wsm;q&mu yef;wsm;wD;vsufqdkaomtjcif;udk yef;wsm;jcif;[k ac:ygonf/ ewfjcif;? yef;wsm;jcif;dkUwGif teaEmteEuHawmhcef;rSm yPmrjzpf av;uRef;jrifhrdk&fwnfcef;? &u r@dKifwnfcef;rSm t"du&jzpfygonf/ r,lewfjcif;? &armifewfjcif;? &rf;jynfhewfjcif;? rmefatmif ewfjcif;? armfwifewfjcif;? ewfjrpfewfjcif;? Adkvfrif;ewfjcif;? oufrif;ewfjcif;? zvefrif;ewfjcif;? NrHKrif;ewfjcif;? 'um;ewfjcif;? &Munfewfjcif;? ,dk;rBuD;ewfjcif;dkUrSm wdkif;jynfewfjcif;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ajrmufO;D ewfjcif;eefY jynfapmifewfe*g;tjcif;dUk rSm tESpom& jzpfygonf/ tjcif;trsKd ;rsKd ;udvu h f k kd f wD;[efwD; uGuf? qdk[efqdk uGufajymif;vJwwfygonf/ wrsdK;pDwrsdK;pD jzpfygonf/ ,if;dkUteuf xif&Sm;aomyef;wsm;jcif;wpfck rSm]tmumysH0J? NrdKUoHwGJ? &DvSnf;,if;,l? acgif;avmif;wl? qifjzLydkifwwf? acgif;avmif;ewf? wef;&GJrSm&GDwHk;? vrkef;rSm &GDausmf? rtDacsmif;rSm zoawmf? eD0ifvJay:? vawmifausmf? uif;armfolr?

tvdkvdk&DcsdKxGufau? 'vufu/ [kef;0- ausmufzsm;? acgif;avmif;wl? w,lZem? uRef;eHom? vdyfjyif omau? jyifom;pD;vdkuf? pD;vdkufvdkuf? vdyfjyifjzLau? jyifjzL vdIif;pGuf? vIdif;pGufpGuf/ usm;eefYqifau? rjrifpD&? vIdif; awmifa,mifrSm? oQif[kef;0? iz,Hkau? vsifpGmpD;au? tD;vwfygav;} [k jzpfygonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKU? avmfurl&yfeD? yef;wsm; q&mBuD; OD;xGef;vSOD;xHrS &[dygonf/

S f kd f k f 31/ oHcsytrsKd ;rsKd ; / woHrm woHcsyum oDq&aom tjcif;wrsKd ;udk oHcsy[k ac:qdaMumif; rSwom;zl; f ygonf/ oHcsyBf u;D ? oHcsyi,f? qkcocsy?f t,Of oHcsy?f oHcsyMf urf;? ebDocsy[k f H H H f trsKd ;rsKd ;[dygonf/ oHcsyfi,frSwyg; usefoHcsyfdkUrSm oDzGJUenf; twlwlyif jzpfygonf/ jrefrmdkU oDqdkeDuwfaom oHcsyfrSm oHcsyfi,f yif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifynm[dtcsdKUu oHcsyfi,fudk oHcsyftrsdK;tpm;xJwGif rxnfhvdkufuwfyg/ oHwdkifoHazmufwrsdK; jzpf oHaygufomjzpfonf[k qdkuwfygonf/

oHcsyfBuD;yHkpH/ ]&TDjynfatmifcsm&umwdkif;[k? ewf&GmpmEIdif;? ordkif;wnf? wdkif;&GDjynfcdkifXmeD&yfwGif? OD;&pfjrwfpGm? r[m "mwfudk? jA[mvlewf GwfylaZmf} [k jzpfygonf/

f kH k k f kd f dI f k f k oHcsyi,fypH / ]igdUk avmif;udwyNyKd i?f OD;csuxiri& trsm;/ eifUkd &yfom;yduig;avS? &Gmwdi;f vnfvYkd a&mif;eD ygvm;/ ig;ra&mif;yJ yGJudk0if? trsm;vloQifjrifvdkY raumif; [k jzpfygonf/

f kH kH H kH l oHcsyebDypH / ]awZma0jzmoajynmaeyrmodYk xGe;f aw&yfom;/ a0,efbysyoPmefrl pH,[efBu;D awh &yfom;? BudK;jywfrsdK;jrwf rdk;ewfoGifrqifrysif ,Ofawh&yfom;} [k jzpfygonf/ oHcsyftrsdK;rsdK;udk yGJudkvdkufvnf;aumif;? tNcDteD udkvdkuf vnf;aumif; toHk;jyKuwf& ygonf/ txl;ojzifh NyKd iavmif;yG?J &xm;yG?J xD;wify?JG bk&m;wnforaqmufyJG ponfyBJG u;D vrf;Bu;D dUk f d f h toHk;jyKuwf& ygonf/ tdk;pnfjcif;wGif0if oHcsyfxdk;&ygonf/

S f 32/ Asm&wk/ Asm&wkrm &wktEG,0ifuAsmwpfrsKd ; jzpfygonf/ jcifao;vnfjyef um&efrsKd ; um&ef,l &ygonf/ wcsdKUu quf&ufckefum&ef ,lEdkifodonf[k qdkuwfygonf/

pdwf0ifpm;zG,f &m Asm&wkwpfyk'frSm]r,feDaZ? awmifcg;apmif;? armifeDaZ? oQifyif? q,fjyeausmif;? qifESarmif;? vrf;aMumif;qD;? o&uf yifBu;D ? &yfNrKd iacgifx;D 0D? us;D &Gp?D avQmufygcD? vSjymolu?kd rqef; pDcsiyg\vnf} [k jzpfygonf/ f D f

33/ Asmpum;,ifh / ,ifh,ifh,l,l oDqdk&aom ESpfaxGa&m pum;jynf uAsmwpfrsdK;udk Asm pum;,ifh[k ac:qdk oifhygonf/ Asmpum;,ifhwpfckrSm]vufyyifrm? Z&ufa,S&pw?f tawmifzsm;udk jzKe;f jzKe;f cwf? tyGiuNkd c?D oD;wHcscs? vufypOfrm? H S D G hf D H S rudk,av? rudk ,} [kyif jzpfygonf/

kd 34/ Zrf;jcif; / Pfynmprf;jcif;oabmjzifh tjyeftvSef oDq&aomuAsmwpfrsKd ;udk prf;[k ac:ygonf/ prf;rS Zrf;ajymif;vJvmonf[k trsm; vufcxm;wwfygonf/ tcsKd Uu qef;rS Zef;jzpfvm H onf[k MuHqwwfygod \/ v,fcif;v,fwmvnf;aumif;? va&mif&Tef;jr ntcgvnf;aumif; Zrf;qdkvd[dwwfygonf/ cspf&D; qdkau Zrf;jcif;jzifh qdkwwfygonf/ cspfpum;ajymau Zrf;jcif;jzifh ajymwwfygonf/ cspfwif;ESD;aESmau Zrf;jcif;jzifh ESD;aESmwwfygonf/ uava,S? uavra,S tcsif;csif;pau Zrf;jzifh pwwfygonf/

yHkpH(1) uava,Sqdk - ]tdk----av;av tdkavESr? wpfcGef;ac: au? ac:oHrMum;? ESpfcGef;ac:au? ac:oH rMum;? r,fhem;jyifrSm? a&TcifvD;vdkY rMum;vm;av? cspfawharmifrSm? nOfh acgifoefeuf &GmuxGufvdkY? toufudk yHk? &ifuwkef? w[kefNyD;um? vmc&um;? cspfESrav;}/ uavhra,Sqdk - ]Zmuvmau ---- Zm&Gmom;a&mif? pum;csdKrSm? ysm;oumvdk? xifyga&um;? tdkarmif;armif? a'toHudk Mum;jyef&au? &if0uckef? b0ifwkefau? pnfAHkwD;a,mif? tdkarmifarmif}/ f uava,Sqkd - ]0g;eufjcKH eef?Y ql;jcKH awmu? awmNcKd ;rul? tdrNf cKd ;ula,mif? jzLa,pdwav? lyaqmifau? armif;armif pdwfrSm? twGif;vJyl? jyifvJylAsm? tyl,SufvdkY? "mwfzdkzdkY&m}/ txufyg yHkpH(1) Zrf;jcif;uAsmrSm vlysdKvSnfh&mwGif oDqdkaom uAsmwpfyk'f jzpfygonf/

yHkpH(2) ]awmifay:xufwGif? uif;pGef;yifav? BuD;csifygbd? rdk; udkxdvdkY ysdKardkUudkyif? armifvdkcsifau? vlyifrod? pdwfu[d a&/ yHkpH(3) ]awmeuftacsmif? uluavmif? zdk;acgifoHjrL;? OMousL; vdkY? wefcl;rmo? armifarmifpdwfrSm? vGr;f emusv?Ykd ESr[d&m? rSe;f vducg? ZmrSmrod? twGi;f vJy?l jyifvyau? eDq,fqo?Ykd rcsrcs,mum;yka,S}/ k f J l l d d yHkpH (4) ]aqmif;ESif;&moD? yGifh0D0Dau? pmwDjyifem;? awmifapmif;zsm;rSm? vSrsm;ocif? rTD;oZifudk? armifjrif vwfau? cspfaw ar? yka,SxGufvSrf; vufyD;ar}/ yHkpH(5) ]wufvi;f uql? usvi;f tlau? ausmufjzLjrpfrm? &Gujf zLjzLud?k vTixumxm;? ukuvajrmufuom;rS dI dI S hf l H kd G jyefcarum; yka,S} yHpH (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) dUk rSm armifur,fukd wrf;vGr;f woaom tvGr;f zGUJ Zrf;jcif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ k h 35/ ,mOf;omjcif;trsdK;rsdK; ,mOf;vGaomtcgvnf;aumif;? ,mOf;xd;k aomtcg vnf;aumif;? omom,m,m ,if,if,,l J h h l oDqdk&aom tjcif;wpfrsdK;udk ,mOf;omjcif;[k ac:ygonf/ omjcif;rsdK;rSm wpfyk'fwpfyHkoPmefpD jzpfygonf/ um&efoGm;rSm vuFmum&efoGm;rsdK;? omjcif;um&efoGm;rsdK;? quf&ufckefum&ef oGm;rsdK; jcifao;vnfjyef um&efom;rsKd ;? tzsm;cwfum&ef oGm;rsKd ;udtoH;k rsm;ygonf/ wpfcgwpfcg ,if;um&ef G k oGm;dkUudk Ncdvsufvnf;aumif;? a&mvsufvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKwwfygonf/ tcsdKUu ,mOf;omjcif;udk om;acsmhomjcif;[k qdkwwfygonf/ pifppf,mOf;omjcif;rSm om;acsmh omjcif; xufawmif us,ygonf/ ,mOf;omjcif;wGif ,mOf;vGum om;udk acsmaomtcgqdaomomjcif; f J h k (0g) om;acsmh omjcif;eefY ta,Swdudk,fwdkif ,mOf;xdk;aomtcg oDqdkaomomjcif;ESpf&yfyg0ifygonf/ ,if;aMumifh ,mOf;om jcif;eefY om;acsmhomjcif;udk xyfwlrjyKoifh[k ,lqygonf/ tcsKd Uu om;acsmomjcif;udk jynfoUl ta&GU (Folk Songs) eefY xyfw,qwwfygonf/ pifppfjynfol h l l ta&GUrSm ,mOf;omjcif;xufawmif us,ygonf/ jynfota&GUwGif ,mOf; omjcif;trsKd ;rsKd ; tusKH ;0ifonfh f l tjyif uRJ? EGm;ausmif;vsufoDqdkaomomjcif;rsm;? v,f,mvkyfudkifvsuf oDaomom jcif;rsm;? 0g;ckwf

opfckwfvsif; oDqdkaomomjcif;rsm;? vSDxdk;vSDcwfvsif;oDaom omjcif;rsm;dkUvnf; yg0ifygodonf/ ,if;aMumifh jynfolUta&GUonf ydkrdkabmifus,fygonf/ yHkpH (1) tolU,mOf;pif? qGJBudK;wif tyka,S,mOf;pif? qGJBudK;wif qGJiif,mOf;,mOf; BudKif;BudKif; ykcGufa,S? yka,Sodyfar &TDEdkYoQif? rdcifvGJau? tdyfvwfawav;? tdyfvwfaw/ yHkpH (2) tolodyfau? tdyfygar tD;a,odyfau? tdyfygar tD;a,&ifcGif EdkUoufiif EdkYoQifom;yk? rdrsufI ykvkykavG? tdyfwwfaw bm;bma&mufau? rkefYygar 'dk;wvif;vufpGyf? 0wf&ar tyka,S &ifcGiftdyfau arodyfarav;? arodyfar/ yHkpH (3) bk&m;vufaqmifrsm; ajrmifqDrD;/ rkav;yGm;au? ukum;xD;eefY? MuufvQm'ufpGef? wHcGefvdyf vuf/ jyom'fysifrsm? pef;awmfMuufvkdY? ousrL? qkxl;,lav/ aumif;rIwdk;ar? qif;Aka'udk/ tnD ardkU? zl;uwfawav/ yef;cH,liif? acgif;xufwif/ ZdoQifcdk;au? 0wfjyK a&av? 0wfjyKa&/ Yk f hf hf G yHkpH (4) tarav? a&mufrav;/ yef;cl;zdavvm; uwfar/ 0guRwvwfysm? yef;yGiysm? yef;yGiyihf csdef? yef;cl;csdef? vp0Dyef;? bk&m;yef;? tEG,fcuf jzm? yGifhw&m/ dk;wHucsD? yGifh0D0D/ iHkwHndKUndKU? yGifh wcsdKU/ bk&m;yef;,ifyGifhvwf,ifh/ tuRefdkUrSm qGwfuwf,ifh/ qGwfvdkY&au Zmysifar/ q&moQif ax&fausmausmif;vm;uwfar/ ausmif;Bu;D toQif uefawmh,if/ aZw0efjrwfref f h G ausmif; yef;wif,if/ wpfa,mufwpfwi?f qDr;D wdiav? NyKd iysmxGe;f au/ &Sc;kd arav? &Sc;kd ar/ h kd k f f d d yHkpH (1)eefY (2)dkUrSm om;acsmhomjcif;rsm; jzpfuwfyg onf/ yHkpH (3)eefY (4)dkUrSm uavhra,SdkU\ obm0udk azmfjy aom ,mOf;xd;k vsi;f olUkd ud,wif oDqEionf,mOf;om; jcif;rsm;yif jzpfuwfygonf/ k f kd kd kd f h ,if;aMumifh ,mOf;vGomjcif;eefY ,mOf;xd;k omjcif;ESprsKd ;udk cGxm;oifygonf/ ,if;ESprsKd ;vH;k udk aygif;um J f J h f ,mOf;omjcif;[k ac:a0:oHk;EIef;rnfqdkygu &Edkifaumif;\[k xifjrifrdygonf/

36/ jynfolUta&GUrsm; (Folk- Songs) t*Fvdyfa0g[m& zdkYcfqkif;*f (Folk- songs) udk jynfolUta&GU[k jyefqdkygonf/ zdkYcf[lonf &if;jrpf tm;jzifh *smrefpum; jzpfygonf/ a,bk,soabmudk aqmifaomtrsm; jynfol (People in General) [k t*Fvyf tbd"mefrsm; zGiquwfygonf/ qki;f *f[onf aw;jcif;? ta&GUyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh d hf kd l zdkcfhqkif;*fudk jynfolUta&GU[k jyefqdkjcif; jzpfygonf/ zdkcfh (*smrefa0g[m&Adkcfh-Volk)[lonf aumif;jrwfonfh pdwf&if;pGJ[daomjynfoludk qdkvdkygonf/ txl; ojzifh aus; vufjynfol&m pdwfdk;&if;pGJaumif;jrwfuwfygonf/ ,if; jynf oldkU\ ,if;ydkifpdwf"mwfrsdK;udk taemufwdkif;ynmoQifdkU *kxm;rduwfygonf/ 18&mpkacwfaemufydkif;wGif *smreftawG;tac:ynm&Sif [m'g (Herder 1744-1803)u aus;vufjynfopw"mwfoabmw&m; (The Yl d f
Theory of Folk- spirit) udk wifjycygonf/

xdtcseup jynfoUl ta&GU? jynfoUl yHjk yif? jynfoUl ,Ofaus;rIUkd k d f

t&D;ygt&ma&mufvmcygonf/ jynfolUta&GUonf pdwful;qef;Mu,frI? cHpm;csufvIyf ,Sm;rIdkUudk tNcDcH zGJUEGJUxm;tyfaom ta&GUrsm;yif jzpfyg onf/ xdef;uGyfrI? [efaqmifrI? jrKyfxm;rI? vSnhfxm;rIrygaom pdwfdk;&if;pGJ tNcDcH tavsmuf zGJUEGJUoDqdkaomta&GUrsm;yif jzpfuwfygonf/ wpfcgwpf&H jynfolUta&GUrsm;wGif &cdkifhtem*wf ausmufdk;ordkif;rS pmom;rsm;? &SD;a[mif;tzGJU? tjcif; ta&GUrsm;rSpmom;rsm;? odkufMwif;-wabmifrsm;? ordkif;tjzpftysufrsm;? "vdoHk;tzGJUta&GUrsm;? obm0 tzGUJ ta&GUrsm; yg0ifygonf/ jynfoUl ta&GUdUk rSm rSwwrf;wif&mwGif tm;enf;csuaMumifh umv f f tvdu?f a'otvduf uGveonfuw[&ygonf/ odaomfvnf; xdruUkd \t"duvd&if;oabm rSmum; k k J JG D kd dG d Yk k l JG k rsm;pGmruGvvyg/ J JG S jynfoUl ta&GUwGif ,mOf;omjcif; tusKH ;0ifygonf/ xdjYk yif uR?J EGm;ausmif;aomtcg oDqaomta&GU kd rsm;? v,f,m xGef,ufpdkfufysdK;aomtcg oDqdkaomta&GUrsm; vSDxdk;cwfvm; aomtcg oDqdkaom ta&GUrsm;? Zrf;omjcif;rsm; ponfdkUvnf; tusHK;0ifygonf/ k k f kd d f k k f f yHpH (1) ruvma,dii?f Bur;f om;wkwukd aemif;aemif;udi?f u,diuyg;? ESi;f NrKd iNf rKd iau? awmifcsKd if Mum;rSm? uRJausmif;vm;a&? tpfudkryg? nDryg/ Budrf;om;wkwfudk aemif;aemif;udkifysm? u,dkif uyg;? ESif;NrdKifNrdKifau? awmifcsdKifMum;rSm? uRJausmif;vm;a&/ [l;a&& ---- [l;/ axGawmif a'awmif? acsmifajrmifwvTm;? yd;k ypOfoH nHnom;oGm;/ awmoHvoH qqln?H H G D ESi;f oHajzmuf ajzmuf? ayguf aygufazmufoYkd Mum;&a&/ aj*mifawmifaj*mifaemif? eufajymif acgif;avmif;? awmifb,H rSm omNidrfhanmif;ysm Mum;&a&/ [l;a&a& ---- [l;/

k kd k f kd f Y d f f Ydk yHpH (2) ocGm;oH;k yif? awmiftifwi;f rSm? pduwi;f &Si/ wyifaumif;vJ? awmif;eefxywif? vGevus Ny;D / yGiwyiw?kH yGiwvyvuf? rxd;k vDauh/ &Sw&w?kH &Swvyvuf? rxd;k vDauh/ tcifBu;D fh kH G hf hf kH d f d kH dS d kH d f a,? t&D;a,/ 0g;MucyfudkpdkufvkdYxm;/ 0,smOf om? &DryD;au? &DcsdKa&av? &DcsdK;a&/ yHkpH (3) armifa,- armifa,? vrl;ydwf&m jcHKcs&mwdkY rvm;vDauh/ ig;tcsif;csif; ig;csif;rwl? ig; ZrLig;clpl;au tD;vdyfar/ vufudkacgif;wif zGJrD;uif? &Sif&SifvJuRD; t'gtdrfudk 0ifysmNyD;/ NyD;vDuRefr uRefqdk;rav uRefqdk;r/ / yHkpH(4) tarsav- a&mufrav? rId[if;cl;apmifvm; uwfar/ rId[if;vJcl;? pl;vJpl;? tpl;vJxGif? eD vJ0if? tdrfudkvJa&muf rdk;vnf;aomuf? aumufu&daumuf/ k H k f D f dk f Ykd yHp(5) ueef;Advacgif? wzufapmif? ewfawmifvvm qD;qD;/ oQiawmfvuv-Ny;D Ny;D / ausmufzsm BuD;- &DanUwif? Al;yifpdkufau &Sifarvm;/ jrpfBuD;oD'g ig;BuD;ay:? armifawmfzrf;au &arvm;/ avmif;ikwww&eow?f BuKd ea*gif vSrmvduuwfar/ taemufzavmif; yif;0g f k f D H k f D S k f acsmif;&Daumif; pD/ peD- t*Fgurf;em;cGm/ aomMum-A"l; ul;cyful;/ pul;vnf;a&muf rdk;vnf;aomuf/ wef;xm;vnf;ausmf Aa'g aMumf/ atmfatmfvnf;qJ Mumcspfauav? csrf;omNrdKUrSm pdkufauusa&av? pdkufau usa&/ / txufazmfjyyg ta&GUuAsmrsm;rSm &cdi"vd? &cdiobm0udk azmfjyygonf/ yHpH (1)rSm uRausmif;om; k f k f k J acs wpfa,muf\pdwfvIyf,Sm;yHkudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ olUtMum; olUtjrifudk ,Sif;,Sif;vif;vif; oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ yHkpH(2)rSm pdkufysdK;cif; O,smOfomwpfckwGif ocGm;EG,fyifrsm; zl;yGifh0D0Dqmqm[dedyHkudk oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ yHkpH(3)rSm ig;&Smvm;&mokdY omarmifa,Sudkrvdkuf&ef wm;jrpfyHkudkoDzGJUxm;ygonf/ yHkpH(4)rSm &cddkifaus;awmoldkU [if;cl;apmifvm;uwfyHkudk oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ yHkpH(5)rSm vSDavmif;jzifh c&D;vm;&ef pDpOf yHukd oDzUJG xm;ygonf/ uAsmrsm;dUk rSm &cdiyifu,;kd &if;pGJ obm0udk wifjyxm;ygonf/ k k hf kd f uAsm\ yifu,teDtxm; eefY qdykH qdenf;dUk rSm &cdiyif&if;toGix;l vuPmudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ kd f k k k hf f ,if;aMumifhvnf; 18&mpkavmufup *kpdkufazmfxkwfvmuwfaom jynfolUta&GUrsm;onf trsKd ;om; d;k &m xH;k wrf;"vdUkd udk pl;prf;vdvm&m txl;t&D;ygvSygonf/ trsKd ;om;pdw?f jynfoUl pdwukd f pl;prf;vdvm &mvnf; txl;t&D;ygt&ma&mufvSygonf/ tcef;(1)vuFmwGif yg0ifaomvuFmrsKd ; (37)rsKd ; dUk rSm vuFmESioufqiaom yHoPmefrsm;yif hf kd f k jzpfuwfygonf/ yHoPmef (37)rsKd ;wGif tvGersm;jym;vSpmaom yHoPmef&maygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifuwfyg k f G k odonf/

tcef;(2)

