,

IDBOb
t J F ~ THE CHURC
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Symbols of Ihe
Old Testament . New Testament I
Aposlles and Sai nl s '
A Glossary of Ecclesias li cal Terms
Proper Forms of Address 10 Ihe Clergy
and Members of Religious Orders
lilurgicaL Colors and Their Uses
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SCOTT & SUSIE KOS
915 KENHORST BLVD.
"ell': READING, PA 19611
SYMBOLS
o If TilE C II U II
Edited by
CARROLL E.
Drmvings by
WILLlAl\l DUN(",\N
AnINGDON PRF,,<; S
Nashvill e New York
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S Y M B 0 L SOil '!'lilt;
OLD TESTAM11NT
STAll OF DAVIll
Two interwoven equi la teral tri a ngles form n
jwiut cd Ira dit: clIl ully Ihe s hape of J)a vid's shield
Somc:limcs call ed " the Cn:ator's Sla r", the six poi ,., ,:
rccallil1!! the six da}'s of t; rea l ion.
SERI'ENT
The sf: rpcnl Sa lan is cnil ed aboat Ih ..
, II li nk of a Iree, with the a JlJ1It: us Ill e ohj.:ct ,,/
telHpta t ion.
FLAnHNC SWOIID
Symholized hy Ihe lIal11ill J:!: s word whi ch Auardcd II ,,,
palil 10 Ihe tree of life aft er lI, c eX l'lIls iulI of Ad:" "
from the G"rdcu of Edell .
SEIII'ENT ANI) WOIILI)
The l' inful nature of llIankind eVI'r)'wil.!n: as 11 res ult
of Adam's fall is t radit iunally n: prescnl ed iJ y :-0
cnil t'u around the carth .
AIIK
The 1Il 0 s t ("01111 11 0 11 symhul of The Flood. 5)' 111 '
hill of Ihe Church, s ince ill the Ark all
l'n' a l l/reS fOll nd refu ge fr om J!1ngc!r.
TOWEll OF !.IAREL
T I. is luwe r rcscmhliug sumewhat n modern ci t )'
sc t!mck Imildill J.: is used in Old T es tament 5P"
holi sm.
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APPLE
A symbol of the fall of man since sin is said to
have entered the world when Eve tasted of the
forbidden fruit.
DRAGON
Another symbol for Salan. Also, sin and pesti
lence. When shown underfoot it signifies victory
over evil.
DOVE WITII OLIVE SPRIG
Sometimes used as a symbol for the Flood. It
denotes reace, forgiveness, and anticipation of
new life.
lASH AND BRICKS
Israel's captivity and forced labor limier the tusk
master's lash.
ALTAR OF SACRIFICE
The aitar with slain on it indieates tile
sacrificial nature of Old Testament worship, and
to the Christian suggests the sacrificial nature o(
Jesus' life and ministry.
LAMB
The Mood o( a Jamb without blemi"h was com
manded by God to be sprinkled on the doorposts
of Hebrew homes in Egypt so His destroying
angel might pass over and spare Israel. This was
memorialized in the Passover Festival. 1
DOORPOSTS AND LINTEL
The blood.sprinkled doorposts and lintel jq It
symbol of God's protection in Egypt at the ,tAQ!l'
ing over of the destroying angel, which is cr.nhAI
in the Passover Festival.
TABLES OF STONE WITH
TIlE TEN COMMANDMENTS
Represented by a twofold slone tablet. The
Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran hit. lies
show the first table with three commandmr.nts
and lhe second with seven commandments.
TABLES OF STONE WITH
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS
Other bodies of the church show (our numhers
for the first table and six on the second t"hle.
Sometimes fi"'e numbers on each table are lIQf"II.
SCROLL
The scroll slands for the five Books of Mo""q. 8S
tlte first five books o( the Old Testament Afr. 'mn
monly called. These are known as the Torn" ""rl
constitute the most sacred Law of the
SEVEN-BRANCH CANDLESTICK
The sevenbranch candlestick is a symh"l (OT
Old Testament worship, and known as thr fI.'",,-
oral. is used in Jewish synagogues today.
ALTAR OF BURNT OFFERING
The altar upon which the offerings or r'l1its
and grains were made. Also a symbol fm f )1,1
T eslament worship.
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The Ark of the Covenant was the meeting
which occurred at the close of the wheat harvest of God with the Israelites on the journe)' hom
and later included the commemoration of the giv. Egypt and therefore was the symbol of th.. Pres
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YOUNG BUI.1.0CK AND CENSER
Symbol for Day of Al oncmcnt. In Ihe ceremony
of atonement for s in, the high pri es l at one point
carried 8 smoking censer nnd the bl ood of n
young bullock hefore the mercy-scnt.
CI.USTER OF GRAPES
Signifies entry into CannAn. The s pies re porting
favorably on the Promised Land of Cannan
hrought hack 0. large cluster of /-;rnpes horne UII
a slaff he tween two men.
AARON
At the command of God Anron threw down his
rOIl Lefore Pharaoh and it hccamc :1 serpcnt, swal.
lowing up the serpent s produced hr the magi -
cians and sorcerers.
ABEl.
ALel, the second son of Adam, wns R shepherd
811tl alTered the firstlings of his flock .os a gift
10 God.
ABRAHAM
The palri:uch's symbol is Ihe sacr ific ial knife,
wilh Goil's promise to him inlii cll lcd by n bhlt:
shield wilh many slnrs. One Jarge sior slands for
the Mess iah.
ADAM
Adam was told hy God Ihat becallse of his sin he
IIIlI st henceforth earn his food hy the swent of
his hrow .
AMOS
A llerdsnHln of Tekoa who became the great
prophet of ri ghteousness whose writhm ull r:r
ances arc the earliest recorded ill the Old Tesla
ment (6th Century D.C.).
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CAI N
The first son of Adam, Cain IJrollgill the result 'J f
his lilli ng: the soil a s all olTering 1o God.
DANIEl.
The ralll wi th fOllr I, orns s ignifi es Danit:! b(:!':lIIsc
it W:Hi a pa rt of one of his visions (8:B) .
IMVIU
Symuoli7.eJ by a ha r p becnusc of his skill Ml a
l1lusici ... n, whil e Ihe lion recalls his ill
protecting hi s sheep 115 n shepherd boy.
DEIlOICAII
ll eprcscllled hy a crowil h(:clluSC she r.iI,,..'!
fur leadership liur ill "; the period IIf Ihl' .I ... Ir. ... ,
EI.IJAH
The li er)" d,oriot
appean:tI wht: n he
whirlwind .
ESAU
gl ands for Elij a h bee; .. ' "'' il
was c arried tu hell" "11 i" n
A SOli Qf 1.-:;I;l C, lind a s killful hllllin. who tinf>II gh
Ihe dneil of hi s hroill cr, lost hi!> falll!!r' s
dll !; I. illl as Ih.: fi rslhorn.
EVE
The s rmlJOI for Eve, Ihe firsl womall ae"ur/li",! In
II.c Biblica l Recouul, is n disln rr.
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EZEKIEL
A closed gale s uggests Ezekiel's prophecy of the
coming siege of Jerusalem which I.e wns com-
manded to picture in 8 small model 85 R sign 10
lhe Israelit es (4:3).
GIDEON
God commsndctl Gideon to etl nck the Midianit cs
which he did with three hunured followers by
concealing torches in pitchers and making a sLlr-
prise hI ow.
HOSEA
This prophet of God's love is srmbolizcd b)' a
cast-ofT mantic re prcsclliinl! Israel's unfa ithful .
ness In God which Hosea daringl y denoLinced'
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ISAIAH
This prophet met his flCD'th rt'putedly hy heing
sawn aSllnder. III: was n prophet who s poke
for GOII nt II uiticu l time in the: hislor}' of the J ew!:' .
ISAAC
IS88c's spnhol is bundl es of wood nrrull gcd ii ,
the [ orlll of a cross, the wood the IIcar
sacr ifice of Isaac Oil tl, e tillar hy his fath er,
Abraham.
JACOIJ AND DIS FAJIIILY
RI'presented I,y n sun and full 1110011 fOf jll(:oh
and his wife. nnd twelve sta rs (or their t welve
sons.
JEIlEmAH
Tradition says thnl the prophct Jercmiah lUIS
s toned 10 death becausc of his ullpopular ulI er
ances in s peaking for Cud Ill e fcl,elliollS
Ismelit es.
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JONAH
A great fi sh is the usual symhol for )", ,,1. I ....
cause of its part in the Dible narrati ve.
JOSEI'll
The story of Joseph is familiar 10 nil, ntlrl II, e
mnnycolored coat has become his syml)Q1. !=-i ,lf'c
il was one of the causes which grea tly j"l1u"''' ' '' ''
his life.
J OSllUA
Under Jos hua's leadership the w"lIs of }r'; " I'1)
fell down to the accoillpanimcnt of tlw !:'''JUI"l <or
trumpet s, alld the illhnLitants were COllll'lr 'rh .1.
strayed by his men.
JIIELCIIISEDEK
The symbol for this ve ry earl)' pri csl killlJ i., "
lonf of bread and a chalice.
MICAH
Micah declared Ihal the mountain of God's 1.""<;1;
would towe r above every at Iter mount ain {,I l I.
MOSES
Moses is s}'mbolir.ed hy the bnsket made "f 10111
rushes by whi ch he was saved as .II. bah}' Id,,,,,
the Pharaoh sought to kill all HebrelV h"hi ""
TilE CALL OF JIIOSES
The burning hush that was not consumed j ... I"e
symbol for the call of the great Hebrew I .. n'!rr
who recogni zed that God was s pesking II' I,; ,,, in
thnt unus unl place.
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NAHUM
This symbol corm's from the verse, "Behold, upon
the mountains the feet of him that bringeth good
tidings. that puhlisheth pea(:c!" (1:15a).
NOAH
Noah is always associated with the Hood and the
houseboat he huilt at God's command.
RIITII
The wisp of wheat recalls that Ruth was a gleaner
in the tields of Boaz, where she was trt!llted with
kindness, though a foreif!T1cr.
SAMSON
Two of Samson's amazing feats arc given as, slay-
ing one thousand Philistines with the jawhonc of
an ass, and pushing down the pillars of a heathen
temple lIy his own strength.
SETH
A thread wound three times around a t"umh sig-
nifies Seth, the third son of Adam and Eve .
SOLOMON
This king is often representcrl hy a model of
Temple which he built and which was the great-
est of all the Hebrew tempko;.
ZEPHANIAlI
The message of this prophet dealt with the Day
of God's wrath which hung over Jerusalem llnd
wherever wickedness was found in the land.
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S Y M B 0 L 8 0 F I II E
NEW TESTAMENT
THE LATIN CROSS
The most commonly used form of cross_
THE CAI ..VARY CROSS
Sometimes called the Graded Cross. The three 511:""",
from the top down. stand for Faith. Hope. Lm'c.
TIlE ST. ANDREW'S CROSS
Tradition says the apostle Andrew died on this form
of cross. requesting thai be he crucified on a ,.,,, .. q
unlike that of his Lord.
TilE EASTERN CROSS
The upper horizontal arm represents the place or ,It,.
inscription over head of the crucified Jesu!'!. ..,"
lower slanting arm represents his footre!Jt,
the Eastern Church believes Jesus was crucified with
his feel side by side and ROt crossed one over thO'
other as usually pictured by the Western Clmrcll
TIlE CELTIC CROSS
Or cross of lona, dates back to carly centurie!' .. (
the Christian era. It was said to havc hcrn (,!I
from what is now Ireland to the island of lonn ""
Columba in the 6th century.
TIlE TAU CROSS
So-callcel because of resemblance to the tr-,,,
T. This is the original form of cross.
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THE ANCHOR CROSS
Wllich was used by the earl y Chrislia;ns ill the Cala.
comhs. Ancient Eg},pt ian in it s origin.
TIlE GREEK CROSS
Wi th nil arms of equal length.
TIlE CROSS OF TmmWII
Symbolic of the triumph oC the Gospel thruughuut
the earth.
THE JF..RUSAI,EM OR
CIlUSADEII'S CROSS
Usually has four small crosses he tween the arms,
the five crosses symholizing the fi ve wounds or our
Lord. Worn by Godfrey de nouillon, first rul e r of
J Crllsnl clTI aCr cr thc liherat ion frolll the Moslems .
TIlE MALTESE CROSS
Consisting of Cour speArheads with points together.
Dales back to the days or the Crusades wil en the
order or the Ilospitall ers used it (or t llt:.: ir c uilJlem.
Later tll ey made their on the island
or l'.toito .
TIlE CROSS PATTEE
Resembl es the Molt ese Cross. A beauliful fonn of
the cross used widely (or decoroti ve l1u r poses.
THE CROWN AND CIlOSS
These symiJoJi7.e the reword o( tile fa ithful in the
lire aft er deat h to those who beli e\' c ill the crucirled
Savior.
Be tholl faithfu l unto death and T will give thee tll c
Crowll of life. (Hev_ 2 : 10.)
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THE CROSS TREFFdlE
A beautiful form with ends formed as trefoi ls. It j q
widely used whereve r a decorative style of croRS j "
needed. A Iso known as the Cross Botonnce.
TIm l'ATIIIAIICHAL CIlOSS
li as t wo hor izontal a rms. the lIpper one sli ghtl y
shorter Ihun the lower. The uppe r represents tile
iusl: ripli oll over the head of ollr Lord 011 thc e rm;s.
Til E PAI'AI, CIIOSS
!-l as three ho ri zontal a rms, cach a lilli e IOll ger 1!1f....
the other, in desccnding The t wo upper ern""
IHi rs nre said by some to signify the crosses of tf, "!
lWO cruci fi ed bes ide ollr Lo rd. This crnss 11"", 1
only ill Papo l processions.
TilE CROSS OF 1,0llllAINE
II ns two IlOri zontui a rms, It shOTt one !l Cll r the I n l'
lllld II IUll ger one ncar the base.
TIrE CIIOSS AND TIIIANCLE
A sYlUbol used 1I1 0st ly ill church emhroider y. II ,. , ....
the cross intert wined with Ihe tri s ngle c llt ll hasi'7""
thai Christ is one ill the 1I 0ly Tr init y.
THE CIIOSS nOTONNEE
Sometilll es call ed the Dlldded Cross of rl ",
Tnode rat e forlll of it s t refoil ends. HI:ncf'! it
t he rOllng or immature Christian , wh ill: the Cl f!!"'l
or f\1II" crcd cross, dell otes by il s 111 0 11: f pth
opened ends the adult Christia n.
TIlE CROSS CIIOSSI,ET
Four Lntiil crosses joi ncd at their bosc!i .
Chri sli onily spreading in t he four dircctioll !l RI ll I i<:
eSIlccially npproprinte when the missionary i ..
ex pressed.
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tty'" Cross Passion Crossin Easler Crossond Crux
Adorned Cross Glory Cross Thorny Crown Ansata
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Cross Latin Cross Latin Cross Latin Cross St. James' Cross
Adorned F1euree Fimbriated Cross Lam beau
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Cross
BarMe
Cross
Bezont
Cross
Bolonnee
Cross
Conlonee
Canterbury
Cross '
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Cercellle

