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THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL MIDDLE-EAST POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, MEPCON2003 Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt, December 16-18,2003

DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN INRUSH AND FAULT CURRENTS IN POWER TRANSFORMERS BY FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUE
H. H. El-Tamaly Faculty of Engineering, Elminia University dr_h_tamaly@yahoo.com Mohamed A. A. Wahab Faculty of Engineering, Elminia University ma_abdelwahab@hotmail.com A. H. Kasem Faculty of Industrial Education, Suez Canal University

ABSTRACT The high amplitude of inrush current in transformers at the instant of switching-on may be confused with the internal fault currents. The protective devices must be able to discriminate between inrush and fault currents. This paper presents an algorithm implemented by fuzzy logic for proper discrimination between the inrush and fault currents in the power transformers. Four inputs feed the algorithm. Then the algorithm applies the fuzzy rules on the four inputs. The output extracted from the algorithm is used to control the operation of the trip coil. The proposed algorithm is simple and achieves high reliability for the job of discrimination between inrush and fault currents. 1- INTRODUCTION Conventional methods of discrimination between inrush and fault currents in power transformers depend mainly on the second harmonic level of the line current. The trip coil signal is blocked when the second harmonic level reaches a certain value. These methods of discrimination do not achieve high reliability for different conditions of inrush and fault currents.

A microprocessor-based algorithm is presented for on-line identification of inrush and fault currents in [1]. In [2], the sum of active power flowing into the terminals of the transformer is used for distinguishing between inrush and fault currents. A special relay [3], tuned to a band of high frequencies, is used to capture the transient currents and identify them. The controlled switching is used for inrush current elimination in [4, 5]. Artificial neural network algorithm is carried out in [6] and a combined method of wavelet transform with neural networks is presented in [7]. In [8], a wavelet-based technique is employed to make the job of discrimination. Fuzzy logic techniques have superseded conventional technologies in many scientific applications and engineering systems. Fuzzy techniques are applicable in various areas such as control, pattern recognition, quantitative analysis, planning, and prediction. The applications of fuzzy technique for transformer protection have been reported.

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One of the fuzzy logic applications is the multi-criteria differential transformer relay [9]. Fuzzy logic technique is suitable for the problem of discrimination between inrush and fault currents. In order to use the fuzzy logic technique the input parameter, limits of each case should be determined precisely. The obtained data for inrush and fault current waveforms in reference [10] are used as input data, which feed the proposed algorithm. The algorithm inputs are taken from both time and frequency domains. The output is used as a control signal to guide the trip coil for the correct operation. 2- PROPOSED ALGORITHM 2-1 General Description This algorithm, based on fuzzy logic, is standing alone for current pattern classification in transformers. The proposed fuzzy logic algorithm is fed by four inputs. The output of the algorithm indicates ''0'' for inrush current and ''1'' for fault current. The algorithm inputs are taken for the first cycle of switching and arranged as follows, 1. The line current amplitude through a suitable current transformer. 2. The portion of differential current cycle at which its level is close to zero. 3. The second harmonic component 4. The DC component. The second harmonic and the DC components are taken as percentage ratios of their respective fundamental. The second harmonic and the DC component of the line current are obtained by the discrete Fourier transform [11]. The proposed algorithm can be shown in Fig. 1.

2-2 Membership Functions (Mf). The selection of the membership functions and their boundaries should express the performance of the fuzzy logic algorithm. Fig.2 shows a layout of the membership functions and their distribution for each input. Fig.3 shows the membership functions for the output.
Mf(Amplitude) low 1 high very high

Amplitude, PU

16

20

Fig. 2-a: Membership functions of the current amplitude.

Mf(Zero-cycle part) small 1 large

1/6

Zero-cycle part

Fig. 2-b: Membership functions of zerocycle part of the differential current.

Mf(2nd Harmonic) down 1 up

Input (1) Input (2) Input (3) Input (4)

Discrimination Output algorithm based on fuzzy logic technique

0.15

2nd Harmonic

Fig.2-c: Membership functions of the 2nd harmonic component.

Fig.1 Simple layout of discrimination algorithm based on fuzzy logic.