pum;jynf
edpOfoHk;pum;udk um&ef? ebDrygbJ jynfjynfjypfjypf oDuHk;&D;zGJUonfudk pum;jynf[k ac:ygonf/ &cdipmyDavmuwGif pum;jynfusr;f aygif;um; ajrmufrsm;vSpm\/ ausmufpmrsm;? uAsmusr;f rsm;? o'g k f G usrf;rsm;? ppfusrf;rsm;? qD;usrf;rsm;? euwfusrf;rsm;? aA'ifusrf;? Adokumusrf;rsm;? &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;? 0wKyHkjyif fusrf;rsm;? omoemusrf;rsm;? &mZoHusrf;rsm;? avQmufxHk;usrf;rsm;? odkufusrf;rsm; ponfjzifh ajrmufrsm;vSygonf/ usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmrSm ysufpD;vm;uwfyg,m/ aysmufqHk;vm;uwf&onfrSmvnf; renf;yg,m/ ysufpD;qJ? aysmufysufqJvnf; trsm;tjym;yif jzpfygonf/ oMupf 816-ck? wefcl;vqef; (6)&uf? wevFmedwGif (at'D 1454) &cdkifbk&ife&Ekrif;BuD;eefY jrefrmbk&if tif;0 e&ywdBuD;dkUonf EG,fcsdKzdk;acgifawmifxuf rdwftMunfzGJU cuwfygonf/ ,if;pOftcg ajrmufO;D &TND rKd UawmfoQif &cdirif;u jrefrmrif;tm; yD;ydonfh &mZoHpum;jynfukd yHpH tjzpf k f Yk k aumufEkwfwifjyvdkygonf/ ]wdyaom b*0g oGumawm? oky#yaEmpaom *kPawmfw&m; oH;k yg;ESitnD y&d,wd? y#dywd d d f hf y#da0" omoemawmf rndK;rEGrf;pD&? rlvodum? rif;ormwdkYcH&aom bdodufw&m;? q,fyg;aom rif;usifh? qJhESpfqifhaom t*Fg Bud,ma'o? owMuufo&D? av;xGDo*F[? edpmNrJpGm? t0dZmESifh? wPSm ydwaygif;? olraumif;ESi?hf uif;aMumif;vkvukd om? ynmAvjyKvsu?f rif;wdtm; ig;yg; p&drmqkw,wf f Yk f k wwfaom vuf;kH rmetm;udk y,f? teD;t0D; r&G;D yuwd w&m;ckepfyg;ESihf ow0gwdukd apmifxe;f vsuf Yk h d tkyfuGyfpD&if vd[daom ajrmufOD;&TDNrdKUawmfBuD; toQifMum;a&mufvdkuf onf/ tif;0&TDNrdKUawmfoQif tMunfawmf[k----- yif jzpfyg onf/ pum;jynfonfvnf; &cditawG:tac:? &cdicpm;csu?f &cditajymtqdUkd udk azmfxw&m yHoPmef k hf k hf H k hf k k f k wpfck jzpfygonf/ yHkoPmefonfvnf; toHk;twGifqHk;? toHk;trsm;qHk;yif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifdkU\ ta[mif;qH;k eefY toH;k twGiq;kH pmyDyoPmefwpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/ pum;jynf tm;aumif;au vlrsKd ; f kH tm;aumif;aMumif;udk urmhordkif; t&yf&yf wGd[d&ygonf/

tcef; (3)

vuFm pum;jynfESpfaxGa&m
vuFmpum;jynfESpfaxGa&m[lonf vuFmeefYpum; jynfESpfrsdK;udk pnf;urf;enf;vrf;rSefuefpGm a&mpyf xm;aomt&D;tzGJUwpfrsdK; jzpfygonf/ ,if;ydkif a&mpyfvdkufaomaMumifh ay:aygufvmaom ]vuFmpum;jynf ESpfaxGa&m} rSm yHkoPmefopfwpfckyif jzpfygonf/ yHoPmefeefywfouf okwaAm"qef;usr;f rS aumufEwcsutcsKd UdUk udk wifjyvdygonf/ k Y k f f k usr;f &if;udk ou#bmomjzifh tdE,ynm[dumvd'goujyKpc a0omvDacwf &cdiynmoQirsm;u d k k f f &cdkif bmomodkY jyefqdkconf[k ckacwf&cdkifpmyDokawoDtrsm;u vufcHxm;uwfygonf/ ,if; bmomjyefusrf;rSm utpaum tqHk;yD&GufoQpf&Guf [dygonf/ ]0[truygPd? csrf;NrdvSpGm? NrdKufok'godkY? uPmokc? yd,0gpm? qef;Mu,fpGmom;? pum;qdkvdkuf? tdktcspf} [k vnf;aumif;? ]a[umrded? umrt&m? vGefpGmwyfruf? ESpfoufjrwfEdk;? vSowHk;} [kvnf;aumif;? ]a[Ceukp,ka*? tusdwfrwif;? om;csif;cufxef? oEmpuf0ef;? &TD&nfoGef;vdkY? csD;rGrf;rukef? tpHk om;jrwf? vQyf vQyfvwif a*wdoQif} [k vnf;aumif;? ]a[Amav? avsmufywfIzG,f? t&G,fEkvS? tdkESr} [k vnf;aumif;/ pmqdBk u;D umvD'gou ol&wDa'0Dtm; odtrsKd ; rsKd ;zGUJ EGUJ azmfum uAsm*gxmudpUkd udk rD;jref; Yk aqG ; aEG ; ygonf/ tzGJUdkUrSm &cdkifpmyD avmuwG if ta[mif ;qH k ;jzpf aom vuF m pum;jynf ESpfaxGa&mjzpfonf [k qdkEdkifygonf/ aemufumvdkUwGifvnf; yHkoPmefrsdK; acwfudkvdkuf trsdK;rsdK;ay:xGef;cygod\/ us,fzdkYpdk;vkdY rQyifwifjyyg &pD/

tcef;(4)

tzG i f h
tzGi[onf ou#pmyD razmfjyyg/ ygVdpmyD&m tzGiukd azmfjyygonf/ bk&m;a[mygVdawmfukd hf l hf zGifhqdkaom t|uxm? #Dum[lo&Gdonf tzGifhcsnf;jzpfygonf/ &cdipmyDavmuwGif Ak'ygVdawmfukd &cdijf zifh zGiqaomusr;f rsm;? ou#? ygVduAsmusr;f ? qef;usr;f k f k hf kd rsm;udk zGifhqdkaomusrf;rsm;? "rowfusrf;wdkY\tzGifhusrf;rsm; txift&Sm;[dojzifh tzGifhudk &cddkifpmyD

avmu wpfcef;yD; xm;zG,ftaMumif;[dyg\/ odaomf tzGipmyDrsm;rSm vuFmeefaomfvnf;aumif;? pum;jynfeefaomfvnf;aumif;? vuFmpum;? Yk hf Y Y jynfESpfaxG a&meefYaomfvnf;aumif;? oDzGJUxm;aom pmrsm;jzpfeDonfudk wGd[d&ygonf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdkifpmyD okawoDtaygif;dkU pOf;pm;zG,fyif jzpfygonf/ tydkif; (2)wGifyg0ifaom tcef; (4)cef;rSm &cdkifpmyD\ yHkoPmeftoD;oD;dkUudk t>rufrQwifjy &jcif;&m jzpfygonf/

&cdkifpmyDGefYaygif; (Anthology of ArakaneseLiterature) eefY k f k &cdipmyDordi;f (History of ArakaneseLitrature)

twGuf pmwrf;onf wpGe;f wqpfavmuf tusKd ;oufa&mufau tuReauseyfrjI zpfzYkd trSeyg/ f f tpGmaMumifhqdkygau ESpfusrf;ay:xGufau &cdkifuAsmusrf;&cdkifo'g usrf;? &cdkiftbd"mefusrf;dkU ay:xGuf Ediygzd/ ,if;usr;f ,if; usr;f dUk ay:xGuvmau &cdipmyDabmifukd &cditrsm;? vlom;trsm; k f Yk f k f k f zwfvvm Ediygzd/ ,if;au&cdiukd ydreufepm em;vnfEiygzd/ tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfygau tcsi;f csi;f I d k f Yk k f k kd J G kd f Yk nDrQpGm? cspfMunfpGm? vGwfvyfpGm? Nidrf;csrf;pGm twlwleDxdkif wwfygzdkY/ apmapmuwifjyconfhtwdkif; a[majymcsuf\ t"du &nf&G,fcsuf? t"dutusdK;arQmfrSef;csufvnf; {csifhwdyif r[kwfygvm;/ &cdipmyDyoPmeftoD;oD;dUk eefY zGUJ xm;aom &cdiuAsmtoD;oD;dUk wGif yg0ifonftaMumif;t&m k f kH k f h t&yf&yfdkUudk wuefYpDpD uefYMunfhzdkYqdkau a,bk,stm;jzifh trsdK;tpm; (6)rsdK; wGd[dygonf/ (1) Ak'omoem&D;eefYqkdifaom taMumif;t&m/ (2) &cdkifordkif;aMumif;eefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m/ (3) NrDoQifya'o&mZfpepfeefYqdkifaomtaMumif;t&m/ (4) t&dpwdk ua&pDpepfeefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m/ (5) &cdkifobm00ef;usifeefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m/ (6) &cdkifvleDrIpepfeefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m[l jzpfygonf/ tcsu(6)csuukd tEkpwa[majymzdqau oD;jcm; acgif;pOfwpfceefY a[majym&zdYk ,lqrdygonf/ f f d f Yk kd k us,fvnf; tvGefw&m us,f0ef;ygzdkY? ,if;twGufaMumifh wrsdK;wzHktm; jzifh t>rufrQ tESpfom&udk aumuf,Nl y;D au tcsuo;kH csuf pkvuygonf/ ,if;tcsuf oH;k csuukd tydi;f (3)wGif wifjy vduygonf/ f kd f f k k f

tydkif;(3)

&cdkifuAsmwGif wGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD;oHk;&yf

(u) &ur@dKif&cdkifudkzGJUaom tawG;tac:rsm;? (c)t&dpwdkua&pDoabmw&m;ouf0if&mtawG; tac:rsm;? (u) &cdkifhkyfywf0ef;usifudk xif[yfjyaom tawG;tac:rsm;? (1) obm0tzGJUtEGJUrsm; (2) jynfolUuAsmrsm; (3) uAsmopfrsm; [l tydi;f wGif yg0ifrnfh tawG;tac:dUk udk tpD tpOfcsxm;ygonf/ tcsutvufrsm; k f dkUonf &cdkifpmyD\ &cdkiftawG;tac:udk xif[yfjyEdkifzdkYvdkY ,lqygonf/ pmrpHk yDrpHk jzpfeD&ojzifh tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfvsufeefYyif wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/ tyifwi;f tyifwi;f t&nfzUHG NzKd ;vmau zl;onf? iHk onf? yGionf? ,if;ydiyif vlwi;f vlwi;f kd kd hf k f kd kd t&nfzGHUNzdK;vmau cHpm;onf? awG;ac:onf? zGifh[ajymqdkonf? zGifh[&D;zGJU onf? xdkvlUtcHtpm; tawG; tac:udk tzl;trHkeefY wifpm;vdkygonf/ xdktajymudk tzGJUtEGJUudk yef;eefYwifpm;vdkygonf/ tyifrS yef;yGifha& ydkif vlUcHpm;csuf vlUawG;ac:csufrS uAsmyGifhvef;vmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/ yef;onf Moumoavmuudk wefqmqifa&ydkif uAsmonf owavmuudk wefqmqif onf[k qdkvdkygonf/ ,if;ydkifyif &cddkifyef;onf Moumoavmuudk wefqmqif &cdkifhuAsmonf &cdkifvlrItzGJU tpnf;udk wefqmqifonf[k qdvygonf/ pifppf&cdiyef;? &cdiuAsmdUk onf &cdijf ynfeefY &cdivUl tzGUJ tpnf;udk k kd k f k f k k f wifhw,fpDonf? vSypDonf r[kwfygvm;/

(u) &ur@dKif? &cdiuzUJG aomtawG;tac:rsm; k f kd

oD&*wue;f awmfum; &ur@dKiwnf;? ,if;uke;f r[mrkepufuwnfum &cdirif;tqufquf d k k f d kd kd f ylaZmfcuwf ygonf/ ,if;udk &cdkifacwftqufquf txl;MunfndKum OD;xdyfxm;cuwfygonf/ apmifha&Smuf c uwfygonf/ ynm[dtaygif; csD;usL;zGJUqdkcuwfygonf/ r[mrkedpufrwnfrD yxr"n0wDNrdKUwnfeef;wnf rif;jzpfaom rm&,kbk&if (bDpD-33233216) onf vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,"n0wDNrdKUwnfeef;wnfrif;jzpfaom uH&mZmBuD; (bDpD 15051468)onf vnf;aumif;? &udKifr@dKif oD&d*kwatmifNrDeufoefudk trGefwjrwfxm;c aMumif;udk &mZ0iftapmif apmif zwfI&ygonf/ wwd,"n0wDNrdKUwnfeef;wnfrif;jzpfaom r[mpEol&d,rif; (bDpD 578-526)onf

a*gwrAk'\ ud,pm;awmf r[mrkeukd Bu;D us,crf;em;pGm oGe;f vkyNf y;D au &ur@dKif udk pduxcygonf/ k f d f k f l r@dKiue;f awmfeefY kywawmfukd ,if;umvup ,edxufwif &cdiwi;f &cdiwi;f trGetjrwfxm; f k f k kd k f kd k f kd f [dwwfygonf/ ol&,quf 25-quf (bDpD 578-at'D 327)? pE&m;quf 9-quf (at'D 327-769) vufxuf d dUk wGif &ur@dKieefY r[mrkepufukd txl;*kxm;caMumif;udk &cdi&mZ0if &cdi&mZykUkd zwf&ygonf/ f d k f k f H I ,if;ydkif MunfndKvmcuwf&mrSm at'D 1103-ckxd jzpfygonf/ at'D 1103wGif &cdijf ynft&Sbufu 0ifa&mufvmMuaomysLdUk onf r[mrkepufukd zsuq;D ypfc k d d f uwfygonf/ 'kwd,yk&drfNrdKUwnfeef;wnf '&mZmrif;BuD;(at'D 1123-1139)onf &ur@dKifudk oD&d*kw& ukef;awmf cdkifcdkifaemif;aemif; rGrf;rHpdkufxlcygonf/ r[mrkedpufudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef jyefvnfpuwnf xm;cygonf/ ,if;aemuf ud,pm;awmf\ ud,pm;awmfrsm; oGe;f vkyaMumif; uwnK kd f k f k f f uke;f awmf r[mrked ud,pm;awmfwpfqukd wnfxm;aMumif; &cdi&mZ0if? &cdi&mZyHUkd zwf&ygonf/ k f l k f k f k I uwnKukef;rS r[mrked udk,fpm;awmfrSm (at'D 1784)wGif tzsufcH&aMumif; wGd[d&ygonf/ &cdkifpmyDwavQmufwGif &ur@dKifeefY &cdkiftrsdK;udk zGJUqdkcsufrSm Zmwd*kPfrmefwuf<uzG,fyif jzpfygonf/ at'D 7&mpku pmqdawmf tdr&rz&m; ok0Pa'0Du ]uwd;k teHv?kd oif;ysUH rT;D BuKd i?f oQp&yfvif k f dS d k Y f dI onf? r@dKifcsuf jrKyfodkxuf? e*dk&fjynfa0omvD? "nESpfcef;? ESpfjynfrSef;onf? xD;eef;tpDpDwnfh? rsKd ;omuDpOfrysu?f ESpaygif;&SnMf um? r[m EG,;kd wuf\} [k trsKd ;*kP?f r@dKi*Pukd wufwuf<u<u f f f k f azmfusL;zGUJ qdcygonf/ k at'D 8-&mpku pmqdkawmf "raZ,strwfBuD;u ]p- udkrlum; pEol&d, rif;vSjynfoQif? awmif;yefvQiau? oQiyifu,pm;? oGe;f xm;onf? zl;rrsm;vG,um? vG,umaomfvnf;? [efpav? f f kd f f f D [efpav}[k &ur@dKiue;f awmf ud,pm;awmfukd pEo&,rif;Bu;D wnfxm;ud;k uG,caMumif; zGUJ qdc G f k k f l d f k ygonf/ at'D 9-&mpkwGif ymbk&ifrif;BuD;jzLonfvnf;aumif;? 12-&mpkwGif yk&drrfNrdKUawmfoQif '&mZm rif;Bu;D onf vnf;aumif;? 13-14&mpkwwif avmif;MuufNrKd UawmfoQif tavmif;rif;jzLonf Ykd G vnf;aumif;? rif;xD;bk&ifBuD;onf vnf;aumif;? r@dKifeefYudk,fawmfudk txl;wvnf OD;xdyfxm;um ylaZmfcaMumif; wGd[d&ygonf/ 15-&mpkwGif usrf;wwftausmf toQifoDv0Horax&f jrwfu ]oNyDyl&? &ur@dKif? *kPfysHUvIdifonf? &cddkifbHkcsm} [k vnf;aumif; e&Ekrif;w&m;Bu;D u ]ZrLr@dKi?f a&T&cdi0,f? oQpqi&yfrif;? cGe;f oGi;f zsiajym? oabFmpif;>y?H qdwf k f f kd f f rnHwnf;}} [lvnf;aumif;/

pmqdkawmf z'lrif;ndKu ]qdkif;qdkif;r@dKif? &cdkifGefYzl;? rGefMu,fjrL;odkY? ajrmufOD;a&Teef;} [k vnf;aumif;? ]r[morwf? EG,frjywfvQif? txGwfxdyfrdk;? jynfhjynfpdk; onf? rsdK;vnf;vGefjrwfxl;wnfhav} [k vnf;aumif;? r@dKif*kPf rsdK;dk;*kPfudk azmfusL;um wuf<upGmoDzGJUcuwfygonf/ 16-&mpkwif pmqdawmf Oumysu ]a&Tjynfr@dKi?f &cdiac:rSe;f ? oH;k awmifeef;xuf} [k [Hom0wD G k H k f atmifyGJcHeDpOf r@dKif*kPfudk azmfusL;oDqdkcygonf/ 17-18 &mpkUkd wGif e&ywdBu;D (1638-1645)? pE0Z, (1709-1731)paom bk&ifBu;D dUk onf d &ur@dKiukd txl;jyK*Pazmfum aemiftem*wftwGuf &nf&,Nf y;D teufteJppOfaqmif&uf cuwfyg f k f G D G onf/ pE0dZ,bk&ifBuD;\ ppfatmifjrifjcif;taMumif;udk zGJUEGJUonfh 0dZ,ppfatmif {jcif;wGifvnf; r@dKieefY wdi;f jynfx;D pnfeefrif;quf? rysurpD; cdicirrmrm[dcyHukd ]&ur@dKi?f pd;k ydiMf uiSe;f ? eef;ESihf f k Y f k f kd f k k xD;pnf? jynfESifhrif;quf? rysufruGJ? eef;yGJjrifhMu}[k oDzGJUcygonf/ xdkYjyif e&tb,&mZm (1742-1761)\ trdeawmf jyefwrf;uAsmwpfy'wivnf; ]vlAvNf ir;f csr;f ? vrif;xGe;f od?Yk a&Teef;r@dKi?f Yf k f G f kd d &cdiawmfpe;f ? bHMk uiSe;f xuf? zH;k vTr;f tmPm? rif;&D;&mESi}hf [k &ur@dKif om,myHk tmPmpufxufyUkd udk k f G kH oDzUJG cygonf/ &cdirif;qufjywfNy;D aemuf 18-&mpk? 19-&mpkEihf 20 &mpktpydi;f umvdUk wGif oDzUJG cuwfaom kd f S k &cdkifpmyDuAsm t&yf&yfdkUrSm &um{r@dKifudk wuf<upGm azmfusL;confcsnf; jzpfygonf/ 18-&mpkacwfwGif &rm0wD&rf;jynfhNrdKUe,frS uif;q&m[k pmqdkBuD;wpfqlay:xGef;cygonf/ ,if;pmqdk u &u r@dKif\ &rm0wDuRef;BuD;om,myHkudk atmufygtwdkif; zGJUEGJUcygonf/ ]&ur@dKi?f ausmMf um;vIiom;? cditxJ? jrpfnmuJ vsu?f vuf0cma,Smif? vuf,mawmifr?S d f k f J G awmifork'q?D ewfem*Dw?Ykd yg&rDausm?f bke;f aMumifay:om;? tkwatmfyifv,f? aysmyg;zG,Ei?hf jrES,f f h f f f S jra&mif? jr&dyfaqmifonf? jrawmifjrawm? jra&mifausmonf? raem&rm? uRef;'Dygxuf}[k oDzGJUc ygonf/ q&mawmfESifh acwfNydKifpmqdkwdkYvnf; tvm;wl zGJUEGJUcuwfonfudk trsm;yifwGd[d&onfyif jzpfygonf/ 20&mpk yxrydkif;avmufwGif &cdkifjynf? ppfawGNrdKU? bk&m;rsm;odrf &cdkifvli,frsm; Edk;Mum;a&; toif;udk zGJUpnf;cuwfygonf/ ,if;toif;zGifhyGJ zwfMum;caom r*FvmMobm&wkrSm]r*FvmaZ,sHK? rIdaygif;pHkom;? a&TbHkr@v? wdkif;&uwGif? umvya0? twDawu? aeEG,f0Ho? omuD,wd?Yk &mZm"rm? usiq,fjzmESihf oDwm&Dcsr;f ? xdyxufqrf;od?Yk &Tivef;Munfom} [k &ur@v? hf f f &ur@dKifudk csD;usL;zGJUqdkcuwfonfudk wGdod&ygonf/ 20-&mpktv,fydkif; jrefrmjynfvGwfvyf&D; &NyD;aemufwGif &cdkifacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfaom q&mBuD; OD;atmifomOD;u &ur@dKiftaMumif;udk zGJUEGJUNyD;vQif atmufygtwdkif; owdyD;xm;ygonf/

]&cdkifom;av? ompGav? atmifajrr@dKif? wdkif;&udKif? &cdkifompG? r@v0,f? &SD;utajc? cktajcudk? aocsmwyftyf? jyefoHk;oyf? trSwfxifxif awG;qifjcifavm} [k zGJUqdkum owdyD;wifjy xm;ygonf/ uAsmrsm;wGifomru jynfolUta&GU[k ac:qdkEdkifaom yef;wsm;jcif;wGifvnf; &ur@dKifudk &cdkif pdk;rdk;&onf[k wufwuf<u<uoDzGJUcygonf/ ajrmufOD;yef;wsm;jcif;wGif ]&cdkifr@dKif? &cdkifGefYzl;? rif;Am wnfau? a&TajrmufOD;? rif; Amwnfau? a&TajrmufOD;av;? &ur@dKif? &cdkifpdk;? &ur@dKif? &cdkifpdk;av;} [k yif jzpfygonf/ xdtjyif bk&;Asm'dwawmf q,fEpcef;ESihf ewfom; oduu;kd q,fu;kd oduukd aygif;pkzUJG EGUJ tyfaom Yk f h S f k f h k f 0doMuHKodkuf wGif ]&cdkifr@dKif? &cdkifoma,mifh? om,mpGav? ompGav? &cdkifom;av? ompGav} [k vnf;aumif; ]]csr;f Nrr@dKi?f &cdioma,mif?h om,mpGav? ompGav? &cdiom;av? ompGav} [kvnf;aumif;/ d k f k f r@dKionf jynftcsutcsmjzpfaMumif;? r@dKionf csr;f jrom,mvSaMumif;dUk udk MunfE;l ESporhf f f f f d pzG,f oDcygonf/ 20&mpkacwfuAsmq&mdUk vnf; &cdir?I &cdi[efukd azmfum r@dKi*Pukd rdr&&zGUJ qdwwfonf k f k f f k f d k vnf; trsm;yif jzpfygonf/ &ur@dKiukd &cdipmqdawmfrsm;? &cdiuAsm q&mrsm;dUk &mru jrefrmpmqdawmfrrsm;? jrefrmuAsm f k f k kd f k q&mrsm;? b*Fvpmqdawmfrsm;? t*Fvypm&D;q&mrsm;dUk uyg azmfusL; *kPwifcuwfygonf/ ae&m D k d f f us,ftHhpdk; t*Fvdyfpm&D; q&mBuD; arm&dpfaumvdpf\ ]r[mrkedEdkifiHawmf} 'The Land of the Great
Image By Maurice Collis' ac:pmtkyfrS

aumufEkwfcsuftcsdKUjzifh&m ,Sif;vif;yg&pD/

,if;pmtky\ pmrsuEm 205? 206 'Possessing the White Elephant and the Mahamuni he (Mun f f S
Razagri) had a right to call himself the champion of Buddhism. Arakan --- become the centre of the Buddhist World'

[k a&;om;xm;yg onf/ rif;&mZmBuD;rSm qifjzLawmfudk ydkifawmfrlonfhtjyif r[mrkedudk,fpm;awmf\ 'g,umawmf

jzpfawmfrojzifh Ak'omoemawmf\ 'g,umawmfBu;D trSeac:xduaMumif;? &cdijf ynfrm Ak'omoem l f k f k S awmfBuD;\ tcsufcsmr@dKifyifjzpf aMuif; &D;om;xm;ygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfpmrsufESm 168wGif
'The Buddha had died in 543 B.C. Altogether 2173 years had elapsed since then, and for that immense period the image of the Founder of the Religion had remained on aSirigutta, the oldest, the most mysterious, the most holy object in the world. The relics, detailed to the deciples on Selagiri had all been found and enshrined. Arakan was sacred country; it was the heart of Buddhism, and he (King Thirithudamma) as its king, was the most notable Buddhist ruler in existence.

