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STUDY MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CHAIR PERSON:
SHRI A.K. VAJPAYEE ASSISTANT COMMISSIONOR GUWAHATI REGION

CHIEF ADVISORS:
SHRI JAIDEEP DAS EDUCATION OFFICER GUWAHTI REGION SHRI AVLJ RAO EDUCATION OFFICER GUWAHTI REGION SHRI K.L. NAGA RAJU EDUCATION OFFICER GUWAHTI REGION

CO-ORDINATOR:
MRS E.C. MOORE PRINCIPAL, K.V. HAPPY VALLEY SHILLONG

REVIEW COMMITTEE MEMBERS:

MRS USHA BHARDWAJ PGT (HISTORY) K.V.E.A.C. UPPER SHILLONG SHRI VIMAL KANT TGT (SOCIAL SCIENCE) K.V. HAPPY VALLEY SHILLONG

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THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Who followed the policy of Golden Mean? a. Matternich b. Mazzini c. Louis Philippe d. Duke of Orleans Napoleonic Code was introduced in the year of a.1809 b.1807 b.1805 d.1804 What was Helairia Philike ? a. A Secret Society b. A Political Party c. A custom Union d. An Allegori Who founded the revolutionary militia Red Shirt? a. Wilson b. Tsar Alexander II c. Garibaldi d. Matternich Who was Frederick Sorrieu? a. A Revolutionary b. Chancellor of Austria c. King of Frame d. French Artist Vienna Congress was convened in 1815 for what purpose? a. To declare completion of German Unification. b. To restore conservative regime in Europe. c. To declare war against France. d. To start the process of Italian unification. Which year was known as the year of dear bread? a. 1830 b. 1848 c. 1789 d. 1815 Name the state which led the process of Italian unification? a. Rome b. Prussia c. Sardinia Piedmont d. Vienna Who said Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi: three her brain, her soul, her sword ? a. Victor Emmannual b. George Meredith c. Louis XVIII d. Guizot Zollverein was a a. Diplomatic institution c. Administrative union

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b. Custom union d. Trade union

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Who followed the policy of Blood and Iron for national unification? a. Garibaldi b. Otto Von Bismark c. Mazzini d. Matternich United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in the year a. 1789 b. 1798

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c. 1707 13.

d. 1801

Who said that, Italy was merely a geographical expression? a. Cavour b. Napoleon c. Matternich d. Guizot Which one was not included in the Balkan Region? a. Croatia b. Bosnia Harzegovina c. Serbia d. Spain In which century nationalism emerged in Europe a. 16th century b. 20th century th c. 19 century d. 17th century

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Who was the king of France at the time of French Revolution? a. Marie Antoniate b. Louis XVI c. Czar Nicolas d. Edward II ANSWERS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. c d a c d b b c b b b c c d c b

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Explain any three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe.

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Answer -The three features of the class of landed aristocracy in Europe. 1. During the mid 18th century, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe both politically and socially. 2. They owned huge properties, big estates both in the rural and urban areas. 3. Their families were tied together by matrimonial relation and they wielded much power in their respective countries.

18. What were the dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany? Answer -Following were the dissimilarities between the processes of unification of Italy and Germany. i. Piedmont was main state in unification of Italy but it was a weak state. But Prussia which was leading the German unification was a powerful state. ii. Most of the Italian states were under great influence of Austria but Austria was only the head of German confederation of states. iii. Bismark always favoured the use of force in the unification of Germany but Cavour hardly believed in use of force in unification of Ital 19. Who was Garibaldi? What were his main achievements? Answeri. Garibaldi was one of the great revolutionaries of Italy. He was born in 1807 and his parents wanted to make him a priest but he had no interest in this profession. ii. He was a brave and courageous person who favoured the use of force for unification of Italy. iii. He started Young Italy movement with Mazzini. iv. He organized a force called White Shirts which defeated Austrian forces to liberate Naples and Sicily. It was later joined by Sardinia. In this way Garibaldi played a great role in the unification of Italy.

20. What role did language play in developing nationalist sentiment? Answeri. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. ii. In 1813 an armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place whish was ultimately crushed. Following this many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. iii. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

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What is meant by Imperialism? Give two features of imperialism.

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Answer-The term Imperialism means the practice extending the power, control or rule by a country over the political and economic life of area outside its own borders. The following are the two main features of Imperialism i. The first essential feature of imperialism is exploration of economic resources of the occupied areas for the benefit of the imperial country. ii. The imperial power subordinates the interests of the colonies and establishes its monopoly over the trade of its colonies.

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Study the given passage and answer the questions that follow. A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice and devotion,a heroic past, great men, glory that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea., to have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. A nation is therefore a large scale solidarity.. . Its existence is a daily plebiscite . A province is its inhabitants; if anyone has the right to be consulted, it is the inhabitants. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding onto a country against its will. The existence of a nation is a good thing, a necessary evil. Their existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master.

1.1 From whose speech have these words been quoted? 1.2 Explain the meaning of plebiscite. 1.3 Examine the concept of nation as given in the above passage. Answer-These words have taken from speech of Ernst Renan a great French Philosopher (1823 1992. Plebiscite means a direct vote by which all the people of a people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal. 1.4 A nation is the culmination or a long past of endevours, sacrifice and devotion. It involves having common glories in the past, common will in the present performing great deeds together and wishing to perform still more

23. Explain the concept of liberal nationalism which developed in Europe in early 18th century. Answer-Liberalism meant different things to different people. In the political sphere, liberalism stood for: i. equality before the law. ii. Revolutionary French marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy in which right to vote and get elected was granted exclusive to property-owning men. iii. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. In the economic sphere liberalism stood for: i. Freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital. ii. Customs union or Zollarein was formed in Russia, joined by the German states. 6|Page

iii. The union abolished tariff barriers.Reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.

24. Define nation? What were the significant aspects of the nation-state in the early 19th century? Answer -According to Bryce, A nation is a nationality which has organized itself into a political body either independence or desiring to be independent. Thus a nation is a community which considers itself one and is held together by many ties. Following were the significant aspects of the nation-states in the early 19th century. i. Each nation wanted to have its own independent state. That is why it was called a nation state. ii. The nations-states held the people together on the basis of common territory, common language, common culture and economic independence. iii. In some nation state, the constitutional governments based on written or unwritten constitutions were established. iv. The establishment of nation states replaced the previous boundaries by new scientific system of boundaries. 25. Which factors led to rise of nationalism in Europe after 1830s? Answer-Following factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism. i. Feudalism was one of the greatest obstacle in the way of nationalism. But various Feudal lords died in mutual wars and crusades also led to their fall. This led the way for decline of feudalism and rising of nationalism. ii. In medieval period church was very powerful and had a great power all over the world. But people were awakened by the movements like renaissance and reformation. It led to decline in the authority and power of pope. This led to establishment of national church in many countries. Weakness of papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. iii. Many wars have also arose sentiments of nationalism among the people. iv. Foreign Rules: Foreign Rulers generally liked to suppress the subject nation which played an important part in the growth of nationalism. v. Reaction against injustice and arbitrary rule of injust monarchs also gave birth to the feeling of nationalism. vi. Contribution of great writers: The writings of great poets, politicians and philosophers like Machiavelli, Mills, Mazzini, Garibaldi went a long way in rousing political consciousness and national spirit among the people

26. Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans? Answer -The states between the Black sea and Adriatic Sea like the Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina etc. are known as the Balkans states. For a long time these states were a bone of contention between various European powers and Turkey. Following were the main causes for immergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans. i. The nationality of the people states were however Christians. The Muslims who were the ruling class oppressed them in many ways.

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ii. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Turkish Empire became very weak. This encouraged the Balkan people who were mostly Christians. iii. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars inspired the feelings of nationalism among them and they clamoured for independence. iv. At the same time there was a clash of interests among the big powers in the Balkans. This also contributed to the emergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans.

27. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? Answer -Following steps were taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the french people. i. First, ideas of Fatherland (La Patric) and the Citizen (La Citizen) laid emphasis on the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. ii. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former French monarch. iii. An elected body of active citizens known as the National Assembly, was formed to manage the state affairs. iv. New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated all in the name of the nation. v. A centralized system was set up to formulate uniform laws for all citizens within the French territory. vi. All custom duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures were adopted. vii. Regional dialects were discouraged and French was adopted as the common language of the nation.

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The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1) Indo-China is comprised of------(a) Vietnam, Laos and Combodia (b) Vietnam, Siam and Combodia (c) Laos, Combodia and Siam (d) India, China and Japan (2) The idea of civilizing mission was to------(a) Bring modern civilization to the Vietnam (b) Destroy local cultures, religions and traditions (c) Educate the native to civilize them (d) All the above (3) Who wrote the book 'The History of the Loss of Vietnam'? (a) Phan Boi Chau (b) Phan Chu Trinh (c) Huynh Phu So (d) Bao Dai (4) Who was given the name the 'Mad Bonze' by the French? (a) Phan Boi Chau (b) Nguyen Anh (c) Huynh Phu So (d) Kenneday (5) Hoa-Hao was a ----------(a) Leader (b) Place (c) Movement (d) None of these (6) Vietnam was deeply influenced by the---------(a)Chinese cultures (b) French cultures (c) Indian cultures (d) None of these (7) Who was the founder of the Vetnamese communist party? (a) Bao Dai (b) Phan Boi Chau (c) Sun Yat Sen (d) Ho Chi Minh (8) Which provinces of Vietnam were called 'The Electrical Fuses of Vietnam'? (a) Nghe and Ha Tinh(b) Mekong and Ha Tien (c) Ngu An and Ha Tien (d) None of these. (9) Who laid the coup in South Vietnam? (a) Ngo Dinh Dien (b) Ho Chi Minh (c) Bao Dai (d) Sun Yat Sen (10) Vietnam was divided by _________ (a) The Geneva Peace Negotiation (b) Paris Peace Negotiation (c) Versailles Peace Negotiation (d) None of these. (11) Who were Identured Labourers? (a) Bonded Labourers (b) Independent Labourers (c) Labourers who were widely used for the plantations (d) Daily Wage Labourers (12) Who was Paul Bernard? (a) A writer and policy maker (b) A philosopher (c) A politician (d) An Artist (13) Confucious was a ___ (a) Philosopher (b) Leader (c) Military Commander (d) Writer (14) Dien Bien Phu was_______ (a) A Fort where the Vietminh defeated the French troops (b) A port city captured by the French (c) A place where the American troops defeated the Vietnamese (d) None of these.

(15) Why the USA did not want the Unification of Vietnam? 9|Page

(a) The USA was worried about Communists gaining power. (b) The US wanted to establish its colony. (c) The US was an imperialist country. (d) All the above (16) North and South Vietnam unified as one country in (a) 1975 (b) 1974 (c) 1954 (d) 1956

ANSWERS (1) a ,(2) d, (3) a, (4) c, (5) c, (6) a, (7) d, (8) a,(9) a,(10) a,(11) c,(12) a,(13) a,(14) a, (15)a, (16) a. SOURCE BASED QUESTION Read the extract and answer the questions that follow: In Japan, Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh spent time together, discussing their visions of Vietnamese independence, and debating their differences. This is what Phan Boi Chau later wrote about their discussions: Thereafter over more than ten days, he and I debated time and again, and our opinions were diametrically opposed. That is to say, he wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; I, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out, and after our nations independence was restored we could talk about other things. My plan was to make use of the monarchy, which he opposed absolutely. His plan was to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy, with which I absolutely disagreed. In other words, he and I were pursuing one and the same goal, but our means were considerably different. (Source: A NCERT pg 41)

(1) Who were Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh? (2) What did they want? (3) How were their ideas different from each other? Answers: Ans (1) Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh were the nationlist leaders of Vietnam. Ans (2) They wanted to overthrow foreign domination from Vietnam. Ans (3) Phan Boi Chau wanted to make use of monarchy to resist the French. He was in favour of Constitutional Monarchy. Phan Chu Trinh was intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the Royal Court. His desire was to establish a Democratic Republic.

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PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS Observe the given image and the questions that follow:

(a) Whose Image is this? (b) What do you know about her? Answer: (a) This is the image of Trieu Au. (b) She was a brave Vietnamese woman. She lived in the third century CE.On growing she left her home and went into the jungles. She organised a large army and resisted Chinese rule. Finally when her army was defeated, crushed, she drowned herself. She became a sacred figure not just a Martyr who fought for the honour of the country. Nationalists popularised her image to inspire people to action.