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Mf(DC comonent) less 1 medium greater

4. The percentage of the DC component is less than 40%. Exclusion of fault current The fault current case can be ruled out if: 1. The amplitude of line current waveform is lower than or equals the full load current level (1 per unit). 2. The portion of the cycle, when the differential instantaneous current is close to zero, is higher than 1/6 of a cycle. 3. The percentage of the 2nd harmonic is higher than 15%. 4. The percentage of the DC component is higher than 60 %. 2-4 Fuzzy Set Rules

0.4

0.6 DC component

Fig.2-d: Membership functions of the DC component.

Mf(output) 1 block trip

0.1

Output

0.9

Fig.3: Membership functions of the output. 2-3 Criteria of Current Discrimination From the harmonic analysis of the inrush current waveform almost has larger values of 2nd harmonic and DC components compared with their respective values in fault current waveforms [10]. It is noticed in inrush current cases that when the 2nd harmonic is slightly low the corresponding DC component is slightly high. Therefore, both of 2nd and DC components are employed for the discrimination between inrush current and fault currents. The tripping action can take place if the inrush conditions are excluded. Exclusion of Inrush Current The inrush current case can be ruled out if: 1. The amplitude of line current waveform is higher than the highest expected inrush current level. 2. The portion of the cycle, when the differential instantaneous current is close to zero, is less than or equals 1/6 of a cycle [9]. 3. The percentage of the 2nd harmonic is less than 15% [12].

According to these criteria, the fuzzy set rules can be evaluated over the four fuzzy inputs. The suggested set of rules are shown as the following: 1. If input 1 is very high then output will be trip and rule1 weight is w1. 2. If input 1 is low then output will be block and rule2 weight is w2. 3. If input 3 is down then output will be trip and rule3 weight is w3. 4. If input 3 is up then output will be block and rule4 weight is w4. 5. If input 2 is large then output will be block and rule5 weight is w5. 6. If input 2 is small then output will be trip and rule6 weight is w6. 7. If input 4 is greater then output will be block and rule7 weight is w7. 8. If input 4 is less then output will be trip and rule8 weight is w8. 9. If input 1 is high and input 3 is up and input 4 is medium then output will be block and rule9 weight is w9. 10. If input 1 is high and input 3 is down and input 4 is medium then output will be trip and rule10 weight is w10. 11. If input 1 is high and input 2 is large and input 3 is up and input 4 is greater then output will be block and rule11 weight is w11. 12. If input 1 is high and input 2 is small and input 3 is down and input 4 is less

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then output will be trip and rule12 weight is w12. Where: input 1, input 2, input 3 and input 4 are the fuzzy inputs, Amplitude, Zero-cycle part, 2nd Harmonic and DC value respectively. The rule weight expresses the importance of the rule and chosen from the interval [0 1]. The fuzzy outputs of each rule are combined into a single fuzzy output which known by aggregation process. The twelve fuzzy output rules are combined to extract one fuzzy output by the selected method of aggregation. Then the fuzzy output will be defuzzified, to give a crisp number, which is more practical for discrimination problem. 3- CASE STUDY In this section the data is picked from some samples of inrush current and the fault current waveforms calculated in [10]. The algorithm is tested using the data taken from different transformer winding connections. The Fuzzy toolbox under Matlab software has been used for algorithm implementation. Consider two conditions of / transformer-winding connection, one represents the inrush condition and the other represents the fault condition. A) Inrush Condition The inrush current samples are taken with the condition of remnant magnetism (Br) equals 0.8Bmax and different values of switching-on angle. The mathematical model used for calculation of inrush current depends on the calculation of core flux [13, 14]. The inrush current waveform of line A only is shown in Fig.4. The 2nd Harmonic and the DC value are obtained from the harmonic analysis of each inrush current sample. The first peak of the line current waveform in per unit is picked for each inrush current sample. And, the portion of the cycle, when the differential current is close to zero, is taken for each inrush current sample. Table(1) shows the proposed algorithm output response of the

inrush current waveform samples absorbed by / transformer. B) Fault Condition The single-line-to ground fault current is taken to offer samples, which represent the fault condition. The fault current samples are picked with different conditions of load. Fig.5 shows the waveform of the fault current in the case of no-load. Table (2) shows the fuzzy algorithm output response of the fault current samples absorbed by / transformer.

12.184
12

10

Inrush current in PU

Line A
8

0.05

0.1

0.15

Time in Seconds

Fig.4: The inrush current waveform.

20

18.152 Line A

15

Th e fau lt c u rren t in P U

10

-5

-10

-15

0.05

0.1

0.15

Time in Seconds

Fig.5: The fault current waveform.