Grave indeed was his responsibility. He had not only to maintain the state as the homeland of the Arakanese race, but as the one place on earth where an authentic shape of Tathagata was preserved, a possession of greater potency than the most precious relics'

[k &D;om;xm;jyefygonf/

Ak'j rwfpmonf bDpD 543wGif y&deAmefjyKvND y;D &Snvsm;vSpmaom ESpaygif; 2173 ESpwivevD G d f G f f G f G f onfh wfdkifatmif Ak'\udk,fpm;awmfonf oD&d*kwukef;awmf (&ur@dKif) pHpm;vsufyif [dygonf/ ud,pm;awmfjrwfum; urmay:wGita[mif;qH;k ? todcufq;kH ? tjrifjh rwfq;kH &wemyif jzpfygonf/ k f f aovm*D&d ausmufawmfawmifxyrS Asm'dwawmfxm;caom "mwfawmfrawmfUkd udk Xmyemwnfxm; d f f DG ud;k uG,c&um; &cdijf ynfrm jrifjh rwfaomwdi;f jynfwpfjynf jzpfygonf/ xdjYk yif Ak'omoemawmf\tcsuf f k S k tcsmr@dKiyif jzpfygonf/ xdwi;f jynf\ bk&ifo&o"rum; rSwavmufom;avmufaom Ak'bmom0if f k kd D d k f bk&ifjrwfwpfyg;jzpfygonf/ trSefpifppf bk&ifjrwf\wm0efrsm;rSm t&D;BuD;vSygonf/ bk&ifjrwfrSm vlrsKd ;wd\zGm;oefpif&m &cdijf ynfu&m tkycsKyapmifa&Smuf&rnf r[kwo;D ? "mwfawmfjrwf rGawmfjrwf Yk Y k kd f f h f D taygif;dkUxuf xGwfjrwfawmfrlvSaom Ak'udk,fpm;awmfppf pHpm;&m &ur@dKifudkvnf; udk;uG,f apmifha&Smuf&rnf jzpfygonf[l &D;om;xm;ygonf/ rQvQif &ur@dKionf t"dujzpfygonf/ acwftqufquf xif&m;cygonf/ &cdivrsKd ;&mru f S k f l &cdkifeefY qufqHzl;orQ vlrsdK;dkUvnf; &ur@dKifudk t"duxm;uwfaMumif; odomEdkifygonf/ pifppf &cdiUkd tzdYk r@dKionf &cdi?f &cdionf r@dKif jzpfygonf/ &ur@dKionf &cdiMhf unfvif&m? k f f k k f f k &cdkifhcdkifNrJ&m? &cdkifhtv,ftcsuftcsm jzpf&m? &cdkifhudk,fjyXmef;&myif jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh toQiem*dEarmfue;f ]trsKd ;oDv? ESpXmeud?k jynf0r@dKif apmifpr;f Edi? &cdiemr? f G f h h G k f k f bGJUrnfvSjzifh? tEGwonm? ac:tyfpGmwnf;} [k oDzGJUcjcif; jzpfygonf/ &SD;&SD;acwfu &cdkifrsdK;udk apmifha&Smufjcif;? &cdkifoDvudk apmifha&Smufjcif;aMumifh ]&cdkif} [laomemrnf eefY vduzufaMumif;? r@dKijf ynf0aMumif;udk armfue;f t& odMu&yg,m/ igdUk acwfwif k f h G G ]r@dKi}f udk ydrkd eufep&zd?Yk ydrorrp& zd?Yk ydrus,0ef;pD&zd?Yk ydrjkd ynf0pD&zd?Yk ydrw;kd wufp&zdyif jzpfygonf/ k J D k kd d f dG D k kd f k h k kd D Yk

(c) t&dpwua&pD oabmw&m;ouf0if&mtawG;tac:rsm; kd

t&dpwua&pD[onf okcrdeoaumif;rsKd ; tkycsKyf jcif;udk ac:ygonf/ &cdijf ynfwif ya'o&mZf kd l f l f k G NrDoQifacwfu bk&ifpepfeefY t&dpwdkua&pDpepfESpfck xGef;um;edaMumif;udk wGd&ygonf/ pepfESpfck o[Zmwjzpfeuwfau? wenf; aMumif;usKd ;qufnweuwfau w&m;eef"m;xufjrufeojzifh r@dKif D D G f D Y D *kP&mif xdeajymifxe;f vif;cygonf/ &S;D &S;D acwf tqufqufu bk&ifwi;f vufxufwif jynfxe;f okc f f G kd G d rdeNf y;D jyKwconf[k r[dcyg/ okcrdeBf u;D wpfyg; xGe;f vmau rif;qufo;kH av;ig;quf xde;f uGyvm;wwfyg f f onf/ jynfxdef; okcrdef tmPmvkonf[kvnf;r[dbl;cyg/ rif;raumif;au rSL;rwfjynfolnDGwf

rif;opf ajrmufuwfonfcsnf; jzpfygonf/ rif;tm;enf;vGef;rS&m trwfdkU tmPmodrf;uwfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; okcrdefjynfxdef;trwfBuD;udk rxdyg;uwfyg/ &cdiordi;f wGif okcrdetyxe;f &D;pepf Zmavmufavmufxe;f um;coenf;qdonfukd ay:xGe;f c k f k f k f d G k onfh jynfxdef;okcrdef tausmftarmfrsm;udk vdvmMunfhu odomEdkifygonf/ oD&d&mZmrif;vufxuf (bDpD 608-578)rif;wkef;pm; 0drvtrwfBuD;? ajymif;jympm; a'oausmxif trwfBu;D ? pEo&,rif;vufxuf (bDpD 578-526)awmifuypm; "r aZ,strwfBu;D ? f l d k f ol&d,auwkrif; vufxuf (at'D 273-327)aomif;wD;pm;OwroD&dausmf trwfBuD;plVpE&m;rif; vufxuf (at'D 733-769)ppfwaumif;pm; 0d"l&trwf BuD;? 'o&mZmrif;vufxuf (1123-1139 at'D) u0dausmftrwfBuD;? iESvHk;rif;vufxuf (at'D 1246-1250) 0drv trwfBuD;? rif;xD;bk&if vufxuf (at'D 1283-1389)ppf waumif;pm; 0drvtrwfBuD;? e&rdwfvSrif;apmrGefBuD; vufxuf (at'D 1404-1406)? (1429? 1430-1433)0drvtrwfBu;D ? av;NrKd Upm;u0dausmtrwfBu;D ? rif;Am;bk&if f vufxuf (at'D 1531-1553) ppfwaumif;pm; r[mynmausmtrwfBu;D ? oD&o"rm&mZm vufxuf f d k (at'D 1622-1638)av;NrdKUpm; ivufHk;trwfBuD;? e&ywdBuD;vufxuf (at'D 1638- 1645) jynfp;kd Bu;D "raZ,s? ausmif;xdiq&mawmfBu;D wusyEpyg;? e&tb,&mZmrif;vufxuf (at'D 1742k f d f S f 1761)trwfBuD; aumif;ausmfxifpm; (jrausmfOD;)? pEy&r&mZmrif;vufxuf (at'D 1761-1764) pdewifpm; trwfBu;D (a&To)? pE0rvrif;vufxuf (at'D 1777) trwfBu;D "m;ydiBf u;D pdewifNrKd Upm; f J d k f oD&rvma'0D (rdyef;&H)ponftm;jzifh &cdiordi;f wavQmufwif okcrdetrwfawmfrsm; ay:aygufcuwf d k f k G f ygonf/ trwfawmfUkd \ tquftEG,rm r[mynmausmf trwfBu;D \ txufatmuf tquftEG,f f S rsm; jzpfaMumif; vdvmod[d&ygonf/ pEy&r&mZmu trwfBuD;a&ToJtm; rdefYMum;&mwGif r[m ynmausmfdkU\tpltpOfrSm tbd&mZm? uH&mZmBuD;dkU tEG,fjzpfaMumif; yg[dygonf/ tcsufudk axmufqMunfygau? &S;D &S;D acwfu &cdirif;rsKd ;rif;EG,wpfcxrS tkycsKy&;D eefY tkyxe;f &D;udk wm0efc0um h k f f k J f f f d JG D pDrcaMumif;? w&m;eeftm;udk pepfwuscsum r@dKi*Pukd tjrifrm;qH;k jriwif xm;caMumif; odom& H Y f k f h hf ygonf/ &cddkifordkif;wavQmufwGif bk&ifu wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfygonf/ ynm[du tkyfxdef;ygonf/ oHCmawmfu em,utjzpf BuD;rSL;ygonf/ awmifilrif;w&m; a&TxD;csDvmaMumif; owif;pum;eefY ywfouf r[mynmausmftrwfBuD;u rif;Am;bk&iftm; avQmufwifaomtcef; ]vSDwdkifudkBudK; xdef;ygonf/ jynfudk trwfBuD;xdef;ygonf} [kygonfudk axmufqu tqdkxif&Sm;rSefuefaMumif; od&ygonf/ wzef jrefrm awmifitrwfBu;D ausmxifaemf&xmtm; &cditrwf jynfp;kd Bu;D "raZ,su l f k f ajymMum;aompum; ]tusir[d trsKd ;rapmifaomrif;,kwonf tu,f pd;k rd;k tH?h xdrif;tm; trwf hf h f k aumif;wdkYonf rrSm;r,Gif;pD&m? toufriJh avQmufwif&NrJjzpfonf/ rif;ESifh trwfwdkYpHkvsuf

qd;k oGr;f vwfaomf oHCmawmfwYkd usKd ;aMumif; jyoa[majymqH;k r& NrJ jzpfonf} [k yg[dygonf/ onfukd axmufqMunfhau? ,if;tqdk ydkrdkxif&Sm;aMumif; ydkrSefaMumif; od&ygonf/ &S;D &cdiusr;f *ef;a[mif;wGivnf; ]&DNrO;D cdi?f Ediiyir?l wdr;f ,di[vrf;? tusior;f aomf? rif;uRr;f k f f D k k f H kd f k f d hf G 0ifbd? rwfu0d wdkY? EIdif;nduefjim;? rif;yg;avQmufoifh? BuD;jrifh*kPfoQif? em;r0if? rif;yifusifh&m? wlpmpdu?f rif;vdvu? rwfruEirif;? oif;yif;nDp?G jyjyefMurl? "robif? r*Fvmausm?f oHCmawmfw?Ykd G k k kd f kd f S hf ta[mw0? &S;D urif;aygif;? rSL;rwfaumif;wd?Yk rapmif;wnfrwf? usi0wfusr;f *ef? rvGer,kw?f azmfxwf h hf f k jyo? qH;k rxH;k p? vSLcHojl rwf? &[ef;"mwfEi?hf avsmufywfoifpm? ajymqd&monf? pOfvmed*;kH &S;D usix;kH } S h G k hf [k yg[dygonf/ usr;f xGupum;rSm ,if;tqdukd wduuazmfe;f yD;aom tjrpftESpyif jzpfygonf/ f k k f kd f T f ynm[dokcrdef[lonf &cdkifdkUu usrf;*efwwfuRrf;HkeefY vHkavmufonf[k r,lquwfyg/ ud,usiw&m;aumif;eefY jynfpzvnf; vdygodonf/ tb,r[m&mZmrif;tm; pdewifpm;trwfBu;D k f hf h kH Ykd k f a&ToJ avQmufxHk; ]toQifrif;jrwf? olrdkufwkdYonf yd#uwfaA'ifudkoif wwfpDumrl? ynm[d olawmfaumif;paom tjriftedr?hf t,kwtjrwftwdwf tem*wfukd qH;k jzwfEionfr[kwyg/ twwf h f kd f f ynmaMumifh csif;wdkYepfvD&monf}[k yg[dcsufudk vdvmMunfhygau? &cdkifjynfxdef; okcrdeftausmf tarmfdkUrSm omrefynm wwfrsm;r[kwfbJ ynm[dppfppfrsm;jzpfuwf aMumif;udk odomEdkifygonf/ txufu trwfjynfp;kd Bu;D "raZ,s pum;udaxmufcsiuvnf; jynftwGuf toufuriJuwfaom k hf kd h tmZmenfynm[drsm;yif jzpfuwf aMumif;udk odom&ygonf/ bk&if[lonfrSmvnf; vufHk;rmeudk raxmifxm;&/ ,if;acwfu tm;onfw&m;r[kwf? w&m;onf tm;jzpf onf? w&m;rJpm tm;pum;ajymolukd vl,wvru[k armfue;f xd;k cuwfygonf/ h G k f l kd f G odkYaomf &cdkif bk&ifdkUum; tm;udkpk w&m;eefYxdef;uwfygonf/ tm;[daomfvnf; tm;udkOD;pm; ryD;? tm;eefYolwxl;udk tEdkifrcHuwf? ol&efvdkuvnf; tm;eefYwGef;vSefarmif;xkwfvdkufuwfonf&m rsm;onf/ rif; Ambk&ifBu;D u jrefrmtrwf ausmxifaemf&xmtm; rdeMYf um; csuuMkd unfyg ]&Dr[daom f f h uef? qefr[daom pyg;? w&m; r[daom rif;rsdK;? qdk;aumif; rodaomrD;? c&D;a&muf&mvm; <uufudk pm;onf>h r?D ow0g ig;OD;wdonf ybw?f olawmfaumif;wdrc&ef rtyf? tusKd ;tjypfuvnf; rod? Yk k Yk DS kd kd xdkow0gwdkY[d&m t&yfa'o t&Snf rxGef;vif;Edkif&m? &efol rsdK;ig;yg;ESifh qufqH&rsm;vDonfyif/ tpfudkwdkY awmifilrif; vnf; vufHk;rmetm;vGefonf? ynm[dESifh eD;uyfygpDOD;}[k rdefYxm;ygonf/ ajrmufO;D acwf &cdiEiiBH u;D udk xlaxmifcaom rif;Ambk&if ud,awmfwiu vuf;kH rmeudk Iwcsxm; k f kd f k f kd f f aMumif; wGdEdkifygonf/ wdkif;jynfudk tpdk;&aomrif;[lonf vufHk;&nf rmeaxmifvTm;vdkYr&? ESvHk;&nf jynfh0zdkYvdkaMumif; &nfTef;rdefYxm;csufyif jzpfygonf/ wzef r[mynmausmfu jrefrmbk&if wyifa&TxD;tm; avQmufxm;csufudk Munfhyg/ ]toQif rif;jrwf? vufHk;tm;udk tvdk[daomrif;onf &efydk xdkjynfolwdkYaomfvnf; vufHk;rmetm;BuD;

jcif;aMumifh pnf;pdrf r&Sn?f &efoig;yg; qufqrsm;avonf/ ESv;kH tm;udk tvd[aom wdi;f jynfrif;wd\ l H k d k Yk jynfoonf tylaomu uif;jcif;aMumifh rdbom;Nr;D pOfvm ojymawmifwif; rukequfqH cHpm;vsuf l h f rysufpnfxGef; bk&m;paom olawmfaumif;wdkY tcsD;trGrf;udkcH&aMumif;ESifh ynm[drsm;rSmxm;awmf rlygonf} [k wifjyxm;ygonf/ tcsuUkd udk Munfygau? &S;D &cdiNf roQiya'o&mZfacwfu vuf;kH &nf f h k D f ESv;kH &nfEpyg;wGif vuf;kH rme axmifvm;jcif;udy,f tm;eefY w&m;? 0g? vuf;kH &nf ESv;kH &nf rQwrIukd S f T k t"duxm;aMumif; odomEdkifygonf/ trwfouiaemifukd oHwNJG rKd Upm; ceftyfzupeefywfouf r[mynmausmu rif;zavmif;Bu;D H kd f Y Ykd d Y f tm; avQmufxm;csuf ]ESvHk;&nf[daomol vufHk;&nfrSm tvGef[datmifjyKEdkifaMumif;} [k vnf;aumif;? ]vuf;kH &nfrm vlruf twwfEv;kH \ tpDtuReom jzpfygonf/ ESv;kH &nf[aom oltm; S kd S f d trItaygif; BuD;ukefygonf} [k vnf;aumif; yg[dygonf/ tcsucsuukd axmufqMunfau &cdib&ifUkd onf vuf;kH rme rvGeubJ ESv;kH &nfynmoQif f f h k f k f J okcrdeUkd eefY vufwum jynfutycsKyaMumif;? oHCmawmfUkd udtrSL;xm; aMumif; aumif;pGmod[Eiyg f JG kd k f f k d kd f onf/ vuf;kH ESv;kH udk r,kwf rvGepyJ jynfBu;D 0efukd xrf;aqmifaMumif;udk oD[Vrif;\ &Tyo0PfpmeefY f D kd f D D ywfouf rif;zavmif;BuD;tm; r[mynmausmftrwfBuD; avQmufwifcsufwGif wGd&ygonf/ ]toQif rif;jrwf? &SD;ynm [ddkUpum;xHk;yHk&yftqdk ]rD;vGefaomfcspfonf/ &DvGwfaomf yspfonf} &mZyHkwGif vnf; ]jynfBu;D 0efu?kd td;k wefqefcwf? rif;usi0wfEi?hf avsmufywfoifh pGm? pD&if&monf} [k yg[daMumif; hf S qdxm;ygonf/ k &cdijf ynfwif NroQiya'o&mZfpepf xGe;f um;pOfumvu av;NrKd Ujrpfacwf (at'D 818-1406)? k G D f ajrmufO;D acwf (at'D 1430-1784)bk&ifUkd \ trdermwrf;rsm;udk yifMunfMh unf?h jynfxe;f okcrdeUkd \ Yf S d f avQmufxHk;rsm;udkyif MunfhMunfh? w&m;rJh? "m;rJh oufOD;pHydkifpepf rxGef;um;c aMumif;udk od&ygonf/ avmif;MuufNrKd UawmfoQif rif;xD;bk&ifBu;D \ rk'g bdoutrdermwrf;f wGif ]rif;om;rif;qGrLS ;rwf d f Yf S D wdkYrSmvnf; vltoufudk rydkif/ qif;&Jom;wdkYudk toufqHk;atmif rowf rnpfpDESifh? rif;om;rif;qGD rSL;rwfwdkY jynfoltoufudk toDowfvQif taqmift&Guf t&mtxl;pm;aus;NrdKU&Gmudkodrf;? rif;om;rif;qGjD zpfvQif r&dwacsmif;zsm;? NrKH wt&yfuy?Ykd NrKd U pm;rSL;rwfvevQif rmefatmifoy?Ykd oHwpm? f Ykd kd G f Ykd JG rif;wHK;pm;? armufolZpm;? odvufpm;? 'g*gpm;ig;a,mufrSm &SD;rif;wdkY vltoufudktyfaMumif; xHk;pH[donftwdkif; oDjypfoD'Pf a&mufoljzpfvQif xGufcsufrD;csufudk wifjyavQmufxm; pD&ifpD} [k yg[dojzifh w&m;vufvwf vlUtoufukd rydif aMumif;? oDjypfo'Pf[ouyif ppfaMumar;jref;Ny;D rS&m G k D d l kd pD&if&xHk;[daMumif; wGd&ygonf/ wzefwHkvnf; rif;Murf;ESifh trwfoGrf;wdkY tkyfcsKyfau ppf>yrf; jynfolyifyrf;aMumif;udk ppfwaumif; NrdKUpm; r[maZ,sodefbGJUcH jynfxdef;trwfBuD; r[mynm0Hou rif;&m ZmBuD;tm;