Cross
Trononn6e
Chain
Cross
Cross
C1ecMe
Cross
Degraded
Demi
Sarcelled
Cross
M05':ly

Cross
Millrine
Cross
Nebulee
Paternoster
Cross
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St.Chad's
Cross
SI. Julian's
Cross
Triparled
Cross
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TilE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
Symbol of the The three distinct angles C(l1l
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bine to make one complete figure.
THE CIRCLE AND TRIANGLE
Which suggests the eternity of the Trinity.
TilE CIRCLE
Standing for eternity, because it is without be,zill
niug and without end.
TIlE THREE INTERTWINING
CIRCLES
These indicate the doctrine of the equality, unil)"
and co-eternal nature or the three pcrsons of II.,.
Trinity.
TIlE TRIQUETRA
Early symbol of the Holy Trinity. The three (''1
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arcs express eternity in their continnotl!'; foull, ;"
divisibility in their interweaving, and their cente, j.,
a triangle, ancient Trinity symbol.
TilE TRIQUETRA AND CIRCLE
The Triquetra, dcnotinr; the Blessed Trinity, i!' cu, ..
billed with the circle of eternity producing 1\ Ii""",
recalling several spiritual truths.
THREE FISII IN A CIRCLE
The fish is all ancient symbol for our Lord. nll.
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thrce fish in a circle signify that man's sR1\'11
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comes from the Triune God.
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TDECHIRHO
A monogram of the first two letters, Chi (X) amI .
Rho (P), of the Greek word for Christ.
THE IDS
Are the first three letters (iota, eta, Sigl!l8) of the
Greek spelling of Jesus. The upper form IS the mOre
ancient, thollgh the lower is the more common now.
THE ALPHA AND OMEGA
The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet which
signify that Jesus is the beginning and the end of all
things. (See The Book of the Revelation, chapter I.
verse 8.)
THE FYLFOT CROSS (OR SWASTIKA)
A pagan symbol used by earl! Chris-
tians in the catacombs. Dunng the
second and third centuries, some
authorities say, the swastika was
only form of cross used by ChriS-
tians. It is made both clockwise and
counler.
THE CHI RHO WITH THE ALPHA
AND OMEGA IN A CIRCLE
Symbol for Christ is within symbol eternity (cir-
cle), and so signifies the eternal eXIstence of our
Lord.
JESUS CHRIST CONQUERS
Consists of Greek cross with abbreviated Greek
words for Jesus Christ (abbreviations indicated by
horizontal lines), and "nika
tl
meaning "conquers."
THE CORNERSTONE
The cornerstone with abbreviations of the Greek
words for Jesus Christ symbolizes Him W!IO was de-
clared to be the chief cornerstone. (Ephesians 2 :20. )
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I X l\IONOGRAl\1 .
This symbol for our Lord consists of the initial If'tj
ters for tht' Greek words for Jesus Christ anatll','"
as a monogram.
GREEK CROSS AND X MONOGRAM
In this symhol for our Lord a Greek cross is-
imposed on a X (Chi), first letter of the (.If .1,
word for CI,rist.
ALPIIA.MU-Ol\IEGA
Another symhol for our Lord consists of the illiliRI
lellers of Greek words for "yesterday, today, f.l
fore\er." (See Hehrews 13:8.)
CROSS FITCIIEE
Any cross whose lower arm is sharpened. Thi!; j.,
said to have been used by the Crusaders who CRI
ried c:rosscs with a poinled lower end so rPlllf:
he thrust into the ground easily at the tnnr ,.
dc\otions.
elIl RIIO WITH ALPHA AND OMEGA
This symhol (or our Lord comes fro.m the
and indicatcs Ihat he is the beginmng, Cf.1II I IlHt:11 I'''' .
and end of all things.
CHI RHO MONOGRAM
Consists of the first two. and last lctters of lhe WIlT')
for Christ in Greek. The horizontal line in lol' f""
ter is thc sign of ahbreviation.
JESUS rtlONOGRAl\1
Formed hy using the first two. and last. "r
the word for Jesus ill Greek, with ahhrevlallfm !Ur'l
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SWORD AND STAFF
These are the weapons which were lin the hands of
the "great multitude" that followed Judas into Geth
semane on the night of the betrayal of Jesus (Matt.
26:47),
SWORD, SCABBARD AND EAR
A symbol calling to mind the impulsive acl of Peter
in Gethsemane in cutting off the ear of the high
priest's servant (John 18: 10).
THE ROPE
A rope was used to bind Jesus when he was led
away to the high priest; thus it is an emblem of
the betrayal and arrest (John 18: 12).
THE CROWN OF THORNS
A mockery crown. symbol of humiliation and suffer-
ing. plaited by the soldiers and imposed upon Jesus
during his trial before Pilate (John 19:2).
THE NAII ...S
The gnat nails drh'cn through tim palms and the
feet of Jesus at his crucifixion are symbols of the
poignancy of his physical suffering (John 19:17.18).
TIlE SEAMLESS COAT
One of the Passion symbols, referring to the garment
of Jesus for which the soldiers at the foot of the
cross cast lots Uohn 19:23,24).
THE PALftf LEAF
Rranches of the palm tree. regarded as sacred froUl
early Semitic times, were carried by the Jcws as a
sign of triumphant rejoicing (john 12:13).
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I.N.R.I.
, Initial letters (or Latin superscription on the
lesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum, Jesus of Nazareth.
King of the Jews (John 19:19).
LADDER CROSSED WITII
REED AND SPONCE
A symbol of our Lord's crucifixion, since the spongf)
was lIsed to provide him vinegar while on the CI"O!OC:.
(Matt. 27:48).
TilE BURSTING POMEGRANATE
Symbol of the Resurrection and the power of om
Lord. who was able to burst the tomb and come
, forth.
THE PHOENIX
A mythical bird which at death hursts into flame hilt
rises from its own ttshcs. Symbol of the Resurrer:.i"n
and immortal life.
TOE PEACOCK
Early symbol of the Resurrection. When the pea{:fwk
sheds his feathers. he grows more hrilliant ones ,"nl\
those he lost.
THE LILY
Symbol o( Easter and immortality. The bulb deep' ...
in the ground. yet from it new life is released.
l\IONEY BAG AND SILVER COINS
Emblem of the treachery of Judas in his conspirRty
between the chief priests and himself for the hetrl1vnl
of Jesus (Mall. 26:15).
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TIlE BASON AND EWER .
E blcm of the footwashing ceremony recorded 10
Jc%n 13:5-evidence of the love
and his estimate of true greatness 10 bls Kmgdom.
TIlE COCK
The crowing of the cock is a warning to Peter as
to his steadfastness of faith and as a rebuke to his
weakness (Mk. 14:72).
THE CUP AND THE CROSS
In the Gospels the cup stands for the
bitterness of the sufferings of Christ 10 Gethsemane
Bnd upon the Cross (Luke 22:42),
THE LANTERN
On the night of the betrayal and arrest of Jesus,
Judas with a company of men and officers entered
Gethsemane with lanterns and torches (John 18:3).
THE BUTI'ERFLY ,
S hoI of the resurrection and eternal life. the
leaves the pupa and s?ars With a
new hody, so through Jesus Chnst are Hls followers
horne to a new life.
THE CANDLESTICK
These suggest our Lord's words, "I am the li.ght of
th orld" John 8:12. They also represent nlS two
fold _ human and divine, when two candle
sticks are used.
/
./ mE GRAPES
V A bunch of grapes signifies the sacrament of thi
Holy Communion, and is most appropriately fount
about the Communion table.
20
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THE MANGER
Suggestive of the simplicity and poverty surrounding
the hirlh of Jesus and typical of his entire life.
THE STORK
Symbolizes chastity, prudence. and vigilance.
dated with the Annunciation because, as the stork
announces the coming of spring, the Annuncintior- to
Mary indicated tile Advent of Christ.
THE HAWTHORN OR
GlASTONBURY mORN
A thornwood tree which blossoms at Christmas. I\c-
cording to legend Joseph of Arimathaea struck hi!!
thornwood staff into . the earth and it later milAt'lI-
lously .at the time of Christ's hirlh. Sym.
bol of the Nativity; named because of the anei"llt
tree, offshoots of which still grow within the gil''''''''''
of the ruined abbey of Glastonbury, Englan(1.
THE HERALD ANGEL
An angel floating in space with his right hand rAi .. ""
in henediction is a symbol of the Nativity.
MARY'S JOURNEY TO VISIT ELIZADETD
the month of. Elizabeth's conception Mnry
Journeyed mto the hlllcountry to visit her killq.
woman, and remained with Elizabeth for abollt t'u ..
months (Luke 1 :36-56).
TUE FLEUR DE LIS
One of the most popular symbols for Mary. It 1'0'1'19
selected by the French Kings as their symbol n ... '
later was used in the banner of Jeanne d'Arc.
TilE UNICORN
A familiar symbol of our Lord; early accepted 8S a
symbol of purity and therefore especially related to
the Virgin and the birth of Jesus.
21
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TIlE ANGEL'S ANNOUNCEMENT
TO THE SHEPHERDS
The angel of the Lord appeared before the
d
d to the
m the birth of the Child Jesus
an announce
in Bethlehem (Luke 2:8-14).
THE EPIPHANY STAR
The slar of Jacob (Numbers 24:17) finds its
th "man'lfestalion" of Jesus to the Genhles
ment In e
(Matthew 2:1,2).
THE MAGI .
G ld Frankincense and Myrrh were given as glhs
toO Infant Jesus by the Three Wise Men (Matthew
2:11, 12).
FLIGHT INTO EGYPT
"Arise, and take the young child a lUI
and nee into Egypt and be thou there until I hrtng
thee word." (Matthew 2:13)
l\IASSACRE OF TilE INNOCENTS
"Then Herod, wnen he that he was mocked of
1
men "'as exceedmg wroth, ami sent forth,
t Ie Wise .," . B II h "
and slew aU the children that were m ell e em,
under two years of age (Matthew 2:16).
OF THE HOLY FAl\Ul ..Y
"Arise, and take the young child and his mother,
d go into the land of Israel: for they arc dead
sought the young child's life (Matthew 2:20).
TilE DAISY f the
Conventionalized, symbol of the innocence hO end
Holy Child. Popular usage started towards t c
of the fifteenth century.
22
THE OX
Suggestive of strength, patience, and sacri6ce, R lilt
for this reason a symbol of our Redeemer ("For my
yoke is easy. and my burden is light." Matthew
11:30).
THE CHRISTMAS ROSE
of the Nativity and of Messianic
a white hardy rose that blooms at Christmas.
THE HUGUENOT CROSS
Used by the French Protestants of the 16th and Hlh
centuries known as Huguenots. Worn today "1
many Fre .. ch Protestants often times only the
is WOrD. To a Frenchman. if used complete or only
the Dove it signifies the wearer is a Protestanl.
THE WDEAT
Heads of wheat symbolize the Bread of Life (Mnrk
14:22). With clusters of grapes, appropriate for IlI'ly
tables.
CROSS ON TIlE ROCK
The rock is a symbol of our Lord, based on I CQr.
10:4. With a cross, it suggests the words of
Venite Exultemus. "Let us make a joyful to
the rock of our salvation."
THE SHIP
The Chun:h sails unharmed through all perils. ,.t.r
word, "Nave," comes from the Latin woni f,.,
"ship."
Another symbol for the Word of God. Probahly
ing from "Thy word is a lamp unto my feet." .. lt.,
119:105).
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THE ALL-SEEING EYE
This all-seeing eye of God looks out from the tri-
angle of the Trinity. It is found qn some English
and Greek churches. I
THE HAND OF GOD
Symbol of the Father, 8S Blesser. The three ext';nded
fingers suggest the Holy Trinity, while the two closed
fingers denote the two-fold nature of the Son_
THE HAND OF GOD
Symbol of the Father, with the idea of Creator.
(Gen. 1:1_) The lri-radiant nimbus denotes the band
of the Divine.
SOULS OF THE RIGIn'EOUS
Symbolizes a sentence in the Book of Wisdom, "The
souls of the righteous are in the hand of God:'
THE DOVE
The dove expresses innocence and purity_ It signifies
the Holy Spirit and the Presence of God as hover-
ing over the water al Creation, and aho\'e Jesus at
his baptism. The symbol must always include the
three-rayed nimbus. .
THE LAMB RECLINING ON THE
nOOK OF THE SEVEN
The Revelation 5:1. Reclining because He is the
Wounded Lamb. The three-rayed nimbus denotes
deity.
TIlE LAMB STANDING WITH TilE
BANNER OF VICTORY
No longer wounded, but standing with the banner
of victory, suggesting the victorious nature of His
sacrifice. -I
THE OPEN BIBLE
Symbolizes tbe Word of God.
DELL
A bell calling to worshi b r
priority for the things ol G?J" 0 lZes the neell or
general, the SOUnding forth of secular. 'tl
SHIELD OF THE TRINITY
The three curving sid h
length, carry the Latin eac II' equal jn
. straight Lands have the "IS not '. The .s'l{lrt
bear the words "Fatl "d The outer clTdt"!I
hll J
' ler , on "HoI S
WeI Ie inner circle is "God".' y PIPI.
THE SUN
Made up of the Iesugram s b 1 )
of eternity and with II rm h P In the cirel ..
direction. Suggests the .;mes s oul in evf', ,.
lioned in Malachi 4:2. un of Righteousnesa" 'Wit
THE GRIFFIN
The Griffin an' .
and beak dc an creature with the
gesrs lhe two-fold 0 the b?dy of a lion,
lion recalls His Di' N f Chrlsr. The eagle I''''
denotes'Hi's ature and the lion porti ....
TIlE ASCENSION
This subject is usuall .
Elijah's chariot of fir Plctu,red'
d
though sometim".,
e IS emp oye as a symbol.
THE PELICAN
Symhol of the Ato P r
draw blood from its n::ej!' e lean! was believed t"
n reast to eed its yonng.
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THE WINGED CREATURE
WITH A MAN'S FACE
The winged man represents Matthew becallse his
Gospel narrative traces Jesus' human genealogy.
THE WINGED CREATURE
WITH A LION'S FACE
Is the symbol for Mark because his Gospel narrative
begins with, "The voice of one crying in the wilder
ness", and this suggests the roar of a lion.
THE WINGED CREATURE
WITH TIlE BEAD OF AN OX
Luke is symbolized by the ox, the animal of sacri
fice, since Luke stresses the atoning sacrifice of
Jesus.
THE WINGED CREATURE
WITH AN EAGLE'S BEAD
The high.soaring eagle is the cmhlem of John be-
cause in his narrative he rises to loftiest heights in
dealing with the mind of Christ.
TOE NIMBUS
The nimbus has come to be emblematic of sanctity
and to denote a person recognized for unusual piety,
such as, apostles, martyrs, and saints.
TIlE THREE-RAYED NIMBllS
Signifies divinity and is used only with any Person
of the Trinity. Rays of light were ancient emblems
of divine power.
THE AUREOLE
An elongated nimbus used only as surrplInding the
entire body of our Lord. or the Virgin and Chill).
26
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TOE SHEPHERD
This symbol, found in the catacombs. calls to "' i,,,1
the loving care of Jesus, the Good Shepherd.
CIIRIST THE KING
(CHRISTUS REX)
When the Christ is depicted wearing ElIchad"l ic
vestments and as reigning from the Cross lhiR is
known as the Crucifix of Christ the King.
THE FISH
A secret sign used by the early persecuted
to designate themselves as helicvers in Jesus. Tit"
initial letters of the Greek words for "Jesus Cl" jql.
'God's Son, Savior", spell the Greek WOld for fish.
NINE POINTED STAR
The nine points of this star stand for the IIi" ..
fruits of the spirit as found in Galatians 5:22. Usu-
ally each point contains the name or initial of ,1,1"
Lutin lVord of the gifl it symbolizes.
ESCALLOP SHELL WITH
DROPS OF WATER
A symbol of our Lord's haptism.
CENSER
Symbol of prayer. As incense smoke wafts upW8tfi
so prayer ascends before God (Revelation 8:4 8n./
Psalm 141 :2).
BURNING TORCn
As a Christian symbol it signifies witnessing ftll
Christ. Let your light so shine." (f\.fatthew 5:)).
27
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BALANCES
The symbol for justice. With tiny fi gure in onc pon,
or carried by St. Michael who is supposed to weigh
the souis of men ; bal ances signify the fi nal J ml g
ment Day.
BANNER
A banner is the symhol of reJoIcing and of vi ct ory.
The Lomb of God bearing II bnnner _l'o"il h a croS!l
symbolizes the joyf ul victory ovcr de"th won hy Qur
Lord.
BEEIDVE
Symbol fOT n community of those who work t ogether
for the b enefit of all. Used modernl y as n symbol
for the Chr istian Church, and is onc of the best.
HARP
The symbol for music, especiall y that rendered in
pr8ige of God.
OLIVE IlRANClI
S ince oli ve trees provide sllch er and opportunit y
for rest, and the a ii yc oil is used for ointments, the
nlh'c Lrnnch is the symhol for peace, harmony RUt.!
healin g.
em RHO IN JOINED RINGS
Thi s is 11 fairly recent fi gure t o symboliz.e matri mony,
II signiflCs the joinin g or mun a nd womll n i n Ull '
ending union with the presence or Chri!>t indiculCJ
by thc Chi Rho monogram.
BIRDS AND GRAPES
From uncienl cl assic timcs comcs this motif oft en
round on sarcophagi. 1t symholi7.cs the faithful feed-
in g on the gra pes, the blood of Christ.
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CLOVEII
:rhe I,Jolll inent three leaves make t he clovcr an cns
I }' 1111 crstood s)-mbo} of the Trull!)" Lc"end !;II,:
St. Patri ck used 'he I 0" c over t o ex pl ain the T ri .. ;.,.
in his preAching.
COCKLE
cockl e is 8 weed that often grows amon la I I
g rlll,ll, and so symbolizes wickedness thll t P II . r(
up 111 the fellowship of Chri sli ans. Y !=I" "' I!
n OLLY
The thorn),. ICB\'cs of holl y t rce nre re !lrJ ,<I
o( tl lOrns, and so
III IS
Freque ntl )' used ifls lcml
the f'l 1other of our Lord_
of the Iil )' i ll picturc!'! pr
I.lLY OF TUE VALLEY
T his. swcet bl ossom sir;ll ifies humilit y and
aUfI IS used 1I1 0st fr e1luf:ntl" ,,',,1, ' I I Jlllrit )'.
f J
1\ a ry tie Mothr.
(I es ti s, or wilh J esus Himself.
29
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l\IYRTLE
From early times myrtle has been the symbol of
love. In Christian symbolism it is an allusion to the
Gentiles who became followers of Christ. I
VIOLET
St. Bernard describes the Virgin Mary as "the violet
of humility." The violet is also used to evince the
humility of the Son of God in Rssurqing human form.
I
POppy
The poppy signifies sleep. ignorance. and indiffer
ence. Sometimes shown with reference to the Passion
of Christ because of the inference of sleep and
dealh.
SKUI ..L .
A skull lying at the foot of the Cross represents the
skull of Adam and symbolizes the sin of mankind
where blood from the Lamb of God can drip upon it
and wash away the believer's sin.
SKELETON
Obviously the symbol of dt'lllh. Frequently shown
with a scythe, since death is the cutting of this life,
and/or an hourglass the symbol of the Pllssing of
lime.
WINGS
Wings symbolize a divine nllSSlon, so angels and
cherubim arc shown with wings. The fOllr evange-
lists are always shown as winged creatures.
SEVEN DOVES
Seven doves surrounding a circle containing the two
letters SS (Sanctus Spiritus, Latin (or lIoly Spirit)
symbolize the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, as given
in Revelation 5: 12.
30

