DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB MANUAL III BTECH, ECE 1ST SEMESTER

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB

SYLLABUS
List of Experiments:

1. Time Division Multiplexing 2. Pulse Code modulation 3. Differential Pulse Code modulation 4. Delta modulation 5. Frequency Shift Keying 6. Phase Shift Keying 7. Differential Phase Shift Keying. 8.Companding 9. Source Encoder and Decoder 10. Linear Block Code-Encoder and Decoder 11. Binary Cyclic Code - Encoder and Decoder 12. Convolution Code - Encoder and Decoder

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB

List of Experiments:

1. Time division multiplexing. 2. Pulse code modulation. 3. Differential pulse code modulation. 4. Delta modulation. 5. Frequency shift keying. 6. Phase shift keying . 7. Differential phase shift keying. 8. Companding 9. Source Encoder and Decoder 10. Linear Block Code-Encoder and Decoder 11. Binary Cyclic Code - Encoder and Decoder 12. Convolution Code - Encoder and Decoder Equipment required for Laboratories: 1. RPS - 0 30 V 2. CRO - 0 20 M Hz. 3. Function Generators - 0 1 M Hz 4. RF Generators - 0 1000 M Hz./0 100 M Hz. 5. Multimeters 6. Lab Experimental kits for Digital Communication 7. Components 8. Radio Receiver/TV Receiver Demo kits or Trainees.

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1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING

AIM: To transmit a multiplexed output of different frequency message signals through a single channel using TDM system and recover back the original message signals through a demultiplexer at receiver end. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. THEORY: Time division multiplexing is a technique used for transmitting several analog message signals over a single communication channel, by dividing the time frame in to number of slots, i.e. one slot for each signal. Here there are four input signals; all are band limited to fx by the input Low pass filters, and all these are sequentially sampled at the transmitter by using a rotary switch i.e. commutator. This commutator makes fs revolutions per second and extracts one sample from each input during each revolution. The out put of the switch is a PAM wave form containing samples of the input signals periodically interfaced with time. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: TDM trainer kit CRO Patch cards Connecting wires

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PROCEDURE: (AT TRANSMITTING BLOCK) 1. Place the duty cycle controlled switch in position-5 2. Turn the potentiometer in function generator block fully in clock wise 3. The following connections are made 250Hz to channel-o 500Hz to channel-1 1kHz to channel-2 2kHz to channel -3 4. The external triggering will be given to the channel-0 terminal. 5. Then multiplexed output is observed across Tx output terminal. 6. Vary the amplitude of input sine wave by varying the potentiometers in function generator block to indicate which sample belongs to which output channel and then the outputs are plotted on the graph. (AT RECEIVER BLOCK) 1. The following connections are made Tx output to Rx output Tx clock to Rx clock Tx t0 to Rx t0 2. Above connections are made sure that the Tx clock signal is used by the Rx to Synchronize its activity 3. Then de-multiplexed original message signals are available across the low pass filters at receiver block. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be tight. 2. Waveforms must be noted carefully.

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OUTPUT WAVEFORMS: (Transmitting Signals)

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DEMULTIPLEXED OUTPUT:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by multiplexing technique and what are the different types of
Multiplexers? 2. Briefly explain about TDM&FDM? 3. What is the transmission band width of a PAM/TDM signal? 4. Define crosstalk effect in PAM/TDM system? 5. What are the advantages of TDM system? 6. What are major differences between TDM&FDM? 7. Give the value of Ts in TDM system? 8. What are the applications of TDM system and give some example? 9. What is meant by signal overlapping? 10. Which type of modulation technique will be used in TDM? RESULT: Hence four message signals are transmitted at a time through a single communication channel, using TDM system and again de-multiplex these four message signals at receiver is observed.

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2. PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To convert an analog signal into a pulse digital signal using PCM system and to convert the digital signal into analog signal using PCM demodulation system. APPARATUS: 1. PCM transmitter trainer. 2. PCM receiver trainer. 3. CRO and connecting wires. THEORY: In the PCM communication system, the input analog signal is sampled and these samples are subjected to the operation of quantization. The quantized samples are applied to an encoder. The encoder responds to each such a sample by generation unique and identifiable binary pulse. The combination of quantize and encoder is called analog to digital converter. It accepts analog signal and replaces it with a successive code symbol, each symbol consists of a train of pulses in which the each pulse represents a digit in arithmetic system. When this digitally encoded signal arrives at the receiver, the first operation to be performed is separation of noise which has been added during transmission along the channel. It is possible because of quantization of the signal for each pulse interval; it has to determine which of many possible values has been received. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