avQmufwifaomxHk; wGd&jyefygonf/ xkdYjyif ,if;rif;qdk;trwfqdk;dkUrSm yk*dKvfoknrsm;jzpfuwfojzifh oldkUxHk;udk roHk;pGJtyfaMumif;? y,fzsuftyfaMumif;udkvnf; wifavQmufxm;ygonf/ ]olwxl;udk zsuq;D wwfaom oknrif;wdonf ud,toufpnf;pdruom pHruf olwyg;tm; f Yk k hf f kd k oem;jcif;uif; aomaMumifh &ufa&mvdonf? xdkolwdkYonf rSefaomw&m;udk rod? rSm;aomtrIudkom vdvm xdkrif;odkYxHvnf; ynm[d xGef;vif;dk;r[kwf? vufHk;rmecufxef axmifvTm;olwyg;udk zsuq;D wwfaom olomvQif xGe;f vif;&monf/ toQirif;jrwf? ow0gwdYk pvdwjynfwNrKd Uu tu,f f f ppfy[vwfrl jynfoQif rif;vnf;vdrm? ynm[dtrwfvnf; ppfrLS ;jzpfvwfrl ow0groD? ESpjf ynfrif;yif JG d rdw0ifv&monf/ rif;Murf; trwfor;f udk ppfrLS ;ppfuytyfjyefuvnf; rdruvl? jynfojl ynfom;vnf; f D G G f d oDBursm;pGm? wdi;f wyg; olvnf; oDBursm;pGm? csr;f omr& [dwwfygonf/ ,if;odYk w&m;tvGeq;kd oGr;f D k D f aomrif;? trwfdkUvufxuf rdrdqdk;oGrf; orQ udk xHk;jyKxm;cJhaom tu&mpmyDwdkYonf xHk;aumif; r[kwf? xHk;qdk;xHk;oGrf;? omoemawmfrS tyjzpfaom oknrif;wdkYxHk;? bk&m;paomolawmfaumif;wdkY rBudKuf? olrdkufvufoHk;om? xkdpm xdkxHk;wdkYudk rif;aumif; trwfaumif; ynm[dwdkYroif rMum;rrSwf? xHk;oufoDrjyKyg}} [k wGd&ygonf/ xdkYjyif rif;&mZmBuD;\ trdefYawmfrSmwrf;wpfapmifwGif ]jynfolwdkY w&m;pum;rSmvnf; w&m;olBu;D jynfp;kd wdYk &S;D xH;k pHtwdi;f pD&ifp?D qd&ef[orQukd taumufvmvQivnf; taumufPfEihf k k d f S omqdk? tajzmifh a&mufvQifvnf; ajzmifhrwfpGmqdk? wHpdk;yPm rsufESmBuD;i,frvdkufESifh? bk&m;ocif omoemawmf&;D ? igtoQif aus;Zl;opm? jynfowrsuEmudk omaxmuf} [kyg[dygonf/ w&m;Oya'udk l Ykd f S *kpu&ef? wHp;kd y@mpm;um tqiftwef;rcGjJ cm;&ef omoemawmf? bk&ifrif;jrwfeefY jynfovxuom kd f h l l k kd wdkif;jynf t"duxm;&efdkUudk trdefYawmfjzifh TefMum;xm;aMumif;udk wGd&ygonf/ wzef ]&DNrDydkifaomrif;ESifhtrwfrw&m;? wHpdk;yPmcH,ljcif; pnfvDaomf xdkt&yf olcdk;"m;jy vlqdk;ol oGrf;yGm; ppfrufpnfvD&monf/ vlqdk;vloGrf;pnfvDaomf trIpD&if&m r@yfpnf&monf/ r@yfpnfvaomf taysmt&Tiobif pnfv&monf? obifpnfvaomf tvZD&[ef; pnfv&m onf/ D f f D D D tvZD&[ef; pnfvDaomf odkuf"mwf"rowf aA'if tif; rEmef ,MwmrIpnfvD&monf/ odkuf"mwf aA'if pnfvaomf qD;yD;orm; pnfv&monf/ qD;yD;orm;pnfaomf vkyf wdi;f pnfv&monf/ oweuH D D k D d xdcepfyg;aom ,kwpmtrIukd pHvaomf bk&m;tqH;k rawmfrwnf uyfo;kH yg;a&mufv&monf/ ,if;odYk k k f G k D D aom taMumif;ckepfyg;udkom ESvHk;xm;awmfrl yg wumawmfrif;jrwf} [l {upm&*dkPf;? t&n 0goDtoQif "romrdrax&fu rif;&mZmBu;D tm; rdeMYf um;awmfrl zl;onf/ rde>Yf rufcsuonfum; &[ef; f f awmfdkU EdkifiH&D; BuD;rSL;MuyHkom"uwpfckyif jzpfygonf/ rif;&mZmBuD;um; ajrmufOD;acwf\ acgif;aqmifwpfOD;[k owfrSwfEdkifavmufatmif jynfusdK; aqmifcaom rif;aumif;wpfyg; jzpfygonf/ rif;&mZmBu;D onf rdrvnf; aumif;pGm jynfusKd ; aqmifonf/ d

aemufaemifvwHaom rif;dkUtm;vnf; rif;aumif;jzpfEdkifatmif om;awmfNrD;awmf jrpf awmfdkUudk aumif;pGmysdK;axmifyD;awmfrlonf/ ,if;wGifru vGefvDNyD;aom twdwfumvu rif;qdk;rif;Murff;dkU udvnf; Iwcsawmfronf/ rsKd ;awmfqawmf[k rzH;k rzd yGivif;jywf om;pGm 0Dzefaxmufjyxm;cygonf/ k f l DG hf ]&SD;jzpfaom edZ*Fvrif;vufxuf rif;vuf,mol? &efrsdK;ol? tjrwl? yJjzL? iqwftdk? rif;ywd? ckepf a,mufrif;wdonf td;k trsKd ;rrSe t,kwtvGetjyKtusirsm;vDonf/ igwdrif;dUk uvnf; Yk f f f hf Yk pEoli,f? rif;bD;vl;? OZemi,f? e&rdwfvS rif;av;a,mufonf trsdK;apmifhaom tusifhr[k? taysmf t&TifobifrI omvdvmvsuf twaemrwd olpdwf BudKuf&mESifhjyKvD omoemawmf EGrf;&d? jynfol ndK;i,f &mZokn jzpfvDonf/ rif; 15-qufwdkY vufxufxHk; Oya'? rSL;rwftaqmift&Guf? trnf t&nfy;D cJorQukd rrSwrom; rxGipEi?hf yD;cJonfh pmwdpm&Sn[vQif ukepifatmifor;f } [l rdexm; h f f D S h k f d f d Yf awmfrlconf/ wzefrif;&mZmBu;D \ trdeawmfrmwrf;udk vdvmjcif;jzifh jynfowYkd Ak'w&m;awmf rdavsmrr[d f Yf S l h I atmif tyg,frS vGwfuif;atmif bk&m;OD;aqmifvrf;jyyD;&aMumif;udk odom Edkifygonf/ ]wjynfwpfNrdKU tpdk;&aomrif;rlvnf; omoemhh'g,um r[m"r&mZfrif;wdkY "vd? jynfolwdkYudk tyg,f av;yg; rvm;pD&jyoqHk;rawmfrlNrJ jzpfonf/ jynfolwdkYvnf; aumif; aomtvDtusifhudkom BuKd uoifonf/ um,uHo;kH yg;? 0pDuav;yg;? raemuHo;kH yg;wdonf oDvwdum ynm[dtvd rSeonf} f h H Yk f [k rdefYqdkxm;awmf rlonf/ ,if;aMumifh NrDoQifya'o&mZfpepfvTrf;rdk;aom &SD;acwf&cdkifvlrItzGJUtpnf;wGif jyif;xefaom oufOD;qHydkifpepf tqD;twm;r[d rxGef;um;c[kqdkEdkifygonf/ bk&iftkyfcsKyf&D;? okcrdeftkyfxdef;&D;? oHCm BuD;rSL; &D;dkUcsdefum xGef;um;confudk&m wGd&ygonf/ ,if;ZkeefY xdkacwfu t&dpwdk ua&pD xGef;um;c onf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ t&pwdkua&pD wGif Ak'w&m;awmf tESpfwnfvsuf ygeDonfudk wGEiyg onf/ t&dpwua&pDonfyif &cdipmyDwavmuvH;k udk tptqH;k vTr;f xm;onf[k qdEiygonf/ d kd f kd k f k kd f >cif;csuf uif;vdrfhrnfum; r[kwfyg/ 15-&mpkacwfwif &cdi-jrefrmtcsptMunf r[mrdwf jzpfcygonf/ ,if;tcgu e&Ekrif;Bu;D u G k f f tif;0e&ywdrif; BuD;tm; yD;ydkYaom &mZoHwGif]wdydaom b*0g? oGumawmf? oky#dyaEm paom *kPfawmfw&m; oHk;yg;ESifhtnD y&d,wd? y#dywd? y!da0' omoemawmf rnKd ;rEGr;f pD&? rlvodum? rif;ormwd?Yk cH&maom bdoww&m;? q,fyg; d f aom rif;usi?hf q,fEpqifaomt*Fg? Bu,ma'o? owusuoa&? av;axGo*F[? edpN rpm? t0dZmESihf h S f h d f J G wPSm ydwaygif;? olraumif;ESi?hf uif;aMumif; vHvudom? ynmAvjyKvsuf rif;wdtm; ig;yg; p&Drm f Yk k Yk qkwf ,kwfwwfaom vufHk;rmetm;udky,f? teD;t0D;r&GD;? yuwdw&m; ckepfyg;ESifh ow0gwdkUudk apmifhxdef;vsuf tkyfuGyfpD&ifvd[daom ajrmufOD;a&TNrdKUawmfBuD;toQif Mum;a&mufvdkufonf/ tif;0

a&TNrdKUoQif tMunfawmf} [lvnf;aumif;? ]tvmaumif;vsu?f tjyefrapmif;pD&? ud,uruGm? ormoQpxyf? ppfuyvrrm? ynmvufeuf? k f f G f d f ydk;y&GufodkY? ppfwufvmMu? avmuolykef? &efolykefudk tukefowfjzwf? tcGmwwfrS? jrwf&modkY a&muf&rnf taMumif;udk Mum; a&mufvdkufonf tMunfawmf} [kvnf;aumif; a&;zGJUxm;ygonf/ &mZoHpmrSm ajrmufO;D bk&ifwpfyg;\ pdw"mwfukd azmfjyxm;ygonf/ pm\ tESpom&rSm f f ESvHk;&nfeefY vufHk;&nfudk csdefxm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ ESvHk;&nfrSm Ak'\ tvdkawmfeefYnDaom ESv;kH &nfrsKd ;udk xlaxmifzYkd &nfe;f xm; ygonf/ vuf;kH &nfrm qkw,wwwfaom vuf;kH rmetm;udk T S f k f y,fcGmxm;aom vufHk;&nfrsdK;udk pkpnf;zdkY &nfTef;xm;ygonf/ wzwfxHk;a[mif;ed'gef;usrf;]rif;wdkYodum? apmifhtyf&monf? omoem&D;? rxGD;pD&? o*F[udk? edpjyKay? rsm;a0aetm;? w&m; rSeaMumif;? aumif;aomvHv? tm;xkwrwnf?h avmbwPSm? t0dZmjzif?h rdpmusiq;kd ? ppfrxd;k f Yk f S hf tyf? ynyf wpfcsu?f tdypufeMYf urf;? yGvrf;aysm&i?f xGu0ifom;vm? rrsm;pD&m? rIwumud?k ,kwm,kw?d f k J f T f G qifjcifn? Zmwd ajrmufrsm;? olUpum;ud?k Mum;uxd;k xGi;f ? csucsi;f oday? qdwwfapwnf?h y&arxl;? d f k aus;Zl;jrwfvS? rdbq&m? olemolrGef? wrefwvdkuf? EIwfydkufwoG,f? oli,fwpfOD;? tl;usdK;uef;? &Svrf;oufo?D &DNrocif? rif;rmef0if? jypfwifusL;vGe?f rif;'PftmPm? ryD;&mwnf?h Omwum omcsi;f ? d D oif;yif;wazmf? qGDrsdK;awmfudk? ravsmfESdyfpuf? &r zHk;vTrf;? rnif;yrf;aumif;? waMumif;wrl? olUvl ud,om;? rrSm;*wd? rNip&m? b@mwkwce?f rvGe&;DS rS;D ? toD;tyif? onfwicr?I q,fpwpfy?kH vH;k pHNk y;D Ny?D k f d d f G f G f H k tpDtoHk;? jynfycHk;u? ponf&Hywf? trwfwdkYrSm? t*FgoQpfyg;? &nfoGm;eufwdrf? pnf;pdrfedrfhjrifh? xm;oifhwwfjim;? *kPfudk;yg;onf? rif;tm; tvHk;? apmifhonfhxHk;} [k vnf;aumif;? ]aZ,smMuiSe;f ? pd;k pHjref;onf? a&Teef;oQi?f *kPu;kd tif rif;wdrm? w&m;rapmif?h xD;jzLaqmif;wd?Yk f Yk S taMumif;ud&,mum;? ow0gaygif;wdtm;? teD;t0D;r&G;D ynmrsm;udk vufo;kH "m;yrm? xufatmifo;DG ? d Yk qdk&D;[dvwf&mvnf;? ,kwm,kwdnd? *wdrvdkuf? wdrfwdkufcRef;vTm;? rdk;BudK;oGm;odkY? pum;wnfMunf? t&Snf xGef;vif;bdatmif? u0dvlormMum;aomfESpfNrdKU? orf;roQdKonf rif;wdkYvuPmwnfh? &wempHkjynfhNzdK;? e0&wf *kPf? udk;yg;csHKonf? avmufvHkrif;aumif;rsdK;wdkY? usifhdk;jznfht*Fg? ty&d[med? aus;Zl;[donf? owdrvGwf omwnf?h usr;f trSm; o*F[? rcpDv?kd jA[p&r?l ESv;kH jzL? r,lwnfrwf&m\? kd f h A[kowqdonfrm? pum;e*d? Mum;wdi;f odp&mom; rD;ykpmvmorQ? &G&NG y;D Ny;D ? olUteDu?kd &dyNf cwwfrwnf?h k k S k D D S P Pfr@dKi?f 'oq,fcsu?f ,GiruGuatmif? a&TvufNrpmudi? cdiw;kd wyg;? pum;EIwquf? hf f J G k f k f f arwm,Suatmif? trsurvGe?f xH;k enf; Tevsu?f rwfrepvwxm;oQi?hf rdurrSm;t0dZm? rdpmzH;k vTr;f ? f f f G f D T f k f rif;Murf;rif;qd;k ? enf;udc;kd ? ppfx;kd rjyK&mwnf?h vkypmoD;yGirsKd ;? q,fnKd Uwbd?Yk rif;wdtcGe?f rvGecpm; k f hf Yk f H d;k u? wd;k r,lom? olavSmifavQmufxm;? uke;f pum;aMumif?h trSm;rqd&monf? r[m"r&mZfwYkd apmppf} k

[k vnf;aumif;? EdkifiH&D; tkyfcsKyf&D;twGuf rif;wdkYaqmuf wnf&m *kPfudk;yg;udk oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ t&dpwdkua&pD oabmw&m;ouf0ifaom tzGJUtEGJUrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;xHk;a[mif;ed'gef;usrf;yif]jynfBuD;tcsm? &mZmy0&? e&dEwkdY? jynfrrIuGyf? ,Hktyfoltm;? *kPfoQpfyg;rSm? ynmqef;Mu,f? y&d ,m,fvnf;? qdz,r[d? uwdajrmufrsm;? pum;uGaumuf? olwpfa,mufvnf;? xGi;f azmufowwf? k G f d d wnfrwf opm? yPmrBuKd u?f &ifwpfyg;? rjcm;rSepm? tmPmwefc;kd ? rd;k odqpfxpf? ypfvrhf vefaMumuf? h f G Yk d Y wpfa,mufru?kH yducsKH wi;f &D;? rxG;D xifay:? oQp&yfausm? jynfawmfombd? jrwfu0donf? todjynfpkH I k f kd f f h *kPfoQpfyHk}[k jynfxdef;jynfuGyfjzpfaom rSL;rwfwdkY *kPfoQpfyg;wdkYudk zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ jynfudk xdef;uGyf&mwGif ynm[d okcrdefdkUusifhaqmif&rnfh w&m;oQpfyg;yif jzpfygonf/ uJhodkYaom *kPfeefYjynfhpHkonfh rif;eefYtrwfwdkYtnDtGwf tkyfcsKyfxdef;uGyfaw wdkif;jynf wnfwHhaMumif;udk ,if;usrf;wGifyif ]rif;ESifhtrwf? nDGwfwrl? tusifhwlaomf? vlvnf; MunfndK? y[dk&fatmifcsuf? xD;ueufvnf;? rysufpnfxGef;} [k oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ tu,f tMuifrif;Murf;eefY tMuiftrwfor;f dUk &m wdi;f jynfrm tmPm&xm;au &efppfym; G k S G rsm; xdrif;xdk trwfUkd onf oDjcif;rvSo&rnf jzpfaMumif;? rif;oknom jzpfaMumif;? jynf'uqif;&J k D k a&muf&aMumif;? rif;eeftrwfaumif;au wdi;f jynfat;csr;f aMumif;wdukd ,if;xH;k a[mif; ed'gef;usr;f Y k Yk qdkxm;onfum;]trwfoGrf;ESifh? rif;Murf;woGef? rmefwcGefudk? uJvGefpwif? udk,f&Sifudk,f0,f? tvrg,fodkY? tE&m,f a&muf? NyD;aygufvrf;rSm;? oDaysmufjim;onf? w&m;r& rif;okn} [k vnf;auif; ]rif;vnf; rif;Murf;? trwfor;f ESi?hf tuRr;f rdw0if? odwnf;vQir?l jynfo&yw?f rif;wnf;jrwfu? G f Yk f l d G trwfxw?l jynfornKd ;? ppfx;kd r[d? r&dow0g? &dpmr,Sm;? cd;k om;ray:? jrifajrmfool? MunfjzLjrwfE;kd ? kd l &dcrdk;odkY} [k vnf;aumif; zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ wzef jynfudktkyfcsKyfaomrif;ESifh omoemawmfudk apmifha&Smufuwfaom jynfudkBuD;rSL;uwf aom &[ef;awmf dUk rSm Bu;D pGmapmifxe;f &aMumif;? rif;rSm bdour*FvmwGif cH,xm;aom opmw&m; h d d f l NrJjrH&aMumif;? &[ef;dkUrSm odrf0if odumw&m; NrJjrH&aMumif;udk trSmpmwrf;xHk;wGif]&[ef;wdkYrSm? ur0gwif? odrf0ifodum? crmw&m;NrJ& aMumif;? rif;wdkYrSmvnf;? bdodufcH&m? orm rif;jrwfaumif;} [k vnf;aumif;? &mZyHwif ]&[ef;odum? rif;rSmbdou?f olawmfpwonf? rzdwusi;kd ? jrwftrsKd ;} [kvnf;aumif; k G d d f f hf oDzUJG xm;ygonf/ omoem0efxrf; &[ef;awmfwdkYudk EdkifiHawmfBuD;rSL;pD&mrSmvnf; t&n0goD{upm&*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmf rsm;&m Bu;D rSL;&ygonf/ ajrmufO;D acwf rif;&mZmBu;D vufxufrm toQi"romrdrax&fjrwf S f

udk EdkifiHtBuD;trSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fyHkrSm om"uyif jzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif udk,fusdK;&Smaom &[ef;awmfudk bk&if ud;k uG,qnf;uyfu q&mvnf; i&Jr;D rSmcsp? wumawmfvnf; tyg,fbepf&zdYk jzpfaMumif;udk f f kH aoe*FAsL[m usrf;wGif]&yfusKd ;ud&m? oCFmawmftm;? o'gyGm;? rif;rsm;jynfoQi?f wdi;f cGityuy?f tcGityfr?l &dywf k S k f k f G hf G odum? yg,fav;&Gm? q&mvnf;cspf? wumepfvdrfh} [k qdkxm;ygonf/ ,if;aMumifvnf; ]rif;wdoum? apmiftyf&monf? omoem&D;? rxG;D pD&} [k xH;k a[mif;ed'gef;usr;f h Yk d h EdkifiH&D;eefY omoem&D;udk jywfjywfom;om;cGJjcm;xm;cjcif; jzpfygonf/ bk&ifdkU aqmufwnf&aom *kPf wpfyg;yif jzpfygonf/ odtm;jzifh &cdipmyDt&yf&yfukd vdvmoH;k oyf 0DzefMunfygau Ak'oabmw&m; tESpwnf Yk k f h f vsuf ygaom t&dpwdkua&pD vTrf;eDaMumif;udk wGd&ygonf/ rif;\tm;eefY w&m;csdefxm;yHk? jynfxdef; trwfawmfdkU xdef;uwfyHk? oHCmawmf dkU Ak'tvdkawmftwdkif; jynftrItaqmifvkyfuwfyHk dkUrSm ,if;acwf ,if;tcgu urmwpfcGifvHk;wGif tjrifhqHk;pHyif jzpfeDygonf/ Ak'bmomEdkifiHrsm;txJwGif igdUk &cdiEiiavmuf ZmEdiirQ w&m;"reefY acwft&Snf rtkyp;kd Edicuwfyg/ ]omoemeefrif;? rif;eefY k f kd f H k f H f k f Y jynfo}l dUk udk *k"rjyKum tkycsKy&;D csrwEicaomEdiiukd ,if;acwfurmwGif &SmMunfygau igdUk &cdiEiiH f f S f kd f k f H h dk f kd f udk&m wGd&rnfjzpfygonf/

(*) &cdkifhkyfywf0ef;usifudk xif[yfjyaom tawG;tac:rsm;

&cdiyywf0ef;usionf &cdicpm;csu?f &cdiawG;ac:csuukd yD;ygonf/ ,if;rS cH,csu?f &yfwnf k hf k f f k hf H k hf f l csuf? OD;wnfcsuf? &nf&G,fcsuf ponfdkU jzpfxGef;vmuwfygonf/ &cdirsKd ;d;k ADZeefY &ckiyywf0ef;usionf &cdiukd ysKd ; axmify;D ygonf/ wnfaxmifzefqif;yD;yg k f d f k f f k f onf/ &cdkifhysdK;axmifrI? &cdkifhwnfaxmifzefqif;rIonf &cdkifabmifyif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifabmifwGif Zm[dygoenf; qdkau &cdkifabmifwGif &cdkifADZeefY &cdkifhkyfw&m;u yD;xm;aompdwf"mwf[dygonf/ ,if;pdwf"mwfum;&cdkifh pdwf"mwfyif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifhpdwf"mwfwGif wnfMunf&ifhMuwfjcif;? &J&ifhjcif;? vGwfvyfrIudk jrwfEdk;jcif;? &Tifvef;wuf<ujcif;? apmifha&SmufEdkifpGrf;jcif;dkU yg0ifygonf/ pdwf"mwfudk &cdkifdk;awmifwef;? &cdkifv,fawm,mNrDeefY &cdkifyifv,fjyifdkUu yD;tyfygonf/ &cdkifh kyfw&m;rsm;u yD;tyfygonf/ &cdipw"mwfukd rSumcH,csu?f &yfwnfcsu?f OD;wnfcsu?f &nf&,csuponfUkd jzpfxe;f k f d f D l G f f G vmjcif;onf &cdkifabmifwGif jzpfxGef;vmjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ {ydkif&cdkifpdwfeefY jynfhpHkuHkvHkjcif;onf &cdkifyDojzif;yif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifjzpfjcif;? &cdkif[djcif;? &cdkifwdk;wufjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ tjzpfw&m;? t[dw&m;? wdk;wufjcif;w&m;[dau &cdkif rwdrfrjrKyf rysufpD;Edkifyg,m/ &ckdifpdwfonf &cdkifADZ? &cdkifkyfywf0ef;usifrS jzpfay:vm&um; &cdkifpdwfrS zl;yGifhvmaom