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SEVEN LAMPS
The seven lamps burning before the throne of e .. .!
(Revelation 4:5) symbolize the Holy Spirit. Occa-
sionally seven flames alone are used.
'fHE PIERCED HEART
A symbol for Mary, the mother of Jesus, .. f
the prophecy uttered by the aged Simeon in 'he
Temple, "Yea, and a sword shall pierce thro1lr-1t
thine own souJ." (Luke 2:35).
FOOT
The human foot moves in the dust of the earth """
so s}'mbolizes humility and voluntary servitude.
SCOURGE AND PILlAR
The SCOllrge is a symbol of tlae Passion and is
times accompanied by a pillar to which any unfollll
nale victim may have been tied.
SWAN
The swan is the symbol of a hypocrite illl
heautiful white plumage covers its black flesh hr.-
neath.
TRunlPET
S)-mbol for the day of judgment, the reslinerti,.It.
and the call to worship.
CYPRESS
The cypress has long been associated wilh (If'a'"
and is found in both pagan and Christian ceme.
teries. Once cut, it is said, the cypress never sprinRIl
up again.
31
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THE JESSE THEE
The Jt:sse Tree sr mhll l 1l0dOlllltcdl y is de ri v( d from Isuia h 11 : 1. "'\11']
the re sha ll come fort h a rod 0 111 Ilf the stem of J t!SSC, and a Brllllc h shnll
grow Oll t of his ruols," That \'crse has st imul nted Ihe of artiSIS
for centuries. However. no Iwo seem to lise the salllc /lumber of
lIor do Ihey include the same pc rl1fHl S. '
VariollS representations of ti le s )' lII bol ill cludc anywlu.: re frolll four 10
twcnly c haracters. I n J esse T rees existing today over thirt y diffe rent pcr
sons nrc included. Most f req uentl y II sed arc Da\ jd and some of t he kiJl J,: s
Ll nd n few o f the great Jlrol'iWI S. On onc Irt:c even Ne huchadlLcz.znr is
show II . Also induded IIn,'C been Abraha m and Moses a nd Aaron, a ll of
di ed hdore J esse wns born.
Le t ti S rememhe r, II s ymhol is fI sign 10 rCf; all ,Ill ahSlrncl Ir ul h, II !" Iv
picture il. The J esse Tree is a symbol des il;lH!d In recall the An' lIlness of
the contri huti on whi ch J essI! Uladc under tile (J lan of God . ami whi !' h
pl aced him amung Ihe Iful y great of the Hebrew peoplr:.
32
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SYMBOLS 011'
THE APOS'l'tES
,
PETER
The crossed kers recall Pet er's confession 811d Ollr
Lord's gift to hi m of the keys of tll e kingdom.
MRIL 16, 18, 19,
ANDREW
Trad ition says Ihat while Andrew was preaching in
Greece he was put to death 011 a cross of Ihi!'! In'f'.
J MfES (TUE GREATER)
The scall op shr:1I is the symbol of pil gri mnge fl ,,, 1
st and" for tldf! apostl c's zCRI alld missionRT}" !Iori!'1
J OlIN, AS AN APOSTLE
,/
Early writ ers 'ilnte that J ollII onc e drnnk frr-ill 1\ I.'
poisoned chali ce a nd wag unharmed. J es us ollce .. "i t! .
that J ohn shoul d drink of Ilis cup.
PRiLIP




A cross a nd two loave.'! of bread. because of rllilip'1
remark when J esus {cd the multitude. (John 6:1)
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J UDE
Thi s nposll e tra vel ed fnr 011 miss ionary jOllrners in
compnny with Simon, accordi ng to trudi ti on,
the ship.
33
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Thi s is n symhol of III(" Churc h, found in It cllllreh ill Rome. From the
lIol y Spirit, symboli zed hy Ill e dO\'e, sal valion cOllies through Chris t's
sacrificial dea lh 011 the Cross into til e Church, whiel l is s howil as a rock.
From Ill is roc k flow lit e ril'cn; of sllivalion frolll whi ch drink the fa ilhful ,
rcprcscnt co by th e s lu:cp and stags.
Beneat h the rock is a symbol of Paradise where the faithful arc enjoying
their eterna l guarded It)' an angel.
36
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ST. AGATHA
S Y M BOt S ()Ii'
TIlE SAINTS
nom in a nohle Sicilia n family, Agatha WA.!= f" ,,, ,, "<:
for her henut)' nnd gentleness. She relused 10
IIJl her Christian failh at the command of the p,nv.
ernor, and was unspenkably tortured. She is the
pat roness of bell founders. Died 251 A.D.
ST. AGNES
She was a devoted follower of JC!us who sl ttulf ... ., lIr
refused all offers of marriage, claiming she tltl'
of Christ." She is now consiftercd II ... 1' " '
Irorl ess of chastity. Marlyred ahou! 304 A.D.
ST. AIDAN
An Irish monk of lona who w!!;s sent 10 cIang .. li't'
northern ,England and received the devot ed llci ,. "f
Kings Oswald and Oswin. Died 651 A.D.
ST. ALnAN
I-Ie was a pagan who shelt ered a persecut ed pli ...... I.
and wos con veri ed, lie helped the pri es l esc"l' c,
whe renpon Ihe fury of the pagans turued illl AII,<,o.
1ft: was beheaded in the c il Y which nolV 11... 1 .. .. \oj .
Mill e. Mart yred about 303 A. U.
ST. ALFRED
At a lime when hnd been divided by
OtiS rlliers. Alfred was accepted as the ch ompion ,If
England a nd of Christ iBnity. lIe IJl"!vo lcd hi". ",I!
tirel essly to the welfare of his people IIlId In II,,
relief of the poor against oppress ion. 849.119Q " II
ST. AnmROSE
This famous Dis hop of Mi lall, onc of the fOllr 11,>,._
lars of the Western Church , was a grent IO\'er IIf
JIlus ic. He added to Ihe ri chness of sa(: n:d SCr\';' ;cs
of the Church wit h ii, and introduced the
c hant s hearing his nnme today. Dicd 397 A,I) .
37
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ST. ANNE
The mother of the Virgi n Mary. From the II pocry-
phal Gospel records Anne h a5 heen hOllored, though
nOlll ing is known of her lire. The book is a symhol
of her careful instrll cti on of jI,'1ary. First Century.
ST. ANSGARIUS (ANSKAR)
A mi ssionary of the Fail h to Ihe Norscmen of Scon-
dinavin. Long he labored amidst grent discourage
ments 811d host ile tri bes. Finally his self deni al and
love for others made 8n impression a nd the snvngc
people became Christi a n. Dil:l1 865 i A.D.
ST. ANTHONY OF PADUA
A fa ithful and eloquent preacher aga inst docl rinnl
errors and wickedness, he is IIsll nll y rderrecl 10 os
Ihe " hammer of hereli cs." A follower u f 5 1. Francis,
he prcached in Francc, lI aly and Sicily ulllil his
deat h in Padua. Died 1231 A.D.
ST. ANTIPAS
llc is venerated as the Fi rs t Bishop of Pcrgnmll s
(As in Minor), and is by 51. John in the Apocnlypse
(2 :13) st yl ed thc "Faithful witness." Tradi ti oll a vers
that he wng roast ed 10 dea th in a brazen ox in the
reign of the E mperor Domit ian. Mnrt)'rc.! 90 A.D.
ST. ASAI'U
DistinGuished f or learning and piet )'. nnd for his
earnest preachi ng. li e was appoint ed Bishop in II
newly forlllcr! See ill North 'WaIf' S, which Inter was
named for him. Died about 595 A.D.
ST. A1'UANASIUS
Alhnnll sius was Bishop of Alexa ndr ia und ItII un
usual student of Holy S .. riptures. li e wns a n nuthor
it y on the eccl esiast ir:a l alHl cnnoll laws of Ihe
(.1ll1rc h a nd exert ed a powerful infl ncnc(! ill the
Church. Died 373 A.D.
ST. AUGUSTINE
Known BS the "Apost le of th e En glish",
nnd fort y monks ca rri ed the Gos pel to England. He
cl:ived by the pagnn king; Ethelbe rt , who soon wns
bBplized wilh mllny ot hers. Lnt e r Augusti ne wn!';
made Bi shop. Di ed 604 A.D.
38