PROCEDURE: 1. The two inputs of function generator are connected to channel -0 and channel-1 simultaneously that is DC1 output to channel -0 and DC2 to channel-1. 2. With the help of oscillator DC1 output is adjusted to 0 volts. 3. Transmitter and receiver are connected by the synchronization of clock pulses and by connecting ground transmitter to ground receiver. 4. The transmitter is connected to the input of receiver to go the original signal at the receiver output. 5. After connection is made the inputs channel 1 and channel 0 are noted. The sampled output of bit channels are taken by connecting DC 1 output to channel 0 and DC2 output to channel-1. 6. The phase shift of a channel can be obtained by comparing the input and output of channels at the transmitter block. 7. Thus the output of transmitter can be noted down and input of receiver is similar to that. 8. The receiver output signals are noted down at channel 0 and channel 1 of the receiver block. Page 10

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is the expression for transmission bandwidth in a PCM system? 2. What is the expression for quantization noise /error in PCM system? 3. What are the applications of PCM? 4. What are the advantages of the PCM? 5. What are the disadvantages of PCM?

RESULT: Thus the A/D and D/A are converted using PCM modulation and demodulation systems.

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4. DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To transmit an analog message signal in its digital form and again reconstruct back the original analog message signal at receiver by using Delta modulator. APPARATUS: Delta modulator trainer kit 2. CRO 3. Probes & patch cards THEORY: Delta modulator is an advanced version of PCM system, so it is also known as Single bit PCM system. It generates the output signal by comparing the input signal with its quantized approximated output i.e. if the step size increases to+ it gives binary value 1 and if step downs to -it gives binary value o. In this way it reduces the transmission channel band width. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
1.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR DEMODULATOR:

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PROCEDURE: MODULATOR 1. 1.Give the 1kHz analog input to the comparator input pin(9) and the output of the comparator is given to the bi-stable circuit input the TX clock signal is given to the other input of the bi-stable circuit. 2. The bi-stable circuit output is internally given to the Unipolar/bipolar converter and the output of this converter will be given to the input of integrator. 3. The integrator output is given to the second input of the comparator. 4. Then plot the comparator input waveforms and the bi-stable circuit output, and the corresponding clock signal.

DEMODULATOR 1. Connect the bi-stable circuit output to the demodulator side bi-stable circuit input, and also give the receiver clock signal to this circuit. 2. The output of this bi-stable circuit is internally given to the Unipolar/bipolar converter and the output of this converter will be given to the input of integrator at demodulator side. 3. Then the integrator output is given to the low pass filter, so finally we observe the original analog signal output across low pass filter output terminal. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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PRECAUTIONS: 1. 2. Connections must be tight. Note down the comparator inputs carefully.

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What are the advantages of Delta modulator? What are the disadvantages of delta modulator? How to overcome slope overload distortion? How to overcome Granular or ideal noise? What are the differences between PCM & DM? Define about slope over load distortion? What is the other name of Granular noise? What is meant by staircase approximation? What are the disadvantages of Delta modulator?

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10. Write the equation for error at present sample?

RESULT: Hence we obtained the digital data output of a given analog message signal by using delta modulator

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5. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate the frequency shift keying signal for a given binary data and also demodulate the original data input. APPARATUS:
1. PCM transmitter trainer kit. 2. Data formatting & carrier modulation transmitter trainer kit 3. Data reformatting & carrier demodulation receiver trainer kit 4. C.R.O 5. Connecting wires and probes

THEORY: In FSK, the waveform is generated by switching the frequency of the carrier between two values corresponding to the binary information which is to be transmitted. Here the carrier frequency varies from lowest to highest point i.e. carrier swing is known as Frequency shift keying. FSK signaling schemes find a wide range of applications in low speed digital data transmission systems. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: (PCM TX)

D.C 1 to CH.0 CH.0 to CH.1 2. The following conditions should be there Mode switch - fast mode Sync switch - ON Switched faults OFF Error check code OFF TX .T0 - CRO external triggering. Adjust D.C1 until the 7 bit code is displayed on A/D converter LED.
Then observe the PCM TX data output.