&cdif uAsmrsm;wGif &cdiAZ? &cdiyywf0ef;usif xif[yfvsuf ygvm&onfom jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh k k f D k f k f &cdkifuAsmudk vdvmMunfhygau &cdkifADZ? &cdkifhkyfywf0ef;usifudk xif[yfjyaom tawG;tac:rsm;udk wG[&rnf trSeyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;tawG; tac:rsm; ouf0if&m &cdiuAsmtzGUJ tEGUJ rsm;udk ({ed&m d d f kd f vuFmwGu ajymvdygonf/ )a,bk,steDeefY cGMJ unfau (u) obm0tzGUJ tEGUJ rsm;? (c) jynfoUl uAsm f k h rsm;? (*)uAsm opfrsm;[l oHk;rsdK;wGd&ygonf/

obm0tzGJUtEGJUrsm;
vlonf obm0wnf\? obm0udk vlonf ESpfoufjrwfEdk;\? obm0aMumifh vlonf vlUt"dym,fudk aqmifEdkifpGrf;\? &cdkifonf &cdkifobm0wnf\? &cdkifobm0udk &cdkifjrwfEdk;\? &cdkif obm0aMumifh &cdionf &cdit"dym,fukd aqmifEipr;f \/ &cdiobm0wnfaom &cdivrtzGUJ tpnf; k f k hf kd f G k f k f l I wpf&yfvHk;onf &cdkifobm0udk ESpfouufjrwfEdk;jcif;jzifh &cddkifobm0tzGJUtEGJUrsm;udk odzGJUcygonf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdkifobm0tzGJUtEGJUrsm;udk &cdkifht"dym,fudk aqmifvsuf [deduwfjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifhobm0tvStyudk xif[yfjyvsuf [deDuwfygonf/ at'D 7-&mpk? a0omvDausmufvSDum;acwfwGif tdrf&Sd rdzk&m;apmjynfhndKu ]odefuefrdefwGif? q,fEpciukd vGr;f yif pnfjrif?h Mum&Snwmtul;? waygif;rif;vGi?f &Guusiawmif vDjrL;u? NyKd uo,E;l pD; h S f G f f f f f G f oG,fjzm? rwwfomcD? xGDxGDudk? MunfhvDorQomwnfh/ yifwdkifrSm &Gufnm<uD? vDjyif;cwfvdkuf? yk&pfpDpDeefY? iSuf&TDarmifESHpHk? EGJUvnfcsif;,Suf? yef;Ekcufudk? ,lvsufEIwf0,fiHk&,fh? pmcGHUwHk&TifESpfvdkY? wxl;axGvm? bmomvlvdk? rudkEIwfe,fh wdkY&,fh} [k oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ tzGUJ tEGUJ wGif &GuEvecsef obm0tvStyudk cs;D usL;oDqxm;ygonf/ EGwaygif; awmifvD f k S f d kd D jyif; aMumif; &Gufa[mif;nm <uDvwfaomf zl;yk&pfwpDpDeefY cyfodrf;awm awmiftvSaqmifeDyHkudk oDzGJUxm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ yk&pfzl;yk&pfEkeefY vSyeDaom &cdkifawmawmifobm0wGif usD;iSufarmifESH cspfwHkwifeDuwfyHkudk pyfzGJUxm;vdkufaomf obm0onf ydkrdkouf0ifvmygonf/ ydkrdkvIyf&Sm;vmygonf/ ,if;aMumifh od*Fg& &oajrmufaom tzGJUwpfck jzpfvmygonf/ ]awmifnKd Acsm? uRe;f vuf,mxuf? oD'g&pfc?DG oHwNJG rD 0,f? tkyxzsiaygif;rrsm; awmif;onf? DG f DG f qGDaygif;rsdK;v,f? aumif;uifMu,fodkY? eDzG,fup? omarmvSoQifh? ESr[lNyD;? rwfBuD;ausmfol? tvSL'ge? yD;zl;u vnf;? bk&m;vSausmf? Pfawmf0if;armh? wefYawmhwpfOD;? *lBuD;*li,f? odrfv,f&dwfwGif;? kyfqif;ESpfql? twl&Sdqdkif? bk&m;NydKif? av;wdkifjyKjim;? wnfxm;oifhpGm? av;rsufESmvnf;? a&Tom; a&Taysmif;? vQHwarmif;ESifh? ndK;awmif;Asmyg? ndKuif;rSmudk? Oumaumif;rI? kyfwkESpfql? nDaemifwlwdkY? qk,lqkjynfh? awmif;ukefvSnfh[k} oHwGJ rdzk&m; apm,ifrdu zGJUEGJUxm;ygonf/ tzGJUtEGJUwGif &GufEkvSefcsdef obm0tvStyudk csD;usL;oDqdkxm;ygonf/ EGDwaygif;

awmifvjD yif; aMumifh &Gua[mif;nm <uvwfaomf zl;yk&pfwpDpeefY cyfor;f awmawmiftvSaqmifeyukd f D D d D kH oDzGJUxm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ yk&pfzl;yk&pfEkeefY vSyeDaom &cddkifawmawmifobm0wGif usD;iSuf armifESH cspwkH wifeuwfyukd pyfzUJG xm;vduaomf obm0onf ydrouf0ifvmygonf/ ydrvy&m;vmygonf/ f D kH k f k kd k kd I f S ,if;aMumifh od*Fg&&oajrmufaomtzGJUwpfck jzpfvmygonf/ ]awmifnKd UAGcsm? uRe;f vuf,mxuf? oD'g&pfc?DG oHwJG Nr0,f? tkyxzsiaygif;rrsm; awmif;onf? D D f DG f qGDaygif;rsdK;v,f? aumif;uifMu,fodkY? eDzG,fup? omarmvSoQifh? ESr[lNyD;? rwfBuD;ausmfol? tvSL'ge? yD;zl; uvnf;? bk&m;vSausm?f Pfawmf0if;arm? wefawmhwpfO;D ? *lBu;D *li,f? odrv,f&wwi;f ? kyqif; Y f d f G f ESpfql? twl&Sdqdkif? bk&m;NydKif? av;wdkifjyKjim;? wnfxm;oifhpGm? av;rsufESmvnf;? a&Toma&Taysmif;? vQHwarmif;ESifh? ndK;awmif;Asmyg? ndKuif;rSmudk? Oumaumif;rI? kyfwkESpfql? nDaemifwlwdkY? qk,lqkjynfh? awmif;ukefvSnfh[k} oHwGJrdzk&m; apm,ifrdu zGJUEGJUxm;ygonf/ tzGUJ tEGUJ wGif 'Gg&m0wDNrKd U\tvSty? twiftw,fukd wifjyxm;ygonf/ oD'g&pfcDG pD;qif; h eDaom oHwGJNrDonf vSy\? bk&m;ykxdk; odrfawmfulawmfdkUeefY wifhw,fyHkdkUudk MunfEl;jrwfEdk;rd&mrS tzGJUtEGJUudk oDzGJUEdkifjcif; jzpfonf[k qdkoifhygonf/ {csi;f pmqdBk u;D z'lrif;ndKum; qdi;f qdi;f NrKd i;f NrKd i;f ? NyKd i;f NyKd i;f rm;rm; &yfwnfeaom d;k awmifwef;Bu;D ? k k D yifv,fjym &DtwuftuseefY wifhw,fvSyeDaom upye'Djrpf? Mu,f aomufSL;ydkif awmufyeDaom ajrmufO;D a&TNrKd UawmfUkd udk rdr\tjrifrm pGrufronfeeftrQ *kPajrmufatmif cs,re;f oDzUJG cygonf/ d S J d Y f f I ]upye'D? onfnmrGe?f ,Ofxefwzuf? yifv,fxur?S ESpzufurf;Nc?D jzm;&Dr0,f? &SqjD yKAm? tmum G f f DS d rSci;f ? awmifNyKd i;f NyKd i;f ? qdi;f qdi;f r@dKi?f &cdiez;l ? rGeMf u,fjrL;od?Yk ajrmufO;D &Teef;? wnfvwfxe;f onf? D kd k k k f G Yf D G uRef;ZrL? xl;wnfhav} [kyif jzpfygonf/ tzGUJ tEGUJ rSm yef;csuuay:atmif azmfusL;oDu;kH xm; yom'*kPajrmufygonf/ &cditvS D G f f k hf tyjzpfaom yifv,feeYawmif? awmifeefyifv,fukd zGUJ EGUJ &mwGif &cdiXmef? udP;f yDyoozGUJ qdxm;ojzifh f Y k f k D k r"k&wm*kPfvnf; ajrmufygonf/ wzef pMumvnf&wkwpfy'eefY ausmMf um;caom eef;wGi;f rdnKd onf rdru,eefY cdi;f EIi;f *kPazmf k f d kd f k d f &m wGif &cdiyyD zGUJ qdcygonf/ pmqdonf rdr\xl;jcm;xufjrufaom tjriftMum;udk azmfEipr;f onf/ k f D k k d kd f G pmqdkonf dk;awmif\wnfMunfcrf;em;eDaom tjrifaMumifh awmifwumwGif tjrwffqHk;jzpfaom w&m;xl; tbd"rm a[mMum;&mwGif jrifr&awmifukd *kPazmfum ]awmifwijf rifr&}f [k oDusL;cygonf/ h kd f f G h kd &cdiNf rKd Uawmfwif ydawmufA[d&pnfoonf xdexeYf duBf uKd ;jrnf[;D eDonf? ydawmufpnfwefc;kd aMumifh k G k f H Yf d k yk*jH ynf Bu;D cPcP xdwvefNY yKd ysu&onf[k qd[ygonf/ ,if; odaomf A[d&pnfawmfukd *kPazmfum f f k d Yk k f f ]pnfwGifA[dk&f} [k csD;usL;cygonf/ aemuf ]]eef;wGif;rdndK} [k cdkif;EIdif;wefqm qifum pMumydk'fpHkudk oDzUJG vduygonf/ pmqd\ Oyrm vuFmqifvuaom tzGUJ tEGUJ rSmeufeygonf/ odrrygonf/ ,if;aMumifh k f k kd f J f dG

vnf; tif;0ol rdjzLu aemufvdkufum pMumydk'fpHkwpfyk'f oDzGJUconf r[kwfygvm;/ ajrmufO;D acwfv,f\ obm0pmqdk tausmtarmf Oumys\ vuf&mrsm;udk vdvmqef;ppfMunfh f H auum; &cddkifawmawmifobm0rSm rsuf&dyfxifxifay:vGifvmygonf/ ]a[refueajymif;? vwaygif;onf? csr;f aqmifEumv? waygif;rif;vGi?f &Guusiawmifvxu? k f DG f f D <uDusyifwum? zl;&pfEkaqmif? oDuHk;a,mifodkY? ajcmufa&mifpdrf;a&Tjzmvsuf? IcDaomfvGrf;zG,fwd? oD;yGifhwum? yifwdkif;rSmvQif? csdefcg tnDndodkY? Munfho&GdvGrf;atmifzef? &GufusifqGwf>cD? waygif;vD wdujf yefu? uH;k oD[efyrjcm;? nmpdr;f a&Tw?l aiGwyef; <uufem;wnf;} [k q,fEp&moD&wkwif waygif;v k kH l h S f G udk zGJUqdkxm;cygonf/ &cdijf ynfwif waygif;vtcg rkwoeawmifvD duaqmfwucwfvmwwfygonf/ &Gua[mif; k G f k f k f dk f f &Guusiawmonf ,if;tcg &Gu<f uawmtjzpfoYkd ajymif;vJvm;ygonf/ &Gu<f uawmum; vGr;f pzG,yg? f f D D f odaomf zl;yk&pfExuvm aomtcg &Gu<f uawmonf tm;opfqef;vmygonf/ xdEysKd opfqef;vmaom Yk k G f D k k awmtvSwGif nmpdrf;yef;? a&Twlyef;? aiGwlyef;? <uufem;yef; zl;yGifhvmau vSywifhw,fvmygonf/ ,if;&cdkifEGDtvSudk obm0pmqdkawmfu azmfjyyg twdkif; tEkpdwfrIef;jc,fxm; cygonf/ wzefpmqdkawmfonf ]e0&wfrsuf&H} csdydk'fpHk&wkwGif ]aig bdk;acgifjyif? wef;wif&Dqif;? ovif; umcs? xHk;tdkifrESifh? jr vnf;jrndK? ndKvnf;enf;rsm;? &nfoGmqef;Mu,f? yifv,fork'f? xdkr,kwfwnf;? awmfxwiif,?l &Dwrlvnf;? azmif;jzLvGr;f xdy?f &dyBf u;D ykxif? odobifu?kd jrifbronf? rnfol vufrOD; k f Yk d l vSmaomf0f} [k aigbdk;acgifdk; awmifwef;eefY yifv,fjyifobm0udk &cddkiftod &cdkif[efeefY xufxuf jrufjruf zGJUqdkxm;cygonf/ ]atmuftmumAG?D 0ga,mxG? vDxufum;&D? &DxufNrEi?hf yx0D[?l xlxEpoe;f ? av;aomif; D D S l S f d udef;xuf? &Hxdef; pMum0Vm? nDpGm0ef;vnf? ausmufwdwnfom;? vSnfhvnf ywf&pf? ork'fjrpfrS? wufopfNzdK;rQ? yZKEewf? wef;cdk;jrwfaMumifh? &[wfESifhwif? pufESifhiifodkY? aumif;uifuom? ewfawZmjzif?h oDwm&dc?J vSpcwrMf um;? ,E&m;puf? vQvufvnf0ef;? vSnxGe;f om;? &pfoef;NyKd ;ajymif? f JG d H hf b,ufa&mifEi?hf pufa&mif vQwuf? wvufvufvif;? w0if;0if;ESihf tke;f tif;wduarmif;? duajcmif; S H k f k f yJwif/ h aumif;uiftvH;k ? rnf;rnf;zH;k rQ? &GmvuvQi}f [k rd;k &Gm&jcif;\oabmudk odyqefqef wifjyzGUJ qdk H xm;ygonf/ NrDxkwnfeDyHk? yifv,f&Dcdk;&DaiGUaMumifh rdk;&GmyHkoabmudk wifjyzGJUqdkcsufrSm ckacwf odyoabmeefY eD;pyfvygonf/ {ydif odyoabmudk pmqdonf yifv,fjyifobm0aMumif&m &onf[k H S k H k h qdEiygonf/ yifv,fjyifukd rjrifb;l aoma'oqdvQif rd;k wdrtcspzUJG ? tvGr;f zGUJ avmufeef&m tcseuef k kd f k f f Y d f k b0ukef zGUJ EGUJ eDyg vdrrnf/ tckrum; obm0\oGeoifraMumifh wd;k wufaomtawG;wpf&yfukd azmfusL; hf l f I Edkifc ygonf/

&cdi;kd awmifeefY &cdiyifv,fukd pmqdawmf Oumysyif tjrwfwEd;k xm;aom pmqdawmfrsm;u k f kd f k H kd k vnf; aemufydkif;umvrsm;yif ay:aygufcygonf/ ,if;pmqdkrsm;teuf uif;q&meefY wef;cdk;q&m xGef;dkUrSm xif&Sm;aom obm0pmqdkrsm; jzpfuwfygonf/ wpfcgu pmqdkBuD; uif;q&monf rdrdZmwdcsuf<uD&rm NrDeefY cGJcGmeDc&ygonf/ ,if;pOf &cditvSty obm0udzUJG um jznforc&ygonf/ ,if;tzGUJ tEGUJ wGif yg[daom &cdi[efwpfyg;jzpfaom k hf k d hf k f csdKnufodrfrGdrI oabmrSm tvGefxif&Sm;vSygonf/ ]&Snfvsm;umv? uRef;&rudk? wwll? ESif;tltlESifh? rif;ulrnif;? rkefuif; wGJvGJ? wydkYwGJwGif? vGefyGJrrSD? &moDomarm? usD;MuufawmESifh? OMooHnif;? tvGefysif;cJh} [k zGJUqdkcygonf/ uif;q&m\ pm[efonf csKd nuforroavmuf xdrd vSygonf/ ,if;aMumifvnf; &cdijf ynfowYkd d f dG h kd l tonf;udk qGJaqmifEdkifpGrf; [dcygonf/ omjcif;pmqdk wef;cd;k q&mxGe;f u owmxmEkomjcif;wGif ]&[wforQ? a0&r[?k emrwGivu?f f kd a0g[mrnfau? vDESifhwdkufum? &Djrpfork'&m? ,rHkemESifh? **FgrnfwGif? jrpf yifv,frSm? &D&[wfudk? vD"mwf iifu? aumif;uifwdrfwdkuf? rIdif;rIdif;rIefrIef? rdk;&dyfcsHKysm? tukefrdkufvdkY? vQyfppfjyufum? vDvQifvdkufvdkY? awmfdkufvmaomf? oDwmwdk;? uRwfuRwfqlau? ,ufjzLrdk;vdkY} [k zGJUEGJUxm;cygonf/ pmqdkonf rkwfokefrkefwdkif; useDaom &cdkifyifv,fjyifudk jrifzl;wGdzl;ayrnf/ ,if;tjrif ,if;twGukd omjcif; xnfqxm;ygonf/ &cdicpm;csuwpf&yfukd omjcif;uAsmeefY zGUJ EGUJ xm;jcif;yif J h kd k hf H f jzpfygonf/ pmqdonf yifv,fjyif\ tMurf;vSu&m zGuonfr[kw?f tvGr;f vSuvnf; wpfrsKd ; wpfzkH k kd J kd oDzGJUxm;cygod\/ "r0dZ,omjcif;wGif zGJYqdkxm;cjcif; jzpfygonf/ ]onf;wGifra,<uDvk? av;rsufESmudk? r,farQmfIu? 0rf;Ek0rf;yg;? 'DvIdif;oHav? nH*,ufau? ,ufaom aomeefY? tHhMopzG,f? tajymus,fau? yifv,fe'D? vIdif;csDcsDeefY? rIdif;&Dysys? wjrjrau? urf;prjrif? oQpfcGifwdkif; u? rIdif;rIefqifysm? rif;vGif0dkif;tHk? jrLcdk;csHKau? trKefaqmfEdI;? &Dv[mav? oD'gd;k rSm? rd;k oHvo?H vIi;f *,ufau? ,ufwufoEi?hf awmfovnf;usL;? 0ga,mrnfav? awmifvjD zL;vd?Yk D d H S H arQmfIwdkif;yif? abmfuGJoldkU? ylvdkY uRrf;atmif? vGrf;rIqifa&} [k zGJUoDxm;ygonf/ tzGJUrSm &cdkifyifv,fobm0 tvStyudk zGJUqdkxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ pkefvD wdkufcwfvmau [drEmrS t{a&mufvmygonf/ &cdkifawmawmif? &cdkifacsmif;jrpf yifv,ftm;vHk; wpdrfhpdrfhcsrf;vmuwfygonf/ yifv,fjyifrSm t,ifuydkif rmefrkefrxefbJ omom,m,m [deDyg,m? rkwoermefvi;f r[kwb?J ,ufvi;f a,S&m wzswzswf ducwfeuwfygonf/ cyfor;f jrpfcif yifv,fjyif f k f Id f dI f k f D d G rSmvnf; rif;vGif jrLcdk; csHKvTrf;vsuf [deDygonf/ ,if;ydkif aqmif;tvGrf;vSudk pmqdku yzmrif;orD; tvGrf;zGJU zGJUqdkxm;vdkuf&m ydkrdk&oajrmufvm;ygonf/ tckacwfopfwGif txl;ojzifh 20&mpktv,fydkif; wpf0dkufwGif &cdkifuAsmq&mdkUonf

&cdiobm0udk MunfE;l om,mH&mru cs;D usL;H&mru MunfnKd O;D Gwcuwfygonf/ &efuewuovf k f k k f k f kd &cdiwefaqmifr*Zif;? "n0wDr*Zif;eefY &cdijf ynfrS xkw0aom pmapmifrsm;dUk wGif vufvr;f rSoavmuf k hf k f D S D vdvmMunfhau atmufygtwdkif; wGd[d&ygonf/ wuov"0u ]armifwYkd &cdijf ynf}uAsmwGif &cdiobm0udk MunfnKd pm OD;Gwum zGUJ qdxm; kd f l H k k f G f k ygonf/ ,if; uAsmjzifh tb&cditm; OD;GwaMumif;udk uAsmoQiu,wif yGiyivif;vif; azmfe;f c k f f f kd f kd hf G hf T ygonf/ ]armifweonf &cdijf ynfwnf?h &SqwcGi?f Nrtjyif0,f? a0[ifjrifacgif? d;k rawmifum;? jra&mif Ykd D k d D D h qdi;f qdi;f ? NyKd i;f &di;f wnf}h [k vnf;aumif;? ]armifweonf? &cdijf ynfwnf?h aemifqwcGi?f yifv,fjyif0,f? k k k Ykd D k D &D,Ofjynft;D ? vIi;f zG;D zG;D ESi?hf Ny;D onf*,uf? 0Dyuyuwnf?h jzm;wufjzm;us? aomifurf;pvnf;? vGvjG zL&dy?f h d G f G f a&Ta&mifzdwfvsuf} [kvnf;aumif; zGJUqdkxm;cygonf/ &cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(2) pmrsufESm (68)/ q&matmifp\ ]rdciftm; yefMum;csu}f uAsmrSm &cdif obm0udk trdozG,f MunfnKd MuaMumif; kH k wifjycsufyif jzpf onf[k qdkoifhyygonf/ (&cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(3) tzGifhuAsm) ]MuHUMuHUwdkif;? ------- qdkif;qdkif;qifhqifh? rdk;odkYpGifhom;? rm;jrifhrIdif;jr? dk;rum;? Xmeompnf? ighrjd ynf\? cefxnf0if<h um;? pGr;f cGetm;wnf;/ jrjrarmif;----caemif;zGUJ &pf? q,fEptz,?f tajymus,f Y f h S f hH G om;? &pfoG,fydkufwkyf? jrork'frSm? igrmwm\? eufpGm*rD? ynmqdkwnf;/ vGvGzGD;--- npfusdK;rq? aomifaiG ,Hum;? pHbufvwuif;? owif;vdiys? BuKd ioMH unf&m;? igr,fbm;\? w&m;cuf0?D usuo&D G f I f f S G f wnf;} [k &cdiobm0\tESpom&udk azmfxw*Pwifxm;ygonf/ &cdiobm0rdciftm; MunfnKd yaZmf k f f k f k f k f l xm;ygonf/ uAsmq&mrif;ndKu ]&cdkifwefaqmif}wGif &cdkifobm0\owdudk *kPfazmfxm;ygonf/ (&cdkif wefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(4)? pmrsufESm (8)/ ]ig\cEm? MuUH cdipmjzif?h ay:vmwdi;f jcm;? &efao;rm;ud?k rm;rm;rwfrwf? cHwyfuwkw?f &ifjzifvyf kd f G k h k vsuf? rqkwfrepf? wGef;ypfNzdKvSef? twefwefwnfh? tP0gES,f? eufvdIf;us,fvnf;? oG,foG,fzefzef? wyg;&efu?kd ruseowoif? armifpr;f tifu?kd wdi;f cGitESYH Mum;pDvUHG cJ}h [k oDzUJG xm;ygonf/ &cdiobm0? f k f h G k f k f &cdkifb0u yD;tyf &[dvmaom &cdkifhowd? &cdkifhZmenfpdwfjzifh uAsmoDzGJUxm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ aemufowarmifoif;rGeeefY ppfawGapmaemifUkd uum; &cdiobm0udk cs;D usL;zGUJ qdcuwfygonf/ H JG f k hf k armifoif;rGefuu ol\]aiGaomifurf;rS} uAsmrsm;wGif ]ykef;nuf0Dqdkif;? ndKjymrIdif;? aiGvIdif;aw;oH? csKd jr vQaom? urf;,Haomifajc? ykvajrod?Yk pdwajyvufaysmuf? tvnfa&mufpOf? wpfa,mufaomol? H H f uREyrum;? jzLjym0gEk? tpkpaom? ck*;kH cG?H vS&mrGeu}kd [k &cdiyifv,faomifurf;\ tvStyudzUJG qdxm; fk f l k f k f k k ygonf/ (&cdkifh wefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf (8)? pmrsufESm (13)/