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ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
His virtuous life IIl1d brilli a nl intellect cau!'ell hi, ,,
to he elected 10 the Sec of Hippo whcre he W fI 'l
r{'cognized ns the pill a r of Orthodox Chris- tinl li l y.
His "Con fess ions" a nd "City of Cod" ha .... e ftrl':> il v
influenced thinkin g. 354 430 A.D.
ST. DASII.
A hishoJi in Asia Minor, where 1le dcrellded hi s
province n!;ninst the Arian heresy. He wrot'! nlll n}'
d oc t r innl works, founded the firli t recorded IIOSl' i,'('
for a llIl wrotc the Eudlluislic 1 i , ,,,!.\,
which hcars his na mc. Died 379 A.D.
ST. DEDE
The Venernbl e Bede cnterOlI II monastery a t til e
of seven ycars for hi s mhu;alion and remuinc.1 tl w. ,..
for the rcst of his life. He s pent hi s li llie read illp. .
prnying, t cachi ng, Rnd was a volulllinous wri' ...
Di ed 735 A.D.
ST. DERNARD
Earl y joincu the Cisle rciaus nud la tcr fOIlIl (lcll
Abbey of Clnirvnux. l3errlllTti wns Ihe nd\i!';cl ,r
pupes nnd nud wrot e profusel y, cspccillll) ,,"
thc love of God. Died 1153 A.I).
ST. DONIFACE
T his saint , a Benedi.:t i ue monk , carried the GO" I,,I
to Cermany nml founded ti n: Abbe)' of Fulda whi. I.
was thc ccnl cr of Gcnnnn lIlissionar)' Bct ivity. ro t ,,,
t rred 7!)!) A.D.
ST. IlIIIllE (ST. DRIDGET)
Baptized by 51. Pal ri ck, St . Bridget founded ,hf'
lirst lI unncry ill I reland. Legcnds s trf'.$s her ,,. ... ,q.
and pity for the poor. Died 523 A. n .
ST. CECI LIA
TIli!'; Roman Ind)'. educa ted li S n Christi an. cO,W,..J 1,,1
h CI IlIIsl Hmd nlHl shared llIurtyrdom wi th hi m. T .fl -
diti oll !l nys she wrote hymns nnd s(lng benul if ull r
so she is re!;IHded us the patroness of JIIusic. 1\ l n.
Iyred about 200 kD.
39
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ST. CHAD
Abbot oC the Priory of Lastingham. Noted for his
religious life. Preached as a missionary through all
the Northumbrian territory. His church is consid.
ered ihe origin oC Lichfield Cathedral. Died 6i3
A.D.
ST. CHARLES
(KING CIIARLES TIlE FIRST)
The' only person formally canonized by the English
Church since the ReCormation. Known as Charles the
Martyr, he was beheaded in London in 1649.
ST. CHRISTOPHER
Legend says that OKero (bearer) once carried the
Christchild on his shoulders across a swollen stream,
and so thereafter was known as Christopher (Christ-
bearer). Patron saint oC travel. Martyred ahout 250
A.D.
ST. CHRYSOSTOM
John, Bishop of Constantinople became the most
eloquent preacher of the early Church, and so was
called Chrysostom, or Golden-mouthed. Legend says
thst when he was a baby a swarm of bees settled
on his mouth. Died 407 A.D.
ST. CLARE
Moved by the influence of St. Francis, she gave her-
self to monastic life and founded the order of the
"Poor Clares." Her great charity and spiritual de-
votion have won the admiration of all. Died 1253
A.D.
ST. CLEMENT
Converted to the Christian faith hy: 51. Paul. lIe be-
came the Bishop of Rome, later he was martyred by
being cast into the sea tied to an anchor. Martyred
about 100 A.D.
ST. COLUMBA (ST. COLUM)
This saint founded many churches and monasteries
in' Ireland and Scotland, the most famous of which
was on the island of lana. One of the most conse-
crated and indefatigable of Christian missionaries.
Died 597 A.D.
40
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ST. CORNELIUS
A Pope of Rome 251-3 A.D. During his short episco-
pate he was harassed by religious controversics, and
hy the appearance of a rival pope. Martyred 258 A.P.
ST. CUTHBERT
A shepherd boy in Britain who embraced the mon-
astic life_ He became a faithful preacher and mis
sionary to the wild and untamed mountain people
of Scotland, and on lhe island of Fame. Died (lfl7
A.D.
ST. CYRIL OF JERUSALEM
Bishop of Jerusalem for many years. At one timr.
was expelled because he sold ornaments of thr.
church to provide food for the poor. Wrote instruc-
tions on Christian doctrine for catechumens which
have been highly regarded ever since. Died 386 A.P
ST. CYRIL OF ALEXANDmA
A native of Alexandria and patriarch of the city.
Gave much of his life to defense of the truth "r
Christ's divinity. Died 444 A.D.
ST. CYPRIAN
A lawyer, converted to Christianity, who became ,h ..
hishop of Carthage. Wrote several important thr.o-
logical treatises, and became a pioneer of ChristiAIl
literature writing. Martyred 258 A.D.
ST. DAVID
The patron saint of Wales, in which country he WM
born. lie founded many mona9teries, the most fn"\.'II"
of which was in what is now St. David's. lIis
followed a very austere rule. Died about 588 A.n.
ST. DENIS (DIONYSIUS) OF PARIS
A Roman missionary penetrated far into GallI
and became the first .bishop at Paris. Venerated
patron saint of 272 A.D.
41
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ST. DOMINIC
Born a nobleman of Spain be resigned all worldly
honors for his He established the Dominican
order of Preaching Friars. and did not spare him-
self in his work for the glory of God. Died 1221 A.D.
ST. DOROTHY
A virgin of Caesarea in Cappadocia noted for her
beauty and piety. Refusing to sacrifice to idols. she
was beheaded. Martyred about 300 A.D.
ST. DUNSTAN
The Englishhorn Dunstan hecame Abbot of Glaston.
hury. Legend says the devil went to Dunstan's cell to
tempt him. whereupon Dunstan caught the devil by
the nose with red-hot pincers Bnd caused him to flee.
Died 988 A.D.
ST. EDMUND
At fiflcen years of age Edmund became king of the
East-Angles. He was very devout and religious. Our.
ing a pagan invasion, Edmund refused to give up his
Christian faith and was sbot to death with arrows.
Died 870 A.D.
ST. EDWARD THE MARTYR
King of England at the age of thirteen. He was
stabbed to death hy his stepmother, who wanted
the throne for her own son Ethelred. Martyred
979 A.D.
ST. ELIZABETH
The mother of John the Baptist. All that is known
of her is given in the first chapter of Luke. First
Century.
ST. EUSTACE
Eustace was a Roman officer under the Emperor
Trajan. He owed his conversion to the vision of a
stag with a crucifix between its antlers which he
saw while hunting. Died 118 A.D.
42
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ST. FAITH
This beautiful young woman was very strong in 1 .. ,
Christian helief and remained steadfast to her 118111r.
when ordered to sacrifice to Diana. Burned to
death. Died 290 A.D .
ST. FRANCIS
The wellborn Francis resolved to devote his ]iP, lei
God. Founded the Franciscans. the membf"l!i flf
which embrace complete poverty, and help the flir-I(
and suffering. Died 1226 A.D.
ST. GABRIEL
This arcilangeI was the angel sent to Mary'"
announce that she was to be the mother of J
He is sometimes called the &lAngeI of the Annltnd.
alion." (Luke 1 )
ST. GEORGE
St. George is the patron saint of England 811-1
venerated as the model of knighthood and proter.''''
of women. Also the patron of soldiers since ,'"
was long a military man engaged in warfare with
the pagans. Martyred 303 A.D.
ST. GERALI)
A Northumhrian monk who followed Colman (n''''
Lindisfarne to Ireland and became his suerr!''''''
ill the English house built at Mayo for the EngH""
Monastic Colony. Died 732 A.D.
ST. GERAI.D OF AlJRILIAC
Gerald lived a very holy life "in the world" at fl
time of great moral degeneracy. He lived accordiJlIZ:
to a very strict rule and founded a monastery r ...
Benedictines. Died 909 A.D.
ST. GII ..ES OF PROVENCE
Reputed to be a Greek cripple who refused to l.p.
cured of an accidental lameness in order that
might more completely morlify pride. Livrel
as a hermit in a cave. Patron saint of crippl,...,
and beggars. Died 712 A.D
43

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ST. GREGORY
As Pope 590-604 A.D., Gregory reformed the services
of the Church and arranged tbe music of the
chants. One of the truly great popes. Died 604
A.D.
ST. HELENA (HELEN)
Mother of Constantine the Great Bnd legendary
discoverer of the true cross of Christ at Jerusalem.
She built the Church of the Nativity at Bethlehem,
the oldest Christian church in the world. Died
328 A.D.
ST. HILDA
I
or royal blood, Hilda took the habit of a nun.
Because of her piety and holy life she was soon
appointed abbess. Her influence was a factor in
securing unity in the English church. Died 680
A.D.
ST. HILARY OF POll1ERS
Hilary was a student of rhetoric and philosophy
and early became a convert to Christianity. lie
devoted his tongue and pen to fighting the Arian
heresy and suffered banishment for his zeal. Died
368 A.D.
ST. HUBERT
According to legend, Hubert was converted while
hunting and immediately won over to a hetter
life a band of brigands he met in the forest.
Became Bishop of Liege. Died 721 A.D:
ST. HUGH OF GRENOBLE
A ppointed Bishop of Grenoble, he believed he was
inefficient ond retired to an austere ahbey for
discipline. The Pope, however. impressed by the
Bishop's holy life, recalled him to his former high
office where he served notably. Died 1132 A.D.
ST. IGNATIUS
.. / Ignatius was Bishop of Antioch in Syria. When
V asked by the emperor for a sacrifice to heathen
gods. Ignatius refused. He was condemned and
thrown to the wild heasts. Martyred 107 A.D.
ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST
HE BAPTISED OUR I LORD
uThe man sent from God," the voice crying in the
wilderness: "Prepare ye the way of the Lord," of
whom Christ said "among those that are born of
women there is not a greater prophet." First Cenl l1 l\.
ST. JOSEPH
Joseph was the husband of Mary, the mother ur
Jesus. All that is known of Joseph is found in
the first two chapters of Matthew and Luke. In
Matthew he is described as "a just man". Fi,,,'
Century.
ST. JULIA
Julia was a Christian slave girl with a pagRn
master who respected her faith and
However, when visiting a foreign country the
pagan governor ordered her to sacrifice to
gods. lIer refusal brought swift crucifixion. Fifl!,
Century.
ST. KATHERINE OF ALEXANORIA
(CATHERINE)
Early converted to Christianity, she vanquished ''''r
pagan adversaries in a debate. This so
the Emperor that be ordered her put to death "II
a machine of spiked wheels. She was hr n
miracle but was later beheaded. Martyred 11 fl 1\ II
ST. KATHERINE OF SIENNA
(CATHERINE)
From a child, Katherine was very religious, lhillg
at home in extreme self-mortification, spen.ling
much time in prayer and meditation. Later !':hc
fclt called to leave home and devoted III the
CAre of sick and other good works. Dir..' pnn
A.D.
ST. LA WHENCE
A deacon at Rome under Sixtus II. Three (lAP'
after the latter was put to death, Lawrence wns
tortured on an iron bed over a fire. ,.(1
258 A.D.
ST. LI0DA
Of English birth, Lioba early was called to
by St. Boniface, who gave her a convent th,., c.
She was outstanding in piety, humility and gOftd
works, and an honored friend of kings lind qm""""
Died about 779 A.D.
45
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ST. LOUIS
King of France, a brave warrior, very considerate to
his people, especially the poor. In private life, more
austere and prayerful than many a religious. Leader
of two crusades. Died 1270 A.D.
ST. LYDIA
A seller of purple dyes. Lydia was converted through
the preaching of Paul and was baptized with her
whole household. She was the first recorded Christian
convert in Europe. (Acts 16:14.). Century.
ST. MARGARET
The daughter of a pagan priest of Antioch, she be-
came a Christian. She endured much persecution
hecause of her faith, hut remained true. Patron
saint of women in childbirth. Martyred about 306
A.D.
! r ST. l\IARTBA
Martha was the hostess of our Lord in her home in
Bethany. Little il'l known of her beyond the accounts
in the Gospels. She is the patroness of housewives
and cooks. First Century.
ST. l\IARTIN
One day St. Martin saw a shivering heggar and
shared his own cloak with the stranger. Later he
entered the Church and while Bishop of Tours he
converted his whole area to Christianity. Died 401
A.D.
AT. MARY
Ahout fifty Marys arc mentioned in the Hook of
Saints. The mother of Jesus is, or course, the out
standing character among them. ;
ST. MARY MAGDALEN
/ This Mary ''las the sinning and repentant woman
V forgiven through the love of Jesus. Appropriately,
she is the patroness of penitent women. Died 68
A.D.
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ST. BIARY OF CLEOPHAS
The mother of the apostle, James the Less. She
one of the three Marys who stood at the foot of Ih,.
cross on Calvary. First Century.
ST. MARY OF BEmANY
The sister of Martha and Lazarus, who won Cfl'",
mendation from Jesus because of her tn
sit at lIis feet and learn of Him. First Century.
ST. MICHAEL
One of the archangels. St. Michael is regarded hR'
ditionally as guardian of the Church Dnd its f1ll'tll
bers against the evil one. It is he who is Stlppu.:,.l
to weigh the souls of men Dt the Last Day.
ST. MONICA
A Christian woman, she was married to a par.III'
husband whom she labored to convert. together wil',
her eldest son, St. Augustine, who became the Hi"1,,.!'
of Hippo. Died 387 A.D .
ST. NATHANIEL
Natllflniel is the name used for Bartholomew in tI .
Fourth Gospel. He was the one whom Philip
to Jcsus and whose open-mindedness qualified hi!!,
to receive additional revelations ahout his resIJrrer.I",1
I.ord. First Century.
ST. NICHOLAS
llishop of Myra. Tradition says that St. Nkh I.,,:
went secretly to the house of a destitute nol>l"'"'1'1
three nights in succession Dnd threw a purse or y."I1
in the window. Patron saint of children. Dic,l Ill."",
326 A.D.
ST. OlAF
The son of the King of Norway. As a youth he Ijy,.,l
a wilt! life. Accepted haptism and as king summo,,,,,1
missionaries from England to Christianize his COllll
try. Died 1030 A.D.
47
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ST, OSWALD
First of the English Royal Saints. As King or Nort h-
umbria he dili gentl y the complete t!\' nngeliul-
tion of his country, aud died fi ght ing ll ga inst
a champion of paganism. Died 642 A.D_
PATRICK
I A ca ptive British hoy in Irel and, Pilirick escaped
and was educo ted in continen tnl monasteries. Lntf:r
he return cd 10 Ireland preaching and teachin g the
Gos pel and buil ding churches. Patron saint or Ire
lond. Died obollt 465 A.D.
ST. RAPnAEL
The archangel who is the guardian angel of all hu-
manit)". li e is call ed the " Healer of God" /l lid is
identified with the angel ot the Pool of Belll esdn.
ST. HOCn (ROCCO)
A citizen of Frn ll ce who denll!!cl his tifl! to the ser
"ice of the plaf;uestrickcn, (:specil1 l1 )' those who were
uhandolled. Pat ron of hospi tals alltl pr isoll s. [)jed
ahout 13411 A.O.
ST. SIMEON
As n hoy Simeon joined communit)' of 51. .Jolin
St ylit es. For s ix ty-ni ll c years he li ... ed nn the top of
pill a rs withi n the monastery, in t he exercise of reo
Iigio us COll lclJ lplation. Dif:d !thollt 597 A.D.