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Table(1): Fuzzy algorithm output response of the inrush line current waveform samples absorbed by / transformer. Inputs applied to fuzzy algorithm Output of fuzzy Amplitude % of cycle % of DC value % of 2nd algorithm (P.U) when id = 0 harmonic 12.184 48.62 39.4933 64.7247 0.0 12.049 49.65 39.4912 64.7252 0.0 11.982 50.35 40.3358 64.4148 0.0 11.583 50.65 41.1895 64.1058 0.0 11.123 51.65 42.0518 63.7986 0.0 10.931 51.82 33.7828 63.1971 0.0 10.717 52.04 36.3811 62.3289 0.0 Table(2): Fuzzy algorithm output response of the fault line current samples absorbed by / transformer. Inputs applied to fuzzy algorithm Output of fuzzy Amplitude % of cycle % of DC value % of 2nd algorithm (P.U) when id = 0 harmonic 18.152 2.46 7.2700 56.6607 1.0 20.201 2.44 10.5600 55.3900 1.0 16.417 2.49 3.7258 41.8749 1.0 16.101 2.59 3.1642 35.7652 1.0 14.549 2.67 4.7633 30.3764 1.0 13.598 3.03 3.8160 22.3926 1.0 12.673 3.12 3.7538 17.6094 1.0 4- CONCLUSION The fuzzy based algorithm is fed by four inputs and extracts a crisp number output equals ''0'' for inrush and non-fault currents and ''1'' for fault currents. The determination of the membership functions for each input and the design the fuzzy set rule are based mainly on the differences in current waveform and its harmonic contents for both inrush and fault cases. Hence, they should be made in a proper manner to achieve high reliability of the algorithm. Thus it is concluded that the digital relay, which based on the fuzzy logic technique explained here will be able to discriminate exactly between inrush and fault currents. 5- REFERENCES [1] T. S. Sidhu and M.S. Sachdev, ''Online identification of magnetizing inrush and internal faults in threephase transformers'', IEEE Trans. on Power delivery Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 1885-1991, October 1992. K. Yabe, ''Power differential method for discrimination between fault and magnetizing inrush current in transformers'', IEEE Trans. on Power delivery, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 11091118, July 1997. Z. Bo, G. Weller, and T. Lomas, '' A new technique for transformer protection based on transient detection'', IEEE Trans. on Power delivery, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 870875, July 2000. J. H. Brunke and K. J. Frohlich, ''Elimination of transformer inrush currents by controlled switching-part I: Theoretical considerations'', IEEE Trans. on Power delivery, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 276-280, April 2001.

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J. H. Brunke and K. J. Frohlich, ''Elimination of transformer inrush currents by controlled switching-part II: Applications and performance considerations'', IEEE Trans. on Power delivery, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 281-285, April 2001. J. Pihler, B. Grcar and D. Dolinar, '' Improved operation of power transformer protection using artificial neural network'', IEEE Trans. on Power delivery, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 1128-1136, July 1997. P. L. Mao and R. K. Aggarwal, '' A novel approach to the classification of the transient phenomena in power transformers using combined wavelet transform and neural network'', IEEE Trans. on Power delivery, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 654660, October 2001. O. A. Youssef, '' A wavelet-based technique for discrimination between faults and magnetizing inrush currents in transformers'', IEEE Trans. on Power delivery, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 170-176, January 2003. Wiszniewski, and B. Kasztenny, '' A multi-criteria differential transformer relay based on fuzzy logic'' IEEE Trans. on Power delivery, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 1786 - 1792, October 1995.

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A. H. Kasem, ''A study on transformer magnetizing inrush current under different electrical power system conditions using artificial intelligence'', M. Sc. Thesis, Faulty of Engineering, Minia University, 2002. R. E. Ziemer, W. H. Tranter, and D. R. Fannin '' Signals and systems: continuous and discrete'', Book, 2nd edition, Maxwell Macmillan, 1997. H. H. El-Tamaly, ''Magnetizing inrush current phenomenon in power transformers and its effect on the performance of protective relays'', M. Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Mansora University, 1980. R. Yacamini and A. Abu-Nasser, ''The calculation of inrush current in three- phase transformers'', IEE Proc., Vol. 133, Pt. B, No. 1, pp. 3140, January 1986. R. Yacamini and A. Abu-Nasser, ''Numerical calculation of inrush current in single phase transformers'', IEE Proc., Vol. 128, Pt. B, No. 6, pp. 327-334, November 1981.

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