FROM: MUHAMMAD TANKO BABA Department of Mechanical Engineering The Federal Polytechnic P. M.B. 35 Mubi Adamawa State Nigeria.

TO: The Managing Editor Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) Sir, Journal Title: Evaluation of Moisture Content of Yola Municipal Solid Waste for Energy Production Article Type: Research Article In reference to the above journal title, I as a corresponding author, submit the manuscript for publication in Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS). This manuscript has not been published or considered for publication by any other journal or elsewhere. Please consider for publication in your journal. Thank you Muhammad Tanko Baba Phone No. 08025194104; 08037259060 Email: muhammadtanko@yahoo.com

EVALUATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF YOLA MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

BY

BABA, M. T. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC MUBI, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA. Email: muhammadtanko@yahoo.com

AND

GARBA, I. MNSE, Regd. Engr. COREN DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO, KANO STATE, NIGERIA. Email: isagar2051@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the moisture content of Yola (Jimeta) metropolis of Adamawa state, Nigeria. The purpose of the study is to assess the amount of moisture present in Yola municipal solid waste for use in an Integrated Solid Waste Management. This will assist in promoting the development of technologies to utilize municipal solid waste as energy sources. The study was carried out in order to determine the suitability of the waste in energy production. The study area was classified into three different waste areas namely waste areas A, B, and C known as high, medium, and low income areas respectively. Waste area A comprised of 80 unit housing estate, Dougirei housing estate, and Government Reserve Area (GRA). Waste area B includes State Low Cost housing, Nasarawo, and Demsawo. Waste area C comprised of luggere Qtrs, Yelwa Qtrs, Rumde Qtrs.The components of the waste and percentage composition were determined using hand sorting process. The moisture content was determined using analytical method. The results show that the major portion of municipal solid waste in Yola metropolis was organic material and the average moisture content was found to be 49.98% indicating that the waste is wet and therefore not suitable for energy production. Key Words: Moisture Content, Energy, Waste, Organic material, Percentage Composition.

1.0 INTRODUCTION Municipal solid waste (MSW) refers to household waste combined with a minor portion of commercial waste collected together. (Changkook Ryu, 2010). It is regarded as source of energy because it contains a high proportion of biomass materials such as paper/cardboard, wood, and food. Ogwueleka (2009) also defined municipal solid waste to include refuse from households, non-harzardous solid waste from industrial, commercial and institutional establishments (including hospitals), market wastes, yard waste, and street sweepings. However, population and economic growth increased waste generation rates and also changed the waste composition. It is estimated that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally reached 2.02 billion tonnes, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003. (UNEP, 2007). Although considerable efforts are being made by many governments and other organizations in tackling waste related problems, there are still major gaps to be filled in this area. The world bank estimated that in developing countries, it is common for municipalities to spend 20-50% of their
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available budget on solid waste management (open dumping with open burning is the norm), even though 30-60% of all the urban solid wastes remain uncollected (UNEP,2009). The volume of solid waste being generated continued to increase at a faster rate than the ability of the environmental protection agencies to improve on financial and technical resources needed to parallel this growth (Ogwueleka, 2009). This leads to environmental degradation in form of soil and ground water contamination through leachate, air pollution, uncontrolled burning of waste, and the release of methane by anaerobic decomposition of waste materials. Also uncontrolled landfills may lead to a spreading of disease by birds or insects. Globally, there are different systems of waste disposal. However, in Nigeria, like most developing countries, wastes are commonly dumped in open dumps, uncontrolled landfills where a waste collection service is organised (Ogwueleka, 2009). These dumps are frequently allowed to burn either deliberately as a means of volume reduction or allowed to burn accidentally. These pose environmental hazards. From the waste management hierarchy, preventing and minimising the generation of waste are clearly the most effective use of scarce resources and avoid environmental issues associated with waste handling, treatment and disposals followed by reuse and recycling. However, some wastes are not suitable for recycling because of the variability in their composition and the removal of materials for recycling tends to leave a residue that has a significant calorific value making it suitable for energy recovery operations. The aim of this study is to determine the moisture content of municipal solid waste in Yola (Jimeta) metropolis of Adamawa state Nigeria in order to determine its suitability for energy production. The study is limited only to analytical method of moisture content evaluation and covers only the household wastes of Yola (Jimeta) metropolis.
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2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 The Study Area: The study was conducted in Jimeta Yola metropolitan which falls within the north guinea savannah region and it is both the political and administrative capital of Adamawa State. It is the largest and most populated of the 21 urban centres in the state with an estimated population of 159,779 persons in 1991 to 234,472 in 2006 (Hassan, T.I; Majeed, M.R and Adnan, R 2011) indicating an annual growth rate of 3.2%. The study area is delimited on the north by latitude 9.2833oN and in the east by 12.4667oE was classified into three waste area types namely high, medium and low population density waste Areas called Area A, Area B and Area C respectively on the assumption that there is a significant positive correlation between per capital waste generation and income levels of residents (Kreith, 1994).