ST. ,
The Dcacon I\nd fir st Christi ull mnrtyr, call ed hy
Luke "n ilion full of fait h nllri of tho.: Hol y Chosl "
Stoned t o deat h in tile First Ccntury.
ST. SYLVANUS
One of seven brothers whn wel C pcrsecuted ns
Christ ians under Ma rCIi S Aurelius. While his mothe r.
5 1. Fel icitas stuod by c:xhorting hi m to remain fa ith
fu l In Christ, he was cast frOl n a clifT. Martyred
Second Century.
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ST. THADDAEUS
Also called Jude or Judas (not tscari ol ).
by some to be lhe hrothcr of Jalll cs the Less 0 1101
author of the epistle bearing his name. First Crlt-
tury.
ST. THEODORE TVRO
A soldier in the Roman army, Theodore scI fi rp lt1
the lempl e of Cyllelc, and s uffered mar t yrdom f .,
his dccr!. Mnrl)'rcd 306 A.D.
ST. THEODORE OF CANTERIIURY
A Greck monk nominated Ilr Pope Vitolian liS ",,1.
bishop of Can terhllr y. HI! was the Ins! oreigli , .. i"
sion!lry 10 occupy Ihe mctropolitlln See. f)i pd /."11
A,D,
ST. TIMOTIIY
COlllpani on of PIIIl I 011 his IllISS IOl lfi r y journcys, tllld
referrcd to Ii" Paul as "t he beloved son ill f:li d . "
Heplltedl}' and stolled to dellt!. for drIll ""'"
ill g t he worship of Diana. First Century_
I
ST. TITIJS
A convert or SI. P aul , and menti oned in t hr. I' ,,,,t
ine epistl es as his hrolher and co- portner ill hi <:
labours. HCllutedly the fir st Bishop of Cretr .
Celltury.
ST. URiEL
One of the archangels. his name menns "(;0<1 is '" l'
li ght ," He is considererl the interpreter of proph", "
ST. VALENTINE
A priest who was ac ti ve in assisti ng the '"
li me of perscelltion. He was famoll s for the I",
ami charit)' which he mt'lOifested. Martyred 269 /1 .1'
49
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! At the age uf twc nl)' , Vim.: e nt was al read y an or-
I cilliliCci dc..1 COII. 'Villi all unswervin g Christian fnilh
he IIIIJerwclII horr ibl e (ortures ulldcr Uioclct il.llL
Ma n yred 30'l A.D.
ST. WENCESLAS
Dukc of i3oilemia, A Christ ian , he look over the
reins of goverurnenl a l the time of a Jl aga n reac t ion .
li e was lIIurdered by his p" gall brothcr. Palron s..1i nl
of the Czechs. Ma rt yred a hollt 938 A,D.
,
(' ST. WILI'HID (WILFRED)
- ' A dcvot ed Bisho p 1I1r0 traveled widely on lIIission:lr),
Iabon;, cslllilli shin g, builrling a lHl slre ll p, thening
dlllrches ["Gla nd. Di eJ 709 A.D,
ALL SAINTS
A rayeJ hand of God s ignif ), ing di vine care ove r
the soul s of the ri ghl eoll s,
EPISCOPAL cmJHCII SII!ELU
!led cross on whil e field . In II pper Idl corm'r uine
whit e c rosses nn blue. The "i nl! c rosSI:S recall
ti re nine original dint" cses rc prcscnt ed at the Firsl
GCller:!1 ( nnn:lIl iolJ of 17HY.
.. UTIlEn EMIILEM
'1'1';5 COll sists of a blac k c ross 011 a nd hearl again<; t
tIll.: pelilis of a rosc. It symholizl' s the trll th that el'cn
uudcr a cross Ihe 1,,:;Ht of a Chi iSli a n a lrides orr roses.
WORL]) COUNCIL OF CHURCHES
Ship wilh it s mas t ill thc fDrIll of a e ross s urr. rmulcd
h)' the Greek Letters "OIKOUr..IENE." 5)",,,1101
of Ihe ship was si' lec ted ill' the World C(Jllllcd of
Ci lllrcil es 35 rcpresI' HtinJ! it s JIl t' JIllrers c' ll gap.cd in 3
common and dangerous \' O)':I P.":' " OI KOUMENE" is
:\11 old Cn' I' k word meanin g tll p. or the
Churc h arr d il s wflrid, wici c mi.'is ion.
50
----G LOS S A It Y --
Ahl uti on!! :
Acolyte :
Affusion:
Alb:
Alms Hason:
Allar:
Allar nAil:
Allnr S tone:
AlOhuh!1ory:
Amicc :
An l Cllendiult1 :
Apse:
A IIIll,b ry :

Ual,l acchilll) :
lbptis try :
fli e r:
Dire rt :l:
Ch :l ir:
Honl:
Dread:
B urse :
The clc:lIIsi ng of Ihe C1mlicc olld " olen aher the receiv.
ing of Hol y Communion. Also the d cnnsing or the hnuds
of the Pri es t al l\fly lime during t he service.
Dlle who senes the cclcLmHlI n l the altar, sometimes
call ed the ser ve r. In the lIolI . liturgical church, IIIl C
(usua ll y a hoy) whose principal flllu:lion is 10 li ght Rllt!
extingui sh Ihe cnndlcs on the tlh 'l r.
DaplislIL I,y pour in g wal er \IPOII Ih .: head uf the per SOli
10 be iJapli zed.
A long whil e Iiuen vcstl1l p- nl wi d. ,, 't:'li ght sirc\'cs.
A coll ecti on (llate ill whkh :He ,.nl!"I:Icd the olTcrillj!;s of
Ihe Ileople.
The Holy Tahl e. the COlllllluni oll Tni lle.
The rai lill g whic h encloses the SOl ur" uary and al whid.
cOJIIlllunican ts kneel to n.:ccivc fI(.l l' C OI1I1I1I1I1;OIl .
A sma ll flnt s lone (usually $(P1:l' ''. (l lll'ro:dUl olciy 6" x 6"
10 12" x 12") c onsccr:n cd hy II " , pr oper high c h urc h
offi c ia l. and on which Ill c San ili, ' (, (If the !I'foss mny lie
sa id. It moy hc placcd a nd 11 )':(' '/ un an altar 11 0 1 yet
consccrated and thus becomes III(' 'rue ahar.
A passageway found i .. sOlli e cI , ", d rl' S arOllud the chan.
cel alle l he hind Ihe Ahar.
A Vestment consis ting of a lillPll rll:ck l.i cee or collar,
wh ich is worn will. Ihe Alb. 11'; r ;""lI y n c{1\'crill g fo r
the heml, li S well as Ihe nCl"k.
The hanging or screclI ill fl' ''1! .. r an altar: fr ollt :!1.
Somclimes uscd ill re fe rcu," I,. ti", plIl" it d Olh.
A sellli 'circ ul l.lr or polr gOl HlI ' '" ' ' '' ;' 'Htiou of a clwir or
chall cci.
A fI!Ce plael c made e ithe r ill ti l!' ,,' :d l or al1nc hcd 10 Ilr c
wall flf the c hancel or .<: ar. risl y I " '"I1I:!;1I Ihe eOllscc rfl tcti
cl e me nts. holy oi ls. nr s ne r" tI ,(",;".,I!': or :l Itlcket! CII]! '
hO:lrd for s ioring altllr Ir uok ", . "<: lrHent s. or sacl cd
\'essels.
II. li p, hl located ncar the IlIlInl n r , .. i"dicatc Ille prC!lCII{'C
uf Ihe SlIcred Elclncn ls,
A l ong plain or cl eenrat cfi ha nd "f wllod s lI !: prnfi ed fr oll1
:1 corn ice 10 clllHrll CC tll c " r,.,lI l)' ,, ( ,., d"ss:! l.
II. C::lIlllPY. whic h CO\'c rs the alt ;" .
In IillLrg ica l l"illlll:hes, wherevc r d. ,.. fon t is located; in
nap.i sl , or olher ch urches whi, h prac lice 'lIIltH' . s ion,
us1l311)' a InrJ:,c IlInk in tire I'c r ), fHlnl of tl .e churc h, sct
into the pl a tform or belliuII n Cllll llllllll ion lilble or allar.
The carriage upon whi c h thc ,,,i .. is phu:ed in 111c
church.
A st ifT four,sitled C;ql worn h)' tl. r. dcrJU',
The c: lmir ( cathed ra) ill n c:\ II .. ,I .1 1, ,'xci " .
s ive1y for Ihe bi shop of lil t: <li o('(' '' ':.
A vessel , named hy its shope, fQ. IH.lding incense hdore
il is pllt in cCli ser or IhllriL1e,
llrcau has IOll g been Ihe s}"l"b.,1 for the means of sus.
ta inin g lifc, ns is ill ,I. " !':clltc ncc, "Dl cad is
the slarr of life."
The cnsc for the cor poral.
51
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Candidate:
Candles:
Canon:
Carillon:
Cassock:
Cathedra:
Catholic:
Cere-Cloth:
Censer:
Chalice:
Chancel:
Chapel:
Chaplain:
Chasuble:
Chimere:
Choir:
Ciborium:
Cincture:
Clerestory:
Cloister:
Collect:
Communion,
The Holy:
Communion
Table:
Congregation:
A Postulant who has been approved by the Bishop of
Diocese on the recommendation of the Standing Com-
mittee is known as a Candidate for Holy Orders.
See Eucharistic Lights. Office Lights. Paschal Candles.
An ecclesiastical decree, code, or constitution. Also a
clergyman who is connected 'with a cathedral.
An instrument comprised of at least two octaves of fixed
cup-shaped bells (2.1 or more), arranged in chromatic
series, and so tuned as to produce, wIlen many such bells
are sounded together, concordant harmony.
The long under gannent worn by the clergy. It is
usually black. There are two styles commonly in usc.
The Roman, which is buttoned down the front; and the
Anglican, which is buttoned at the side. Also worn by
choristers and acolytes.
The scat of the bishop of a diocese.
Universal, world-wide ecumencial. The word refers to
the ancient creeds of the whole Christian church, or
the whole body of the church. The word is not the sole
property of the Roman Catholic Church.
One of the three traditional cloths laid upon the top of
the altar. It is a waxed cloth, designed to protect the
fair linen from the dampness and moisture of the stone
altar top.
A brass or silver pot in which incense is burned.
The cup used at the Holy Communion.
The east end, so called, of a church.
A .building or portion of one used for worship.
A clergyman responsible for spiritual administration in
a household, institution, or organization.
A loose vestment with neck aperture and worn over the
Alh.
A long garment of black or scarlet with onnholcs, but
no sleeves, which is worn by Bishops over the Rochet.
The choristers; also, the part of the chancel between the
nave and the sanctuary.
A covered cup to bold the Sacramental Bread; a canopy
of wood or stone or marhle, supported by four or more
pillars covering an altar.
The girdle of a cassock.
The wall above the arches and pillars in the church that
has roofed-over side walls.
A covered passageway, usually open on one side into a
court. The passageway connects the church with a par-
sonage or a school building or a parish house.
A short prayer, more or less condensed in form, and
aiming at a single point in behalf of a worshipping
congregation.
The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper ordained hy our
Lord for the continual remembrance of the sacrifice of
the death of Christ. Also called the Holy Eucharist.
A table in the chancel or at the front of the church on
which the elements for the Sacrament of the Lord's
Supper are placed, and from which they are taken to
the communicants.
An assembly of people gathered for the purpose of reli
gious worship or instruction.
52
.... 'i>,
COpe:
Corporal:
Corpus:
Colla:
Credenee:
Crossing:
Crozier:
Crueifer:
Crucifix:
Cruet or
Ampulla:
Crypt:
Curate:
Deaeon:
Deaeon'8 Step:
Diocese:
D08881 or Dorsal:
Doxology:
East End of
a Chlll'Ch:
Elder:
Elements:
Epistle Side:
Eucharist,
The Holy:
"Eucharistic
Lights":
Euel1Bristie
Vestments:
Even or Eve:
Ewer:
Fair Linen:
Flagon:
A long cloak of rich material, ,'no in color according
to the church season, Wor-n ovrr the II tlr, )
A square linen cloth usee! upon 'I.e Ahar at Communion.
The word means the body and refers to the represent!!-
tion of the Lord's body upon the
A short white garment occasionally used by choristers
over tbe cassock. It is not as long or as full as the
surplice, although it is the same \'t'!\lrneut.
A Or table at the epistle nr upon
which the Elements of the noh :"',,,,,,,"ion are placed
until carried to the altar.
The place where the transept rrn!lses t.he nave.
(Past.oral Staff) The staff of a patriarch, abbot,
or pnor.
The one who carries the cross.
A cross with a representAtion Ilr "ur Lord's bodr
(corpus) upon it.
The receptacle for wine Rnn f(1I '''"'''1''.
A vault beneath a church.
Usually indicates a clergyman whl) tl,e rector in
a parish church.
In the Episcopal Church, the iii ,,' And lowest Order in
the lIoly Orders of the Ministry. I" nthcr. communions,
a lay official working closely with the
The middle or second step appro:wJ.ing tl.e altar.
prescribed district in ,vhi<''" n has jurisdic-
tion .
A c1lrtain of rich fabric behind '"I' I'hl1J' OT communioll
tahle.
Any ascription of praise to God.
The end where the altar stand". <"-I'" if not actually in
the east.
A la)-man in some churches wh., i" the govern-
ment of the local body.
The materials used in the RPpointed lIy
Christ: water, wine, and bread.
side of the altar at which the Rpiqtle is read, the
nght as the congregatidfi see.q it.
Holy Communion consider(,.1 nq " pI'Tvice of thanks-
glvmg.
Two candles placed at either e,uJ .f Ihe '(lJI n the ahar.
!he Eucharistic Vestments difTN from Choir Vestments
m. number in ornateness. They Me worn by n
Blsh?p or a Pnest for the celeb,ption of Ihe Holy Com-
and include: alb, aDlice, .-I .. cope,
girdle, maniple, and stole.
The day before a festival, i.e., Fnqter Even, Christmas
Eve, designed to be a preparatillll ffll tile feast it pre.
cedes.
The pitcher for holding the \yfl'''r for the font and for
the lavabo bason.
The principal covering of the tol' of tlte altar. It Ilongs
over the sides of the altar almol'l' to rhe floor.
A large covered glass or mctal for a reserve
of wine, or grape juice dependiup. "pon the church.
53
.,
'.1
; :i,

