QUANG PH CHT RN CHNG I: CC THIT B V LINH KIN QUANG HC 1. M u 1.1 motivation 1.2 Cc tnh cht ca nh sng 1.

3 Cc ngun sng 1.3.1 Lng cc Hertz 1.3.2 Bc x ca vt en 1.3.3 n 1.3.4 Bc x t cc chuyn di in t 1.3.5 LASER 1.4 Cc kinh kin quang hc 1.4.1 Thu knh 1.4.2 Quang hc bin i Fourier 1.5 Linh kin tn sc 1.5.1 Lng knh 1.5.2 Cch t 1.5.3 phn gii ca cch t 1.5.4 Cc giao thoa k 1.6 Cc u thu 1.6.1 Phim nha 1.6.2 Cp nhit in 1.6.3 ng nhn quang in 1.6.4 Photodiode 1.6.5 CCD

1.2 Cc tnh cht ca nh sng Tnh lng cht ca nh sng: 1. Bn cht ht -nh sng nh mt ht 2. Bn cht sng nh sng l mt sng in t Vng nng lng c ch nghin cu l

Figure 1: Nng lng ca nh sng.

Phng trnh Maxwell:

i vi sng in t trong chn khng, ta c:

y l mt phng trnh vi phn bc hai i vi khng gian v thi gian, c ngha l hm sng ca mt sng in t trong chn khng Li gii ca phng trnh l:

Hng ca in trng lun lun vung gc vi hng ca t trng y l im cn ch khi xem xt mt sng in t kch thch trc tip ln mt vt rn. Trong nhiu th nghim, phn cc ca nh sng gp thm cc thng tin v tnh cht (i xng) ca cht rn. Cc c trng quan trng nht ca nh sng: Nng lng - Bc sng nh sng Cng phn cc Tnh kt hp Thi gian ko di s pht sng (xung hay lin tc)

1.3 Cc ngun sng

C hai loi ngun sng chnh: 1. Cc ngun sng c in: Bc x ca vt en v cc loi n phng in h quang 2. Bc x t cc chuyn mc nguyn t : laser 1.3.1 Lng cc Hertz Lng cc Hertz: l mt dao ng iu ho ca mt ht tch in vi tn s M men ca lng cc s c dng

Vc t th s c dng

Hnh : Vc t th v in trng ca mt lng cc Hertz 1.3.2 Bc x ca vt en nh lut bc x Plank:

Trong ny nph () l s trng thi ca photon v fE(,T) l phn b theo thng k Bose Einstein

Ta thy phn b cng sut ca bc x theo nng lng (tn s) ph thuc vo nhit ca vt pht x. Cc i ca bc x xut hin ti:

di nng lng thp, low energy: L~ 2T maximum shifts to higher energy with T high energy cutoff: L~

Khi nhit tng, cc i bc x dch v pha nng lng cao.

Hnh 3: Phn b bc x theo nhit ca vt en 1.3.3 Cc loi n - Thch anh (n Halogen) Vng ph: nhn thy v Hng ngoi gn Nhit ca ngun: ti 3300 K - n h quang Loi ng thch anh Ap sut kh ti 100 bar kh km, n ph vch, thng dng chun my quang ph p sut kh ti 1000 bar p sut cao, n ph m, dng lm ngun kch thch H quang gia cathode v anode c kch thch bng xung in cao p, plasma c nhit ti 6000 K Vng ph: Nhn thy v UV

Hnh 4: (tri) n xenon v thu ngn, (phi) ph n 1.3.4 Bc x do cc chuyn di in t c im ca bc x t cc chuyn di in t l ph bc x bao gm cc vch hp, do ta c cc n ph vch nh sng t cc n ph vch c ngun gc t cc chuyn di in t trong cc nguyn t. Cc n ph vch thng dng cc loi kh nh Xe, Ne, Ar, hoc cc nguyn t khc nh Fe. Cc vch thng c bit mt cch chnh xc v lp thnh bng (). Do cc n ny thng c dng chun my quang ph. Trong trng hp Hydro, bc x do chuyn di ca in t t lp ngoi vo lp in t trong. Cc chuyn di c cc mc nng lng tng ng theo cng thc:

Trong Ry l nng lng Rydberg, n l s lng t chnh ca lp in t pha trong, cn m l s lng t chnh ca lp in t ngoi. Cc t hp khc nhau ca cc chuyn mc to thnh cc seri vch ph Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brakett v Pfund. Lu rng seri Lyman nm trong vng UV, seri Balmer ph ht vng nhn thy v seri Paschen nm trong vung IR ca nh sng.

