Tutorial 1) Taken from Extra mid term test For a certain application, a passive filter is desired to accept frequencies

between 5.4 kHz and 9.6 kHz. The filter should be designed using parallel circuits. (a) Sketch the circuit diagram for your filter (b) Choose appropriate values for passive components (resistor, inductor and capacitor) using standard values given in the tables. (c) Calculate the actual cutoff frequencies and quality factor for the circuit. (d) Find the errors in percent for the results in (b) (e) Suppose that you want to modify your filter so that it can reject the frequency less than 5.4 kHz and greater than 9.6 kHz. Sketch the circuit diagram for the new filter. Note: Use values from the tables that will give the smallest error for (b). Solution:

(a) This the bandpass filter: the circuit diagram is shown below.

Note: You can put the capacitor in the right and the inductor in the left. Remember that for parallel bandpass filter, Input: resistor (R) Output: capacitor (C) and inductor (L) which are connected in parallel

(b) c1 = 5.4 kHz; c2 = 9.6 kHz; = c2 c1 = 9.6 5.4 = 4.2 kHz = 42002 = 26390 rad/s For the parallel circuit,

So, hoo e

So, C = 3.8108 F = 38 nF. Since

So, L = 0.01285 H 13 mH (c) Since we do not choose component values from tables, the actual cutoff frequencies will be the same. So, c1 = 5.4 kHz; c2 = 9.6 kHz; Center frequency is similar to previous one; so, 0 = 7.2 kHz = 45239 rad/s. Quality factor,

(d) The errors are zero because we just take the same value for the components. (e) The filter is modified to reject frequencies less than 5.4 kHz and greater than 9.6 kHz. So we need a band reject filter. Because it is not mentioned, we can choose whether the circuit is series or parallel. The circuit diagrams are given below:

Suppose that we choose the components from tables. So, we proceed as follow: We have found that C = 3.8108 F = 38 nF. From the table of capacitors we choose 39 nF = 3.9108 F. Note: A 39 nF is not available in the table but we can assume it is there. Just look at the values in table (3.9, 39, 360 and 3900). From We have

Which gives L = 0.0125 H. From the table of inductor we choose L = 0.013 H = 1.3 mH. (The value of 0.013 is not available in the table but we just look at the numbers 1.3, 13, 130 and 1300). The values of 0 and will slightly change:

Or c1 = 33405 rad/s. From = c2 c1 we then have c2 = 25641 + 33405 = 59046 rad/s. Quality factor,

Errors due to choosing the values of tables from components: Calculated: C = 38 nF; L = 0.01285 H. Choosen: C = 39 nF; L = 0.013 H. So, Errors for capacitor:

o Errors for inductor: o Suppose that we want to find the values for the band reject filter. If the circuit is parallel, the values of components will be the same. However, suppose that the modified circuit is needed to be series. Here we have, we can choose either R or L first. If we choose L, we have to take the largest value of L from the table of inductors. In this case choose L = 9100 H = 0.0091 H = 9.1 mH So we have R = 0.009126390 = 240.2 . From the table of resistor we choose R = 243 . So we then have:

So, C = 5.37108 F = 53.7 nF. From the table of capacitor we choose C = 56 nF = 5.610 8 F. The values of 0 and will slightly change:

Or c1 = 32541 rad/s. From = c2 c1 we then have c2 = 26703 + 32541 = 59244 rad/s. Quality factor,

Errors due to choosing the values of tables from components: Calculated: C = 53.7 nF; R = 240.2 . Choosen: C = 56 nF; R = 243 . So, Errors for capacitor: o Errors for resistor:

Summary for filters: Bandpass filter: accepts frequencies between f1 Hz and f2 Hz Circuit: series or parallel Bandwidth: = c2 c1 Center frequency:

Series circuit: Output: R Parallel circuit: Output: L, C parallel

Series circuit

Parallel circuit

Bandreject filter: rejects frequency less than f1 Hz and greater than f2 Hz Circuit: series or parallel Bandwidth: = c2 c1 Center frequency 0, , c1 and c2 similar to those of bandpass filter. Series: Output: L, C parallel Parallel: Output: R Series circuit

Parallel circuit