1. The following connections are made at PCM T X

(DATA FORMATTING AND CARRIER MOD.&DEMOD. TRAINER)

1. From PCM Tx clock to Tx clock input terminal. 2. PCM output to Tx data input. 3. Then connect NRZ (L) output, carrier of 1.44MHz is applied at modulating input& carrier inputs of Modulator I. 4. Now invert the NRZ (L) output, then the inverted output and 960MHz carrier signal both are given to Modulator II. 5. Both the outputs of Modulator I& Modulator II are given to a summing amplifier then we observe the FSK output across the summing amplifier output terminal. 6. For demodulation of this FSK signal, connect this FSK output to FSK demodulator input terminal and the output of this FSK demodulator block is given to the input of LPF. 7. The LPF output is given to the input of voltage comparator, then we observe the demodulated output across the output terminal of the voltage comparator of DF&CDM trainer kit. Page 18

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be tight. 2. Carefully draw the output waveform

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Define Binary FSK signal? 2. What is meant by carrier swing? 3. Define Frequency deviation of FSK signal? 4. What are the advantages of this FSK signal? 5. Give the differences between FSK & FM?

RESULT: Hence obtained the FSK signal for a given input data and also obtained the demodulated data the given FSK signal.

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6. PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate the phase shift keying signal for the given binary data & to demodulated to Receive the transmitted binary data. APPARATUS: 1. PCM trainer kit 2. PSK trainer kit 3. CRO THEORY: Phase shift keying or discrete phase modulation is another technique available for communicating digital information over band pass channels. In PSK signaling schemes the waveforms s1(t) = -Acoswct & S2(T) = Acoswct are used to convey binary digits 0& 1 respectively. The binary PSK waveform Z (t) can be described by, Z (t) = D (t) Acoswct . Where D (T) is a random binary waveform with period T b& levels -1&1. The only difference b/w the ASK&PSK waveform is that in the ASK scheme the carrier is switched on &off whereas in the PSK scheme the carrier is switched b/w levels +A & -A. The differentially coherent PSK signaling scheme makes use of a clever technique designed to get around the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: 1. Assume that the following connections are made on PCM T X. 2. DC1 o/p is connected to channel -0 i/p. 3. Channel-0 i/p is connected to chennal-1 i/p 4. Mode switch is kept in fast mode. 5. Synch button is kept in on position. 6. Switched faults should be in OFF position. 7. Error check OFF (00). 8. TX to be connected to CRO external triggering. 9. Adjust the DC1 until the 7bit code displayed on A/D converter. 10. LED is observing the PCM o/p at PCM T x o/p. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is the bandwidth requirement of BPSK? 2. What is the expression for error probability of BPSK reception using coherent matched filter detection? 3. What are the draw backs of BPSK? 4. Draw the Power spectral density of BPSK? 5. What are the major differences between DPSK&BPSK? 6. What are the advantages of BPSK over a PSK signal? RESULT: Hence the PSK output of a given binary data is generated and also the demodulated output of a PSK signal is obtained.

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7. DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate differentially phase shift keying signal and also demodulate the original binary data. APPARATUS: 1. DPSK modulation and demodulation trainer kit 2. CRO 3. Patch cards THEORY: We may view DPSK as the non-coherent vision of PSK. It eliminates the need for adjustment coherent reference signal at the receiver by connecting two basic operations at the transmitter. 1. Differential encoding at the transmitter. 2. Phase shift keying Hence differential encoding means the given input data will be done EX-OR operation with the previous encoded bit. Now the process of Phase shift keying will be done for both differentially encoded data and the carrier signal. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DPSK MODULATOR

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DPSK DEMODULATOR

PROCEDURE: (MODULATOR) 1. In this DPSK trainer kit there three signal generators one is for carrier signal and the second is for clock signal and another is for electrical representation of data bits, so give the carrier signal to CARRIER IN terminal OF MODULATOR. 2. Give the clock signal to CLOCK IN terminal and there are four different data bit combinations are available in the form of (D1, D2, D3 and D4) so connect one of this input data signal to DATA IN terminal of the modulator. 3. Take the differential data output across the DIFF.OUT terminal of the modulator. 4. And then observe the differentially phase shifted carrier signal across the output of the modulator i.e. DPSK output. (DEMODULATOR) 5. 6. 7. 8. Connect DPSK output to DPSK input terminal of the demodulator block. Give the clock signal to CLOCK IN terminal and also connect the carrier signal to CARRIER IN terminal. Ground both the modulator and demodulator circuits. Observe the DPSK demodulated output across the DEMOD.OUT terminal of the demodulator circuit.

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OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections should be tight. 2. Note the output wave forms carefully. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is the difference between PSK&DPSK? 2. What is the band width requirement of a DPSK? 3. Explain the operation of DPSK detection? 4. What are the advantages of DPSK? 5. What is meant by differential encoding? 6. In Differential encoding technique which type of logic gates are used? RESULT: Hence the differential phase shift keying output of a given binary data and the corresponding demodulated outputs are observed. Page 26

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