QUESTION ANSWERS

Q.1. What were the causes for the defeat of the French forces in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu? Ans: The French Commander Navarre faced the following problems in this battle(i) The valley where French garrisons were located flooded in the monsoon. (ii) The area was covered with bushes making it difficult for the troops and tanks to move or trace the Vietminh anti-aircraft guns hidden in the jungle. (iii) Supplies and reinforcements could not reach the French garrison. (iv) From their base in the hills the Vietminh surrounded the French garrisons in the valley below, digging trenches and tunnels to move without being detected. Q.2. When did the Scholars Revolt occur? Why did it happen? What were the results? Ans: The Scholars Revolt occured in 1868.This revolt was led by officials at the Imperial Court. These officials were angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power in Vietnam. In Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed by the Vietnamese. The French crushed the movement , but this uprising was in no way less important. It inspired other patriots to rise up against the colonial power. Q.3. Explain any four steps taken by the French to exploit the natural resources of Vietnam. Ans: (i) They led emphasis on the production of rice and rubber. 11 | P a g e

(ii) They built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works-- canal and earth works--- built with forced labourers. (iii)They started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region. (iv) Construction of a Trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun. Q.4. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin free school. To what extent it was example of colonial ideas in Vietnam? Ans. (i) The Tonkin free school was set-up in 1907to provide a western style education. (ii) This education included classes in science, hygiene and French. (iii) The school emphasised that it was not enough only to learn science and western ideas. They also had to look modern. It encouraged the adoption of western style such as having a short hair cut Q.5. What were the differences of opinion between the two groups in Vietnam regarding the introduction of French Education System? Ans: Regarding imparting of French education to the Vietnamese the French authorities were themselves in dilemma. One section wanted to introduce French so that they could get some citizens who were followers of the French civilization. They emphasised that the French language should be the medium of instruction. Others resisted this idea because they felt it the Vietnamese were educated in French , they would seal the chances of the French citizens residing in Vietnam in getting jobs. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes. So the French followed a deliberate policy of failing the students in the final years so they do not get better jobs. Under such a deliberate policy as many as two-third of the students were failed and only one third were declared as passed. Q.6. Explain the causes of the USA involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect involvement have on USA? Ans: In 1965 The USA intervened in Vietnam due to the following reasons-----(i) First and foremost was the fear of the speared of communism in Vietnam. US regarded the spread of communism a great danger to the capitalist countries. US was ready to fight against communism in any part of the world. So when communism showed its head in Vietnam ,she at once came forward to check it. (ii) The second reason of US involvement in Vietnam was the humiliation that France had to face in Vietnam. Being the leader of capitalist countries, US wanted to crush Vietnam at all costs to save the prestige of the capitalist countries. (iii) The Geneva conference had divided Vietnam into parts-- North Vietnam and South Vietnam. When the HO-Chi-Minh government in north Vietnam and National Liberation Front tried to unify the two parts of Vietnam, in the violation of the Geneva conference, US could not tolerate this. Hence, it declared to intervene in Vietnam. Effects of this involvement on the USA:-----(i) Even though US had advance technology and a brilliant army, they had finally bowed before the determination, courage and patriotic spirit of the Vietnamese people. They lost their prestige. (ii) About 47,244 died in the battle and 3,03,704 were wounded. did this

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(iii) Many were critical of the government policy that they saw it as indefensible. The US media and films played a major role in criticising the war. Q.7. Write the features of the Ho-Chi-Minh trail in the Vietnamese war against USA. Ans: (i) The story of the great leader Ho-Chi-Minh is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the US. It symbolises how the people of Vietnam used their limited resources to their advantage. (ii) Network of footpaths and roads was used to transport men and materials from the North to the South. (iii)The trail was improved from the late 1950s and from 1967 about 20000 North Vietnamese troops came South each month on this trail. (iv)The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters who were mainly women. These porters carried about 23 kilos on their backs or 70 kilos on their bicycles. (v) Most of the trail was out side Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Combodia with branch links extending into South Vietnam. (vi)The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies but it failed because they were rebuilt very quickly.

Q.8 What was the role of women in the anti-imperialist struggle in Vietnam? Compare this with the role of women in the National struggle in India. Role of women in the Anti-Imperial struggle in Vietnam :i) The women of Vietnam played an important role in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam. ii) They worked as porters and carried 25 kilos of food or war materials on their backs. iii)They nursed the wounded and dug tunnels to save their army from the attacks of the imperialistic powers. iv)As many as 1.5 million women worked in the army. They neutralised tens of thousands of bombs and shot down many enemy planes. v) They kept open many strategic roads and guarded key points. Without their heroism the shape of the Vietnamese struggle for Independence would have been quite different and difficult. Role of Indian Women :Indian women also played an important role in the freedom struggle in India. There is no doubt that the Vietnamese men showed great heroism and patriotism, but we can not forget the role of Rani Laxmi Bai, Sarojini Naidu, Vijaya Laxmi Pandit , Aruna Asaf Ali etc. in the freedom struggle of India. Who can and how can one forget the great heroism shown by a small girl of thirteen years named Queen Gaidnilieu. She was a brave Heroine of Nagaland raised the standard of revolt against the foreign rule. She was captured and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Q.9 Explain the reasons for the popularity of Go East Movement. Ans. Vietnam was occupied by France in about 1886. Since nobody like the dominance of their country by a foreign power. So at different times various movements were started in Vietnam. One such movement known as Go East Movement was started in the first decade of 20th century. This movement had close relations with Japan and China. This movement became very popular because: i) Both Japan and China being very close to Vietnam provided models for those who were looking for a change. 13 | P a g e

ii) Some Vietnamese people who were escaping the French police, Japan and China provided them an ideal place of refuge. iii) These early Vietnamese who looked for foreign arms and help expected to get the same from the Japanese as fellow Asians. iv) Moreover Japan could give them great inspiration because she had not only modernised itself but also had successfully resisted colonialism by the west. v) Japan had proved its military capability by defeating Russia in 1907. vi) By establishing relations with China and Japan they hoped to achieve their primary objective of driving out the French and re-establish the Nguyen dynasty. Q.10 Discuss the contribution of Ho-Chi-Minh in Vietnamese Nationalist Struggle. i) In February 1930 Ho-Chi-Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese communist party. It was later renamed the IndoChinese communist party. ii) In 1940s the Vietnamese people under Ho-chi-Minh's leadership resisted the Japanese occupation and organised a people's army called the Vietminh. iii) The nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. By the time the second world war, indeed, the Vietminh controlled a large part of Vietnam. iv) In August 1945 the democratic republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho-ChiMinh was made the President. v) In 1954 the French were defeated by the Vietminh at Dien-Bien-Phu. In the peace negotiation in Geneva the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country into North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Ho-ChiMinh and the communists took power in the north and Bau-Dai's regime came to power power in the south .With the help of Ho-Chi-Minh the National Liberation Front fought for the unification of the country. vi) Ho-Chi-Minh died on 3rd September 1969. He led the party successfully for over 40years struggling to preserve Vietnamese autonomy.

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Nationalism in India
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(1) Why did Gandhiji travel to Champaran? (a) To meet his relatives (b) To launch a Satyagraha against the Indigo planters (c) To help the mill workers of Champaran (d) To organise a rally (2) In which session of the Indian National Congress was the non-cooperation movement adopted? (a) Nagpur Session of December 1927 (b) Nagpur Session of December 1920 (c) Kolkata Session of December 1928 (d) Lahore Session of December 1920 (3) Which act gave the government the power to detain political prisoners without trial for up to two years.(a) Rowlatt Act 1919 (b) Government of India Act 1919 (c) Rowlatt Act 1920 (d) Emigration Act of 1859 (4) Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? (a) Leader of a Militant Guerrilla movement. (b) A leader of the Indian National Congress (c) A peasant (d) An officer in the British government (5) Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by (a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Nehru (c) Nehru & Baba Ramchandra (d) Sardar Patel (6) When did the Jallianwalla bagh massacre take place(a) 1918 (b) 1919 (c) 1920 (d) 1921 (7) Dandi March was undertaken to protest against (a) The Salt Tax (b) protest against Rowlatt Act (c) To protest against Indigo tax (d) launched Quit India Movement (8) The Non-Cooperation movement due to(a) Chauri Chaura incident (b) Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (c) All of the above 15 | P a g e

(d) Lahore incident (9) Why did the Indians oppose the Simon Commission? (a) It did not want to give power to Indians (b) It had no Indian Members (c) It has mixed Member (d) None of this (10) Satyagraha means(a) Fight against injustice (b) Complete independence (c) following the path of non-violence (d) All the above (11) What is the meaning of the term begaar? (a) Peasants forced to work without payments (b) Independent Labourers (c) Labourers who were widely used for the plantations (d) Daily Wage Labourers (12) Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous power to(a) Repress political activities b) To imprison people without trial (c) To tighten their control over Indians (d) All the above (13) Different Social Groups who joined the Non-cooperation movement of 1921 were(a) Teachers and Students (b) Merchants and Traders (c) Country peasants (d) All the above (14) Poona Pact of September 1932 was signed between (a) Mahatma Gandhi and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (b) Motilal Nehru and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (c) Jawahar Lal Nehru and Dr.B R Ambedkar (d) Dr.B R Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi

(15) Civil Disobedience movement was about(a) Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement (b) Launching of Quit India movement (c) actively define government rules and regulations (d) none of the above (16) Khilafat Committee was formed in(a) Madras in March 1919 (b) Bombay in March 1919 (c) Calcutta in March 1919 (d) Delhi in March 1919

ANSWERS (1) b ,(2) d, (3) a, (4) c, (5) c, (6) b, (7) a, (8) a,(9) b,(10) d,(11) a,(12) d,(13) d,(14) d, (15)c, (16) b.

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SOURCE BASED QUESTION The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930 We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives people of these rights and the oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India: economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must severe the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence. (1) What do you understand by the term Purna Swaraj? (2) How did the British Government exploited the Indian masses? Answers: Ans (1) Complete Independence Ans (2). The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.

PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS Observe the given image and the questions that follow:

(a) Which historic event is depicted in this picture? (b) What do you know about this event? Answer: (a) The Dandi March led by Mahatma Gandhi (b) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhijis ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

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QUESTION ANSWERS

Q.1. How was the first World War responsible for the growth of the Indian national movement? Ans: First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. 1. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: 2. Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. 3. Through the war years prices increased doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading to extreme hardship for the common people. 4. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused wide spread anger. 5. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen. Q.2. Explain the idea of Satyagraha? Ans: The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People including the oppressors had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians. Q.3. Arrange the following in Chronological Order. Ans: a) Congress adopts the demand for Purna Swaraj. b)Second Round Table Conference. c)Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched. d)Chauri Chaura e)Jallianwala Bagh massacre. f)Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi. Ans. e, c,d,a,f,b Q.4. How did Gandhiji want the Non Cooperation Movement to unfold? Explain Ans. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. Q.5 Different social groups that participated in the civil disobedience movement. Why did they join the movement? Ans. 1. In the countryside rich peasant communities, being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. 2. The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. 3. Business classes wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. Q.6. What do you know about the Rowlatt Act? How did Gandhiji plan to oppose this act?How did the Colonial government react to the popular upsurge?

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Ans: a)This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities,and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. b)Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April1919.Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. c) Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10 April 1919, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. d)On 13 April 1919 the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds Q.7. Write how Indians began to have a sense of national identity and a feeling of collective belonging? Ans: The sense of nationalism and a feeling of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured peoples imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. Apart from that the following efforts by intellectuals, scholars and nationalist leaders helped to reinforce those feelings: (i) through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians felt that to instill a sense of pride in the nation (ii) As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.. (iii) Movement to revive Indian folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces.. (iv) Leaders created an image of the nation in the form of Bharat Mata.This helped to create an image with which people can identify the nation. Q.8 Write about the significance of the Poona Pact of September 1932.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkars demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhijis position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

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Q.10 Write about the role played by women in our struggle for freedom. Women picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas these women were from high-caste families; in rural areas they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhijis call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Yet, this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualised. Gandhi was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

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The making of a global world

A. Write the correct answer of the following questions1. What was the use of cowries during Indus Valley civilizationa) as a toy b)as an instrument c)as a means of transportation d)as a form of currency. 2. The term used to describe Indian indentured labour was a) Porter b) Coolie c) Juggler, d) Rikshaw puller. 3. Henry Morton Stanley wasa)Explorer b)Trader c)Missionary d)soldier. 4. Rinderpest spread in Africa through a )Cattle b)Birds c) Human d)None of these. 5. A major supplier of wheat in the world market was a) Africa b) Eastern Europe c) North America d) Asia. 6. Who produced the T-Model Ford car-? a) Henry Morton Stanley b) Ebenezer Howard c) Barry Parker d) Henry Ford. 7. What were the Corn Laws? a) Laws to restrict the import of corn b) Laws to restrict the export of corn c) Laws to restrict the export and import of corn d) None of the above 8. IMF stands for a) International Military Force b) International Monetary Fund c) Indian Monetary Fund 21 | P a g e

d) Indian Military Force 9. The Great Depression began around in a) 1929 b) 1935 c) 1999 d) 1945 10. ----was a famous economist. a) Henry Ford b) John Maynard Keynes c ) Henry Stanley d)Barry Parker. 11. NIEO stands fora) New International Economic Order b) New Indian Economic Organisation c) New International Export office d) New Indian Exchange office 12 .The main aim of the post-war international economic system was toa) To preserve economic stability b) To maintain status c) To increase export d) To reduce war loans 13. MNCs works in --a) Only on country b) Many countries c) Two countries d) None of these. 14. The Bretton Woods is a a) Palace b) Place c) Country d) Institution 15. Bretton Woods System was based on which types of rates? a) Fixed b) Floating c) Base d) Inflation Hints; 1.d,2.b,3.a,4.a,5.c,6.d,7.a,8.b,9.a,10.b,11.a,12.a,13.b,14.b,15.a. SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS2. What do you mean by the term globalisation? Hints: By the term globaliaation we mean increasing integration between different economies of the world. This is achieved by removal of barriers on free flow of goods, services and capital among the nations.