Hnh 4: ph n hydro Bn s lng t l: - n S lng t chnh - l s lng t moment gc - m s lng t t - s s lng t spin Nu nguyn t c hn mt in t, cc qu o c lp y theo nguyn tc sau: Mi in t chim mc nng lng thp nht c th Nguyn l Pauli: mi in t c t nht mt s lng t khc nhau

Hnh 6: Mc nng lng ca cc in t khc nhau Cc chuyn mc in t tun theo nguyn l chn lc:

Bc x nh sng l mt qu trnh 2 bc: Kch thch mt in t ln mc nng lng cao hn bng: Nhit nh sng in t 2. Bc x t pht : in t hi phc xung trng thi ban u v pht bc x c nng lng bng hiu ca hai trng thi ban u v kch thch LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation - Khuch i nh sng bng bc x cng bc

Cc c trng ca laser: phn k chm tia nh Ph rt hp kt hp ln Theo ng thc Heisenberg:

_ l l di kt hp

FWHM l bn rng ph Vi mt laser c bn rng ph l 10 KHz th di kt hp l khong vi km Trong trng hp nh sng mt tri, di kt hp l : l = 50 100 nm ( vng di sng: 250 900 nm, hay 1015 Hz) Nguyn l c bn:

Hnh 8: Nguyn l hot ng ca mt laser

1. Bung cng hng (gng 1 v gng 2) Sng ng lan truyn gia hai gng ca bung cng hng. Gng 1 c phn x 100% v gng 2 c R = 95% nh sng c pht ra t gng 2 2. Mt mi trng hot cht c t vo trong bung cng hng chuyn di cng bc xy ra trong mi trng hot cht ca laser Mi trng hot cht ca laser c bm nng lng t bn ngoi bng in trng cao tn hoc bng quang hc (n chp hoc bng mt laser khc) Laser c phn loi theo mi trng hot cht: Laser kh: He- Ne Ar+ CO2 633 nm 514 nm 10.6 m 1 mW - 50 mW 50 mW - 20 W 20 W - 1000 W

Hnh 9: Cc mc nng lng v cc qu trnh pht x ca mt laser Laser rn: Ruby Nd:YAG Ti: Sapphire Laser mu Laser bn dn: diode laser Hoc theo ngun bm: s phng in ca in t => laser kh n chp hoc laser khc => laser rn hoc laser mu 694.3 nm 1064 nm / 532 nm 700 - 1100 nm Cr3+ ions trong mng Al2O3 Nd3+ ions trong tinh th Y3Al5O12 Ti3+ions trong mng Al2O3

Dng phn cc => laser bn dn Theo cu to bung cng hng: gng phng hoc cong Cc u im ca laser:

Cc knh lc: - Knh lc trung tnh - Knh lc ct theo vng (knh lc mu) - Knh lc giao thoa My n sc: My n sc l thit b to nh sng n sc, hai loi: Tn sc: lng knh, cch t Khng tn sc: Giao thoa k, ph k bin i Fourier phn gii ph: tiu chun Rayleigh Hai tia sng vi di bc sng v + c coi l phn gii nu cc i nh nhiu x ca tia th nht trng vi cc tiu nh nhiu x ca tia th hai phn gii c nh ngha:

Lng knh:

nh sng chiu vo lng knh theo mt gc , sau b khc x theo gc . Theo nh lut Snell th: n = sin() / sin() n l chit sut ca mi trng, chit sut ca lng knh Khi i qua mt phn cch th hai ca lng knh, nh sng li b khc x mt ln na. Mi nh sng (mu) s lan truyn trong mi trng theo mt vn tc khc nhau n = n(), v vy nh sng v nh sng + s thot ra khi lng knh hai gc khc nhau n = n() => / 0 phn gii ca lng knh:

b l rng ca lng knh. V vy, tng phn gii ca lng knh, tng n hoc b Cch t

Nhiu x ca tia sng trn mt khe:

Nhiu x ca nh sng trn cch t hay khe my n sc dng cch t

Cc trng hp N -> V b -> D

S dng my n sc kp, phn gii nhn i nhng cng gim I ~ 1/n2, n l bc ca cch t. S dng cch t pha: trnh s trng ca cc i nhiu x bc khng vi cc i nhiu x trung tm = 2Dsin /n, l gc nghing ca vch (khe) cch t so vi mt phng cch t 1.6 Detectors Cui cng th tn hiu quang cn c ghi nhn. Cc th nghim khc nhau c cc cch ghi nhn tn hiu khc nhau, v th c cc loi u thu khc nhau ph hp cho tng loi th nghim. Nhn chung, cc u thu cn c cc tiu chun sau: a) Cc u thu: Yu cu: nhy cao di ph rng p ng nhanh n nh v tuyn tnh