-;
Font:
Footpace:
Frontal:
Frondet or
Superfrontal:
Genu8ection:
Girdle:
Gloria Patr':
Gospel Side:
Gradine:
Dabit:
Hassock:
Hell:
HOod:
Dost:
Immersion:
Intiuction :
Intone:
Jubilate Deo:
Lantern:
Lavabo:
Lectern:
Lectionary :
Litany:
Litany Desk:
The receptacle of stone, metal, or wood, which holds the
watcr for the Baptism.
The platform upon which the altar wbere tbe
priest stands to celebrate the Holy Euchanst; also called
the predella. The highest of three steps is known as the
Priest's Step; the other two being the Deacon's (second
step) and the Subdeacon's being the bottom or first step.
A covering of doth that hangs before the front of the
altar, covering the entire front of the altar.
A short cover for the front of the ahar, atlached to
linen on the altar top.
A brief bending of the knee toward the altar when the
Blessed Sacrament is presenL
A cord, tied around the waist over the Alb.
(Latin. Glory be to the Father) An ascription of praise
to the Holy Trinity.
The side of the altar at which the Gospel is read, the
left as the congregation sees it.
Sec retablc.
special attire or garb worn by the clergy or by
members of a religious. community.
A stuffed cushion on which to kneel when praying.
As used in the Apostle's Creed, the abode of all departed
spirits.
A shieldshaped hood or panel at the back of a cope;
also, the academic vesture given by a college in token
of a degree.
The bread or wafer of the Holy Communion.
Baptism when the recipient is completely immersed in
the water.
Receiving the Holy Communion when the Wafer is
dipped into the Wine of the Chalice and thus adminis-
tered to the recipient both together.
To chant or recite in monotone with inflections of the
voice at predetermined places.
(Lotin: 0 he joyful in the Lord) TIle one hundredth
Psalm arranged as a canticle appointed to be used in
the Service of Morning Prayer.
The open tower above the crossing in a church.
The ceremony of cleansing the celehrant's hands before
the offertory oblation in the Holy Jo:ucharist. The word
is also used to denote the bowl containing the water,
and for tIle smnll towel accompanying it.
A stand near the chancel on which rests the Bible.
A selected list of Scripture passages for daily readings
throughout the Christian year.
(Greek: a prayci) The name applied to a General Sup.
plication found in the Prayer Book of the Episcopal
Church in whieh ininister and people join responsively.
In olher communions, any fonn of prayer with alternate
responses shared by clergy and congregation.
A kneeling desk, somerimes called a faldstool from
which the litany is read. Its customary place in the
church is on the floor of the nave in Iront of the chancel
steps. Similar in shape to Ihe prie-<iieu.
54
i
Liturgical
Colors:
Liturgy:
l'tlnniple:
Mensa:
l\linister:
I\lissal:
Missal-Stand:
Mitre:
Morse:
Narthex:
Nave:
Oblation:
Office:
I
Office-Lights :
Order:
Orders:
Orders, lIoly:
Orphrey:
PaU:
Poraments:
Pasehal Candle:
"astor:
Pastoral Slaff:
Paten:
Pectoral Cross:
Piscina:
The colors used in the dmrch ""ring the course of the
year; white, black, red, violet, green, rose, ash Ilnd
Llue. (See pages 60 and 61.)
Prescribed public services of the Christian Omrch, es.
pecially with reference to of the Holy
Communion.
A scarp which hangs from the t.-ft Arm over the Alb 8S
part of the Ellcharistic
The top of the ahar.
In the Episcopal Church on(' who is ordained by the
Bishop and hence is in Holy O((lns; or one who is
licensed by the Bishop to r('.ad ,>'" tain specified services
in Book of Common PI ll) 'oJ. In other communions
one who has been ordaine(l to IIf.>.tt."".
Altar Book. The hook conlaillillp. I I", f:ntnnl11l1ion Serv-
ice, Collects, Epistles and GoSI">J,;.
The desk on the altar upon wl.i.>" tile Missal resra.
A traditional, headpiece worn "y some emblem-
atic of tbe higbest order of thc ministry.
A metal clasp, usually elabornr". for II!1e in fastening
the cope.
The vestihule or closedin porrlt IlI'rCl!;S the building at
the rear of the navc.
The central division of the clrlll.-l, in which tbe congre-
gat ion is seated.
The act of offering tbe elements 10 Cod in the lIoly
Eucharist. The "offertory oblnlilUl" when the unconse-
crated bread and wine are plaer" l)n the ahar.
An authorized form of worship: I tnily offices of Morn-
ing or Evening Prayer; an office: Jlurial
office.
All lights used on the ahar, oth", ,I,n" the tlYO E"dlnT'
istic Lights, are office lights.
A religiollS fraternity.
In the Anglican and Eastern CI""rl. these three orders
of the ministry - Bishop, Prir"t. 11,,,1 Deacon; in the
Roman Church - Priest, Deacnll Rn,' Subdeacon.
The three orders in the ordnj,,,., Ministry, Ulullcly,
Deacnn, Priest, Rishop.
A wide hand of decorated mn'r. i:tl originally used for
cO\'ering scams of vestments. Now moslly used for
decorative use on vestments anti '0 clIlhellish the dossal.
The linen cover for the Chalir>r: n 1<;0, the cover for a
coffin.
A word commonly used to the frontal of the
altar and other hangings whirl. Illay decorate a pulpit
or lectern.
A candle lighted on Easter E""1t "lui cxtinguishcrl on
Ascension.
(Latin: shepherd) The clergy"'''o who accepts respon-
sibility for the spiritual welfare IIf n parish.
(Crozier) Staff of a bishop, abbot or prior.
The silver or gold plate for the Il, (,Iut at the Holy Com.
munion.
A cross which hangs on the brr.A!':l of a bishop.
A basin with drain-pipe leading directly to tbe grf)und
for disposal of water from liturgical ablutions.
55
.. ... L-___ . .,., .. .,.,. ..,;.....,,-; ...,.,.-... ..... ...
1.
I:
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PostoLmt:
Fredella:
Presbyter:
Prie--Dleu:
Proeesaional
Crose:
Proteetlns
Cloth:
Porlfiealor:
Pyx, BangiafJ:
Rabal:
Rabal, Vest:
Rall,
Reetor:
Reredoe:
Liable:
Rlddels:
Rodiet:
Rood:
Rood Sueen I
Saerament:
Saerarium:
Sacristan:
Saeristy:
Sanehlary:
SanChUl!'f
Lamp:
Sarum Use:
Sereen:
Sedllia:
One approved by the Bishop of a Diocese as the first
step towards hecoming a Candidate for Holy Orders.
See Footpace.
In the Episcopal Church, a priest. In the Presbyterian
(llllrch, an elder, one of several who is elected to ad-
minister the affairs of the particular church_
The prie-dieu is more commonly called a prayer desk.
A cross affixed to the end of a staff which is carried at
the head of a procession. I
A cloth placed over the fair lin.en when tbere is no! n
service, designed to protect the hnen from dust and dlft.
A small linen napkin used to wipe the Sacred Vessels
after Holy Communion.
A covered receptacle of precious metal for the Sacra.
ment used to carry the Consecrated Elements of the
Holy Eucharist to the sick.
A pyx of precious metal containing the Reserved Sacra-
ment hung in the center of the chanpel above the altar.
Most commonly used in England.
A neck-band with cloth hanging down over tbe breast
used by clergy wearing an ordinary vest.
A neck-band witb cloth hanging down over the entire
breast and to the waist, used by clergy when not wear-
ing a vest.
The altar rail between the choir and the sanctuary.
(Latin: to govern) A priest in the Episcopal church
pennanently in charge of a parish.
A decorated panel behind an altar. It is uSllally of
wood or stone. The reredos is often made elaborate with
sculpture, . carvings and painting.
A shelf at the rear of the altar on which are placed
the altar cross, vases, and candlesticks. Also called the
gradine.
Curtains at either side of an altar.
A long while linen vestment.
A cross or crucifix above the entrance to the chancel,
usually resting on a beam or screen.
A grille or lattice between the nave and chancel, sur-
mounted by a cross or crucifix.
"An outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual
grace given unto us; ordained by Christ himself."
Another name for the piscina.
The person in charge of the Sacristy and its contents.
The room in the church building where the vestments,
books, and saereel vessels are kept.
The sacred portion of the church in which the altar
stands.
The lamps suspended in front of the altar. One, three,
or seven.
The missal at one time peculiar to the Diocese of Salis-
bury in England. .
Carved open woodwork, or slone.
The seats for the clergy within the sanctuary, on the
south side.
56
Server:
Sexton:
Shell:
Stall:
Steward,
Communion:
Stole:
Stoup:
Subdeacon '8
Step:
Soperfronlal:
Surplice:
Tabernacle:
Tester:
Thurible:
Tippet:
Trs ll8epts :
Triptych:
Undercroft:
Veil:
Verger:
Vestment:
Viaticum:
Vicar:
Vilfil Ught:
Votive Ughls:
Vot!ve Ship:
Wardens:
Wafer:
An acolyte.
A layman of the parish appoin, .. ,1 t .. rl"" rOll' ,he dlUrch
buildings.
A scallop-shell, or metal vf$s.-I of 'hill used for
taking water from the font '0 1""" 'H r, II,e head of R
person to be baptized.
Individual seats in the choir are usually called Stalls.
A lay person in the Methodist Church who cares for the
vessels and the elements lIsc{1 in 11 .. 11' f'''"lDmnion, sim-
ilar to the Sacristan.
A long narrow band of silk 01 I.. "'-J"!" Wf'm over
shoulders of the clergy.
A basin usually on the wall or "II 1\ as one im-
mediately enters the door of the litnrp.;icilt church to
hold holy water.
The first of the three steps to thl' "lInr.
See frontlet.
A white linen vestment worn 1-, II", .1 .. , r,y over the
cassock.
A locked safe used for the resen-olion of .he Sacrament.
A Oat canopy or covering over n pulpit, aitar, or tomb.
A vessel in which incense i!'l 11I1I nt"1. /\
A black scarf worn by the dCI P
The arms of a cruciform church.
A three-paneled Ilainting or cSI"illf!, .. """lIy h"hind
aitar.
A subterranean room or chapel .,,,.1,., n. r"","it: a crypt.
A covering for the Lnalice.
One who carries the Verge or Stall heforr. R Cathedral
or Collegiate Dignitary. A cu!;torn in Church of
England. In lhe Amf!rican Chure" mUIRIIl Afl usher who
is paid by the church, ohentimf''t 'hI' "!ltan.
An ecclesiastical garment WOl" "If ,.III',c" !!ervicc.cq
also, (!overings for the ahar.
(Latin: pertaining to a journey) Any die or attention
which gives spiritual comfort to .f),i"p' in preparation
for the journey to the next lik A ""fl,C sometimes
to tile portable vessels r .. , 'HI",illic;'ering Holy
Communion.
A priest in the Episcopal Church in r.hnl of a depend-
ent chapel or mission under th, Hi!""ol' n( the Dioce.'Jc
Ilr the rector of the parish.
A lamp, other than that before the Resf" "cd Sacrament,
which burns perpetually before a shrine, image, or altar.
Candles lighted before an ahar (If to honor the
memory of some loved one, or l .. , '1'>11\'- "rr.cial request
in prayer.
A ship model seen mostly in dUll ,-ll1'Q an,1 rathedrals in
Europe representing the hcli("f 1"01 IHI lII1RCr.n Deity
protects all seafaring people.
Two lay officers of the v('stry of n pads', in the Epis-
copal Church, one known as the S,."inr 'Wnrden Rnd the
other as the Junior Warden.
A thin disk of unleavt>ned I" ".,.1 ",,,-,1 in the COnt-
munion.
57
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LITURGICAL COLOURS
The earliest definite knowledge of the lise of specific colour in the service
of the Church is Clement of Alexandria's recommendation of white as suitable
to all Christians. The Canons of Hippolytus assign white to the clergy as
becoming their office. The mediaeval devf!lopmcnt of colour symbolism mny
be examined in the Rationale Divinorum Officiorum of Durandus. This 13th
Century prelate explains the meanings of all colours but, interestingly enough,
knows of no such thing as either a standard Usc or a standard menning.
The ancicl\l Use of liturgical colours was relatively simple; tbe best, the
second best, ordinary, and, in some places, black. The Eastern Orthodox
Church still adheres to this practice. In so far as "the best" is concerned, it is
still required by the Dominican Ordl'r's Rule to be worn on the highest feasts
irrespective of its colour.
In the middle ages each Cathedral had its own Use, and although this
Use was in no sense binding on the Diocese involved, it was inevitable that some
sequences should become popular and that. ultimately, certain Cathedral Uses
should grow wider even than diocesan in their influcm:e. It must he remem-
bered, however, that on ail Ascension Day in the 16th. one could still
have seen "the best" vl:stments used in Salisbury; white, in Westminster; blne,
in the College of St. Bernard at Romans; yellow, in Pra gue; red, in Utrec ht ;
and green, in Soissons.
The Use of Salisbury Cathedral (Sarum) has always had wide popularity,
therefore, it is listed here - hut it should he noted that the ancient
Use, which was predominately white, red, and black, has always had consider
able appeal to northern taste.
The best: Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, Ascension, Whitsunday, Trinity, Dt"{Ii.
cation, Patronal Festival, All Saints', Thanksgiving.
Second best: Weekdays in Epiphany tide, Trinitytide (if rrtl he not used).
RED: In Octave of Epiphany, Sundays after Epillliany, Scptuagesima to Ash
Wednesday, Passion tide to Easter Eve, Sundays after Trinity, Huly Inno-
cents; Martyrs, Apostles and Evangelists (except St. John). .
WHITE: St. John the Evangelist. of Christmas, Cireumeision,
Eastertide, Rogation Days, Friday and Saturday before Whitsunday, fluring
Octave of Trinity, Feasts of the n.V.M., Saints' days in Eastertide, Virgins,
1\1 ichaelmas.
BLUE: Advent, and as alternative colour for PreLenten Season, Nativity of St.
John Baptist, All Souls' Day, Funerals anel Requiems.
BLACK: All Souls' nay, Funerals and Hequiems.
UNBLEACHED LINEN: Days of I.ent until Passion Sunday .
58
LITURGICAL COLOUnS
The Lutheran rules on Paraments are ami dt'nr: the Altar vestments,
hangings. Pulpit and Lectern fnlls, el cetera, nn: illvllriahly of the Day or
the Season irrespective of the Service involved. The' "I"IIf' l/c:r. is:
WIIlTE: Christmas Eve through Epiphany tide; EIl!'I'" Day to Whitsun Eve;
Feasts: Presentation, Trinity SI,"day through Octave,
Annunciation, Visitation, and Michaelmas.
flED: First Vespers of Whitsunday to First Vespers of Trinity Sunday j Fe!;tivRI
of the Reformation (October 31) and SlI ltf br ne!!.lIst it; Fensts:
AJlustles (except St. lohn), Martyrs. All Saints', '" !iq.rj,'l of n
Church Anniversaries, lIan'est Festival, and 11;'1)'.
(;nEEN: First Vespers of Septuagesima Sh" .. T",."IIlY, II Trinity
through to the First Vespers of I Advent.
VIOLET: First Vespers of I Advent to Christmas E"c, Vr.!'>pcrs of Shrove Tues-
day through to Vespers of Er.ster Even (cx('eptillf' Cuml Friday).
IlLA(:K: Good Friday, and for a Day of Hmniliatifll'
The Fair Linen is required to he long to ...... It f"lITt Ollf! third to
two thirds the distance from the top of the Ahal I .. ,IU' /I nl', {Iud wi,le
enough to over the front (and bs(:k) 8 full 111':'"
The Colour Sequence of the Roman Catholic Chili"', is 1I0W very
t!Jat common to the Court of Rome in the 16th Cenl'" ,. orten referred
to as the Western Usc. It is as follows:
'WHITE: Christmas and days of Octave; Cin:urndc;itlII. EpiphnllY and Octave;
Maundy Thursday; Easter Even through tlae roll, SIII"Jny nfter Enster;
Ascension Eve through to Vigil of Pentecost: I. i!lity SlInday; Corpus
Christi and Octave; Transfiguration; Christ tlw King: FCII1lt5 of the
D.V.M.; All Saints' and Octnve; Michaelrnas; Cour'C:C;OI!l. Virgins,
and Holy Women.
RED: Pentecost and Octave: Apostles and Evangf'lislc: ! l''!I'('I't SI. John, whose
feast is a white one); Martyrs: (the Holy Inno('rll 1r. ,,"ly iF rhat feast falls
on a Sunday),
VIOLET: Advent Season-except the third Sunday, "CIHlfleHc"; Srptungesima
through to Maundy Thursday - except Iltr. Ff'I" II. SlIlIdny, "Laetllre";
Ember Days apart from the Octave of Pentecost: H"f!lltinll llays: Vi,dls,
1I0ly Innocents, if not on a Sunday.
GREEN: The Sundays (and Ferias) after the Octave "f 'Irc Epiphany through
to the Eve of Septuagesima; the Sundays (nlld F .. tine;) niter Pentecost
(or, aftf!r Trinity) through to Advent.
BLACK: Good Friday; All Souls'; Requiems.
ROSE: The Third Sunday in Advent; the Fourth SUllday ill Lent.
59
-, .1'. - ,-" ... t.';\":-
FORMS OF SALUTATION
OF THE ORDAINED CLERGY
OFFICIAL TITLE ADDRF..SS-Wriuen Forms
1. Formal Salutati on
2. Informal Salutations
3. Less Formal
PRESIDING The Most Reverend lohn Smith
BISHOP
1. Most Reverend and Dc:!.r Sir :
2. Dear Bishop Smith :
3. Dear Bishop :
BISHOP The Ri ght Reverend John Smith
Coadjutor
1. RighI Reverend and Dear Sir:
Suffr.3gan
2. Dear Bi5hop Smith:
3. Dear Bishop
PRIEST The Reverend John Smith
Rector
1. Reverend and Dear Sir:
Vicar
3. Dear Sir:
Curate 2. Dear Smith:
Pric!:i lin Chargc
( Low Churchmen Prefer)
Dear Father Smith:
( High Churchmen P refer>
0
Dear Dr. Smith :
(Only if be has thllt
degree)
DEA1'oj The Very Reverend l ohn Smith
Of 11 Cathedral
I
1. Ve ry Reverend and Dear Sir:
Of a Seminn,:y 2. Dear Dean Smit h:
3. Dear Dean :
CANON The Reverend John Smith
Precentor. Pastor Cwon of ......
Chancell or. Miss ioner 1. Reverend and Dear Si r :
Archi vist. Almoner.
0
Dear Canon Smith:
Burser. Prebenda ry. 3. Dear Canon :
Resident iary, Sa crist.
-
ARCHDEACON
The Venertlble lohn Smith
I. Venerable und Dear Sir:
2. Dear Archdeacon Smith :
o. Dear Archdeacon:
DEACON The Reverend J elm Smith
1. Reverend and Dear Sir:
2. Dear .\Ie. Smith:
MEMBERS OF RELIGIOUS
SISTER
Superior
I
Sister Mary Joan. C.S.M.
Dear Sister i\fary :
I
The Reverend Mary Joan,