Fig. 1: Map of Adamawa state showing Yola (Study area). (Source: Adebayo A.A and Tukur A.L, 1999)

2.2 Waste Composition Study: To determine the waste composition, hand sorting of the waste samples was used. After collection of the waste samples, from the households in the classified waste areas; the samples were then pooled together to form a huge waste composite sample. The composite sample was then placed on a clear polyethylene sheets that were spread on the floor and then sorted by hand according to the following categories: - Paper, Plastics, Rubber, Textiles, Leather, Glass, Metals, and Organic/wastes. At the completion of the sorting, each category was placed in its appropriate container and weighed. The various weights of the wastes categories were recorded in the data sheet shown in Tables 2-4. Table 2: Daily Waste composition data sheet. Location: Area A. Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ave. Waste Components (kg) Paper Plastics/Rubber 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.66 0.41 Textiles 0.3 0.06 0.2 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.07 1.0 0.09 0.9 0.51 Leather 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.5 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.8 2.1 1.16 Glass 2.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.5 2.2 0.8 1.00 Metals 0.2 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.06 0.77 Organic/Others 3.0 7.0 10.2 18.3 16.2 18.0 18.4 10.4 17.2 17.7 16.34

Table 3: Daily Waste composition data sheet. Location: Area B Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ave. Waste Components (kg) Paper Plastics/Rubber 3.8 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 3.2 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.97 0.38 Textiles 0.3 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.38 Leather 2.0 4.0 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.6 1.6 3.0 2.0 3.0 1.92 Glass 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.5 0.4 0.2 0.57 Metals 0.2 1.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.54 Organic/Others 22.5 23.0 31.5 17.1 14.0 9.6 20.1 28.5 19.0 5.2 19.05

Table 4: Daily Waste composition data sheet. Location: Area C. Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ave. Waste Components (kg) Paper Plastics/Rubber Textiles 3.0 0.6 1.9 0.9 1.3 0.8 2.8 2.0 3.2 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.7 2.5 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.0 0.9 2,4 0.7 1.7 1.61 1.02 1.34 Leather 9.8 6.0 5.8 1.8 1.9 5.2 4.9 6.0 4.8 4.3 5.05 Glass 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.63 Metals 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.54 Organic/Others 140.1 94.5 100.8 88.8 83.4 94.8 101.2 98.2 78.6 118.6 99.9

2.3 Determination of Moisture Content: Subsamples, each weighing about 30-100kg was extracted from a representative composite sample in each waste area to determine the moisture content. The subsamples were weighed as collected (wet weight). The samples were then spread on the floor and allowed to stand under the

sun until it was air - dry and weighed (dry weight). The wet and dry weights were recorded in tables 5. The percentage moisture content for each waste area was then obtained through the following formula: (1)

. (UNEP, 2005). Table 5: Wet and Dry weights of MSW in various Waste Areas. Waste Area A Wet Weight(Kg) 43.39 Dry Weight(Kg) 21.19

35.0

25.8

98.4

34.9

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): The composition of the municipal solid waste was obtained from the hand sorting process. The components sorted were paper, plastics/rubber, textiles, leather, glass, metals, and organic/others. Table 6 shows the variations in the average percentage weight of the various waste components from the waste areas under study. From the table, it shows that organic wastes constitute the major constituent of the waste in all the waste areas under the study with 16.34%, 19.05%, and 99.9% in areas A, B, and C respectively.