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3. What do you know about silk route? Hints: The silk routes were the routes through which trade and culture mingling of far-flung parts of the world took place. China was know for the trade of silk since ancient period. Chinese silk cargoes used to travel through routes and from there it got its name the silk route. 4. What are the cowries? Hints: The cowries are seashells which were used as money in international exchange of goods all the way from Maldives to China and East Africa. 5. What was the Irish Potato Famine? Hints: Potato was introduced to Europe from America. Potato was and is a relatively cheap food. Europes poor came to rely entirely upon potato as their staple food. In mid 1840s, a disease destroyed the potato crop in Ireland. The poor peasants had no alternative food to substitute potato which resulted in a widespread famine in which thousands of people died. 6. Write the circumstances behind the formation of G-77. Hints :Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth of the Western economies experienced in the 1950s and 1960s.Therefore they organized themselves as a group popularly know as the Group of 77 or G-77 and a New International Economic Order (NIEO) was demanded by them to get following facilities1. Actual control over their natural resources 2. More assistance in development 3. Fair prices for raw materials 4. Better market for their manufactured material. LONG TYPE QUESTIONS7 . What are the main flows within international economic exchange? Hints: The following flows are observed within international economic exchange 1. Trade-It refers largely to trade in goods; goods were exported to one nation and imported by another . 2. Labour-It refers to the migration of labour from one country to another. Industrial revolution in Europe and resultant economic activities led to a tremendous increase in demand for labour. 3. Capital-Capital moves from one country to another for short term or long term investments over long distances wherever profit is maxi mum. All these flows represented that a world economy was gradually emerging. In a world economy, different economies get integrated and come to depend upon each other for varied needs. 8. What were the main impacts of the Great Depression on the world? Hints: 1. World trade declined disastrously due to uneven demand and supply, unemployment was a major problem resulted by the Depression. 2. Due to overproduction of agricultural products prices of these things fell sharply. 3. Households were ruined and business collapsed. 4. Many major banks and currencies collapsed in the world. 5. USA was the most affected country both on the agricultural and industrial fronts. 6. Unemployment soared and the US banking system collapsed. In a nut shell, the Great Depression put very adverse effects on the society, economy, politics and international relations.

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9 .Explain, why were the Corn Laws abolished in Britain? Hints: In the early 19th century Britain ,to protect the interests of big landlords the British Govt. had imposed the restrictions on the import of corn. But during this time demand of agricultural products were increasing very sharply due to following reasonsa) Rapid growth in population b) Growth of industrialization c) Rapidly growing urban centers d) Shortage of agricultural labourers. e) Domestic production of agricultural products could not keep pace with the demand. As a result, there was a sharp increase in their prices. This price rise adversely affected the industrialists and the urban dwellers. The government was forced to abolish the Corn Laws, so that import could result in increased supply of corn and bring their prices down. 10. Write the factors that led to the end of the Bretton Woods system and the beginning of globalisation. Hints; The important reasons behind the end of Bretton Woods system-1) Decline in economic power of the USA. 2) Changes in the international Financial System 3) Unemployment in Industrialised countries 4) Shifting of Production Enterprises 5) Changes in Russia and China Q11. Write different measures of liberalization taken by the Govt. of India. Hints: A. Exemptions in industrial licensing for few industries B. Permission for raw materials import C. Extending investment limit of small industries D. No MRTP Companies. E. Expansion of Industries F. Reduction in the number of industries reserved for public sector. PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWER 2.Read the Passage carefully and give answer to the questions givenMultinational corporations (MNCs) are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time. The first MNCs were established in the 1920s.Many more came up in 1950s and 1960s as US busines expanded worldwide and Western Europe and Japan also recovered to become powerful industrial economies. The worldwide spread of MNCs was a notable feature of the 1950s and 1960s.This was partly because high import tariffs imposed by different governments forced MNCs to locate their manufacturing operations and become domestic producers in many countries as possible. Q1. What do you mean by MNCs? Q.2.Why did MNCs come up during 1950s and 1960s? Q3. Write one reason for spread of MNCs during 1950s and 1960s? --------------------------------------------------------------------24 | P a g e

The Age of Industrialisation

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The first Asian country to be industrialized was A) Japan (b) India (c) china (d) Afghanistan

Ans.. (b) India 2. Spining jenny was devised by him(A) James watt (b) James Hargreaves (c) John Simon (d) James Albert Ans.. (b) 3. It is the first industrial city in England(A) Manchester (b) London (c) oxford Ans.. (b) (d) Wales

4 this city connected India to the gulf and red sea port in the pre colonial period.
(A) Mumbai (b) surat Ans.. (b) (c) madras (d) calicut

5 Which one is the flourishing industry of England ?

(A) Cotton industry (b) jute industry (c) iron and steel industry (d) I.T Ans.. (c)

6 Which indian entrepreneur set up six joint stock companies in India in 1830 ?
(A) Dinshaw petit (b) Dwarka Nath Tagore (c) Jamshedjee Tata (d) Seth Hukum Chand Ans.. (b)

7 Who established the first jute mill in India ?

(A) Dinshaw petit Ans.. (d) (b) Dwarkanath tagor (c) Jamshedjee tata (d) Seth Hukumchand

8 Elgin mill was set up at

(A) Luknow (b) Calicut (c) Kanpur (d) madras Ans.. (c)

9 When was the telephone invented ?

(A) 1885 (b) 1976 (c) 1876 (d) 1776 Ans.. (c)

10 Where was the first jute mill established ?

(A) surat (b) delhi (c) culcutta (d) bombay Ans.. (c)

11 The Tata iron and steel company was formed

(A) 1807 (b) 1907 (c) 1957 (d) 1865 Ans.. (b)

12 Where was the first cotton textile mill established in ?

(A) Surat (b) Channai (c) Bombay (d) Calcutta Ans.. (c)

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13 The machine age in India started in(A) 1850 (b) 1900 (c) 1950 (d) 1890 Ans.. (a)

14 Who was the inventor of steam engine ?

(A) James Mill (b) James watt (c) James Albert (d) James Hargreaves Ans.. (b)

15. The age of modern Industrialisation began in(a) France (b) England (c) Japan (d) America SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS
1 How did farming methods change due to industrialization ?

Ans.. (b)

Ans.. (i) Steel plough used in place of wooden plough (ii) Harrow in place of wooden Weeder (iii) Mechanical drill for seed sowing , reaping and threshing machines.
2 What was the purpose of James Hargreaves spinning jenny ?

Ans.. The purpose of the spinning jenny was to provide more cotton thread for the weavers which could spin 80 threads simultaneously.
3 Mention any two economic effects of the industrial revolution ?

Ans. (a) Village economy expanded to become economy of the nation with large scale industrial production.
(B) Trade and commerce found larger scope all over the world. 4 Explain the meaning of the word, capitalism

Ans.. The new economic system of society with individual ownership of production in large scale and for profit motive , the workers under this system, do not own any thing but work for wages.
5 What was the result of the import of Manchester cloth to India ?

Ans. (i) It ruined the cloth industry in India because the Manchester cloth was cheap, showy, and durable. (ii) The weavers were forced to give up their ancestral profession of cloth weaving and had to work as labourers in urban areas. LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Why did the women workers in Britain attack the spinning jenny?

Ans. The fear of unemployment made women workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. This was the reason of aggressive attack from women in England on one of the woolen industry in which spinning jenny was first installed.
2. How does industrialisation help in raising the level or the standard of living ?

Ans. (i) The industrialisation had facilitated the mankind by meeting their primary necessities of food, clothes and shelter. (ii) The machines have relieved man of tiredness and unpleasant jobs. (iii) The machines have brought leisure for man e.g. Sports goods, arts/ painting made by using machines. (iv) Large scale production of several kinds of goods has brought many articles of comfort and luxury within the easy reach of even a common man. 26 | P a g e

3. Write an essay on industrialization in India. Ans. 1. In India, limited industrial revolution started only in certain regions or cities of the country in second half of the 19th century. An important development in this field was the establishment of machine based industries in India. 2. The machine age in India began with cotton textile, jute industry and also coal mining industry. The first textile mill was started in Bombay by Cawasjee Nanabhoy in 1853,and the first jute mill was set-up in Rishra (Bengal) in 1855. 3 in 1879, there were 56 cotton textile mills and 200 cotton mills in India in 1905.
4 .In 1901 there were over 36 jute mills employing nearly 1,15,000 persons. The coal mining industry employed about 1,00000 persons in 1906.

5. Other industries developed between 1850 and early years of 20th century were cotton mills, rice, flour and timber mills leather tanneries, woolen textiles, sugar mills, iron and steel works and mineral industries like salts, mica, and saltpeter. above mentioned industries of india had a very stunted growth in comparison with England owing to presence of several hurdles. 4. How did the industrial revolution in England affect Indias economy ? Ans. Indias economy was affected in the following manner;
1. The surplus production was brought to India by lifting trade barriers. Thus, India was reduced to importer from exporter of cotton textiles to England. 2. Handicraft sector lost jobs because of machine-made textile imported in India besides several other tricks played by the British to see them wind-up. 3. The British government in India forced the Indian farmers to sell their raw material at cheap rates to the British factory owners. 4. In India agriculture was the only occupation of the people. That too was looted by permanent settlement and ryotwari systems adopted by the British in order to exploit more and more revenue. 5. Before industrial revolution india was a major producer of cotton, woolen and silken cloth. But now she suffered a severe set back in these industries ,as the British machine made cloth was cheaper than the Indian cloth. 5 Bring out the social consequences of the industrial revolution.

Ans. Social consequences

(A) Division of society: - as a result of the industrial revolution , the society was divided into two distinct classes the capitalists and the labourers. The rich became more rich and the poor became poorer. (B) Insanitary conditions in the towns:- as a large number of people shifted from villages to industrial towns. Thus, the towns were overcrowded. There was no arrangement for housing, sanitation, ventilation, drainage etc. (C) Unsatisfactory conditions of the factory workers :- the workers had to work in factories which were poorly ventilated, poorly lighted and were extremely unhealthy. (D) Exploitation of women and children:- women and children were employed in large numbers in the factories as they were cheaper and easy to manage.

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(E) Promotion of arts and culture :- machines brought more leisure to man. These utilized for the promotion of arts and culture in the society.

PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWER

1. Give the Answers to following questions from the passage.

The condition of the Indian workers in modern factories and plantations in the 19th century was miserable. They had to work between 12and 16 hours a day. There was no weekly holiday or off. Women and children worked the same long hours as men. Wages were extremely low, ranging from Rs. 4 to 20 per month. The factories were overcrowded, dump places, without proper arrangement for light and air were completely unhygienic. Work on machines was hazardous and accidents were very common events. Q.1 How many working hours in a day was there in the period of industrial revolution ? Ans. Between 12 and 16 hours a day. Q.2 How many wages were given to Indian labourers in the period of industrialization. Ans.. Rs. 4 to 20 per month.

