ADVERB

1. What is an Adverb? An adverb is a part of speech. It is any word that modifies any other part of language: verbs (He drove slowly. How did he drive?), adjectives (including numbers), (He drove a very fast car. How fast was his car?), clauses, sentences and other adverbs (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. How slowly did she move?), except for nouns; modifiers of nouns are primarily determiners and adjectives. 2. Function Adverbs typically answer questions such as how? (or in what way?), when?, where?, why? and to what extent?. In English, they often end in ly. When they answer 'how' it is usually in what way. When they answer 'when' it is usually a date or a word such as yesterday or today. When they answer 'why' it is usually an explanation of a problem, issue, or situatiuon usually ending after because. When they answer 'where' it usually states a place. This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words (i.e., adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses. While some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly" suffix, most of them must be identified by untangling the grammatical relationships within the sentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.

In the following examples, each of the highlighted words is an adverb:

Example The midwives waited patiently through a long labour. The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes. The boldly spoken words would return to haunt the rebel. We urged him to dial the number more expeditiously. Unfortunately, the bank closed at three today. 3. Kind of Adverbs

Details Similarly in this sentence, the adverb "patiently" modifies the verb "waited" and describes the manner in which the midwives waited In this sentence, the adverb "quickly" modifies the verb "made" and indicates in what manner (or how fast) the clothing was constructed In this sentence the adverb "boldly" modifies the adjective "spoken" Here the adverb "more" modifies the adverb "expeditiously" In this example, the adverb "unfortunately" modifies the entire sentence

a. Adverbs of Manner She moved slowly and spoke quietly. b. Adverbs of Place She has lived on the island all her life. She still lives there now. c. Adverbs of Frequency She takes the boat to the mainland every day. She often goes by herself. d. Adverbs of Time She tries to get back before dark. It's starting to get dark now. She finished her tea first.

She left early. e. Adverbs of Purpose She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks. She shops in several stores to get the best buys. 4. Adverbs in English In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives. For example, great yields greatly, and beautiful yields beautifully. (Note that some words that end in -ly, such as friendly and lovely, are not adverbs, but adjectives, in which case the root word is usually a noun. There are also underived adjectives that end in -ly, such as holy and ugly). The suffix -ly, surprisingly, is related to the Germanic word "lich" meaning corpse or body. (There is also an obsolete English word lych or lich with the same meaning.) Both words are also related to the word like. The connection between -ly and like is easy to understand. The connection to lich is probably that both are descended from an earlier word that meant something like "shape" or "form". In this way -ly in English is cognate with the common German adjective ending -lich and the Dutch ending -lijk. This same process is followed in Romance languages with the ending -mente, -ment, or -mense meaning "of/like the mind". In some cases, the suffix -wise may be used to derive adverbs from nouns. Historically, -wise competed with a related form -ways and won out against it. In a few words, like sideways, -ways survives; words like clockwise show the transition. Again, it is not a foolproof indicator of a word being an adverb. Some adverbs are formed from nouns or adjectives by appending the prefix a- (such as abreast, astray). There are a number of other suffixes in English that derive adverbs from other word classes,

and there are also many adverbs that are not morphologically indicated at all. Comparative adverbs include more, most, least, and less (in phrases such as more beautiful, most easily etc.).

With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever She worked less confidently after her accident. That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years The usual form pertaining to adjectives or adverbs is called the

patients.

seen.

positive. Formally, adverbs in English are inflected in terms of comparison, just like adjectives. The comparative and superlative forms of some (especially single-syllable) adverbs that do not end in -ly are generated by adding -er and -est (She ran faster; He jumps highest). Others, especially those ending -ly, are periphrastically compared by the use of more or most (She ran more quickly). Adverbs also take comparisons with as ... as, less, and least. Not all adverbs are comparable; for example in the sentence He wore red yesterday it does not make sense to speak of "more yesterday" or "most yesterday". When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb):

He went to the movies. She works on holidays. They lived in Canada during the war.

And Infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

She hurried to the mainland to see her brother. The senator ran to catch the bus.

But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases:

He calls his mother as often as possible. The as as construction can be used to create adverbs that

express sameness or equality: "He can't run as fast as his sister". In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual situations:

She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers. He did wrong by her. He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point. Using Adverbs in a Numbered List Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to

5.

number items beyond three or four, at the most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a list, don't use adverbs (with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is modifying. Second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not thirdly), after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that number in this manner are treated as disjuncts (see below). 6. Positions of Adverbs One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.

Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly addressed her congregation. The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.

The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:

Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock. Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer

to my brother without a good reason.

home. Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb:

He finally showed up for batting practice. She has recently retired. Order of Adverbs

7.

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS Verb Beth swims Dad walks Tashonda naps Manner enthusiastically impatiently Place in the pool into town in her room Frequency every morning every afternoon every morning Time before dawn before supper before lunch. Purpose to keep in shape. to get a newspaper.

CONCLUSION
Kind of Adverbs: a. Adverbs of Manner b. Adverbs of Place c. Adverbs of Frequency d. Adverbs of Time e. Adverbs of Purpose Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to number items beyond three or four, at the most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a list, don't use adverbs (with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is modifying. Second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not thirdly), after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that number in this manner are treated as disjuncts (see below).

REFERENCE
http://www.4shared.com/get/bPK0qhrY/Adverb.html