apmaemifuvnf; aEGr;kd aqmif; &wko;kH yg;wGif &cdiyvJ aomifurf;om,myH?k vSyyH?k vIy,m;yHUkd k f k f S k udk oDusL;cygonf/ ol\ ]ykvJaomif}uAsmwGif ]yifv,fjzm;&Djynfhjynfhykef;? vIdif;dkufoHcsdK wjzKef;jzKef;? eDv;kH r0ifw0if? qnf;qmwGif aomifjyifyifv,furf;? a&T&nfvQr;f } [k EG&wk\nqnf;qm csef &cdiyvJ h D d k f k aomif tvSukd &cdicpm;csutwdi;f ? &cdiuAsm yHoPmefjzif?h zGqxm; ckacwf&cdiobm0tzGUJ rsm; k hf H f k k f k YJ kd k f teuf &cdiyoaom vuf&maumif;wpfy'yif[k qkEiygonf/ ol\ ]aMumifvravSum;uAsm} pmtkyf k f D k f d kd f d f wGifyg0ifaom ],mOf;vGJpifESifh vufckyfoH} uAsmpkrSm &cdkifuAsmyif jzpfygonf/ armifaumufpH (&cdijf ynf)uum; ]d;k awmifrNyKd ygpDEi}hf uAsmwGif azmufjyefotcsKd UdUk \ azmufjyef k S l aom tawG;tac:wdudk 0Dzefxm;ygonf/ azmufjyefoldkUonf &cddkifADZ? &cdkifobm0? &cdkifkyfb0udk em;rvnf? olUkd pdwu;l vnfum abmifacsmwi;f pcef;acsmwi;f &cdiukd yHtrsKd ;rsKd ; Te;f csiuwfygonf/ f f kd f kd k f k f a,sb,stm;jzifh &cditwdi;f olUkd jzpfoifygvsuf olUkd twdi;f &cdijf zpfvmatmif BuKd ;pm;csiuwfygonf/ k k f k h k k f olUkd BuKd ;pm;csuf tcsn;f ES;D jzpfvmau &cdiukd tjypfqwwfuwfygonf/ &cdiukd zsyvzsuq;D Mupnfvm k f kd k f f Ykd f H wwfuwfygonf/ tjzpf tvkyrsKd ;udk &cdiwi;f rcHEi?f &cdixrS &cdiwpfO;D jzpfol armifaumufpH f k f kd kd kd f J k f um; olUcHjyif;csuukd uAsmjzifh wifjycygonf/ &cdiobm0udk &cdiukd tusKd ;jyKygonf/ &cdiobm0 f k f k f k hf aMumif&m &cdixif&m;ygonf[k qdxm;ygonf/ &cdiobm0ysuau &cdijf ynfysu&zdyif[k wifjyxm;yg h k f S k k hf f k f Yk onf/ (dk;vSoEmuAsmrsm; (1968-1969)pmrsufESm (21? 22? 23) ]wdwi;f jynfvQi?f awmifpOfawmif;kd ? awmifuu;kd Ny;D ? awmifc;kd awmifi?dG yifv,fijdG zif?h ,edBu;D yGm; Yk kd kd eDygonf/ d;k awmif;kd udk &Dc;kd iGwu?f rd;k &Gmvdu? Nrpyg;pduEi\? yifv,fjyifxuf? &Diwuf? rd;k puf d kd k f D k f kd f dG &GmoGef;pDEdkif\? yifv,fajcmufcef;? awmifwef;NydKysuf? xdked&ufwGif? rdk;pufrjzm? xdkNrD,monf? ysufpD; rnfwnfh/ wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;? pyg;ZmrSm pdkufEdkif&modrfh? jynf&Gmysufudef; MuHKcsdrfhrnf} [k oDzGJUxm;ygonf/ azmufjyefoldkUudk tusdK;jyK0Dzefaxmufjyum? &cdkifobm0\ aus;Zl;w&m;udk wifjyxm;ygonf/ tua,mif;yif? &cdiobm0onf vSywifw,fygonf/ wnfNircrf;em;ygonf/ eufeorryg k f h d f J d f dG onf/ wuf<u&Tif vef;ygonf/ ,if;wGiru &cdiobm0um; uHvjkH ynf0pGm &cdiyoygonf/ &cdiukd f k f k h k f D k f zGm;oefpif yD;aom &cditrd &cditbjzpfygonf/ &cdi&wemoH;k yg;? &cditeaEteEig;yg; jzpfygonf/ Y k f k f k hf k hf &cdipwf taygif;udk yD;pGr;f Ediaom &cdiyw&m;Bu;D yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh igdUk onf &cdiobm0udk k f d k f k f k f k f MunfndKpGm qnf;uyf&rnf? *kPfazmf&rnf? &cdkifxJu &ckdifwpfOD; jzpfatmif jrKyfESH&rnf jzpfygonf/

jynfolUuAsmrsm;
jynfoUl uAsm[lonf jynfoUl taMumif;udk oDzUJG aom uAsmjzpfygonf/ jynfoUkd awmif;qdcsuf l k (0g) wdi;f jynf\kyb0awmif;qdcsuukd toHtqifwefqm? teuftqif wefqmdUk eefzUJG qdaom uAsm k f k f Y k jzpfygonf/

jynfolqdkonfrSmvnf; pHpm;aom twef;tvTm? azmufjyefaom twef;tvTmdkUudky,f wdi;f jynf tusKd ;udk aqmif&uaom? us,0ef;aomvlxukd qdvonf[k ,lquwfyg onf/ ,if;jynfo\ k G f f k k kd l cHpm;csuf? awG;ac:csuf? awmif;qdkcsufdkUudk azmfusL;oDzGJUau (0g) wdkif;jynf\ kyfb0taMumif;udk azmfusL;oDzUJG au ,if;tzGUJ tEGUJ onf kyusaomaMumifh jynfoUl uAsmjzpfvmygonf/ jynfoukd ud,pm;jyK f l k f aomuAsm? jynfolydkifqdkifaomuAsm jzpfvmonf[k ,lquwfyg onf/ 16&mpkacwfwif ay:aygufcaom obm0pmqdBk u;D Oumysonf q,fEp&moDzUJG &wkukd zGUJ qdcyg G H h S f k onf/ e,kevbGUJ eefY awmfovif;vbGUJ wGif v,form;b0udk zGUJ qdxm;cygonf/ 19-&mpkacwf omcsi;f f k pmqdBk u;D wefc;kd q&mxGe;f uvnf; v,form;b0udk q,fEp&moD&wkwif oDzUJG xm;cygonf/ v,form; h S f G onf &cdkifjynfwGif t&DtwGuftrsm;qHk;? tedrfhusqHk;? tzdESdyfcH&qkHk; vlwef;pm; jzpfygonf/ acwf tqufqufwif atmufNccueDum &cdivUl tzGUJ tpnf;udk xrf;aqmifxm;cygonf/ odaomf ,if;tNccH G D H k f Yk D vlwef;pm;udk *kpdkufol ,Sm;yg;vSygonf/ eef;wGif;pmqdkBuD; OumysHurlum; &cdkifv,form;bGJUudk aumif;pGm oDzUJG cygonf/ e,kevbGUJ wGif ]ay:qef;jyef e,kev? ork'&iif? awmifvwif? aumif;uif f f f D D rIdif;0DrQwnfh? oGef;qif;us&GmjyefvSm? aomif;ZrL0,f oQifvlrsdK; av;jzmdkU? xGefoGm;&Sm uRJEGm;wyf? v,facsmif; awmawmifvkyfaqmifrsdK;csvwfu? qGwfqGwfylavmif0D? usD;iSufojyif;? NrDrSmeif;vdkY? rdaemufysHvdkufonfwnfh/ b,omauwlwuG? awmifcsif;csHKum? azmfpHkysHjrL;Mu\} [kvnf;aumif;? awmfovif;vbGUJ wGif ]aumufo;D 0if;0if;? awmfovif;onf? vGr;f wif; zd&mjrifr?d udi;f wpfcitvkyom;? Yk k G f f toD;aumufyif? rGrf;zsifom;r,m;e,fh} [k vnf;aumif; jzpfygonf/ (q&mxGef;\ q,fhESpf&moD&wk taMumif;udk Mum;zl;ygonf/ aysmufqHk;eDojzifh rwifjyvdkufEdkifyg/ OugtJ? xmr&mbGUJ ? yd;k 0gbGUJ ? yJ,molbUJG dUk wGivnf; v,form;taMumif; oDzUJG xm;csutrsm;udk f f wGd[d&ygonf/ OumtJwGif],monfom;um;? ,mom;woG,?f ,mawmifxufrm? aysmygonfum;/ ,mcif;xufrm? tNcD S f S wef;wif? cifuvnf;iif? usL;dUk yif[?k aumufrn&&?J us;D oJoEi?hf us;D eD0g0g? oHwsmwsmESi?hf jcnfacgif; kd S hf J H S NrKd iNf rKd i?f ,mawmif xufrm uysmNyKd iUkd / Muufarmufyef;ESi?hf 'ef;yef;tjynf?h em;0,fwUkd ? wGvif;rm,m? S f JG J uysmoHqifh? w,ifh,ifh udk? qdkdkUyifZm? ,moDvmrSm? aysmfygonfudk? jrifvwfarav}/ ]t&mwifhw,f? v,fonfom;onf? v,fom;woG,f? v,fZif;cgrSm? jrifvwfawav? &reD xrf;ydk;? aoQmfeDBudK;ESifh? EGm;ESpfaumifudk? ,SOf;csif;wyfdkU? taqmtvsif? v,fonfom;rSm? EGm;udkESifdkU? &wkMuHMuH? v,fonfrsm;rSm? v,fudk xGefdkU? jrifvwfarav} [l zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ v,form; b0? ,morm;b0dkUudk wpdwapmif; wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ &cdirif;qufjywfNy;D aemuf &cdiwpfrsKd ;vH;k xGm;xGm;ysu jrLrHjI ymrHviouJoYkd vGiyg;cuwf& k f k f f I G hf h hf ygonf/ NAdwdoQvufatmuf a&mufjyefvmaomf &cddkifwpfrsdK;om;vHk; tdyfarmusygvm;ygonf/

,if;tcsdefwGif jynfolUbufawmfom; awmfvSef&D;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmuwfygonf/ rif;om;BuD;a&Tyef; a';0efBuD; atmifausmf&SD? NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmfZHpoldkUyif jzpfygonf/ acgif;aqmifBu;D oH;k OD;um; awmfve&;D pmqdawmfrsm; jzpfuwfygonf/ jynfoUl pmqdawmfrsm;[kvnf; S f k k qdoifygonf/ k h 1948-ck? vGwfvyf&D;&NyD;aemufwGifum; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vSDjcif;oHcsyfwpfck ay:vmygonf/ ,if; oHcsyfrSm ordk;us oHcsyfrsdK; r[kwfyg/ jynfoldkU tzdESdyfcH&yHk? tnif;qJcH&yHkudk wifjyxm;aom jynfolUuAsm wpfyk'fyif jzpfygonf/ ]jynf&cdkifrSm vltrsm;? aomutdk;ESifh ajymrukef? urf;ukef,rf;ukef vHk;pHkrdkuf? "m;jywdkufvdkY ajymifajymifpif? a&T aiGvHk;pHktm;vHk;aysmuf? armifaumif;avmufESifh oHk;pGJum? okccsrf;om Zmr[d? qm;iydESifh rwHk;&Snf? ig;ajcmuf0,fvdkY pm;aomuf&? a&TpaiGp tm;vHk;pif? pyg;jcifvdkY ta&mif;vm;? ppfom;rsm;ESifh brf;vdkY,l? pdwfylylESifh aiGuudkay;? bkwfESifh qGJvdkYvdkufydkYjyef? ygupwef ydkifeufa&muf? umqde;f taumuf av;q,fausm?f ajymufusm;Advu cs,,mawmif;? xuf atmufaygif;u ESpq,fyg? k f f f ulvDcESifh v,fcay;? aiGtenf; i,fvufrSmwif? zGJyGJ0ifvdkY twif;xdk;? t&if; twdk;ajymifajymifukef? &ifweweEihf tdrjf yefa&muf? pyg;aumufvYkd t<u;D 0,f? t0,fawmfukd vduysmvm;? ygpyg;udk tm;vH;k jcif? k f k f S k f awmif;wpf&mvQif q,fausmfaysmuf? aiGravmufvdkY qdkif;iHhaomf? wpfvausmfausmf aiGr&? pm;p&dwf uBu;D jyefvm? vlxrsm;pGm 'kuqu?f tylwuEihf ruif;acs? pdwaysmp&mZmr[d? aomuBu;D vdYk vlrsm;oD? k kd kd f S f f tckacwfrmvltrsm;? owdxm;zdvjDS cif; qd}k [kozUJG xm;ygonf/ &cdijf ynfotaMumif; udk oDzUJG xm;aom S Yk D k l ,Sm;,Sm;yg;yg;oHcsfwpfyk'fyif jzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif ,mOf;omjcif;rsm;? jynfolUta&GUrsm;rSmvnf; jynfolUb0? jynfolUpdwf"mwfdkUudk wifjyxm;onfudk wGd[dEdkifygonf/ ,if;omjcif;rsm;? ,if;ta&GUrsm;dkUwGif jynfolU uAsmajrmufaom uAsmtrsm;tjym;yif wGd&ygonf/ ]ruvma,dkifdkif} csD jynfolUta&GUrSm uRJausmif;om;b0udk azmfjyaom jynfolUuAsmyif jzpfyg onf/ ,if;aemuf qufavQmufvdvmau armufaumufpH (&cdkifjynf)\ ]nDaygufaoQuAsmrsm;} udk wGd[d&yg onf/ ,if;uAsmrsm;onf tykaoQacsmhuAsmrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ tyka,SdkU\ rsdK;cspfpdwf? jynfcsppwUkd udk zGUH NzKd ;pDaom uAsmrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ rsKd ;cspjf ynfcspuAsmrsm;[k armfue;f wifxuygonf/ f d f f G kd f rsufarSmufumvwGif &cdkifjynf? &cdkiftrsdK;om;dkUbufu &yfwnfaom uAsmq&m? pm&D;q&m aumif;aumif;,Sm; yg;eDonfudk jyufjyufxifxif wGd[d&ygonf/ &cdkifjynfoldkU wdkufdkufaomf vnf;aumif;? oG,0uaomfvnf;aumif; ordi;f qufjzwfumvTum? pmyDabmifjzwfum vTum apmf f kd f k J J um;wfdkufcdkufeDaom pmyDorm;? uAsmorm;rsm;udk&m wGdeD&ygonf/ xdkq,fESpftvGef 1957-58 umvavmufutm; BuD;oJuwfygonf/ ,if;acwfudk 0Dzefxm;aom uAsmpmTef; trsm;tjym;

ay:aygufz;l ygonf/ &cdiwefaqmifr*Zif; twG(2) trSw(1) (1962-63)pmrsuEm ( ) armifwef&iu k hf J f f S S f ol\ ]&cdiwnfw&;d od}Yk uAsmwGif acwf okyukd azmfxw0zef xm;cygonf/ ,if;uAsm\ yrtyd'k f hH f k f D k f ]&ur@dKif? ,drf;,dkifMumanmif;? ESpfaygif;ESpf&m? jynfhomomudk? ynmowd? eufeJod? jynfrjd ynfb? yDoacgif; aqmif? ]ig} raxmifb?J wefaqmifxeLS ;? vrf;jyrSL;vsu?f ysKd v;l eHjY y,f? &cdii,fu?kd d f k f rsdK;EG,fpdwf"mwf? cdkifrwfpmyD? trDGtEk? ,Ofaus;rIudk? jyKpkxkwfabmf? yD;tyfaomfrS? rarQmf&Sdaemuf? udk,fhOD;aESmufESifh? ausmufwd dk;awmif? vufHk;axmif? rmacgifpGJNrJ? vIdif;vHk;ZGJESifh? rvGJatmifEdkif? b&cdiu?kd cdicipux?l vlvtGe?Yf yGm;pnfjyefonf? t"Gewm&Snvrhf ownf;} [l oDzUJG xm;ygonf/ k f k f kd f kd f l Y Yf f d ,ed&cdijf ynfovxonfrrUkd \ i&Jwi;f qH;k useaom b0udk kyusus b0rSeref azmfxwy;D k l l k d d G D f f S k f uwfzdkYudk awmif;qdkvsuf [deduwfygonf/ ,if;ydkifazmfxkwf&mwGif pmyDabmifeefY ordkif;qufudk *kpuoifygonf/ kd f h ,ed&cdijf ynfoUkd b0um; EGm;uGusm;uduc&onfxuf qd;k onf/ OuGouysuonfxuf qd;k \/ k l J k f H J kd f f azmifysuf0g; azmifNydK0g;tjzpfxufvnf; qdk;onf? ordkif;tqufjywf abmifvGwfvsuf[deDygonf/ udkvdkeD uRef'Pf? 'kwd,urmppf'Pf? jynfwGif;ppf'Pfudk tvl;tvdrfhcHpm;vsuf [ded&ygonf/ vlkyf rayguf? olyraygufyif tjzpfq;kd oepfq;kd dUk udk azmfxw&;D zGUJ yD;zdtwGuf jynfoUl pmyDrsm; ay:ayguf k f k f Yk &D;udk apmifhpm;vsufyif [deDuwfygonf/

uAsmopfrsm;
wd;k wufqef;opfaom uAsmudk uAsmopf[k owfrwxm;uwfygonf/ uAsmwGif yHoPmefEihf S f k S taMumif;t&m[k ESprsKd ;yg0ifygonf/ {ydiqau yHoPmefopfqef;au uAsmopfavm? taMumif;t&m f k f dk k wdk;wufopfqef;au uAsmopfavm? ykHoPmefopfqef;HkeefY uAsmopf[k rowfrSwfuwfyg/ taMumif;t&m wd;k wufopfqef;auvnf;aumif;? yHoPmefa&m taMumif;t&myg wd;k wufopfqef;au k vnf;aumif; uAsmopf[k owfrSwfuwfygonf/ ,if;ydiqau wd;k wufonf? opfqef;onf[onfukd ZmodYk pOf;pm;&zdv?J trsm;udk ud,pm;jyKum k f kd l Yk k f kyusus odyH enf;usus pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif; ajymqdjk yKrjl cif;? vkyuif aqmif&ujf cif;dUk udk ]wd;k wufjcif;} f f kd G [k trsm;uvufcxm; uwfygonf/ kyusus odyenf;ususwnfxijf cif;udk ]opfqef;jcif;} [k trsm;u H f H G owfrSwfxm;uwfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh wdk;wufjcif;vuPm? opfqef;jcif;vuPm uHkvHkjynfhpHkaom uAsmudk uAsmopf[k owfrSwfxm;uwfonfudk wGd[d&ygonf/ wcsKd Uuvnf; avmu"H\ y#dyuwrS tESpom&udk xkwazmfzUJG qdaom uAsmrsKd ;udk uAsmopf[k Ykd f f k owfrwxm;uwfygonf/ avmuted|mHrS |mHoabmudk xkwazmfzUJG qdaom uAsmrsKd ;udk uAsmopf S f k k f k [k vnf;tcsKd Uu ,lqxm;uwfygonf/ rw&m;aomacwfukd awmfvereuefaom pepfjzifh awmfvef S f S f S

wdkufcwfxm;aom uAsmrsdK;udk uAsmopf[kvnf; tcsdKUu ,lqxm;uwfygonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifhum; tuRef{ydkifem;vnfygonf/ avmu"H\y#dyuw&m;udk enf;rSefvrf;rSef yHkrSef kyfrSef pOf;pm;awG;ac:NyD;au tESpfomudk xkwfaqmifum avmuvlom;twGuf wdkif;jynfeefY trsdK;om;twGuf toHtqifwefqm? teuftqifwefqmdkUeefY zGJUqdkaom uAsmudk uAsmopf[k em;vnfoabm aygufxm;ygonf/ &cdkifpmyDavmuwGif uAsmopf[dygovm;? tuRefvuf vSrf;rDSoavmuf vdvmMunfhygonf/ 16-&mpkacwfwGif pmqdkawmf OumysHonf &mZoBuFefbGJUeefY oHwreftjzpf aqmif&Gufum tif;0odkY vm;c&yg onf/ tif;0rif;\ tkyf csKyyrm &cdiotrwfBu;D \ rsupwif uarmufur uajymif;ujyef f kH S k f H f d G jzpfeDygonf/ ,if;aMumifh pmqdkBuD;onf ]txl;txl;} csD {uydk'foDzGJU rdrdtjyefwGif ypfpmtjzpf xm;ypfcygonf/ ,if;uAsmrSm jrefrmya'o&mZf oufOD;qHydkifpepfudk oa&mfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ ,if;acwfu rawG;0HhaomtawG;udkawG; zGJU0HhaomuAsmudkzGJU ypfpmypfcygonf/ jrefrmtrsm;jynfoltwGuf uavmifjzifh wdkufyGJ0ifvdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh ,if;acwfteDeefY pOf;pm;Munfhau uAsmopf[k qdxuyg onf/ ckacwftjrifeefMY unfau yHoPmefa[mif;eDjcif;? pum;oH;k pum;EIi;f a[mif; k kd f h k d eDjcif;rSty awG;ac:rIum; rSeewe;f yg/ ,if;tawG;rsKd ; cyfqifqiudk ckacwfuAsmo[ftcsKd UdUk wGEiyg f D k d kd f od\/ 18-&mpkwif trwfBu;D 'd;k a0onf eef;wGia&Tpmawmf zwftjzpfeefY xif&m;cygonf/ trwfBu;D G f S onf ]tdk;av;avau? tdkavjynfol? tdk;rsm;vldkU} csDuAsm&Snfwpfyk'fudk &D;zGJUcygonf/ ,if;tzGJUjzifh eef;wGi;f vDukd &J&ifpmoa&mfxm;onfukd wG&ygonf/ w&m;awmfukd Te;f umtusKd ;jyK0zef xm;ygonf/ h G d D acwftvdkufqdkau trwfBuD;\ uAsmudk wdk;wufonf? opfqef;onf[k qdkfEdkifygonf/ 19-&mpkwGif wef;cdk;q&mxGef; ay:xGef;vmygonf/ q&mxGef;onf ]taxmufpmwef;} ac: &cdkif uAsmyHkoPmef opfwpfckudk wnfxGifconf[k trsm;vufcHxm;uwfygonf/ uRJrif;taxmuf pmwef;? rde;f ryky?f rde;f r,kw?f taxmufpmwef;? ig;omjcif;? bde;f qDomjcif;dUk rSm q&mxGe;f \ [mo&o ajrmufaom uAsmrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;uAsmrsm;wGif uRtaMumif;? rde;f r,kwobm0? ig;taMumif;? J f bde;f pm; obm0dUk udk ruG,r0Sujf ywfjywfom; zGUJ qdxm;ygonf/ avmu\ted|mHjk rifui;f jrifuuukd f k G G f rde;f rykyf rde;f rkytaxmufpmwef;vnf;aumif;? bde;f qDomjcif; vnf;aumif; wifjyNy;D au oHa0* f &Edkifatmif wifjyxm;ygonf/ bdef;qDomjcif;wGif udkvdkeDpepfaMumifh &cdkifjynfoldkU tusifhysuf&yHkudk wifjyxm;ygonf/ uAsmdUk onf jynfoUl uAsm eefvnf;aumif;? uAsmopfeefvnf;aumif; eD;pyfygonf/ Y Y 20-&mpkuAsmq&mrsm;teuf q&m"njronf uAsmopfcyfrsm;rsm;zGJucygonf/ q&m\ ]oDwrf;pm} uAsmrSm oDjcif;w&m;wnf;[laom ted|mH&arSmufwif avmuopmw&m;wnf; [laom k dS G

|mHukd awmif;qdk xm;ygonf/ q&mh avmuopmw&m;um; ]vlwi;f vlwi;f ? ud,EiEi;f ? di;f pdi;f r[d? k kd kd k f S hf dI k k owdynm? pGo;kH pGmvsu?f 0rf;pmtwGu?f NzKd ;tuf jynfp}D &ef jzpfygonf/ q&mhuAsmum; uAsmopfppfppfyg/ J h rsufarSmufumvwGif a&T& - awmifukwf\ ]tarSmifwGif;rS tvif;uAsmrsm;} pmtkyf? ppfawG - apmaemif\ pmayAdrmefq& ]aMumifvravSum;uAsmrsm;} pmtky?f wjcm;wjcm; pkaygif;xkwa0aom k d f f uAsm pmtkyrsm;? uAsmpmapmifrsm;? wjcm;wjcm;uAsmdUk udk vufvr;f rDoavmuf vdavmufMunfygonf/ f S h ,if;txJwGif a&T&awmifukwfudk uAsmopfpmqdk[k tuRefYtjrifrSm ,edteDtxm;twdkif; owfrSwf xm;ygonf/ tpfua&T&\ ]tarSmifwi;f rS tvif;uAsmrsm;} pmtkyukd vdvmvduaomtcg olUuAsmrsm;eefY kd G f k f olYpmtkyftrnfonf vdkufzufqDavsmfvSygonf/ ted|mHktarSmifwGif;rS ted|mHktvif;a&mifudk Tef;qdkxm;aom uAsmopfrsm;yifjzpfygonf/ avmuy#dyuw&m;rS tESpfom&udk azmfxkwfoDzGJUxm; aom uAsmopfrsm; yif jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf &cdkifjynfeefY &cdkiftrsdK;om;dkUum; &cdkifpmyDavmuwGif &cdkifuAsmopf ppfppfay:xGef; &D;udk apmifhpm;vsufyif [deduwfygonf/

k tydi;f (4)

ed*;kH
ed*;kH ydi;f wGif ed'gef;ydi;f ? pmud,yi;f yg0ifuwfaom tcsutvufrsm;udk aumufppfcsucs k k k f kd f f rSwfum xyfrHwifjy vdkygonf/