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Work, Life and Leisure: Cities in the Contemporary World

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What was not a reason for providing mass housing scheme for the workers ? A) concern for the poor B) fear of social disorder C) threat to public health D) none of the above Ans . (c) 2. Bombay was first under which control ? A) Portuguese b) English c) French d) Dutch Ans . ( a ) 3 .Which of the following not a presidency city ? A) Madras b) Bombay c) Calcutta d) Lucknow Ans . ( d ) 4. When was the first underground railway established in the world ? A) 10th Jan , 1893 b) 11th Jan 1793 c) 10th Jan , 1863 d) 11th Feb ,1863 Ans . (c ) 5 .Which of the following cities has developed in a planned manner ? A) Delhi b) Madras c) Singapore d) Lucknow A) ( c ) 6. Which movie did Dada Saheb Phalke make ? A) CID b) Raja Harishchandra c) Guest House d) Tezab Ans .( b ) 7. When did Bombay become the capital city of Bombay Presidency ? A) in 1718 b) in 1818 c) in 1918 d) in 1819 Ans . (D)

8. Who was the chief architect of Paris ? A) Baron Haussman b) Charles Dickens c) Charles Booth d) none of these Ans .(a) 9. Who designed the garden city of New Earswick ? A) Baron Haussman b)Charles Dicken c) Barry Parker d) All of the above Ans . ( c) 10. Name a famous writer associated with Hindi cinema A) Ismal Chugtal b) Sadat Hassan Manto c) A& B both d) none of these Ans . ( c) 11. When was the Rent Act passed in Bombay ? A) 1917 b) 1918 c) 1818 d) none of these Ans . (b) 12. Who was the architect of London ? A) Ebenzer Howard b) Baron Haussman c) Charles Booth d) Charles Dicken Ans . ( a ) 13. When did the Bombay film industry make its first appearance ? 29 | P a g e

A) 1913 b) 1915 c) 1917 d) 1918 Ans . (a) 14. When did the incident of bloody Sunday happen? A) Oct , 1887 b) Sept , 1887 c) Nov , 1887 d) Dec , 1887 Ans . ( c ) 15. Who wrote several volumes on London labour ? A) Henry b ) Mayhew c) Henry Mayhew d) Danny Mayhew Ans . ( c ) SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the 18th century ? Ans . A) Industrial Migration: People from the region around London migrated there in order to get employment in the factories. B)Housing and Transportation : Migrants had to live in one room apartments, which proved hazardous for health. Therefore ,London authorities began to expand its limits and garden cities were established. 2. How does the existance of a population affect each of the following A) A private land lord B) A police superintendent in charge of law and order. C) A leader of a political party Ans . A) Effect on Private land lord: i) Increase in density of population leads to increase the price of land and subsequent increase in rents ii)Enabled exploitation of migrant population through extractive rents B) A police superintendent in charge of law and order : i) Increase in criminals and petty thieves like cheats, pickpockets etc. ii. For the police superintendent in charge of laws and order a large urban population posed many possibilities of social tension and disorder. Thus, led to increase in authority and process. C ) A leader of a political party : i. Needs a multilevel agenda catering to diverse groups . ii. Increase the accountability . 2. Describe in three points , the social changes in the city of London with respect to entertainment and leisure of the people due to industrialization . Ans . A) Social changes in London with respect to entertainment and leisure: Industrialization brought two contrasting social classes in England the rich and poor the working class. To the Wealthy Long annual London season, Cultural events such as opera, theatre and classical music performances. B) For the working class It was meeting in pubs and taverns to have a drink , exchange news and sometimes organise for political action. Entertainment for common people- libraries , art galleries museums etc . which were established by the government Music halls became popular for lower class people. 30 | P a g e

C. Cinemas in the early 20th century become mass entertainment; industrial workers spent their holidays by the sea. 3 . What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the 19th & 20th century? Explain the factors that led to this change Most of the working women in the nineteenth century were migrants , belonging to far off places with their families to the industrial centre of London. The women did not get jobs in factories, therefore, they took up the jobs of maid servants, worked in lodges, cooked, washed clothes, cared for babies, etc .They also earned by tailoring washing and match box making. They became the helping hand in the domestic lives of the well to do families in London. But the working status of women changed in light of the following: A) After the 1st World War started in 1914, the status and lives of women changed, B) Women were now employed in factories on a large scale because during war- time , factories were asked to increase their production. Men went to fight the war , therefore , all the responsibility fell on the shoulders of women. 4. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground railways in London ? Ans . Between the two World Wars the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state which built one million cottages. 1. This made the new forms of transport like underground railways necessary. Underground railways solved the means of travelling in the city. Any other relevant point 5. Mention various measures which were taken to decongest London in the 19th & 20th century . Ans. Greening the open spaces. Reducing pollution. Landscaping the city. Creating a green belt around London. Development of Garden City. Building of apartments. Building of family cottages. Any other relevant point.

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWER

1. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground railways ?Why was the development of the underground railway criticised ? i) Pollution levels made people aware of needs for new lungs for the city. ii. Constant flow of migrants led to growth of slums congestion of localities and pollution. iii. It was a totally new mode and people were afraid to travel underground. iv. The houses that obstructed the railway line were smashed down. 2. A large city population was both a threat and an opportunity. Explain 31 | P a g e

Ans . Large city population led to development of new means of transportation, providing a wide market to the industry . Thus, it comes as an opportunity. But on the other hand can sometimes become a threat too. In the severe winter of 1886, when outdoor work came to a standstill .The London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty. Alarmed shopkeepers closed down their establishments, fearing the 10,000 strong crowd that was marching from Deptford to London. The marchers had to be dispersed by the police. A similar riot occurred in late 1887;this time , it was brutally suppressed by the police in what came to be known as the bloody Sunday of November 1887. 3. Explain the social life of people living in Bombay. Ans. i. The homes were small so streets and neighbourhood were used for a variety of activities and social functions. ii. Liquor shops and akharas came up on many empty spots. iii .Streets were used for playing and other leisure activities . iv. Caste and family groups in the mill neighbourhoods were headed by someone who was similar to a village headman. Sometimes, the jobber in the mills could be the local neighbourhood leader. He settled disputes , organized food supplies, or arranged informal credit . He also brought important information on political developments 4. What was the need of under ground railways in London? Ans. i .The London underground railway partially solved housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and fro, London. ii. People who wanted to live in garden suburbs and still work , could work in the city and use underground railways. 5. Calcutta had a long history of air pollution. Examine the reasons. i . High level of pollution was the result of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. ii . Smoke from the chimneys of industrial units was also responsible for air pollution. iii . The city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to produce thick black smog. _______________________________________________________________________

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Print Culture and Modern World MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Print technology of China was brought to Italy by the great explorer. a) Marco Polo b) Columbus c) Vasco Da Gama d) Magellan Ans-a 2. An annual publication giving astronomical data was known as a) Chapbook b) Penny book c) Almanac d) Journal Ans-c 3. The Portuguese introduced the printing press in a) Bombay b) Calcutta c) Madras d) Goa Ans-d 4. The oldest Japanese book Diamond Sutra was printed in a) AD 686 b) AD 868 c) AD 668 d) AD 866 Ans-b 5. The earliest kind of print technology was first developed in a) India b) China c) Britain d) None of the above Ans-b 6. Metal frames in which types are laid and the text composed is known as a) Platen b) Galley c) Printing press d) Cylindrical press Ans-b 7. Protestant Reformation movement is related to the religion a) Buddhism b) Hinduism c) Christianity d) Jainism Ans-c 8. The Grimm brothers of Germany published a) Newspapers b) Folk tales 33 | P a g e

c) Ballads d) Novels Ans-b 9. The first Indian to publish a newspaper was a) Ram Mohan Roy b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak c) Gangadhar Bhattacharya d) Ranade Ans-c 10. The newspaper Shamsul Akhbar was published in a) Hindi b) Persian c) Arabic d) Urdu Ans-b 11. Rashundari Debi wrote the autobiography a) Amar Jibone b) Istri Dharm Vichar c) Saachi Kavitayan d) Ghulamgiri Ans-a 12. In 1878 the Vernacular Press Act was modelled on the a) French Press Laws b) British Press Laws c) Irish Press Laws d) Scottish Press Laws Ans-c 13. A liberal colonial officer who formulated new rules to restore the freedom of the press in India was a) Warren Hastings b) William Bentinck c) Thomas Macaulay d) None of the above Ans-c 14. The book Chotte Aur Bade Ka Sawal is about the topic of a) Religion b) Philosophy c) Science d) Caste System Ans-d 15. Penny magazines were specially published for a) Children b) Workers c) Women d) Men Ans-c

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SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Describe in brief how printing developed in Japan. a. b. c. d. e. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand writing technology around AD 768-770 The oldest Japanese book Diamond sutra was printed in AD 868 Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and money. Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices Book of various types related to women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking, and famous places were printed f. In medieval Japan works of poets and prose writers were regularly published. 2. Access to books created a new culture of reading support this statement. a) Earlier reading was confined only among the elite now books reached out wider sections to people this lead to the emergence of reading public. b) To attract readers printers published and illustrated popular ballads and folk tales. These were sung and recited in gatherings in the villages and in taverns in towns. c) New forms of popular literature appeared in print targeting new audiences. d) Books sellers employed peddlars and chapman to sell low price books serving many different purposes and interest. e) Lending libraries in England became instrumental for educating white collar workers artisans and lower middle class peoples. f) Women and children became important category of readers when books related to their interest were printed.

3. What were the contribution of scientists in the development

of popular literature?

a) Ideas of scientists became accessible to the people due to print technology. b) Ancient and medieval scientific texts maps and scientific diagrams were compiled and published. c) When scientists like Isaac Newton published their discoveries and inventions it helped to influence a much wider circle of scientically minded readers which helped to promote scientific development. d) In this way ideas of science reasoning and rationality became popular themes of literature. 4. How were manuscripts written before the age of print? List some draw backs of manuscripts a) In India manuscripts were written in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and various vernacular languages. b) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or hand made paper. Pages were beautifully illustrated. c) Paper was pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation. Its drawbacks a) Preparation of manuscripts needed a lot of time. They were very expensive. b) Manuscripts were fragile so they had to be handled carefully. c) They could not be read easily as the script was in different styles.

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LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Throw light on the contribution of Indian women in publication. a) As various types of reading book material focussed on lives and feelings of women it encouraged women not only to read but also to write. b) Rashsundari Debi a young married women from an orthodox family who learnt to read in secrecy in her kitchen wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which was published in 1876. This was the first autobiography written in Bengali language. c) Kailashbhasini Debi another lady of Bengal wrote books highlighting the miserable condition of women, how they were imprisoned in their household, kept in ignorance and forced to do hard domestic work but were treated very unjustly by family members whom they served. d) Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai of Maharashtra wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women especially widows. 2. Discuss some merits of printed books. a) Printed books reached out to wider sections of people increased literacy level and created a new reading culture. b) Books became a source of progress and enlightenment. c) New ideas through print made people think differently and take action. d) It introduced a new world of debate and discussions. e) When publishers used different technology to print books became affordable for poor people also. f) Ideas of scientists and philosophers, thinkers became accessible to all common people. g) This led people to question established principles and attack blind beliefs. In Europe it led to the reformation movement. In India social reformers and nationalist leaders used it as a vehicle to spread their ideas. These books helped to bring about a lot of change in all parts of the world. 3. How did the print culture create the conditions for French Revolution? Explain a) Print culture popularised the ideas of Enlightened thinkers. Their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition superstition and despotism. This led to a new culture of reasoning and rationality. Ideas of philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau were published and circulated in this way people came to know about good practices of the church and the despotic rule. b) Printed culture created a new world of debate and dialogue. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs this led to new ideas of social revolution came into being. c) By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. Through cartoons and caricatures evils of the monarchy were projected and circulated this made the people turn against the monarchy. d) Printed material thus helped people to think differently and take action. 4. What led the colonial government to pass the vernacular Press Act in 1878. How did it affect vernacular newspaper? a) Nationalists in India used print media to publish the evil effects of British rule and spread new ideas. b) As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist the colonial government decided to take strong measures. 36 | P a g e

c) In 1878 the Vernacular Press Act was passed which provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular Press. d) The Government started keeping regular track on vernacular newspapers newspapers. If it published any material which was considered to be seditious, the government seized the press and confiscated the printing machines. e) Despite repressive measures nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. When Bal Gangadhar was imprisoned for publishing news in his Kesari in support of Punjab revolutionaries it resulted in widespread protest all over India. 5. What was the impact of print technology on the poor people in India? a) In the 19th century publishers brought out cheap books which was affordable to the poor. b) Public libraries was set up in towns and cities and in prosperous villages. c) Several social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy wrote on issues like caste discrimination and exploitation which was read by people all over India. d) Local protest movements and sects criticised ancient scriptures and welcomed a new and just future through their journals. e) Workers in factories started publishing their contributions, e.g. Kashi Baba, a Kanpur mill owner wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1939 to show links between class and caste exploitation. f) In Kanpur, a Mill worker published collection of poems called Sacchi Kavitayein. g) Social reformers sponsored public libraries to educate mill workers in Bombay and Bangalore. PASSAGE BASED QUESTION This is how Mercier describes the impact of the printed word, and the power of reading in one of his books: Anyone who had seen me reading would have compared me to a man dying of thirst who was gulping down some fresh, pure water. Lighting my lamp with extraordinary caution, I threw myself hungrily to the reading. An easy eloquence, effortless and animated, carried me from one page to the next without my noticing it. A clock struck off the hours in the silence of the shadows, and I heard nothing. My lamp began to run out of oil and produced only a pale light, but still I read on. I could not even take out time to raise the wick for fear of interrupting my pleasure. How those new ideas rushed into my brain! How my intelligence adopted them! Quoted by Robert Darnton, The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France, 1995. QUESTIONS: 1. Who is the author of this passage? 2. In what way does he compare a man who is reading? 3. Write how books benefited him.