I 2. l. everenu and Dear Mot her:
.. . .s upe:-!or :
BROTHER Brother Sohn i'1seph. 0 . .5.9.
I . ") ear 3 rol!le!" John JOSe?n :
" Dear Brotner:
Superior 1. The Reverend Father Superior:
., Dear Father:
DEACONESS Deaconess Mary Smith
1. Dear Deaconess Smith:
2. Dear Deaconess :
INTRODUCTION-Speaking Forms
1. Formal Address { Nos. 1 8. 2 are
2. Formal by Titl e often combined
3. Informal Address
1. The Most Reverend lohn Smith
2. The Presiding Bishop of . .. .....
3. Bishop Smith
1. The Right Reverend John Smith
2. The Bishop of ............. .. ..... ............
3. Bishop Smith
1. The Reverend John Smith
2. The Rector of . .. .... ....... .....
3. The Reverend Mr. Smith
3. Mr. Smith
3. The Reverend Father Smith
3. Father Smith
3. The Reverend Dr. Smith
3. Dr. Smith
I. The Very Reverend l ohn Smith
2. The Dean of .. . .................. .....
o. Dean Smith
1. The RC\'erend John Smith
2. The Canon .. ... .. .. . .... 0. ... . ......
3. Canon Smith
1. The Venerable John Smith
2. The Archdeacon of ........... . ..........
3. Archdeacon Smith
1. The Reverend lohn Smith
3. The Reverend Mr. Smith
3. Mr. Smith
1. Sister Mary Joan
3. Sister Mary
1. The Reverend j\'iother J\!ary
Joan, O.S.M.
" The Reverend SiSler Superior
H.
': ist er .\.far)"
Brother J oon j esc p!l
3. Brolher J onn
1. The Reverend Father Superior
2. Reverend Father Superior of
3. Father
13. Deaconess Smith
.,.
F-l
! ",
'.::"f
'::' t
i
i
l
\
"I';
PilI
Agaul Dei .......... 24
AU Sainte' Bmblem 50
Alpha a Omega .' .16, 11
Altar
a: Burnin, Saenfiee S
a: OteriJbim ....... 5
a Lomb ........... ..
a Tree ........... 39
Anchor Cro ......... 12
a: Stole ........... 40
Angel & Cro", Dove,
River., Sbeep,
Sta'. . .......... 36
lIerald ............ 21
a Shepherd'. Crook 22
Animals a: Birds .... 43
Apottlel ......... 3335
Apple ... :.......... ..
Apple a Serpent ..... 3
Ark & Rainbo.... ...... 3
Ark of the Covenant 5
Arm a Dove ........ 39
Arro ....a ............. 42
& Bo ................ 1
a: Hand ........... 43
a: Spear, Square .. , 3S
Piercing Heart .... 39
Alcension ........... 2S
A.per,e a: Holy Wllter
Vellel ............ 46
Aureole ............. 26
Balaricfl .......... 28, 47
Banner of Victory ... 28
& 1.11mb 2 ..
Bllsket
in Bulru.bet ....... 9
& Tau Cro ......... 35
Bllon a Ewer ...... 20
Baltle Axe .......... 41
& Bible ........... 34
& Crown .......... 47
It Slone .......... 35
Bed of Iron ......... 45
Beehive .......... 28, 40
Ben ................ 25
Beret, Croat, Sword,
Quill ............. 37
Bible ............... 25
& Battle Axo ...... 3 ..
a: Da,ger 35
& Hunter's Horn ... 44
& Knile ........... 35
& Lamb ........... 37
a: Mitre .......... 39
4 Pillan .......... 38
& Seourgee ........ 46
It Stone, ......... 3S
at Sword ......... 39
& Tablet .......... H
& Vestment ....... 50
Bird
& Arm ........... 39
& Flame .......... 19
in Nelt ........... 25
Bird.
& Animalt ........ 43
a: Grapes ......... 28
Blollomt with Thorat 23
INDEX
PilI.
Boat Hook & Square.. 35
Book ............... 38
It Cbild ........... 38
& Crosier 40
& Fish ............ 31
& Lamb .......... 24
& Mitred Head .... 41
Books & Quill .... 41, 44
Bowa & Arrowl 1
Box of Ointment 46
Branch & Altar 39
Bread
& Chalice ......... 9
& Cross ........... 33
Bricks a Loth 4
Bullock a: Cenler .... 6
Burning
Bush ............. 9
Sword ............ 3
Burnt Offering ....... 5
Butterfly . . . . . . .. 20
Candelabrum, 7-Branch 5
Candle, Lighted ...... 20
Ctmterhury Shield 38, 49
Censer .............. 27
& Bullock ......... 6
Chalice
& Bread .......... 9
& Croll ........... 20
& Serpent 33
Chariot in Flemel 1
Clussuhle
It Mitre Scroll,
Quill ........... 49
on Vellment ....... 38
Child & Book ....... 38
Christ the King ..... 27
Christmas ROle 23
Church It Hand ., . . 43
Chi Rho ...... 16, 17, 28
Cherubim on Altar .. 5
Ciborium ............ 48
Circle .............. 15
& BOl1t, Crolls ...... 50
& HDlld ........... SO
& Head ........... 26
& Star ............ 22
& Triangle ......... 15
a: Triquetra ....... 15
Circle of StDn, It Sun,
Moon......... .. .. 8
Circles
& OIi Rho .28
intertwining ....... 15
Cliff ................ 48
Cloak. .............. 8
Club ............... 35
It Stones .......... 49
Coat
It Dice ............ 18
of Goat'. Hair ..... 45
of Many Colors . . 9
& Stone .......... 48
Cock ............. 20, 35
Cockleburs .......... 29
Coins ............... 47
.... Money Bag .. .. 19
Columbine .......... 29
62
PilI.
Corneratone ......... 16
Croaier ............ 44
JJ: Book ........... 40
a Serpent, Shamrock 48
Crosl .......... 11.14, 43
& Angel, Dove,
Rh'ers, Sheep,
Slags ....... '1' 36
& Beret, Sword,
Quill ........... 37
It .Boat ..... , 50
.... Dreod .......... 33
Celtic .... 40
& Cbalice 20
& Crown .......... 12
& Rock ........... 23
& Rope ........... 4S
St. Andrew's .... 33
& Shield . ..... 50
.!! StDg ., ..... 42
& Stole ........ 40
Tau .............. 35
& Turban, Scimitar 40
of T\Tigl .......... 8
Wooden ........... H
Crown .............. 7
It Battle Au . . . .. 47
& CrollB ........... 12
.... Hand, Scepter .. ' 46
It lIorp .......... 31
& Palm Leavell .... 42
of Thorns ......... 18
Crowned King, Axe,
Polm Leaf, Orb
Crucifix ........ .
& Henrt
Cup
& Brend
a CroSll ...
& Serpent .. '
CypreSl Trees
Dngjter
It Bible
& City
& Infant
& IIcart
& Shield
Daisy
Dice & COOl
l>istoff & Y orn ..
Dog'. Head a: Torch
Uonke}'
40
27
45
9
20
33
31
3S
10 -
22
31
6
22
18
7
42
& Mory. .. . . . 21
& Holy Family .... 22
Doorpostll at 5
()o"e
& Angel, Crou,
Rivers, Sheer,
Stag, ........... 36
& Arm
& Olive Sprig 4
& 3-royed Nimbul 24
Do\'cs, seven 30
Dragon ............ 4, 46
Eagle .............. 26
head on Lion ...... 25
with srrend wingll .. 50
. . l