The percentage waste composition of each waste area is presented in figures 1, 2, and 3. It is shown from these figures that waste area C has the highest percentage of paper (1.16%), plastics/rubber (1.02%), textiles (1.34%), and leather (5.05%) whereas waste area A has the highest percentage of glass (1.0%), and metals (0.7%). Table 6: Result of Waste composition (%) in the Waste Study Areas. Waste Components A Paper Plastics/Rubber Textiles Leather Glass Metals/Cans Organic/Others 0.66 0.41 0.51 1.16 1.0 0.77 16.34 Waste Areas B 0.97 0.38 0.38 1.92 0.57 0.54 19.05 C 1.16 1.02 1.34 5.05 0.63 0.54 99.9

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Waste Composition(%)

Waste Components

Fig. 2: Percentage waste composition for waste area A

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Waste Composition(%)

Waste Components

Fig. 3: Percentage waste composition for waste area B

Percentage Composition(%)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Waste Components

Fig. 4: Percentage waste composition for waste area C

3.2 Moisture Content of the Municipal Solid Waste: The moisture content was determined using equation 3.2 after the weighing and drying processes. The results obtained from the waste areas covered during the study were presented in fig.4. The highest percentage of the moisture content is 63.5% for waste area C followed by 51.16% for waste area A. Waste area B has the lowest percentage of moisture content (26.28%). The values obtained are high and indicate that the waste in the study area is very wet. The high values of the moisture content might be due to the large quantity of wet based materials such as the organic components in the waste stream. The average of moisture content analysis of the waste in the study area is 46.98%. This is high compared to the moisture content of about 26% generally associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) in North America (Kreith, 1994).

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60 50 Moisture Content (%) 40 30 20 10 0 Area A Area B Waste Areas Area C

Fig. 5: Moisture contents of MSW in the various waste areas. CONCLUSION: The higher percentage of municipal solid waste in Jimeta Yola metropolis as shown by this study consists of organic materials or easily degradable components. The various waste components typically found in the waste stream of Yola metropolis include paper, plastics/rubber, textiles, leather, glass, metals/can, organic materials. The moisture contents of the wastes in the various waste areas covered during the study were found to be 51.16% for area A, 26.28% for area B, and 63.50% for waste area C. The average of moisture content analysis of the waste in the study area is 46.98%. This is high compared to the moisture content of about 26% generally associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) in North America (Kreith, 1994). The values obtained showed that the waste in Yola metropolis is wet

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and therefore concluded that such waste is not suitable for energy production. However, it is recommended that laboratory analysis should be carried out for comparison. REFERENCES: Hassan, T.I; Majeed, M.R and Adnan, R, 2011. Solid Waste Management in Jimeta- Yola, Nigeria. A glance at the World/Waste Management. 31: 2641-2650. Kreith F. 1994. Handbook of Solid Waste Management. Mc Graw-Hill Inc. U.S.A. UNEP, 2009. Waste Characterization and Quantification Vol.1. Division of Technology, Industry and Economics. International Environmental Technology Center Osaka/Shiga Japan. Ogwueleka T. C. 2009. Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Management in Nigeria. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. 6: 173-180. Adebayo A.A and Tukur A.L, 1999. Adamawa State in Maps. Paraclet Publishers, Nigeria. UNEP, 2007. Global Waste Management Report. Division of Technology, Industry and Economics. International Environmental Technology Center Osaka/Shiga Japan. Changkook R. 2010. Potential of Municipal Solid Waste for Renewable Energy Production and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in South Korea. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. 60: 176-183. UNEP, 2005. Solid Waste Management Vol. 1. Cal Recovery Inc.

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