Ngy nay, cc u thu c th phn bit hai loi:

- u thu n knh: Ti mt thi im o, ch mt im ca ph nng lng c ghi nhn. nhn c ton gii ph, cn phi qut ph, c ngha l thay i v tr ca lng knh hoc cch t ca my n sc v o tng im mt. u thu n knh thng c nhy cao - u thu a knh (CCD) u thu c th ghi nhn c ton b mt vng ph mt lc (nhiu knh nng lng). Tu theo my n sc v u thu m ton b vng ph ch cn ghi nhn trong mt ln chiu sng. Tuy nhy ca u thu a knh khng bng n knh nhng thi gian lm th nghim gim ng k, v vy ngy nay u thu a knh c s dng rng ri 1. Cc loi phim nh c in AgBr + h => Ag + Br Hiu sut lng t thp: 0.01 1%, khng s ho c nh mn do kch thc ht nh, v vy vn c s dng trong cc cng vic cn c phn gii cao. 2. Cp nhit in Cp nhit in l u thu n knh, bin i tn hiu quang trc tip thnh tn hiu in bng hiu ng nhit. nhy khng cao v phn ng chm nhng u im l vng ph rt rng v khng ph thuc vo bc sng. Thng c dng lm u thu hng ngoi (IR). Ngy nay, c dng lm u thu chun cho laser. 3. ng nhn quang in

Da trn hiu ng quang in: cathode hp th photon sinh ra in t, di tc dng ca in trng, cc in t ny tp trung trn b mt ca cc dinode v sinh ra in t th cp tip theo to ra mt dng cc in t => tn hiu c nhn ln nhiu ln, 10 5-6 ln. Hiu sut lng t 35% in th trn cc dinode quyt nh vn tc, nhy v s tuyn tnh ca php o (dng in t). Hai kiu tn hiu: mnh => o tch phn yu => o n xung (phn gii thi gian) nhy b gii hn bi dng ti do cc bc x nhit ca in t => lm lnh Phn bit cc PMT dng cho cc di bc sng khc nhau: vng hng ngoi, nhn thy hay t ngoi: ph thuc vo cht liu ca cathode 4. Photodiode Photodiode l mt loi linh kin bn dn in hnh da trn hiu ng sinh cc cp ht ti in trong lp ngho ca chuyn tip p-n. nh sng ti trn b mt phootodiode b hp th trong lp ngho sinh ra cp in t l trng, cp ny to thnh dng in di tc dng ca in trng trn chuyn tip p-n

Photodiode c phn thnh nhiu loi ph thuc vo di ph, tc lm vic v cu trc: PIN photodiode, APD, MOS Ghi nh: i vi photodiode cng nh PMT (ng nhn quang in) : nhanh th khng nhy v ngc li

Hnh : ph nhy ca cc photodiode trn c s bn dn Photodiode l u thu n knh, c th tp hp nhiu photodiode (~1000) thnh mt dy to thnh mt u thu a knh : dy photodiode (photodiode aray)

1.6.5 CCD (charge coupled devise) CCD camera hin nay l u thu c s dng nhiu nht trong vng nhn thy. u thu a knh

Cc MOS diode c ch to trn mt mng SiO2 ca mt tm p-Si bng k thut khc. Kch thc ca cc MOS l khong 20m, mi diode c gi l mt pixel. u thu a knh cho php thu ton b di ph vo mt ca s c bit trong ch mt ln

chiu sng. Vic ny gim n k thi gian th nghim. Trong mt s trng hp, ton b thng tin c ghi nhn ch trong mt vi giy. Cc MOS (metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) diode c ch to trn mt mng SiO2 ca mt tm pSi bng k thut khc. Kch thc ca cc MOS l khong 20m, mi diode c gi l mt pixel. Hin nay s pixel ca CCD thng l 1024 x 2048, nhng cc CCD vi lng pixel ln hn c sn xut. c im ca u thu CCD l c nhy cao v dng ti cc nh. gim thiu cc nhiu in t hay l ci thin t l tn hiu trn nhiu ca u thu, chip CCD thng c lm lnh bng pin Peltier hoc bng nitow lng (T= 77o K). Hiu sut lng t v rng ca di ph c ci thin bng k thut dng chp CCD c lm mng pha sau. Trong trng hp ny, p-Si c lm mng pha sau bng n mn xung ti 50 nm. nh sng chiu ti c phn x li t pha sau v i qua lp diode mt ln na