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Table of Contents
Executive Summary.................................................................................... Introduction.............................................................................................. Discussion................................................................................................. HF Communication:................................................................................. VHF Communication:............................................................................... Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)............................................................. Automatic telecommand Portable (ATP)...................................................... Automatic survivor (AS)........................................................................... Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)................................................................. Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)...................................................................... Low Range Radio Altimeter.......................................................................... Weather RADAR......................................................................................... Air Traffic Control (ATC).............................................................................. Distance Measurement Equipment DME......................................................... Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)..................................................... In-Flight Entertainment (IFE)....................................................................... VHF Omni Range (VOR).............................................................................. Information Landing System (ILS)................................................................ Conclusion................................................................................................
Executive Summary
This is a report about the internship at the Engineering Department of PIA (Pakistan International Airlines). The purpose of the internship was to introduce the telecommunication systems that are used in aircrafts. These systems include HF and VHF communication Systems, GPWS, ELTs (emergency locator transmitter), ADF (automatic direction finder), CVR (cockpit voice recorder), Weather radar, ATC (air traffic controller), LRRA (low arrange radio Altimeter), DME (distance measurement equipment), TCAS (traffic collision avoidance system), IFE (interactive flight equipment), VOR (VHF Omni Range), ILS (Information Landing System). This Internship was basically study of PIA aircrafts specially Boeing-777 and Boeing-310.
Introduction
The journey of our internship started on the very first day we were given the Security pass to enter in the engineering section. PIA has the workshops in many fields of engineering but as a telecom-engineering student we were initially sent to the RADIO overhaul section of PIA Engineering Department. RADIO overhaul workshop is place where all Communication equipment of aircraft are repaired and maintained. There were about 20 engineers working in that RADIO over haul. Everyone has fixed responsibilities. The engineers working there were very much competent. They were working on the components of following systems used in the aircrafts. HF and VHF communication ELTs (Emergency locator transmitter) ADF (Automatic direction finder) CVR (Cockpit voice recorder) LRRA (Low arrange radio Altimeter) Weather RADAR ATC (Air traffic control) DME (Distance measurement equipment) TCAS (Traffic collision avoidance system) IFE (In Flight Entertainment) VOR (VHF Omni range) ILS (Information Landing System)
Discussion
Our journey was started with HF and VHF communication Section and we were given the knowledge about the communication systems that the Aircraft uses for voice communication in the HF and VHF band.
HF Communication:
It is used for long distant communication. It uses sky wave propagation. The power requirement of HF transceivers is (100-200) but 120 is recommended. In PIA aircrafts 2 HF transceivers are used. At a time 1 will work because of Single HF Antenna.
VHF Communication:
It is used for communication up to 150 miles. it is mostly used at the time of Take-off and landing . The power requirement of VHF transceivers is (1828) but 22 watt is recommended. In PIA aircrafts 3 VHF transceivers are used. 3 can be Used Simultaneously
ELT signal contain 3 types of information in it 1. Plane tail number 2. Country code 3. CSN number Initially ELTs were operating on three frequencies, 121.5 MHz, 406 MHz & 243 MHz but now it only operates on 406 MHz.
right angles to the signal, and provide the heading to the station using a direction indicator. In flight, the ADF's RMI or direction indicator will always point to the broadcast station, regardless of the aircraft's attitude or heading. Such receivers can be used to determine current position, track inbound and outbound flight path, and intercept a desired bearing. These procedures are also used to execute holding patterns and non-precision instrument approaches.
having occurred more than 30 minutes before the end of the recording. The earliest CVRs used analog wire recording, later replaced by analog magnetic tape. Some of the tape units used two reels, with the tape automatically reversing at each end.
Other units used a single reel, with the tape spliced into a continuous loop, much as in an 8-track cartridge. The tape would circulate and old audio information would be overwritten every 30 minutes. Recovery of sound from magnetic tape often proves difficult if the recorder is recovered from water and its housing has been breached. Thus, the latest designs employ solid-state memory and use digital recording techniques, making them much more resistant to shock, vibration and moisture. With the reduced power requirements of solid-state recorders, it is now practical to incorporate a battery in the units, so that recording can continue until flight termination, even if the aircraft electrical system fails.
from the 1960s, such as Concorde and the British Aircraft Corporation BAC 1-11 were so equipped and today even smaller airliners in the sub-50 seat class are supplied with them (such as the ATR 42 and BAe Jetstream series). Radio altimeters are an essential part in ground proximity warning systems (GPWS), warning the pilot if the aircraft is flying too low or descending too quickly. However, radar altimeters cannot see terrain directly ahead of the aircraft, only that directly below it; such functionality requires either knowledge of position and the terrain at that position or forward looking terrain radar which uses technology similar to a radio altimeter.
Weather RADAR
A weather radar, or weather surveillance radar (WSR), is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, estimate its type (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future position and intensity. Modern weather radars are mostly pulse-Doppler radars, capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to intensity of the precipitation. Both types of data can be analyzed to determine the structure of storms and their potential to cause severe weather. Weather radars send directional pulses of microwave radiation, on the order of a microsecond long, using a cavity magnetron or klystron tube connected by a waveguide to a parabolic antenna. The wavelengths of 1 to 10 cm are approximately ten times the diameter of the droplets or ice particles of interest, because Rayleigh scattering occurs at these frequencies. This means that part of the energy of each pulse will bounce off these small particles, back in the direction of the radar station.
typically co-located with VORs. A typical DME ground transponder system for en-route or terminal navigation will have a 1 kW peak pulse output on the assigned UHF channel. A low-power DME can also be co-located with an ILS GLIDE SLOPE where it provides an accurate distance function, similar to that otherwise provided by ILS Marker Beacons.
the mechanical Vertical Speed Indicator (which indicates the rate with which the aircraft is descending or climbing).
to determine a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to the Earth's magnetic North at the time of installation). VOR stations in areas of magnetic compass unreliability are oriented with respect to True North. This line of position is called the "radial" from the VOR. The "intersection" of two radials from different VOR stations on a chart provides an approximate position of the aircraft.
Conclusion
It was a great experience for me as internee at PIA.I got a lot of practical exposure. We basically study about PIA aircrafts ( 777 and 310 ) . 310 were old and 777 were new. 310 consists of old technology and they mostly consists of analog systems while the 777 were consists of digital systems and new technology. We visited both models completely and studied about their technology thoroughly. The Systems we learn were CVR, LRRA, Weather radar, ATC, DME, TCAS, IFE, VOR, and ILS.