Ear. ScabbArd .It
Sword ............ 18
Epiphan)' Star 22
Episcopal Emblem '. .. 50
E"lIngclists 26
Ewcr . .. . .8, 39
& Boson .......... 20
Eye in Trillngle ..... 24
Pect ovcr Mountain 10
Fi,h ............... 9
on Book ........ '" 34
3S
on hook ......... 3S
& Letters ..... .. 27
& Ship, Windmill
& Woman .. 6
three ............. 15
Flames
& Bird ....
a: Hand '.
Flaming
19
49
nUlb ....... 9
Chariot 1
Heart . . . . . 39
Sword ...... 3
Torch ........ 27, 42
Fleur de Lis .... '" 21
Flowera cl Hand .... 44
Foot. .. . .... . . 31
being Washed .5
Fylfot 16
Gateway ............ 8
Glaltonhury Thorn .. II
Gold, Frankincense
& Myrrh... 22
Gourd &: Stoll 48
Gropes ...... 6, 20
cl Birds 28
Griffin .. 25
Iland . .... 24
4- Arrow, ......... 3
II: Arrow., Flaming
Heart 39
in Circle . . . SO
&: Crown, Scepter " 46
& DO"e . . .... 39
& Flamel 49
" Plowera 44
& Foot '. 4S
& Monastery 43
&: !\IoDl'}' Beg 41
a Nimbus '" 24
&: Thumb with
Thread 10
Barp .. . .. . . ..... 39
&: Crown, Scepter 37
& Lion ......... 1
Ifat with Croll5ed Key. 48
Hnvthorn '" ... " 21
Head
& Cirele ....
of Dog & Torch
of Horse witb
26
42
Born ........... 21
Mitred, & Rook 41
Mitred, &: Ox 38
of Ox .... 23
of Ram '" '" 1
.t 3-rayed Nimbu, 26

Hellrt ......... 49
& Crucifillt 45
& Dagger 31
Fillming 39
with IHC . 44
Herald Angel ....... 21
Herdsman'lI Crook .. 6
Hills .......... 41
Holly ............. 29
Holy Child on Dook 3R
Holy Family . . . 21
It Donkey ....... 22
Holy Water Venel
a: AspertCe 46
Hook
& Fish ........... 35
& Squore .. 35
Horse ............... 4?
Huguenot Croll 23
Hunler's Jlorn a
Bible ............. 44
Idol overlurned 41
lesull .... . . . 1 i
mc ............. 16, 17
on Heart 44
It Sun ............ 25
on Tablet .......... 47
IHS ........ 16, 17
Infant & Dogger ...... 22
I.N.R.1. 19
lril . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Iron Bed ............ 4S
IX ............. 17
Jawbone 01 An 10
JCII ." Tree 32
Keys, CroBlled 33
on Hat. 48
Knife & Bible 3S
Knives . . .... 3f, 4;
Lndder, Reed &
Sl'onge :...... 19
Lamb ......... 4
on Altln' ..
" Banner of 24
& Bible ... 37
It; Book ... 24
& Shepherd . .. 27
a: SIIf:pberd Hoy 41
& Sherhr.rd', Crook 6
Lamp .............. Z3
LampI ....... ..... 31
Lanter. . ......... 20, .. 0
Lash .t Brick. ...... 4
Leaf 01 ralm .... .. 18
Leafy Branch 28
Leory Sprigs ...... 30
Leaves on Bunling
Rlld '. 19
Letters ..... Ill, 17
4 Fish 27
I.ithted Candle ...... 20
Lily . . . .. . .... IC), 4ti
& Scepter .. 43
a Squire .......... 45
Lily 01 tbe V.lley 29
I.inld It; Doorpol" 5
Lion
& Harp
PaIr
, .. i." "'""d of Ealtlo ZS
Wi"ltcd ........ 26
I.utll .. ," Emblem .... 50
L)',e . . . . " .. 28
MOil in Fur Clothing 38
Man, Winged .. " . 26
Morr .... 17, 19, 21, 42
MI""n'IIh ..... 5
Mi"e & Scroll .... 38
& Cto.. "uble, Quill 49
Bead
C)"8,, .. k .. . .. 41
tic ............. 38
Mitre, on Bible .... 39
MonRstery & nand " 43
tlfoney B.g
It Coin ........... 19
a Hond .......... 41
It Che5t .... 22
!\Ionc\' nllil' ....... 34
Monk .\ Shllmrnck 43
!llolloliromL' ...... 16, 17
Mooo & SlIn, Circle
of Stan " ...... 8
Mnllnlains .......... 41
& Feet (lullpcnded 10
a: Temple ........ 9
l\Iuftic 37
Mrrtl.. 3()
Nail. .. 18
NlIli'itv ........... 21
N ..... T .... tnment .... 11-31
N I K A .... 16, 17
Ni .. ,I.... 24, 26
()lIr .. . .. . . . 10
Old 'festoment 3.10
Oli"'! Hunch 28
C;rr,ioj! It Dove 4
0.. .. ........ 23
.. I\titred lIe.d 18
"i .. 26
I'"",, I.ell .......... 18
rill", I ..... ve' It Cro"" 42
I'el'eoek ....... . . . .. 19
relicII<1 2S
rr.f"I(',1 FlolTer 22
1'1,01''':'' ........... 19
Im., -48

II 'Iiille .......... 38
tic J,,"hone of Alii 10
I'incf"n
rile'h .. r ............ 8,
.... "",on
1'1" .. ,.lulre .. ' ...... .
r ... " .. ",,,nate
l'ollf'Y ...........
fUI .... IIr. St.a ..... .
l'ul"e!! ..........
f"'.mid. Sphinx
Wing" ..
()'liII
A nerct, Sword
42
39
20
1
19
30
3S
H
22
& Cron ....... 37
A ""ok" ........ '41, 44
I'
i
Quill (COIf' . )
a Mitre, Ch .. ub!"
" Scroll
Rainbow" Ark
Rem'. He.d .. ... .. .

3
7
RiYUI, An,d, Cro .. .
Don, Shup &. SI"ill 36
Rock 8
.t ero.. ..
Rt/d, Crtlllcd &
12 Sheep
Roolter
Rope
23
,.
. 20. 35
18
..
a Croll
ROI"
Chri. tm.. 23
.t Croll 50
Itulhu 4 n .. kc:t 9
Saini Andre ... '. Croll 33
Saint. . 3750
S.... . .. .. . .. .. ... 8, 34
Subh.rd, S .. ord a Ear 18
Scslu . . . 28, H
Sc.llop Shell .. 27, 33
Scepter
a: Cruwn, lI.nd
.t erG'''o, liar!)
a Lily
a Sword
Scimitar, Turban"
Croll
Sdnorl
Scour' .. '
a Hible
"WIJippinlll rOil
Scroll . ... . .. .. .. .
" Hi'hop', t-.litre
"Ch .. uhl .. ,
Quill ..
MUlic
a \Vb..-,
511
37
.,
"
0
37
..
31
5
38
"
37


.& Apple 3
" CI."lice JJ
a On,iCT, Sh. mrock <48
&. SIIIIi 6
" S""ord 35
a World 3
S .. rp .. nta ..
Shllmro ..k 29
& Monk .. 3
'" SerpeDt, ern.i .. t "8
Shup It: Cro .... d Rode J ..
Sheep, AII,eI. Cro .. ,
Oou. ni .....". Sta,. 36
Shell 27
" Snail .. 6
Shell. 33
Siaphetd II Lamb 27
Shephe,d noy II Lamb .. I
Shepherd'. Crook 6
" An,el 22
'" Lamb 6
Shield
.t Gran 50
" Ouer
o f Tdnill"
Ship
P",r
6
. . 23, :13.
5U "St.n ....... . .. .
.t ' VindmiJI, Woman,
Filh
Shovel
Skeleton
Skull
Smoke
from Alt.r
ftom Cenler
Snail .t Slidl
Sonk... . . ... .. .
Solomon' , Templ e
Spade
SPell' .t S'IUGre
&: Ano ....
Spil ioT. Prramid
46
6
3U
30
5
27
..
..
10
6
34
3S
.t Winll' 22
Sponge, Reed .t Ladd .. r 19
Squ.re
it: n""1 1I 0ok
" Lily
" SIl""
., 5pC1lr, Arro""
Staff
.t Gourd
" I hl ..
" ruue
" Serpent
4- Ship
<II: Sword
St 'll
.t Cro ..
S, aga, Croal,
Do, ... Rhe, .,
Sh""(1
Star
35
..
34
35
.8
..
35

SO
18
31
"
36
of Dnid 3
5"oiol .. 11 22
6'I'oinlf:d 3
9-pointed . ........ 27
51.,. ill cird .. ar ound
SUII &: Moon . ... 8
51,,1 .. & Anell .. t ernu .10
Stone . . . . . . . 8
5 10"" T.hleh .t
T .. " Commllndmflnh
Stonu
It n. nl .. A::n
& lJihill
11 Cluh
&: Co. 1
Slool, 3f .. gIled
Slnrk
So.
&: tile
&: Mool' in Cirelli
5
3S
35
..
'8
.,
2 1
25
of Sl a,. 8
S .. an 31
Sw .. tikll 16
Sword
& ]Jerel , CrOll.
Quill 37
4 Bibl.. 39
64
Pl eming
" Scabhud. n.,
'" Seepu ' f
& S('rpenl
& Shff
&: Trumpet
T (Tlu) Cro ..
a Huket
T.bhll uf Stone
Tnhlel with lHC On
nibl"
Teml'le
on ]\.fount .. in
in !luin,
Solomon',
Ten Commll ndmenl
.
r tl tt
3
IB
.,
35
18
9
35
35
5
9
..
JO
On T .. blelB ul 5tono 5
TluHol , Cr ..... o 01 1B
Thumb'" Thu'ad 10
T ur ch 2i
& 00' 42
Tu ..... r 01 Tl a".1 3
Trn
'" Alt.r
of Juu: ...
Tr ...,.,
Trinnllle
of fl ook, . .t Qui ll
o! Cru ..
.t E"O!
of te"en
Trinil} Shield
Triquelra
Trulnl'd
" S ... ord
T "r ha n, CrOll.,
Sdmi,,1It
Unicurn
Vue, Money
'" ChUI
Yutm .. n,
'" Uit.Jo
.t Slon<ll . ..
ViCluq' , lIaun .. , 0 1
Violet .. ...... .
Vine'" Gra,''''
Waler Li l l"
Whal ..
W"n l
.. Scroll
Wiar,
Wheel, Spik ...!
Whipp;nll rOlf
39
32
3J
15
' 1
13
21
13
"
15
.l1
9
'0
21
"
SO
.8
28
30
6, 2U
29
,
23

10
45
It Scollr.... 31
Win.(ell Crealur... 25, :':6

Wom1lo
4- IJonke}' 2J
A: Win dmill, Sbip,
Fi.h 4;
W"dd .1: S",pelll 3
World Council Bmhhm 50
Wreatb (I I Thoro l 18
Ylltn 4- Vi,lafT 7
I
..
I
t.

Kos ,pto
915 Kimhorst B!lJd.
Re.ding, i'A 196 11
.,