1/ ed'gef;
t"du&nf&,csurm em;vnfr&zdyif jzpfonf/ t"du usKd ;arQmrrm tcsi;f csi;f cspcifnnm&D;? G f f S I Yk f I S f D tcsif;csif; av;pm;&D;? tcsif;csif; tcGifht&D;udk rxdcdkufrapmfum;&D; tcsif;csif; Nidrf;csrf;pGm eDxdkif&D;dkU tay:xGufvm&ef jzpfygonf/

2/ tydkif;(1)
pmyD\oabm? &cdkifpmyD\ oabmudk ,Sif;vif;wifjyxm;onf/

3/ tydkif; (2)
pmyD\ yHoPmefukd tydi;f Bu;D av;ydi;f cGxm;onf/ vuFm? pum;jynf? vuFmpum;jynfEpaxGa&m k k k J S f tzGifh[kjzpfonf/ taMumif;t&mrSm cHpm;csufeefY awG;ac:csufyif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifpmyD\ yHkoPmef udvnf; txufygtwdi;f av;rsKd ;cGjJ cm;xmonf/ vuFmwGif trsKd ;tpm;aygif; 37rsKd ; yg0ifonf/ tEkpwf k k d qdkau ig;&meD;yg;avmuf yg0ifrnf/ vuFm 37-rsdK;eefY pum;jynf? vuFmpum;jynfESpfaxGa&m? tzGifhdkUudk om"u jy,k*fdkUeefYwuG rusO;f rus,,i;f vif;xm;onf/ ,if;yHoPmefrsm;teuf omjcif;yHoPmef rSm xl;jcm;aomvuPmyif f S k k jzpfwef&m\/ &cdiuAsmtoD; oD;wGif yg0ifaom taMumif;t&mtrsKd ;rsKd ;dUk udk woefpoefY Munfzqav k f Y D h Ykd kd a,bk,stm;jzifh trsdK;tpm; (6)rsdK; wGd[d&yg onf/ ,if;dkUrSm(1) Ak'omoem&D;eefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m? (2) &cdkifordkif;aMumif;eefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m? (3) NrDoQifya'o&mZfpepfeefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m? (4) t&dpwdkua&pDpepfeefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m? (5) &cdkifobm0ywf0ef;usifeefYqdkifaomtaMumif;t&m? (6 &cdkifvleDrIpepfeefYqdkifaom taMumif;t&m[l jzpfonf/ (6)csufudk t>rufavmuf tESpfom&aumufppf xkwfvdkufau (3)csuf &[dygonf/

1/ &ur@dKif? &cdkifudkzGJUaom tawG;tac:rsm;? 2/ t&pwdkua&pD? oabmw&m;ouf0if&m tawG; tac:rsm;? 3/ &cdkifkyf ywf0ef;usifudk xif[yfjyaom tawG;tac:rsm;[l jzpfonf/

tydkif;(3)
&cdkifuAsmwGif wGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD; oHk;&yf udk om"ueefYwuG &Sif;vif;xm;onf/ (u) &ur@dKif / &cdkifudkzGJUaom tawG;tac:rsm;udk ordkif;tqufquf om"ursm;eefYwuG ,Si;f vif;wifjyxm;\/ &ur@dKionf &cdiMf unfvif&m? &cdif cdiNf r&m? &cditv,ftcsutcsm jzpf&m? f k k k J k hf f &cdkifhudk,fydkif jy|mef;&mjzpfaMumif; taxmuftxm;tpOfvdkufeefY ,Sif;vif;wifjyxm;onf/ (c ) t&pwdkua&pD oabmw&m; ouf0if&mtawG; tac:rsm;udk acwftqufquf&o avmuf rSwfwrf;pmyD taxmuftxm;eefY ,Sif;vif;wifjyxm;onf/ ]omoemeefYbk&if? bk&ifeefYjynfol} dkUudk *k"rwmjyKum tkyfcsKyfaom? bk&iftkyfcsKyf trwfxdef;um oHCmawmfBuD;rSL;aom tkyfcsKyf&D;rsdK; jzpfonf/ (* ) &cdiyywf0ef;usiukd xif[yfjyaom tawG; tac:rsm;eefY &cdiAZudk aygif;pyfvuau k f k f f k f D kd f tESpfom&tm;jzifh &cddkifpdwf"mwf ay:xGufvmonf/ &cdkifpdwf"mwfwGif wnfMunf&ifhusufjcif;? &J&ifh jcif;? vGwfvyfrIudk jrwfEdk;jcif;? &Tifvef;wuf<ujcif;? apmifha&SmufEdkifpGrf;jcif;dkU yg0if\/ &cdkifkyfywf0ef;udk xif[yfjyaom tawG;tac:yg&m uAsmrsm;udk a,bk,steDeefY cGJMunfhau oHk;ydkif; wGd[d&ygonf/

1/ obm0tzGJUtEGJUrsm; / xdktzGJUrsmonf vlUobm0t"dym,fudkaqmif\? &cdkifhobm0

tzGJUtEGJUrsm; onf &cdkifht"dym,fudkaqmif\? &cdkdifobm0 tvStyudk xif[yfjy\? &cddkifobm0um; &cdiyo\? &cditrd tjzpf\? &wemoH;k yg; jzpf\? teaEmteEig;yg; jzpf\/ xdaMumifh &cdiobm0udk k f D k f Yk k hf tvkyftauR;jyK&zdkY qnf;uyf&zdkY MunfMunf ndKndK*kPfazmf&zdkY? &cdkifxJu &cdkifwpfa,mufjzpfatmif &cdkifobm0 jrKyfESH&zdkY/ k l f k f 2/ jynfoUl uAsmrsm; / xduAsmrsm;onf jynfo\kyb0awmif;qdcsuukd toHtqif wefqm? teuf tqifwefqmdkUeefY rSefuefpGm wduspGmzGJUqdkaom uAsmrsdK;jzpfonf/ &cdkifudk csD;usL;wwfaom &cditwGuf azmfxwwwfaom &cdijf ynfoUl uAsmppfppfay:xGe;f &D;udk apmifpm;vsuf [deuwfonf/ k f k f kd h D

3/ uAsmopfrsm; / avmu"H\ y#dyuw&m;udk enf;rSefvrf;rSef yHkrSefkyfrSef pOf;pm;awG;ac:

NyD;au? tESpfom&udk xkwfaqmifum avmuvlom; twGuf? wdkif;jynfeefY trsdK;om;&D;twGuf toH

tqifwefqm? teuftqifwefqmdkUeefY zGJUqdkaomuAsmudk uAsmopf[kvnf; em;vnfoabm aygufonf/ &cdkifuAsmopf ppfppfay:xGef;&D;udk apmifhpm;vsuf [deDuwfonf/ txufwif wifjycaomtaMumif;t&m tm;vH;k rSm &cdiuAsmeefY &cdif tawG;tac: k zGiqEif G tac:ud hf kd kd k f k atmif ,Sif;vif;pGmwifjyEdkifatmif BudK;pm;xmjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ &cdipmyDwpfavmuvH;k vufvr;f rSoavmuf Pf vSr;f rSoavmuf oH;k oyfNy;D au yHoPmefeefY k f S D D k taMumif;t&mudk wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ &cdkifpmyDyHkoPmefrsm;eefY &cdkifpmyDwGif yg0ifeDaom taMumif; t&mrsm;udk aumufppfum wifjyxm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ ,if;ydkifwifjy&ef tm;xkwfaomtcg tuRefonf tcsufBuD;wpfcsufudk &cdkifpmyDordkif;wGif wGdrdyg onf/ pmudk zwfIvdvmoldkUvnf; wGduwfygvdrfhrnf/ ,if;um; tjcm;r[kwf/ 19&mpktukeyi;f avmuf wGif &cdipmyDabmifysuvmjcif;? &cdipmyDordi;f aMumif; ydi;f jywfvmjcif;yifjzpfyg f kd k f f k f k k onf/ ,if;ydkif;ysufvm& jcif;? ,if;ydkif;ydkif; jywfvm&jcif;\ tpdppftaMumif;w&m;um; ZmvJ? ,if;qdk;0g;aom tpdppftaMumif;w&m; udk&SmzGDoifh\/ ,if;taMumif;qdk;aMumifh tusdK;qdk;jzpfay:eD onfyif r[kwygvm;? ,if;tusKd ;qd;k udk wpfa,muf vnf; rvdvm;/ rESpouf? a,au,if;tusKd ;udk f k f yaysmufatmif taMumif;qdk;udk azsmufzsufypf&zdkYyif/ taMumif;qd;k w&m;udk vdvmoH;k oyfMunf&m t"du w&m;qd;k ESpcukd wG[&ygonf/ ,if;dUk rSm f k d d (1) &cdipmyDukd rsKd ;jcm;dUk zsuq;D jcif;? (2) &ckipmyDukd &cdiUkd zsuq;D jcif;[laom w&m;qd;k ESpcyifjzpfyg k f f d f k f f f k onf/ wpfcg w&m;qd;k ESpcwif yxrtcsuonf omrnjzpf 'kw,tcsurm t"dujzpfygonf/ f k G f d f S {ed&m omrntcsufudk trsm;rajymvdk? t"dutcsufudk oifhHkavmuf ajymvdkygonf/ &cdipmyDukd &cdiUkd ud,wif rvdvm rod[qau em;vnfrI r&Ediyg/ em;vnfrI r&au &cdipmyDukd k f k f k f kd d kd k f k f &cdkifudk,fwdkifyif &nf&G,fvsufaomfvnf;aumif;? r&nf&G,fbJaomfvnf;aumif;? zsufqD;vm wwfyg onf/ udk,fhpmyDudk udk,fyif kwfodrf;vmwwfygonf/ udk,fhtrsdK;udkuudk,fyyif kwfodrf;vmwwfyg onf/ udk,fhpmyDtay:rSm udk,fudk,fwdkif em;rvnf udk,fudk,fwdkif kwfodrf;&ef tm;xkwfvmau tjcm;oldkUtwGufqdkp&m[dyg zdkYodvm;? &cdkifpmyDudk rsdK;jcm;wdrodau &cdkifpmyDeefYywfouf oldkU em;vnfrI r&Edkifyg/ em;vnfrIr&au txifrSm; tjrifrSm; jzpfwwfygonf/ a,au jzpfay:vmorQ w&m;dkUonf tqdk;csnf; jzpfvmwwfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh em;vnf rI wpfck&zdkY aumif;aumif; t&D;Bu;D ygonf/ &cdkifoMupf 1146-ckup &cddkifpmyDNydKysufvmygonf/ ,if;uwnf;uyif wpfysufwnf; ysufvmygonf/ odkYaomf &cdkifudk,fwdkif &cdkifpmyDudk rzsufygod? udk,fwdkifzsufonfudkvnf; rwGd&ygod? udk,fhpmyD udk,fh,Ofaus;rIdkUudk udk,fhtoufeefYrjcm; apmifha&Smufvsufyif [dygonf/ toufbD;rS

vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;? NyD;vTm;vsufyif pmyD,Ofaus;rIdkUudk apmifha&SmufEdkifpGrf;cuwfygonf/ &cdkifyDo ygaypG/ NAwoQvufatmufwif a&muft&if;oQif vlerpepfukd &cdijf ynfwif xlaxmifvmaomtcg d d G D I k G rsKd ;jcm;ya'o&mZf rif;Mupfpepfxuf ydraumif;rGe&um; &cdiverpepfonf oufaomifoufom [dvm k kd f k f l D I h ygonf/ wnfNidrfat;csrf;rI &vmygonf/ t&if;oQifpepfatmufodkY wpfpwpfpoufqif;vmygonf/ &cdkif vli,ftrsm; acwfynmoif,l&ef b*Fvm;? AdvyfodkY vm;uwfygonf/ &[ef;ysdKrSm Ak'usrf;pm oif,l&ef rEav;odkY <uvm;uwfygonf/ xdkyk*dKvfdkU &cdkifjynfodkYjyefvmuwfaomtcg udk,fhpmyDudk acwftjrif acwfenf;vrf;eefY NrDawmifajrmuf&zdkYtpm; trsm;pkyk*dKvfdkUu wwfajrmuf vmaom rsdK;jcm;pmyD,Ofaus;rI udk&m &cdkifjynf xlaxmifvmuwfonfudk 'd|usus wGd[d&ygonf/ udk,fhpmyD ,Ofaus;rIudk vspfvsLjyKxm;vdkufuwfygonf/ y,fcsvdkufuwfygonf/ ,if;umvum; 19-&mpk tukefydkif;umvyif jzpfygonf/ 20-&mpk tpydkif;umvuyif &cdkifwpfrsdK;om;vHk;onf &efukefodkY tppt&m&mtwGuf rsufESmrlvm &onf/ pD;yGm;&D;? EdkifiH&D;? vlrI&D;? ,Ofaus;&D;? ynm&D;? vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D;twGuf vnf;aumif;? tkycsKy&;D ? Oya'jyKvy&;D ? w&m;pD&if&;D twGuvnf;aumif; &efueoYdk rsuEmrlvm&onf/ f f k f f k f f S &cditwef;tvTmtoD;oD; &efueeefY qufo,vmuwf&onf/ &efuewif tNccsexivmuwfygonf/ k f k f G f k f G D D kd f ,if;ydkif tNcDteDrsdK;wGif &cdkif txufwef;vTmtrsm;pkonf &cdkif pmyD,Ofaus;rIudk vspfvsLjyKvmuwf ygonf/ tcsdKUvnf; ypfy,fvmuwfygonf/ tcsdKUvnf; &cdkifpmyD,Ofaus;rIabmifudk aumif;aom ESv;kH om; [dygvsuf abmiftvGvJG vkyvm;uwfygonf/ um; &cdipmyD,Ofaus;rIukd &cdiUkd ud,wif J f k f k f k f kd ysufpD;atmif vrf;oG,fyD;jcif;yifr[kwf ygvm;/ 20 &mpktv,fyi;f odYk eD;vmaomtcg (0g) 'kw,urm ppfBu;D tBuKd umvodYk a&mufaomtcg kd d kyfw&m;udk trSefxm;aom uGefjrLepf0g'udk vufcHvmuwfaom &cddkifvli,frsm;onf &cdkifjynf\ kyfw&m;udk vufvGwfum &cddkif jynf EdkifiH&D;vkyfvmuwfygonf/ ppfNyD;umvwGif &cdkif z-q-y-v dUk aemufvu0g' (Tailism)udk pGpNJG rNJ rO;D xdyxm; vmuwfygonf/ 0g'aMumifh igdUk ig;yg;arSmufuwf kd f J J f &ygonf/ &cdkifpmyD ,Ofaus;rIeefY &cdkif,Ofaus;rIt&yf&yfudkvnf;aumif; ajymifususwpfrsdK;? rxdwxdwpfrsdK;? odrfrGd vQdKU0SufpGm wpfrsdK;? tenf;enf;tzHkzHk zsufqD;vmuwfygonf/ olvnf;zsuf udk,fvJysuf? udk,fvJzsuf udk,fvJysuf uwf&ygonf/ Zmavmufxd qdk;ygav;qkdau dk;rawmifndK f G f NyKd ygpD [laom pmtkyxuufay:vmonfxd qd;k vm;cuwfygonf/ ,if;pmtky&;D zGUJ ol acwfynmwwf trsdK;orD;um; rcifeDqdkolyif jzpfygonf/ txd i&Jwi;f qH;k aZmufx;kd usvm;uwf&jcif;\ t"du uwm;ydi;f rSm wjcm;olr[kw?f &cdiyif G k dk f jzpfygonf/ urydkif;uawmh jyifyvlrsm;jzpfygonf/ &cdkif{avmufZmaMumifh tjzpfqdk;vm;&ygoenf;?

qef;ppf MunfoifMh uygonf/ ud,taMumif;udk ud,rereuefuef rodr?I em;rvnfr?I rjrifrUkd aMumifh h k hf k f S f S f I tjzpf qd;k vm;&onf[q&ygrnf/ vlrsKd ;&D;\t"dym,f? trsKd ;om;&D;\t"dym,f? vlrsKd ;pHk cspMf unf&;D \ k kd t"dym,fudk vnf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rI\ t"dym,f? pmyD\t"dym,fudkvnf;aumif;? ordkif;aMumif;udk vnf;aumif;? tuReUkd em;rvnfau? i&Jwi;f qH;k aZmufx;kd usuwf&rnf [k ,lqygonf/ ,if;t,l f G tqudk &cdkifkyfb0u oGefoifyD; jcif; jzpfygonf/ acwf&cdkifpmyDorm;dkU &cdkifpmyDudk vspfvsLjyK? rjyK? ypfy,fry,f? rypfwpf0uf ypfwpf0uf? rjywfrom; awGa0eD reDukd olUkd \kyw&m;udMk unfu odomyg f h onf/ Munfhyg? pmyDyHkoPmef&GD;cs,fyHk ryDrorjywfrom;jzpfeDjcif;? pmyDtaMumif;t&m &GD;cs,fyHk azmufazmufjyefjyef jzpfeDjcif;dkUu om"ujy eDygonf/ ,if;ydkifudk,fhkyfb0udk udk,fem;rvnfau? ypfy,fau? vspfvsLjyKau? rjywfrom;xm;au? ud,tzGUJ tpnf;\abmifreukd odEiygzdvm;? a,au umvrSeukd odEiygzdvm;? a,aupcef; rSee&m k hf S f kd f Yk f kd f Yk f D rSefudk csrSwfEdkifyg zdkYvm;? a,au vrf;rSefenf;rSefudk csrSwfEdkifygzdkYvm;? a,aurdwfbuf&ef buf y#dyu? &efbufy#dyu cGEiygzdvm;? a,au *dP;f pG?J t,ltqpGtvGvJG rjzpfay:Ediygvm;? a,au J kd f Yk k J J k f Zmudk csD;usL;&zdkY? Zmudkazmfxkwf&zdkYvdkY odEdkifygzdkYvm;? a,au tpGef;xGufvmrI? vGefrIuRHrI rjzpfay: Ediygvm;? a,au taMumif;qd;k aMumifh tusKd ;qd;k ? wzef taMumif;qd;k aMumifh tusKd ;qd;k tqufquf k f ay:vmwwfonfyif r[kwygvm;? tckyiqau? rSeuefcirmaom &yfwnfcsu?f cH,csuukd baZmif f kd f kd f kd f l f &[dEdkifygzdkYvJ? ZmydkifacwfeefYtNydKif wdk;wufEdkifygzdkYvJ? &yf,Sm;pmyD rD;SL;wefaqmifudkif pm&D;q&mBuD; a*:uDbaZmif qdkxm;cygoenf;/ f ]tuReUkd onf twdwukd od&ayrnf/ A[kow uif;rJaomolonf ol\ &Tivef;csr;f Nraom f k h f d tem*wf odkY &SdIonfh vrf;ay:wGif a&mufeDaomb0rS ol\ b0wnfNrJpDrnfh taxmuftulrsm; udkqHk;,HI;&NyD;au oGD;pnf;usKyfykyfdkYeefY jynfhvQrf;eDaom EGHepftwGif;odkY jyefvnfa&muf&rnfrSm oDcsm ayonf} [k qdkxm;ygonf/ tuReUkd onf &cditwdwukd od&ayrnf/ &cdiA[kowuif;rJaom &cdionf &cdi\&Tivef; f k f f k f k h k f k f f csr;f Nraom tem*wfoYkd a&mufEizYkd r[kwyg/ ,if;A[kow uif;rJau &cdivrf;rS acsmvum &cdib0 d kd f f k h k f f JG k f wnfwHh&D;? &cdkifb0 wnfNrJ&D;? ysufpD;qHk;,HI;vm;ygrnf/ oGD;pnf;usKyfykyfdkUeefYjynfheDaom ted|mHk i&JwGif;qHk;odkY usa&muf&zdkYtrSefyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh tuReUkd onf twdw\ausmufjrpfxufrm cdicirmrm&yfNy;D au ypKye\ rSeref f f S k f kd f f f S uefuefwdwdususjyifqif aumif;jrwfaom tem*wfodkY &SdIcsDwufzdkYyif jzpfygonf/ k f S f f f &cdiuAsmeefY &cditawG;tac: twGuf abmifreatmif? pcef;rSeatmif? enf;vrf;rSeatmif? k f cs;D usL;rI? azmf xkwrI rSeatmif aumif;jrwfaomjynfoUl tusKd ;jyKpmyD jzpfatmif &cdipmyD&aeqefvy&ef f f k f D Y k f

(To revive Rakhine Literature)

ynf txl;vdktyfvSygonf/ ,if;ydkifqdkau jjynfh0 em;vnfrI udk &EdkifzdkYvdkY

,HMk unfxm;ygonf/ ,if;ydirm&m &cdixu &cdi?f vlxuvl jzpfEizYkd &cdiwnfwEiztaMumif;vrf; [dygownf;/ k f S k f J k J kd f kd f hH kd f Ykd twdwfonf ypKyefeefY tem*wfdkU\ ausmufjrpfjzpfonf/ opmjzifh

pHausmfxGef; 26-7-69 (11;30)em&D acw? &efukefNrdKU/

tudk;tum;jyKaom usrf;*efpmyDpm&if;
1/ &cdkifpmyD (vuf&if;tudk;tum;? trSDtjirf;rsm;) (1) uAsmt*Fgusrf; (yDrlig;t*FgESifhwpf&Guf) (2) u0d*EKygoQusrf; (yDrlav;t*FgESifhw&Guf) (3) u0du@ygousrf;- ajrmufOD;NrdKU? toQifoDv0Hoax&f (4) vuFmrsm;avmuom&vuFm- avmif;MuufNrdKU? toQift*om&r[max&f ZmwfBuD;q,fbGJUvuFm ZeuvuFm aerdvuFm ra[mo"vuFm bl&d'wfvuFm a0E&mvuFm Ak'0ifvuFm u#K'g? rif;eE? Zey'uvsmeDvuFm OawevuFm rmCvuFm ok0P*AESifh t&dErvuFm ayg&dom'vuFm aumfumEkvuFm aoe*FAsL[mvuFmusrf; &cdkif&mZ0ifvuFm r[mrked&mZ0ifvuFm &SD;xHk;&cdkif&mZ0ifvuFm usD;*Pef;'l;*Pef;ausmufpmvuFm yg&musrf;vuFm (5) ysdKUrsm; &mZysdKU euwfysdKU oufa&mufysdKU (yDrl) / / aysmufqHk; / (yk&ydkufrl) (yDrl) / / / (yDrl) / / / / / /

tjcm;rSwfom;p&mysdKUi,frsm; (6) BudK;wef;vuFmrsm; Ak'0ifBudK;wef;vuFm 0d"l&BudK;wef;vuFm (7) ompGavvuFmrsm; 0doMuHKodkuf ausmufdk;ompGav vuFm(yDrl) &cddkif&mZ0ifompGav vuFm ompGavvuFmopfrsm; (8) armfuGef;rsm;