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Novel, Society and History

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Oliver Twist was written bya. Emile Zola b. Thomas Hardy c. Jane Austen d. Charles Dickens 2. Jane Austins famous novel wasa. Hard Times b. Pride and Prejudice c. Jane Eyre d. Jungle Book 3. Which of the following novels was not written by Charles Dickens? a. Hard Times b. Germinal c. Oliver Twist d. Pickwick Papers 4. Who wrote Jungle Book? a. Charlotte Bronte b. R. L. Stevenson c. Rudyard Kipling d. None of these 5. The earliest Indian novel was written in which of the following language? a. Tamil b. Hindi c. Bengali d. Telugu 6. The first modern novel in Malayalama. Swarna Lekha b. Indu Lekha c. Sindu Lekha d. None of these 7. Who is the pioneer of modern Hindi literature? a. Bharatendu Harishchandra b. Srinivas Das c. Devaki Nandan Khatri d. Munshi Premchand 8. The first modern Hindi novel is: a. Parikhsha-Guru b.Godan c.Chandrakanta d. Sevasadan 9. Which was the first novel written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee? a. Anandmath b. Sultanas Dream c. Muktamala d. Durgeshnandini 10. Which one of the following novel is written by Rokeya Hussein? a. Pariksha Guru b. Godan c. Anandmath d. Sultanas Dream 11. Which of the following novels deals with caste oppression? a. Sultanas Dream b. Indu Lekha c. Saraswativijayam d. Godan 12. Which was the first historical novel written in Bengal? a. Anandamath b.Anguriya Binimoy c. Sultanas Dream d. Durgesh Nandini 13. Who was the central character of Prem Chands Rangbhoomi? a. Tulsidas b. Surdas c. Kabirdas d. None of these 14. Which of the following novel was not written by Munshi Premchand? a. Rangbhoomi b. Godan c. Sewasadan d. Pariksha-Guru 15. Name the novel which was based on the effect of industrialization. a. Hard Times b. Oliver Twist c. Germinal d. Pickwick Papers Answers 5. c 6. b

1. d b

2. b 3.b 14. d 15. a

4. c

7. a

8. a

9. d

10. d 11. c

12. b

13.

16. Read the following passage and answer the question given below it: Dear children, dont read these novels, dont even touch them. Your life will be ruined. You will suffer disease and ailments. Why did the good Lord make you to wither away at a tender age? To suffer in disease? To be despised by your brothers, relatives and those around you? No, no. You must

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become mothers; you must lead happy lives; this is the divine purpose. You who were born to fulfill this sublime goal, should you ruin your life by going crazy after despicable novels? a.- Mention the source of the above given paragraph. b.- Analyse the message given by the writer to children. c.- Name the women social reformer of Calcutta (Kolkata), 1880- 1932. VERY SORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS 17.-Explain any three reasons for the popularity of novels in eighteenth century in Europe? HINTS* The words created by novels were absorbing and believable and seemingly real. *Novels allowed individuals reading in private, as well as the joy of publicly reading or discussing stories with friends or relatives.

18.- Write a note on Jane Austens portrayal of women? HINTS- The novels of Jane Austin gives us the glimpses of the world of women in rural society in early nineteenth century Britain. The main characters of Jane Austins novel Pride and Prejudice are entangled with marriage and money.

19. When did novels develop in India ? HINTS- * Some of the earliest Indian novels are written in Bengali and Marathi. *The earliest novel in Marathi was Yamuna Paryatan(1857). * Indulekhawas first modern novel in Malayalam. * Pariksha-Guru was first modern Hindi novel.

20.-Describe the development of novel in Hindi? HINTS-.* Pariksha-Guru(1882) was first modern Hindi novel. * The writing of Devaki Nandan Khatri created novel reading in the public in Hindi. *It was with the writing of Premchand that the Hindi novel achieved excellence.

21.- Explain any two features of the early Bengali novel? HINTS-* The early Bengali novels lived in two worlds. Many of these novels were based on historical events. Other novels described domestic life in contemporary settings. *The language used in Bengali novels was colloquial at first. Meyeli was also used.

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS

22- Write in brief about Charles Dickens novels which was based on the effect of industrialization? HINTS-.* Charles Dickens wrote about the terrible effects of industrialization on peoples lives and characters in his novel Hard Times. In his novel Oliver Twist, Dickens focussed on the terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism

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23. Describe the features of the novels which were written for the young boys in 19th century in Europe? HINTS-.* Novels for young boys idealized a new type of man: Some one who was powerful assertive, independent and daring.( Books like Rudyard Kiplings Jungle Book became great hits.)

24.- Give an assessment of the contribution made by Vaikkam Muhammad Busheer to Malayalam literature ? HINTS-.* Vaikkam Muhammed Basheer was one of the early Muslim writers to gain big name and fame as novelist in Malayalam. *Basheer had little formal education. *Basheers short novels and stories were written in the ordinary conversational language .

25.- Name the first modern novel in Hindi ,who wrote this novel? State four characteristics of this novel. HINTS-* The first modern Hindi novel Pareeksha-guru. * It was written by Shrinivas Das. * Pareeksha-guru reflects the inner and outer worlds of the newly emerging middle classes. The novel tries to teach the right way to live.

26.- Describe how the works of Munshi Premchand reflect the social conditions of the Indian society in the early 20th century? HINTS-.*Munshi Premchand was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi and Urdu literature. * His novel Sevasadan (1916) discusses the lives of ordinary people and social issues. * The central character of his novel Rangbhoomi Surdas is a visually impaired beggar from the socalled (un-touchable) caste. * His novel Godan is an epic on Indian peasantry.

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POWER SHARING AND FEDERALISM

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. 59 per cent of the countrys total population who speaks Dutch, lives in a. Wallonia region b. Brussels c. Flemish region d. none of these 2. Why did the Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggled a. to adopt majoritarianism b to recognise Sinhalese as the only official language c. to recognise Tamil as an official language d. to dominate other language 3. Main significance of Belgian Model of Power Sharing a. Majoritarianism b. power shared in all ethnic groups according to their population c. on the basis of adult franchise d. none of the above 4. What is a coalition government? a. power shared among different social group b. power shared among different levels of government c. power shared among different political parties d. power shared among different organs of government 5. Where is the parliament of European Union a. Belgium b. Britain c. Germany d. France 6. Which of the following community is in majority in Sri Lanka a. Tamil b. Sinhala c. Buddhist d. Hindu 7. Which one of the following is the 3rd tier of government in India a. Community Government b. State Government c. Panchayati Raj Government d. b & c 8. Federalism is : a. a form of unitary government b. a government with two or multi levels of government c. a form of autocratic government d. a & c. 9. Which of the following is not a federal country 41 | P a g e

a. India b. Belgium c. USA d. Malaysia 10. Which of the following is an example of holding together federation a. Spain b. Australia c. India d. a & c 11. How many languages are scheduled in the Indian Constitution? a. 22 b. 21 c. 18 d. 20 12. How many subjects are enlisted in the Concurrent List a. 66 b. 62 c.47 d. 66 13. When did the Panchayati Raj System become a constitutional entity a. 1992 b. 1991 c. 1993 d. 1995 14. Which of the following is very important factor for better understanding between Centre and States Government: a. Emergence of regional political party b. the beginning of the era of coalition government c. when no single party got a clear majority d. all the above factors 15. Why is there a need for third level of government in India a. a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level b. Indian states are large and internally very diverse c. a & b d. none of above. Answers: 1.c 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.a 6.b 7.c 8.b 9.d 10.d 11.a 12.c 13.a 14.d 15.c SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. What are the accommodation for Central government and capital Brussels government in Belgian Model? Ans.: A. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-Speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. Some special laws require members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally. B. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels as Dutch is accepted in the Central government. 2. Explain in brief two reasons in favour of power sharing,. Or While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons emphasize the very act of power sharing as valuable. Explain.

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Ans.: A. Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of social conflict between social groups. Since social groups often lead to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. B. Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system. 3. In what ways local government has helped to deepen democracy in our country? What are the difficulties faced by the local governments? Ans.: Indian democracy has deepened through decentralization . This new system of local government is the largest experiment in democracy conducted anywhere in the world. There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities etc., all over the country. This number is bigger than the population of many countries in the world. Constitutional status for local governments has helped to deepen democracy in India. It has also increased womens representation and voice in our democracy. At the same time, there are many difficulties. While elections are held regularly, gram sabhas are not held regularly. Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the local governments. Nor have they given adequate resources. 4. Examine the significance of three fold distribution of legislative powers between Union Government and the State Government. Ans.: 1. The list system shows that most federations that are formed by holding together do not give equal power to its constituent units. All states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. Some states enjoy a special status. 2. This sharing of power between the Union Government and the state governments is basic to the structure of the constitution. 3. The parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two-third majority. Then it has to be ratified by the legislative of at least half of the total States. 4. The judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision. 5. Examine with example, the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Ans.: Federal governments differ from unitary governments in the way political power is spread. In unitary system power is centered with the central authority and in federal system, Power is allocated to the state and local level governments. In federal system power allocated seperately to the central and state level governments and is codified in the constitution. In unitary system there is no codification of the power. In federal system the focus is on national and state issues and in unitary system the focus is completely on gaining power. Example: Countries such as France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom use the unitary system of government, The United States and Canada, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, and Switzerland use the federal system of government. LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWER 1. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these? Ans. 1. Power is shared among different organs of the government as legislature, executive and judiciary. 43 | P a g e

Legislature: The legislature is concerned with passing the laws, controlling the finance of the state and deliberating on matters of public importance. Executive: The executive machinery implements the policies of the government and executes the laws made by the legislative bodies. Judiciary: The judiciary is concerned with the interpretation of the laws and has the power to punish those who commit crimes or break the laws. Since no particular organ enjoys unlimited power in its area, it acts in-built checks and balances in the system. Since all the organs are at the same level to exercise different powers, it is also called horizontal distribution of power. Example: The constitution of India divides powers between the executive, legislature and judiciary. 2. Power is shared among governments at different levels such as between one federal or general government for the entire country and various regional or state governments at the sub-national level. Its aim is to reconcile national unity, interests and power with states rights and interests. The powers and rights are various levels of the country are clearly specified to avoid clashes and conflicts. This is called federal division of power and the divisions relating to higher and lower levels of the government are called vertical division of power. Example: Indian constitution establishes a dual polity in which the powers are divided between the union and the state governments. 3. Power is shared among various social groups which can be based on religious or linguistic lines. Community government as followed in Belgium falls into the category were all the major communities get power relating to their social matters. Also in some countries legal laws are made to represent the socially weaker sections in the legislature to ensure broad-based decision making.Example: Community government style as followed in Belgium. 4. Power is shared among various political parties so that there is competition among them to gain majority in the parliament. The multi-party system provides enough option for the voters to choose from and also keeps the ruling party under pressure to perform better and deliver to win majority in the future, sometimes several parties join together to prove their majority and thus, form a coalition government. Example: The multi-party system as followed in India where there are national regional parties. Denmark also has about a dozen parties and the government is always by party coalitions. 2. What are the demerits of local self government? Ans.1. Irregular Elections: In most states, election to panchayats are irregular and uncertain leading to monopoly of the previously elected powers. 2. Domination of Upper Caste: The Panchayati raj system is mostly dominated by the rich farmers, money lenders, and upper caste people. So the Panchayati raj Act provides for reservation for SCs and STs in proportion to their population. 3. Ignorance, Illiteracy and poverty of the villagers: Ignorance about the rights is high among the villagers. Also illiteracy and poverty of the people lead to less enthusiasm about the Panchayati raj system. 4. Excessive Official Control: District officials interfere universally in the working of the panchayats and also dissolve it or suspend it according to their will. 5. Lack of Adequate Funds: A lot of money is needed for the development activities and the sources of income are limited. This leads to ill-functioning of the panchayat system. 3. Examine the factors that make India a federal country. Write the name of two routes through which federations have been formed. Ans. 1. Divisions of powers: The most important feature of federation is the division of powers between the central government and various state governments. 2. Written and Rigid Constitution: The second feature of a federal government is that it has a written, rigid and a supreme constitution. 3. An Independent Judiciary: India has an independent judicial system. The supreme court of India has original powers and has the exclusive authority of settling disputes between the

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government of India and one or more states, or between two or more states. Two routes of federation: (a) Coming together federation and (b) Holding together federation. 4. Explain the working of rural local government. What are the powers and responsibilities of panchayats? Ans. Under the 3-tier system of decentralization, Zilla Parishad is the apex body at the District level. It is followed by Panchayat Samitis at the block level as the second tier and is further followed by Gram Panchayats as the third tier. Each village, generally, has a gram panchayat whose members are elected by the entire adult population of that village. A few gram panchayats are joined together to form a Panchayat Samiti or Block, all the Panchayat Samitis in a district collectively make the Zillah Parishad. According to the constitutions, Panchayats shall be given power and authority in relation to following matters: Preparation of plan for social development of the village. Implementation of schemes for economic development of the village. It will charge and collect all the due taxes, duties, tolls and fees. 5. What is majoritarianism? Whats wrong with a majority rule? Ans. Majoritarianism is a political philosophy which asserts the majority of the population (majority by language, religion or any other identifying factor) has. It often results in preferential Policies being followed, favoring the majority group in university positions and government jobs and other opportunities and interests, thus denying the minority equal rights and opportunities Advocates of majoritarianism argue that majority decision making is intrinsically democratic and that any restriction on majority decision making is intrinsically undemocratic. The only restriction acceptable in majoritarianism at present is that the present majority, denying the minority group equal representation in the governance and equal political rights. This results in tyranny of the majority which breeds the feeling of alienation among the minority group. Also the insensitivity to their language and culture and ignorance of their interests results in feeling of resentment and conflicts (often violent) among the groups which causes political instability and tensions in the country. PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWER 1. Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions. Sangeeta: the policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity. Arman: language based states have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language. Harish: this policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages. Ans. The reactions of Sangeeta in all of above reactions is being very close to the fact that the policy of accommodation of main languages has strengthened the national unity. Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. According to the constitution the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965. However, many non Hindi speaking states demanded that the use English to continue. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 | P a g e

DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Some people, belonging to the same religion, often feel that they do not belong to the same community because(a) Their caste or society is different. (b) Their religion is different. (c) Social differences divide similar people, (d) None of the above. 2. In Mexico Olympics John Carlos and Smith received the winners medal without wearing shoes. Why? (a) To represent Black poverty. (b) To revolt against the white. (c) To create tension between whites and black. (d) To show their supremacy. 3. Society is fairly homogeneous, i.e. there are no significant ethnic differences in (a) Germany (b) Sri Lanka (c) Belgium (d) China 4. Which is the third crucial factor in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions? (a) People perceiving their identities. (b) Political leaders raising the demands. (c) Expression of various kinds of demands. (d) Government reaction to the demand. 5. Overlapping differences signifies(a) Religions and linguistic differences. (b) Cross-Cut social differences. (c) Some social difference overlaps with other differences. (d) Cultural differences. 6. The Civil Rights Movement in the USA covered the period(a) 1954-1968 (b) 1960-1980 (c) 1981-1987 (d) 2001-2007 7. Democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and accommodate(a) Diversity (b) repression (c) Hostility (d) Poverty 8. Among the following, which country suffered disintegration due to political fights on the basis of religion and ethnic identities(a) Belgium (b) India (c) Yugoslavia (d) Netherland 9.Which element shows the basic unity in India? (a) Cultural Unity (b) Discrimination (c) Unity in language (d) Religious Equality Answers:1. a 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. c 46 | P a g e

9. d

PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWER-

1.Read the following passage from a famous speech by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963. Which social division is he talking about? What are his aspirations and anxieties? Do you see a relationship between this speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics mentioned in this chapter? I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the context of their character. Let freedom ring and when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring- when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children-black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles.Protestants and Catholics will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty. We are free at last. I have a dream that one day this nation will raise up and live out the true meaning of its creed; we hold these truth to be self evidence all men are created equal. Ans: - Martin Luther King Jr. is talking about racism in USA. He is referring to the segregation policies adopted by the white towards coloured people. He hopes for a country where there will be security for all and racial abuse will not occur. Everybody will be treated equally irrespectively. The speech and incident in the Mexico Olympics are both part of a movement. 2.What is the basis of social divisionsAns: - Language and regions, gender, caste, physical ability and disability and religion. 3.Who is a Migrant? Ans: - Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other economic opportunities is called a migrant. 4.Who was Martin Luther King Junior? Ans: - Martin Luther King Junior was one of the prominent supporters of Civil Rights Movement in the USA. He was also a supporter of Mahatma Gandhi. 5.What was action taken against Negro athletes of Mexico Olympics? Ans: -i. The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political issue. ii. Their medals were taken back. Back home they were subjected to a lot of criticism. iii. Norman Peter from Australia, who had won Silver medal and supported Smith and Carlos putting Human Rights badge was not included for the next Olympic team.

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SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 6.How do social differences overlap? Ans:i. Social differences take place when some divisions or social differences overlap each other. ii. The difference between blacks and whites becomes a social division in USA because the blacks tends to be poor, homeless. iii. In our country, Dalits tends to be poor,landless,socially deprived and face discrimination. 7.Who are African-Americans? Ans:- African-Americans or Afro-American or Black are the terms used to refer mainly to the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th and the early 19th century. 8.What do you know about Civil Rights Movement? Ans:- Civil Rights Movement took place in the USA during 1954-1968. It refers to a set of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans. It was led by Martin Luther King Jr. the movement practicised nonviolent methods of Civil Disobedience against racial discriminatory laws and practices. 9. Do you agree, are all the social differences based on accident by birth? Ans:- No, I do not agree with the point that all social differences are accident by nature. Social difference means difference in a set of people due to their different race, language or culture. We can not choose which culture and family to be born in and as male or female. It is by birth that a person belongs to a particular community. Some social differences are due to a persons own choice. He chooses which religion to follow and what to study in his life. So, social groups are formed due to a persons own decision and can not be termed as accident by birth. LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 10. On what basis are social differences originated? Ans:- Social differences are originated on the following basisi. Based on accident of birth(a) Normally, we dont choose to belong to one community we belong to it simply because we were born into it. (b) We all experience social difference social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday life. ii. Based on physical abilities or disabilities(a) There are discrimination based on gender, they are tall or short, have different kinds of complexion or have different physical abilities and disabilities. (b) All kinds of social differences are not based on accident of birth. iii. Differences based on choicesDifferences are based on choices like(a) Some people are atheists, they do not believe in God or any religion. (b) Some people choose to follow a religion other than one in which they were born into . 48 | P a g e

(c) Most of us choose what to study, occupation and which games or sports or cultural activities to take part in.

11. Give examples to prove that social differences cross-cut each other. Ans:i. If social differences cross-cut one another, it is difficult to put one group of people against the other. ii. It means the groups that share common interest on one issue are likely to be on opposit sides on a different issue. iii. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. A Catholic is more likely to be poor and they suffer discrimination. iv. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cross-cut each other. Catholics and Protestants are both likely to be poor or rich. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in the Netherlands. So, cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate. 12. Discuss three factors that determine the outcome of political social divisions. Ans:- Social divisions affect politics. But the outcomes may differ. It may result in conflict, violence or even disintegration of the country. There are three factors which arei. How people perceive their identitiesIf people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes difficult to accommodate. It is much easier if people see their identities are multiple and are complementary with the national identity. ii. How political leaders raise the demand of any communityIt is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for Only Sinhala was at the cost of the interest and identity of Tamil community in Sri Lanka. Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands which could not be accommodated within a single community. iii. How the gout reacts to demands of different groupsThe rulers should be are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social threatening for the country. But if they try to suppress such a demand in the name of national unity the state may lead to disintegration.

13. How do social divisions affect politics? Give examples. Ans:- Combination of politics and social divisions is very dangerous and explosive. If people start competing in terms of some existing social division, it can make social division into political divisions and lead to conflicts, violence or even disintegration of a country. Examples:i. (a) Northern Ireland- Its population is divided into two major seats of Chrisianity-53% per cent Protestant and 44% Roman Catholics. (b) The Catholics were represented by the Nationalist Party who demand that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland a predominantly Catholic country. 49 | P a g e

(c) The Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the UK which is predominantly Protestant. (d) Hundreds of civilians, militants were killed in the fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between security forces of UK and Nationalists. (e) In 1998 the UK Govt. and Nationalist reached a peace treaty after which the nationalists suspended their armed struggle. ii. Yugoslavia- Political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to disintegration of Yugoslavia in to six independent countries. Like this we can say social divisions may affect politics.

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Gender, Religion and caste

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
i. In India seats are reserved for women in

a) Lok Sabha b) State legislative assembly c) Panchayati raj bodies d) None of these Ans: Panchayati raj bodies.

ii. Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal politics is based on the belief that a) One religion is superior to that of others b) People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens c) Followers of particular religion constitutes one community. d) State power can not be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others.

Which of the statements is/ are correct?

a) a,b,c and d. b) a,b and d c) a and c d) b and d Ans: a and c

iii. Literacy rate means a) Ratio of educated people among the whole population of a country. b) Ratio of uneducated people among the whole population of a country c) Ratio of educated women in the country. d) All the above. Ans: Ratio of educated people among the whole population of a country.

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iv. When we speak of gender division we usually refer to a) Biological difference between men and women. b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women. c) Unequal child sex ratio. d) None of these. Ans: Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women.

v. According to the census of India, 2001, what is the literacy rate of India a) 45.68% b) 58.45% c) 65.38% d) 66.48% Ans: 65.38%

vi. According to the census of India, 2001, what is the percentage of the schedule tribes in India a) 6.8% b) 8.2% c) 10.4% d) 12.5% Ans: 8.2%.

vii. Which among the following statements about Indian constitution is wrong? It a) Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. b) Gives official status to one religion. c) Provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion. d) Ensures equality of citizens within religious communities. Ans: Gives official status to one religion.

viii. Major religion of Sri Lanka is a) Buddhism

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b) Jainism c) Hinduism d) Christianity. Ans: Buddhism.

ix. What is the percentage womens reservation seat in the Lok Sabha in India a) 15% b) 21% c) 33% d) None of these. Ans: None of these.

x. Who among the following did not work to end the caste system. a) Jyotiba Phule b) Mahatma Gandhi c) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Ans: Jawaharlal Nehru

xi. Which one is not related to secularism a) There is no official religion for the state. b) There is a particular official religion for the state. c) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. d) All the citizens have right to choose any religion. Ans: There is a particular official religion for the state.

xii. A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men is known as a) Communalist b) Feminist. c) Secularist.

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d) Castiest. Ans: Feminist.

xiii. A ladder like formation in which all the caste groups are placed from the highest to the lowest castes is called a) Occupational mobility b) Caste hierarchy c) Caste inequality d) None of these Ans: Caste hierarchy.

xiv. A system where father is the head of the family is known as a) Patriarchy b) Matriarchy c) Hierarchy d) None of these Ans: Patriarchy.

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1. What is sexual division of labour? Ans: Sexual division of labour means the work is divided between the males and the females according to their gender. While dividing the work, the capability of a person is not considered and only the gender is taken into consideration. Generally, all the household unpaid work is assigned to the females and males are supposed to go out for work and earn money for the family. Q2. What is meant by communal politics? Ans: The use of religion in politics where one religion is shown as superior to another religion is called communal politics. Here, one religious group is against the other religious group. It believes that followers of one religion belong to the same community and their interests, ideas and opinions are the same. It also believes that people belonging to different religions cannot be a part of the same community. Q3. What is the role of politics in caste? Ans: Casteism believes that every caste is a separate social community. People from different castes have different ideas, believes, interests etc. There is politics in caste also. Every caste group tries to increase its members by including various sub castes and neighboring castes. Different castes join together and form a coalition and then they demand to the government jointly. Q4. What are the negative results of the caste in politics? Ans: Political parties try to use caste to gain votes in the elections. They appeal to particular caste groups to ensure their votes in the election. They promise that the interest of the different caste groups would be taken care of and their demands would be fulfilled. Those promises help the political parties in gaining their support. 54 | P a g e

As a result, it might lead to division of political parties on the basis of caste where one political party represents one caste exclusively. Q5. How is the caste system a threat to democracy? Ans: Caste system implies denial of equality and freedom, hence is contrary to the principles of democracy.
i) This type of politics is responsible for creating social tensions, violence and fear. ii) It has given rise to instability of the political system. iii) Political decision making has become scare.

Q6. What are the dimensions of gender inequality? Ans: Gender inequality can be seen in the following:
i) Low percentage of women in Parliament and state legislatures. ii) Smaller share of women among senior officials and managers and among professional workers. iii) Low literacy rate etc.

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1. State four different forms of communal politics with one example each. Ans: Communalism can take various forms in politics:
i) People often believe that the ideas of their religion are superior to the ideas of other religions. ii) People of a particular religion often want the maximum representation of their religion in the politics. This often results in domination of those belonging to the majority community. iii) Communalism in politics sometimes takes the shape of political mobilization on communal lines. iv) It leads to riots and violence. People demand separate state for people of separate religion at the cost of the other religion.

Q2. What are the constitutional provisions that make India a secular state? Ans: The constitutional provisions that make India a secular state are as follows:
i) There is no official religion in India. Every religion is given equal status. ii) The constitution gives freedom to people to follow any religion of their choice. iii) It does not allow any discrimination on the basis of religion. iv) The state has the power to intervene in religious matters if they threaten the peace of the state.

Q3. What do you mean by sex ratio? Account for the declining sex ratio in India. Ans: Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males in a country. The unfavourable sex ratio in India can be attributed to the following factors:
i) High maternal mortality rate. ii) Low status of women. iii) Neglect of girl child. iv) Female foeticide. v) Patriarchal society.

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vi) Preference for son etc.