(vuf&D;rl)

oQpfaomif;bk&m;wnfarmfuGef; (rpHkwpHk) (yDrl) oQifem*dEarmfuGef; (rpHkvif) (yDrl) (9) (10) (11) ajrmufOD;NrdKUbk&m;ordkif; - OD;OD;omxGef; awZ&mrausmufpm (4)csyf ordkif;rsm; r[mrkedoGef;pufvuFmordkif; r[mrkedbk&m;ordkif; OD;&pfawmifbk&m;ordkif; (12) {jcif;rsm; arSmufawmf{jcif; - z'lrif;ndK pE0dZ,ppfatmif{jcif; (rpHkrvif) (13) &wkrsm; (yDrl)

u0du@yygousr;f rS&wkrsm;
]awmifndKAGDcsm} csD (bk&ifrapm,Ofrd-zGJU) ]armifwdkYeDrS} csD (e&Ekrif;BuD;-zGJU) ]umv0u} csD (r[mynmausmf-zGJU) ]awmifwGifjrifhrdk&f} csD (eef;wGif;rdndK- zGJU) OumysH - zGJU &wkrsm; ]e0ybm} csD (e&ywdBuD;- zGJU) ]vGrf;[kefjcif;aumuf} csD

(crufawmfvuf,mjref*lwm- zGJU) ]oQpfaomif;av;axmif} csD (e&tb,&mZmrif;\ pmqdkwpfOD;- zGJU) ]rif;om;trSef} csD (rif;om;BuD;a&Tyef;-zGJU) ]aemufom; aemifvm} csD (a';0ef;BuD; atmifausmf&SD- zGJU) ]O'gef;raMu} csD (NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHzGJU) &wkta[mif;? topfrsm; (vuf&D;rl) (14) ta&GU&wkrsm; ]odefuefrdfefwGif} csD (ok0Pa'0D- zGJU) OumysH\ q,fhESpf&moD&wk a';0ef;BuD;\ ta&GU&wkrsm; NrdKUolBuD;\ ta&GU&wkrsm; Oaweta&GU&wk ukota&GU&wk ta&GU&wkta[mif;? topfrsm; (vuf&D;rl) (15) vl;wm;rsm; armufawmfvl;wm; (vuf&D;rl) &Jabmfvl;wm; (16) tefjcif;rsm; uBuD;tefac: Asnf; 33vHk; vSDawmfoH (vuf&D;rl) tavmif;awmf awmxGuftefjcif; &mxGef;\ Asnf; 33vHk; tefjcif;opf / (17) oHaygufrsm; uu0du@ygousrf;rS oHaygufrsm; OwkabmZeoHayguf toQifpErmvmvuFm&r[max&f q&mxGef;\oHayguftrsdK;rsdK; topfrsm; (vuf&D;rl) (vuf&D;rl) ysdKU[ktac:rsm;aomoHaygufta[mif; / / (yDrl) /

odkufed'gef;vm ausmufdk;oHaygufrsm; (vuf&D;rl) (18) omjcif;rsm; y'kr0wDomjcif; arsmufESifhvlom; r,m;vkomjcif; ol&d, - uea'0DiSufqifcsDomjcif; ra[mo"omjcif; *kwdv - rkoduomjcif; tavmif;awmfq'efqifrif;omjcif; tavmif;awmf awrdomjcif; tavmif;awmfem&'omjcif; pEudE&Domjcif; y'ukovomjcif; Ak'0ifomjcif; bl&d'wfomjcif; rif;ukoomjcif; a'G;r,faemfomjcif; tavmif;awmfazmifarQmem&'omjcif; oQifrGefvSomjcif; 0HomEkvGrf;rajyomjcif; aumfumEkomjcif; yef;a&TNrdKifeef;aucdkifomjcif; &mravmif;vsmESifh r,foD'gomjcif; rdk;yef;a0omjcif; omjcif;wdkrsm;?omjcif;opfrsm;(vuf&D;rl) (19) (20) (21) (22) q&mxGef;\a,musfm;rdef;rwdkufomjcif; ipnfjcif; a[mpmrsm; ra[mo"a[mpm a0oE&ma[mpm (yDpm) / (&rf;jynfhawmifausmif;? &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf;) ipnf[mojyZmwf (vuf&D;rl)

Ak'0ifa[mpm

rdaw,stem*w0ifa[mpm (yDpm) q&mxGef;\ a[mpmrsm;(vuf&D;rl) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) avmif;Muufacwf? u0dausmftrwfBuD; ajrmufOD;acwfaemufydkif;bdodufpm (yDrl) acwfopfMobmpmrsm; (tcgpmrsm;) / &mZoHywdusrf; (rpHkrvif) arwmpmrsm; uif;q&m\ arwmpmrsm;(yDrl) toQifvuFm&ax&f\ arwmpmrsm; (yDrl) &SD;a[mif;arwmpmrsm; (vuf&D;rl) (28) taxmufpmwrf;rsm; uRJrif;taxmufpmwrf; (vuf&D;rl) rdef;r,kwf rdef;rykyftaxmufpmwrf;(vuf&D;rl) (29) rif;&mZmBuD;pmwrf;ac:rif;&mZmBuD; t&D;awmfxHk;(yDrl) bk&m;Asm'dwfpm(rpHkvif) ewfom; 99 odkuf ewforD; 99 odkuf 0doMuHKodkufausmufdk; yifv,fed'gef;odkufausmufdk; *0Hywdodkuf bm;ykodkuf bm;rJhodkuf odMum;odkuf zm;jyKwfauodkuf (31) (32) OumtJ bGJUrsm; pE&m;bGJU rif;apmrGefbGJU / (yDrl) / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (vuf&D;rl) (30) odkufed'gef;pmrsm;avQmufxHk;vm bdodufpm

xmr&mbGJU ydk;0gbGJU (33) wHk;jcif;rsm;

/ /

rm&,kwHk;jcif;a[mif;(NAdwdoQudkvdkeD acwfOD;) ppfawGNrdKUrS umvay:odkif;jcif;opfrsm; (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) &cdkifjynf? umvay:odkif;jcif;opfrsm;? [efjcif;opfrsm; &cdkifewfjcif;trsdK;rsdK;? yef;wsm;jcif; trsdK;rsdK; (vuf&D;rl) q&mxGef;\ oHcsyftrsdK;rsdK;eefY umvay:oHcsyftrsdK;rsdK; Adkvfrif;axmif? zvefaxmifdkUrS &[daom Asm&wk? Asmpum;,ifhZrf;jcif; trsdK;rsdK; (vuf&D;rl) &cdkifjynfaus;vuft&yf&yfrSpkaqmif;rdorQ Zrf;jcif;trsdK;rsdK; (vuf&D;rl) &cdkifobm0aw;uAsmrsm;- toQifpudEax&f &cdkif,Of;omjcif;rsm; - taemufom; (ppfawG) &cdkifjynfaus;vuft&yf&yfrSpkaqmif;rdorQ jynfolUta&GUtrsdK;rsdK; (vuf&D;rl) Mur'dkufrif;BuD; 0wK (ou#bmomjyef) avmueDwdusrf; bm0&Dusrf; yg&musrf; t"drmofusrf; oifoHk;q,fusrf; yl&mrfusrf;rsm; yDrloQpf&Guf) cdkifaus;vufyHkjyifrsm; - vlxkOD;vS &cdkifokawoDrsm; pkaqmif;yD;onf &cdkif0wKyHkjyifqef;(toQifpudEax&f? OD;rif;Edkif) &cdkif0wKyHkjyifqef; -toQifpudEax&f &cdkifpum;yHkrsm; (pkaqmif;qJvuf&D;rl) &efukefwuodkvf&cdkifausmif;ol^om;rsm; xkwf0Duwfaom r*Zif;rsm;? pm (yDrl) / / / (yDrl) (yDrlrsm;)

(40) &cdkifhaw;oH?toQifpudEax&f?OD;rif;Edkif

rif;BuD;apmrGeftrD;- [l;&mdkUtjznfusrf; (ou#bmomjyef? yDrloQpf&Guf)

pmqdkawmfBuD; umvd'go\ okwaAm"qef;usrff; (ou#bmomjyef?

apmifrsm;? vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif ? &cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif;rsm;? "n0wDr*Zif; rsm;?a&S;acwf&cdkifpmaytu&m+*DwESifhaw;oH? &cdkifokckrtEkynm? &cdkifpmayESifh tu&m? uAsm (57) &cd k i f v l i ,f r sm; xk w f 0 D u wf a om r* Z if ; ? pmapmif ? *sme,f e ef Y p mtk y f pmwrf;rsm; "npmapmifrsm;? wufaeopfpmapmifrsm; &cdkifZmenf*sme,frsm; zl;iHkr*Zif; oif;csdKpmapmif (ppfawG) / / (*GNrdKU) (oHwGJ)

acwfa&SUaqmifpmapmifrsm; /

rkwfokefvIdif;oHuAsmrsm; (ppfawG) &cdkifdk;&m pmyDtEkynmjrifhwif&D;tzGJUrS xkwf0Daompmtkyfrsm;? aMujimpmrsm; (ppfawG) a0omvDacwf&cdkif,Ofaus;rI(&efukef) &GufEkopfcsdefuAsmrsm; (ykodrf) tm;opfpmapmifrsm; dk;rpmapmifrsm; wdrfrJndKrS rdk;pufrsm; (ppfawG) / /

upye'DrSwufcwfoHuAsmrsm;(ppfawG) vIdif;cwfoHpmapmifrsm; (ausmufjzL) awmifndKdk;rESifhjrprf;yef;a&vTmuAsmrsm; (armifawm) &cdkifGefYzl;aqmif;yg;rsm;(1969)(&efukef) dk;vSoEmuAsmrsm;(&efukef) &cdkifGefYzl;uAsmrsm; (58) (59) (60) (&efukef) 'kwd,urmppfBuD;aemufydkif;wGifxkwf0D aom pkrdaqmif; rdorQ owif;pmrsm;? 'kwd,urmppfBuD;aemufydkif;wGif xkwf0Daom pkrdorQ aMumfjimpmrsm; ppfawGvrf;pOfygwD? ygwD,lepfrS xkwfa0aom ,Ofaus;rIpmapmifrsm;? ,Ofaus;rI pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;? odkufwufivufHk;- AdkvfBuD;xGef;a0 &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm; vlrsdK;EG,f

&cdkif&wemtzJhtprsm; trSwf(3) &cdkifta&GUaw;jcif;rsm; (61) (62) (63) (64) 2/ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (20) (1) (2) t0uRef;&mZ0if0wK- OD;pdefvSatmif tarSmifwGif;rS tvif;uAsmrsm; (a&T&-awmifukwf) aMumifvdrfavSum;uAsmrsm; (ppfawGapmaemif) &cdkifompGav - rmefatmifyD, &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm; (tudk;tum;? trSDtjirf;) &SD;xHk;&cdkif&mZ0ifvuFm &cdkif&mZ0ifBuD; tif;apmuf&mZ0if ausmufdk;&cddkif&mZ0if Mujcwf&cdkif&mZ0if &mZyHkusrf; (yDrl) (yDrl) (yDrl) (yDrl) (yDrl) (yDrl) (vuf&D;rl) (1287-ck) &cdkif&mZ0ifBuD; xGufusOf; (armifoQifausmfZH) (yDrl)

&cdkif&mZ0if ([l;&m;wwf q&mirnf)(yDrl)

&cdkif&mZ0ifa[mif;NrdKUwnfcef; (vuf&D;rl) &cdkif&mZ0ifvuFm -q&marmifomatmif &cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;(OD;omxGef;atmif) &cdkif&mZ0if &cdkif&mZ0if (OD;atmifomOD;) (OD;OD;omxGef;) "n0wD&mZ0ifopf -toQify@dr[max&f (1271) &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf; (toQifpErmvmvuFm&r[max&f1293) "n0wD&mZ0ifopf (toQifPax&f) &cdkif&mZ0iftusOf;csKyf (OD;csefxGef;1960) a&S;a[mif;&cdkifNrdKUawmfrsm;(AdkvfBuD;xGef;a0) &cdkif&mZ0ifvuFm(OD;pHwif-jrefrmtrIxrf;wpfOD;) (1212) uAsmAEom&usrff; u0dbm&wD (OD;wif) (y+'k)

(19) "n0wDta&;awmfyHk(toQifu0dom&rax&f)(1149) 3/ jrefrmpmyDusrf;rsm;? jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;rsm; (trSDtjirf;)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32)

uAsmom&woN*K[f (OD;vGef;) jrefrmpmGefYaygif;usrf; (4-wGJ) r[m*Dw (OD;NyHK;csdK) jrefrmpmayordkif; (OD;azarmifwif) uAsmGefYaygif;enf;vrf;aumif;(OD;atmifomOD;) jrefrmvuFmusrf; uAsmzGJUenf;edosnf; wef;jrifhuAsmzGJUenf; pmayavmu (toQify@dwax&f) (OD;wifhaqG) (OD;zdk;aiG)

uAsmhpG,fpHkusrf; (OD;xGef;a&T) (aZmf*sD? rif;ok0Pf)

pmqdkawmfrsm;twKywd (armifokw) pmqdkawmfrsm;&wkaygif;csKyf (vuf0Jaemf&xm) &ovuFm (OD;aomfZif) &opmayed'gef; (aZmf*sD) &opmaytzGifh (aZmf*sD) oif bmuAsma&;rnfenf; (a'gif;EG,faqG) wdkufyGJ0ifpm (odef;azjrifh) a&TArmpmapmif jrefrm&mZ0if (OD;boef;) jrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif; (AdkvfrSL;b&Sif) jrefrmEdkifiHordkif; (a'gufwmausmfouf) jrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif; (Aef;armfwifatmif) urmhordkif;rSwfwdkifrsm; (y? 'k? w)(vrf;pOfygwD) tEkynmjyem (armfpDwHk;) qdk&S,fvpfpmayjyemrsm; (a*:uD) 'Drdkua&pDopf (armfpDwHk;) vl&Gef;\vufa&G;pifpmay (,rHkem) w*dk;vf\pm (rif;,ka0? wuodkvf0if;rGef) w*dk;vf\pmya'om (armifjzL;) w*dk;vf\ vufa&G;pif (ausmfvIdifOD;)

(33) (34)

w*dk;vf\ cHpm;rI (armifpdrf;ol) urmh*E0ifwpfq,f (odef;atmifjyefqdk)

English Reference Books 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Arakan by Dr. Forchamma (1887) A History of South East Asia by D.G.E. Hall History of Burma by G.E. Harvery (1925) History of Indo- Pakistan by Profs. Arshad and Rahman (1964) The Land of the Great Image by Maurice Collis (1942) Johnston, E.H., Some Sanskrit Inscription of Arakan (Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. XI-1943-46, P-157) 7. Collis, M.S., Arakan's place in the civilization of the Bay. (J.B.R.S. 1915- Vol 15 Part) (Journal of the 8. Burma Research Society)

Collis M.S., An Arakanese poem of the 16th century(and the note on the above poem by S.SBu)

9.

Collis M.S., An old Arakanese Love Poem.(J.B.R. S. 1945 -----------------------------------------------------)

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Collis M.S., An Old Arakanese Romance. (J.B.R.S 1928 Vol. 18 Part I) San Shwe Bu, U., Tase-hna-ra-the-ratu by Ugga Byan. (J.B.R.S 1923- Vol. 13 Part III) San Shwe Bu, U., The Story of Mahamuni. (J.B.R.S. 1916 Vol. 6 Part III) Chan Htwan Aung, The Mahamuni Shrine in Arakan. (J.B.R.S. 1912 Vol-2 Part II)

A Brief Note on the Old Capitals of Arakan by U San Shwe Bu. Golden tit-bit of Arakan Nos. I& II. Party Unit Akyab.

98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321 98765432109876543210987654321

&cdkifordkif;udk yHkjyifvdka&;om;jyKpkaom &cdkifyHkao0wKrsm;

toQifpudE\

f xGurnf

&cdkifGefYzl;trSwf(5)pmrlrsm;ESifh &cddkif0wKwdkNydKifyGJ zdwfac:jcif;

&cd k i f G e f Y z l ; trS w f ( 4)ud k rsm;rMumrD xG u f v mygrnf / xd k Y a emuf &cd k i f G e f Y z l ; trS w f ( 5)ud k taumif;qHk;jzpfEdkif&ef twGuf pmayynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pOfquf rjywf ay;ydkYyg&ef zdwfac:ygonf/ xkdYjyif &cdkif0wKwdkNydKifyGJ0ifpmrlrsm;udk azmfjyygpnf;urf; rsm;ESifhtnD ay;ydkYMuyg&ef zdwfac:ygonf/ (1) rdrdwdkY a'ooHk; &cdkifa0g[m&? &cdkifbmompum; rsm;jzifhom a&;&rnf/ (2) udk,fwdkifa&;pmrl jzpf&rnf/ (&cdkifrIjyKxm;ygu) rl&if;0wK? pma&;olESifh pmtkyfpmapmiftrnfudk wduspGm azmfjy&ef/ (3) yHkESdyfazmfjyjcif; rjyK&ao;aom pmrljzpf&rnf/ (4) wdusjywfom;aooyfaom vufa&;rljzifh ae&yf vdyfpm jynfhpHkpGm yg&Sd&rnf/ (5) a&G;cs,fjcif;rjyKaom pmrludk jyefvnfay;ydkYrnf r[kwfyg/ qkcsD;jrifhjcif;cH&aom pmrludk &cdkifGefYzl;trSwf(5) wGif yHkESdyfazmfjyNyD; yxrqkudk aiG (1000d^)? 'kwd ,qkudk aiG (600d^-)ESifh? wwd,qkudk aiG (400d^) pD csD;jrifhygrnf/ &cdkifGefYzl;trSwf(5)NydKifyGJ0if pmrlrsm;udk 1997-ck? {NyD v(30)&ufaeY aemufqHk;xm; ay;ydkYyg&ef/

&cdkifpmyDwdk;wufa&; a&SUIvsuf/ &cdkifom;BuD;pmay c^55? uRef;a&T0gvrf;? bk&ifhaemifyGJHk? zkef;-247807? 680572

trsdK;cspfaw &cdkifrsdK;cspfwdudk *kPfjyK&zdkYqdkygau q&mBuD; OD;ausmf&if (oHwGJ)udk uRefawmfdkU av;pm;*kPfjyKpGmeefY---

oQifom&cdkif
q&mBuD ; OD ; ausmf & if ? &cd k i f e ef Y ywf o uf a&;cJ h o rQ aqmif ; yg;rsm;

xk w f a 0Ed k i f a &; Bud K ;yrf ; aeygAsm,f

{Zmukefvm;csifh m;csif
&cdkifGefYzl;(3)rSm 0wKwdkNydKifyGJtwGuf pmrlzdwfac:cyga&/ ,if;NydKifyGJ 0ifNydKifa& 0wKwdxJrSm &cdkifdk;&myHkajym0wKwdudk ]]&cdkifdk;&m 0wKrsm;} vdkY emarwyfAsm,f pmtkyftjzpfxkwfa0ygarvdkY uRefawmf uwdjyKcyga& ,if;ydkifuwdjyKNyD; a&avmufuyif a'edxd &cddkifdk;&m0wKwpfyk'favh ra&mufvmvDAsm,f a&muf&SdeDa& 0wKwdeefY yD;ydkYa& pmrl&Sifwdudk azmfjyygar/ 1/ i0ga, armifjyL; (oHwGJ) 2/ vlqdka&ow0g rif;jym;rif;odef;ZH 3/ vdyfurmr vSrdk; (ppfawG'D*&Daumvdyf) 4/ iysif;axG yef;ajrmif;cdkifapmodef; 5/ mPfrDvdkY touf&Sif&pGm oef;vIdif(wref;om;) 6/ r,m;unmapmoEm rcifodef;(aygufawm) 7/ cGD;pum;udk usm;,HkvdkY rif;jym;rif;odef;ZH 8/ raumif;mPfeefYab;'Pf a':a&TpdefjzL (uefqdyf) 9/ oHudk;armif; bodef;wif(aygufawm) 10/ ewfjynfus bkef;BuD; &rm0wDvSatmifa&T 11/ em;yif;tpdkif ewfjrpfrmC 12/ zm;jyKwfau jrwfapm(ajrmufOD;) 13/ BudK;udk;vH ausmfaZmfxGef; 14/ tzdk;oQifajyma& euwf0wK q&mcspf(ppfawG) 15/ pmraoQ cifoDwmat;? at;at;rl txu(3) ppfawG 16/ tbmoruf txGD;aoQ vSvSpef;? at;at;ZH txu(3) ppfawG pkpkaygif; (16)yk'f&m a&mufygodrfha& ,if;xJu dk;&m0wK [kwfr[kwfavh rppfaq;&ygodrfh a'(16)yk'xukd yHEyzvJ rjzpfEiyg? ,if;(16)yk'ukd pmtkytjzpfxwygau &cdiom;wdrm &cdi;kd &m0wKa& f J k dS f Ykd kd f f f k f k f S k f ]]Zukefvm;csifh}} vdkY wjcm;vlrsdK;wd rD;ygau? uRefawmfZmydkifajymvdkuf &ygzdkYv?J

&cdkifvSjrifh

wGdcsifygAsm,f
ZmwfBu;D q,fbUJG xJu toQio0Pomr rdbESpyg;a& f k f a&Tt;kd avhvcsia& kd f rsupavhjrifcsif f d om;avh&icsiqa& qEpm S f f kd G oMum;rif;eefwvYkd jynfpvyga& Y dG h kH D &cdipmtkyukd yHEyxwa0pGmrSm k f f k dS f k f pmtkywukd uGeysLwmpDAsm,f f d f puLaumif;aumif;eefavh ducsif Y k f wefz;kd avhtenf;qH;k eefY pmzwfoukd 0Dcsia& l f qEu wpfeexufwpfeeyvma&twGuf d Yf d Yf kd uGeysLwmpDAsm,fyEyvu,ifh -----/ f kH dS f kd f a'edepuLaps;EIe;f u wpf&y&yjf rifh Yf d f d t,ifxwa0zl;a& cJpmvH;k pmpDa&pmtkyxuf k f f uGeysLwmpDpmtkyu f f tkywpfaxmifrm ESpaomif;ru ydueeAsm,f f S f k k f D pmtkyukd aps;wifa&mif;zdrvG,f f Yk (pmzwfotwGuf jyem) l pmtkyt&DtwGuvnf; t&ifxufyvYkd a&mif;rxGuf Edif f G f kd k [l;---toQio0PomrtrdeeftzwGvz;l a& f k Y d D oMum;rif;eefwcsuf uReawmfukd wGy;D uwfygzd/ Y f h d k f &cdivjS rifh &cdiom;Bu;D pmay k f c(55)? uRe;f a&T0gvrf;? bk&ifaemifykH h JG &efueNf rKd U/zke;f -247807 k

t*Fvdyfwda& - t*Fvdyfa0g[m&tbd"mefudk xkwfaw *smrefwda& - *smrefa0g[m&tbd"mefudk xkwfaw

uRefawmfa& - &cdkifa0g[m& tbd"mefudk xkwfaw

toQifpudE toQif0go0dkU&GD;a& -

&cdkifa0g[m&tbd"mef
udk xkwfygar &cdkifom;BuD;pmyD