Q4. Identify different measures aimed at gender empowerment in India? Ans: Following are the measures aimed at gender empowerment:
iv) Women have been recognized as a separate target group since 1980s in developmental plans, for raising their status at par with men. v) National Commission for Women has been set up. vi) Under the National Policy of Employment of Women, 2001 has increased the welfare and support service for women. vii) The Equal Wages Act provides that the equal wages should be paid to both men and women for equal work.

Q5. What is communalism? Mention various factors which are responsible for the growth of communalism in India? Ans: Communalism means to distinguish people on the basis of religion and to treat the persons belonging to ones own religion as friends and others as enemies. Factors of growth of communalism:
i) When economic and social distance between two communities increases. ii) Communally included media have an easy way to reach their followers. iii) This has taken the form of terrorism and militancy from across the border.

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Popular Struggles And Movements

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1) What was the aim of the extraordinary movement that Nepal witnessed in 2006? a)Restoring democracy. b)Abolishing untouchability. c)Bringing down military rule. d)Division of Nepal. Ans. (a) Restoring democracy.

2) How did King Gyanendra take advantage of the weak democratically elected government? a)He rigged the elections. b)He dismissed the Prime Minister. c)He dismissed the parliament. d)Both (b) and (c). Ans.. (d) Both (b) and (d). 3)TheSEVEN PARTY ALLIANCE was formed by: a)Maoist insurgents. b)Non-governmental organizations. c)Major political party. d)Local people. Ans.. c)Major political party.

4)What was the cause of struggle for the people of Bolivia? a)Monarchy. b)Poverty. c)Unemployment d)Privatisation of water. Ans.. d)Privatisation of water.

5)What was the Bolivian Protest called? a)Bolivian War. b)Bolivias Water War. c)Water of Bolivia. d)Bolivian Crisis. Ans.. b)Bolivias Water War.

6)Democracy evolves through: a)Popular struggles. b)Significant decision. c)Popular demands. d)Shared feelings. Ans..a)Popular struggles. 7)How did people protest in the KITTIKO-HACHCHIKO movement? a)Planted saplings b)Plucked more trees. c)Plucked eucalyptus plant and planted other saplings. d)Plucked all eucalyptus trees on the 30,000 hectare of land. Ans.. c)Plucked eucalyptus plant and planted other saplings.

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8)The protest in Bolivia was lead bya)The people. b)Political party. c)Municipalities. d)FEDECOR. Ans.. d)FEDECOR.

9)Which out of the following is a feature of PRESSURE GROUPS ? a)Directly control on political power. b)Attempt to influence government policies. c)Have a loose organization. d)Directly control political power. Ans.. b)Attempt to influence government policies.

10)Which out of the following depends much more on spontaneous mass participation? a)Movements. b)Pressure groups. c)Political parties. d)Interest groups. Ans.. a)Movements. 11)Which out of the following can be classified as a type of public interest group? a)Trade unions. b)FEDECOR. c)Doctors. d)Teachers. Ans.. b)FEDECOR.

12)Which out of the following is an example of movements growing into political parties? a)NAPM b)FEDECOR c)Asom Gana Parishad. d)BAMCEF Ans.. d)BAMCEF

13)Which out of the following is not a single issue movement: a)Narmada Bachao Andolan. b)Nepalese movement. c)Environmental movement. d)None of these. Ans.. c)Environmental movement.

14)Pressure groups with _______ public support but more money can hijack public discussions: a) Moderate b) Less c) No d) More Ans.. b) Less

15) Which of the following is an example of a sectional interest group ? a) FEDECOR b) Human rights organizations c) Trade Unions d) Anti-liquor movements Ans.. c) Trade Unions. 58 | P a g e

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. What is an interest group? Clarify the difference between interest group and pressure group. Ans: a. When people belonging to common interests organise themselves, they form an interest group. b. They are voluntary groups which represent the social, economic or political interests of a particular section of the society. When an interest group starts seeking government help for the promotion of its interests and tries to influence the laws and policies of the government it turns into a pressure group.

2. Give any two features each of sectional and promotional pressure groups in India. Ans: a. Sectional interests groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of people. They are called sectional interest groups because they represent a section of the society. On the other hand, public interest groups seek to promote collective rather than selective good. b. The sectional interest groups work for the well-being and betterment of their own members and not of the society in general. On the other hand, the aim of public interest groups is to fight for the general welfare of the society and not for the good of its own members.

3. How does a movement differ from an interest group? Ans: Movement has a loose organisation. Its decisions are more informal and flexible. They depend more on spontaneous mass participation and do not struggle in a very organized way. On the other hand, interest groups have an organisation duly elected by its members which work in an organised manner. The decisions of interest groups are very formal.

4. Give a comparative analysis of the protest movements in Nepal and Bolivia. Ans: a. The movement of Nepal was to establish Democracy while the struggle in Bolivia involved claims on an elected democratic government. b. The popular struggle in Bolivia was about one specific policy, while the struggle of Nepal was about the foundation of the countrys politics. c. Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels. 5. Describe the main reasons of the popular struggle against privatisation of water in Bolivia. Ans: The popular struggle in Bolivia started when the Bolivian elected government sold its municipal water supply rights to a multinational company. The company immediately raised the price of water. Many people received water bill of Rs.1000 in a country where average income is around Rs.5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest. The struggle ended when water supply was restored to the municipality at old rates.

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LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Describe the relationship between pressure groups and political parties. Ans.. The relationship between pressure groups and political parties are given below : a) In many cases, the pressure groups are being formed or led by political parties. These pressure groups act as extended arms of political parties. e.g. labour unions are formed by different political parties. b) Sometimes political parties grow out of movements. e.g. when the Assam movement led by students against the foreigners, came to an end, it led to the formation of Asom Gana Parishad. c) In most cases, relationship between parties and interest or movement groups is not so direct. They often take positions that are opposed to each other. Movement groups have raised new issues that have been taken up by political parties. Most of the new leaders of political parties come from interest or movement groups.

2. Explain how the activities of the pressure groups are useful in the functioning of a democratic government. Ans.. a) Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy in many ways. Putting pressure on the rulers is not an unhealthy activity in a democracy as long as everyone gets opportunity. b) Governments can often come under undue pressure from small groups of rich and powerful people. Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering these undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens. c) Even the sectional interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function actively, no single group can achieve dominance over one society. If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will bring counter pressure, not to make policies in the way the first group desires. The government gets to hear about different sections of the populations what they want. 3. What do you know about Bolivias popular struggle ? Or Discuss briefly the populous struggle of the Bolivia. Ans.. Bolivia is a Latin American Country which is very poor. Due to the pressure of World Bank, government gave up the control of municipalities over water and sold its rights to a MultiNational company (MNC) in the city of Cochabamba. a) Company very quickly increased the price by four times and started to collect bills for it. In a country like Bolivia, where average income of the people is around Rs.5000/per month, people were given Rs.1000/- as water bills. Due to this reason, spontaneous popular protest started in Bolivia. b) In Jan,2000, many human rights organizations and other parties organized a four day general strike. Government agreed to negotiate and strike was called off but nothing happened. c) Police started brutal repression and agitation was again started in February. Government imposed material law but the protest of the people forced MNC officials to leave the city. The government conceded to the demands of the strike and the contract with MNC was cancelled. d) Supply of water was given to Municipalities. This was known as Bolivias Water War.

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4. Which type of conclusions could be drawn from popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia ? Ans.. In Nepal people tried to restore democracy by over throwing the authority of the king and they succeeded in it. In Bolivia people tried to defy the governments rule of paying bills of water to an MNC and they also succeeded in it. We can draw many conclusions from both the movements. a) Democracy can be restored with the help of people. It is possible that any important matter could be resolved with consensus. In democracy, there is always a conflict between those who have power and those who want to gain power. b) Conflicts in democracy can be resolved through mobilization of masses. c) At the time of conflicts, many new political organizations come into being. People participate in that protests which is being held by new political organizations. With the help of political organizations, public protests become more effective.

5. How can we participate in any type of struggle in democracy? Ans. The meaning of democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people. Ours is a representative government, where the elected representatives make policies for the country. Many a times people disapprove these policies and start to oppose them. Many a times, people come into direct conflict with government. They struggle against the government with the help of peaceful marches, protests, strikes, violent struggles etc. e.g. popular struggle in Nepal and Bolivia. In democracy we can participate in any struggle in two ways : a) Direct participation in election One can make ones own political party, call for mass mobilization, contest elections and win over the majority. b) Indirect participation Pressure groups can be formed and protest movements can be started to pressurize the government to amend its policies. Pressure groups share political power without taking part in politics. HOTS ( High Order Thinking Skills Questions) : 1. In 1984, the Karnataka government set up a company called Karnataka Pulpwood Ltd. About 30,000 hectares of land was given virtually free of this company for 40 years. Much of this land was used by farmers as grazing land for their cattle. However, the company began to plant Eucalyptus trees on this land which could be used for making paper pulp. In 1987, a movement called Kittiko-Hachchiko started a non-violent protest, where people plucked the Eucalyptus plants and planted saplings of trees that were useful to the people. Suppose you belong to any of the following groups, what arguments would you put forward to defend your side : a local farmer, and environmental activist, a government official working in this company or just a customer of paper. Choose any one option. Ans.. 1. AS A LOCAL FARMER :- We should have formed a farmer union. We would meet the highest official of the government with the request that the grazing land belong to the farmers and they should not be deprived from their common land. 2. AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVIST :- Being an environmental activist, we should have taken out procession, followed by demonstration to draw the attention of the government and force the government to cancel the contracts with the company.

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3. AS A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL :- Being a part of government institution, we would try to convince the farmers about the benefit like employment, development of the village, better facilities to the villagers etc. 4. AS A CONSUMER OF PAPER :- We should request the government to give back the land to the farmers. The government should look for new patches of land where trees can be planted to provide raw materials for paper industries. ______________________

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Political Parties
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What is meant by two-party system? (a) Two parties run the government (b) Two members run a party (c) Two parties contest elections (d) None of these Answer: c2. What system of government does India have? (a) One-party system (b) Two-party system (c) Multi-party system (d) None of these Answer: c- Multi party system 3. What is an alliance? (a) One party contests elections (b) Several parties join hands for contesting elections (c) Two parties contest elections (d) None of these Answer: b4. What are National parties? (a) Parties which have units in various states (b) Parties which have no units (c) Parties which have units in two states (d) Parties which have units in all states Answer: (a) 5. On what ideologies does the Indian National Congress rest? (a) Communalism (b) Socialism (c) Federalism (d) Secularism Answer: (d) 6. The Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) came to power in 1998 as the leader of : (a) United Progressive Alliance (b) Left front (c) National Democratic Alliance (d) None of these Answer: 7. Who is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP)? (a) Jyotiba Phule (b) Kanshi Ram (c) B.R. Ambedkar Answer: (b) 63 | P a g e

(d) Sahu Maharaj

8. The main base of BSP is in (a) Punjab (b) Delhi Answer: (d)

(c) Haryana

(d) Uttar Pradesh

9. Which party enjoys a strong hold in Tripura, West Bengal and Kerala? (a) CPI (M) (b) CPI (c) BSP (d) BJP Answer: (a)

10. Which out of the following is a state party? (a) INC (b) AGP (c) BJP (d) CPI(M) Answer: (b) 11. What is 'defection'? a) Loyality towards a party b) Changing party allegiance c) Political Reforms d) None of these Answer: (b) 12. Which out of the following is a feature of Partisanship? (a) Inability to take a balance view (b) Similarity of views (c) Represents the individual (d) None of these Answer: (a) 13. Who is a Partisan? (a) Disloyal party member (b) Staunch party member (c) Estranged party member (d) None of these Answer: (b) 14. How many parties are registered with the Election Commission of India? (a) About 500 (b) About 650 (c) About 700 (d) About 750 Answer: (d) 15. What is meant by a one party system? (a) One single party runs the government (b) One single person runs the party (c) When the king rules the country 64 | P a g e

(d) When one party is allowed to contest elections Answer: (a) SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Why do we need political parties? Ans. (i) Political parties are easily one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. (ii) For most ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties. (iii) Political parties in a populated country like India help in forming the government. Political parties have become omnipresent in democracies all over the world. 2. What are the main features/characteristics of a political party?

Ans. Features/Characteristics: (i) They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote collective good . (ii) Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others. (iii) They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections. (iv) Parties are a part of society and thus involve partisanship. (v) A party is known by what it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds.

3. What party system can be ideal for any country? Why did India choose to have a multi-party system? Ans. Party system is not something any country can choose. It evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of the society, its social and regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections. These cannot be changed quickly. Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances. India has evolved a multi party system. It is because the social and geographical diversity. In such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties. No system is ideal for all countries and all situations.

Q.4. Ans.

What is the difference between a National party and a State party? There are three major differences between a national party and regional/ state party. i. National parties have influence all over the country or in several states of India. The influence of a state party is limited to a state or a region. ii. National parties take interest in national as well as international issues; whereas regional or state parties are interested in promoting regional / state interest only. iii. The national parties have to harmonise the national as well as state interests; whereas state parties usually stand for greater autonomy for states. What is the role of the opposition party in a democracy? i. Opposition parties mobilize opposition to the government. ii. It keeps its different views in front of the parliament and criticises the government for its failures or wrong policies. iii. By doing this, it can keep a check on the ruling party, which is made to move on the track.

Q.5. Ans.

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LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

1.

What are the main functions of a political party? Ans: Main functions of a political party are: (i) To contest elections: In democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their candidates in different ways. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections. (ii) Forming policies and programmes: Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. (iii)Making laws: When parties come into power, they make laws for the country. Formally laws are debated and passed in the legislature. Members of the ruling party follow the directions of party leaders, irrespective of their personal opinions. (iv)Parties form and run government: Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want. (v) Role of opposition: Parties that lose in elections, play the role of opposition to the parties in power by criticizing the govt. for its failures or wrong policies. (vi)Shaping public opinion: They raise and highlight issues. Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country. Many of the pressure groups are extension of political parties among different sections of the society. Parties, sometimes also launch movements for the resolutions of problems faced by people. (vii)Access to government machinery and welfare schemes: For any ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to peoples needs and demands.

2.

Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties? Ans: (i) We can understand the necessity of political parties by imagining a situation without parties. Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes. (ii) Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality. But no one will be responsible for how the country runs. (iii) India also has non-party based elections to the panchayats in many states. Although parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed that the village splits into more than one fraction, each of which puts up a panel of its candidates. This is exactly what the party does. That is why, we have political parties in almost all countries of the world. (iv) The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies, large-scale societies need representative democracy. Large societies needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government 66 | P a g e

could be formed.

3.

Describe the various party systems existing in various countries. Ans: i) One-party system: (a) In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the government. It is called a one-party system. (b) We cannot consider one party system as a good option because this is not a democratic option. (c) Any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in elections and provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to power. Example- Communist party China. (ii)Two-party system: (a) In some countries, power usually changes between two main parties. (b) Here, only the two main parties have a serious chance ofwinning majority seats to form the government. Example- USA and UK . (iii)Multi-party system: (a) If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power, either on their own or in alliance with others, it is called a multi-party system. (b) The multi-party system often appears very messy and leads to political instability. (c) At the same time, this system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation. Example: India.Coalition government: NDA. UPA, Left Front.

4.

What are the challenges of political parties? Ans: (i) Lack of internal democracy: (a) All over the world, there is a tendency of political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. (b) Parties do not keep membership register. (c) They do not regularly hold organisational meetings. (d) They do not conduct internal elections regularly. (e) Ordinary members of the party do not have sufficient information on what happens inside the party. (f) As a result, the leaders assure greater powers to make the decisions in the name of the party. (ii) No transparency: (a) Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. (b) Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members. (c) In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family. (d) This is also bad for democracy since people who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power. (iii) Money and muscle power:

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(a) Since parties are focussed only on winning elections, they tend to use short cuts to win elections. (b) They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money. (c) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on policies and decisions of the party. (d) In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections. (e) Democrats all over the world are worried about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics. (iv) Meaningful choices: (a) In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different. (b) In recent years, there has been a decline in ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world. (c) Those who want really different policies have no option available to them. (d) Sometimes, people cannot elect very different people either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one to another.

5.

Suggest some reforms to strengthen the parties so that they perform their duties well. Ans: (a) The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. MLAs and MPs were indulging in Defection in order to become ministers or for cash rewards. Now the law says that if any MLA or MP changes his/her party he or she will lose the seat in the legislatures. (b) The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce their influence of money and criminals. Now, it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him if any. (c) The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their income tax returns. Besides these, many suggestions are often made to reform political parties: (i) It should be made necessary for political parties to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members. (ii) Parties should be asked to give at least one third of the seats to women. (iii) There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. (iv) Ordinary citizens, pressure groups, movements and media can play an important role by pressurizing political parties to bring in reforms.

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PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERRead the passage and answer questions below: Muhammad Yunus is a famous economist of Bangladesh. He received several international honours for his efforts to promote economic and social development for the benefit of the poor. He and the Grameen Bank started jointly, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for year 2006. In February 2007, he decided to launch a political Party and contest in the parliamentary elections. His objective was to foster proper leadership, good governance and build a new Bangladesh. He felt only a political party different from the traditional ones would bring about new political culture. His party would be democratic from the grass root levels. The launching of the new party, called Nagarik Shakti (Citizens Power), has caused a stir among the Bangladeshis. While many welcomed his decision, some did not like it. Now I think Bangladesh will have a chance to choose between good and bad eventually have a good government, said Shahedul Islam, a government official. That government, we hope, would not only keep itself from corruption but also make fighting corruption and black money a top priority. But leaders of traditional political parties who Dominated the countrys politics for decades were apprehensive. There was no debate (over him) winning the Nobel, but politics is different- very challenging and often controversial, said a senior leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Some others were highly critical. They asked why he was rushing into politics. Is he being planted by the mentors from outside the country, asked one political observer. 1. Do you think Yunus made a right decision to float a new political party? Ans: Yes, it was a good decision on the part of Yunus to start a new political party. 2. Do you agree with the statements and fears expressed by various people? Ans: No. 3. How do you want this new party to be organized to make it different from other parties? Ans: (a) This new party should look towards the welfare of the common people of Bangladesh. (b) It should try to bring about economic development of the country. (c) It should foster a new spirit in politics. It should be corruption-free and democratic from the grass-root level. 4. If you were the one to begin this political party, how would you defend it? Ans: (a) My party would be based on democratic principles and it would

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pave a new path in the politics of the country by giving lots of importance to leadership and good governance. (b) It would promote economic and social development for the benefit of the poor. New schemes would be launched for the poor and the downtrodden and new employment opportunities would be created for their upliftm

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Outcomes of Democracy
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. People complaining about democracy show that: (a) People are aware (c) Leaders are inefficient (b) Democracy is useless (d) None of these Democracies

2. In the context of assessing democracies, which is the odd one out? need to ensure: (a) Free & fair elections (c) Majority rule (b) Dignity of individual (d) Equal treatment before law.

3. Democracies have successfully eliminated: (a) Conflicts among people (b) Economic inequalities among people (c) Idea of political inequality (d) Differences of opinion about how marginalized sections are to be treated 4. What is regarded as a definite plus point of democratic regimes? (a) Rule of majority (b) Participative decision making (c) Ability to handle social differences, divisions, and conflicts (d) None of these 5. Which South Asian country remains least doubtful about the suitability of democracy for its country? (a) Sri Lanka (b) India (c) Pakistan (d) Bangladesh

6. In which South Asian country is dictatorship proffered over democracy? (a) Bangladesh (b) Pakistan (c) Nepal (d) Sri Lanka 7. A democratic government is a ____________ government. (a) Powerful (b) Fruitful (c) Repressive (d) Legitimate 8. On what grounds is a dictatorship form of government better than a democracy? (a) Economic Growth (b) Population control

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(c) Employment generation 9. Democracy is based on the ideas of:

(d) None of these

(a) Freedom (b) Negotiation (c) Deliberation (d) Both b and c 10. What is the most basic outcome of democracy? (a) Significant decision-making (c) Accountability to the citizens (b) Powerful, repressive governance (d) None of these

Answers for Multiple Choice Questions 1.(A) 2.(c) 3.(c) 4.(c) 5.(d) 6.(b) 7.(d) 8.(a) 9.(d) 10.(c)

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1. What should be the most basic outcome of democracy? Ans: - The most basic outcome of democracy should be that i) It produces a government that is accountable to citizen. ii) Response to the needs and demand of the citizens.

Q2. Some people feel that democracy produces less efficient government Comment. Ans: - Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation in assemblies, negotiation and public opinion. So some delay is bound to take place. Nor democratic rulers do not have to bother about these. So they can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation. Q3. What are the short falls of most of the democracy? Ans: i) Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing information with citizens. ii) Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and after ignore the demands of a majority of its population. iii) Democracies are not free of corruption.

Q4. What is transparency in democracy? Ans: - Democracies ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through correct procedures can find this out. She has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency. Q5. Do we have to blame democracy for socio economic and political problem? 72 | P a g e

Ans: i) if some of our expectation are not met , we start blaming the idea of democracy ii) We have to realize that democracy is just a form of government. It can only create condition for achieving something. iii) The citizens have to take advantage of those conditions and achieve those goals. LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1) What are the common features found in the countries that claim to practice some kind of democratic politics? Ans: - The common features are:1) The countries have formal constitutions. 2) They hold elections. 3) They have political parties. 3) They guarantee rights to citizens. 2) What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities? Ans: - Democracies are in a better position to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts. But a democracy must fulfill the following two conditions: 1) Majority and minority should always work together. Majority should not try to run their authority over minority. 2) No group should feel assured of being in majority all the time. 3) Why is it that democracy is preferred system of governance? Ans: - Because: 1) The biggest merit of democracy is that it produces a legitimate government. 2) A legitimate government is one which is generally acceptable to the people. 3) This outcome is assured by a democratic system of free and fair elections. 4) If the elected government does not prove efficient, it can be thrown out in the next election. 4) State the factors on the basis of which one can evaluate the outcome of democracy. Ans: - The outcome of democracy can be evaluated by speaking objective answers to the following questions: 1) How far does a democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government? 2) How far does democracy contribute to economic growth and development? 3) How far are economic inequalities and poverty removed in a democracy? 4) How far does democracy accommodate social diversity? 5) How far does democracy maintain the dignity and freedom of the citizen? A positive answer to these questions will amount to a favorable assessment of democracy: 5) How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government? Ans: Accountable 1) A democracy makes sure that people will have the right to choose their rulers. 2) Whenever possible, citizens should participate in the decision making process. Legitimate 1) Elections are held to choose the representatives. 2) If peoples needs are not fulfilled, they get to choose different people as representatives. Responsive 1) People believe that democracy is suitable for their country and their problems would be attended to. Q . Read the table and answer the question given below: Seri Public survey Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 73 | P a g e

al no. 1. 2.

3.

Democracy is preferable. Sometimes dictatorship is better. Doesnt matter to me.

69 6

70 9

62 10

37 14

71 11

25

21

28

49

18

Q. Is the Doesnt matter to me attitude a challenge to any nation? What are the repercussions of this kind of attitude in citizens? ANS. DOESNT MATTER TO ME attitude is a challenge to any nation. This attitude is detrimental for democracy . In democracy it will lead to indifference towards governance, lack of trust in democratic values, loss of confidence in elected representatives. Almost half the people surveyed in Pakistan have this opinion which is bad for any kind of governance. This apathy could be due to illiteracy, disappointments, growing corruption, rising economic inequalities. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Q1. The challenge which involves the strengthening of institutions and practices of democracy is called: (a) Foundational challenge (b) Challenge of expansion (c) Challenge of deepening of democracy (d) None of these Q2. The challenge of expansion of a democracy requires (a) Keeping military away from the government (b) Less decisions should remain outside the democratic control (c) Bringing down the influence of the rich (d) Establishing a functional state Q3. Suggestions or proposals to overcome the challenges to democracy is called (a)Democratic reform (b) Political reform (c) Government reform (d) both (a) and (b) Q4. Name the law which empowers the people to carry out democratic reforms: (a) Right to information act (b) Companies act (c) MRTP act (d) None of these Q5. What was the challenge to democracy when General Pinochets government was defeated in Chile and many institutions were still under military rule? (a) Establishing civilian control over all government institutions (b) Restoring Pinochets government (c) Military control over rest of the institutions (d) None of these Q6. Accommodation of diversity can be seen in (a) Poland (b) Nepal (c) Belgium (d) Iraq 7. Challenges to democracy (a) Corruption (b) Election (c) Communalism (d) (a) and (c) Answers 1.(c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1. What do you understand by foundational challenge? Ans :-Foundational challenge means how to make a transition to democracy. This challenge is faced by those countries where democracy has not taken roots. A different type of political system exists there. This challenge involves the following:(a) Bringing down the existing non democratic regime. 75 | P a g e

(b) Keeping military away from controlling government. (c) Establishing a sovereign and functional state. Q2.What is challenge of expansion which democracies are facing? Ans:-Challenge of expansion is faced by most of the established democracies Basic principles of democracy should be applied in every area, among different social groups and different institutions. In this local government should be empowered, federal principle should be extended to units of federation, women minorities and backward classes should be included in the decision making process. Q3.What is challenge of deepening of democracy in democracy? Ans:-Every type of democracy is facing the challenge of deepening of democracies. These should be strengthened in one way or another. Institutions and practices of democracy should be strengthened. It should be done in such a way that people would realise that what are their expectations from democracy. This challenge has different meaning in different societies because of different needs of the people. Q4. Su Kyi under house arrest for more than 15 years describe the challenge for democracy in this situation? Ans:-The national league for democracy led by Suu Kyi won the elections in Myanmar. The army did not accept the peoples verdict. Su Kyi was under house arrest. Citizens have no basic democratic rights. Q5.In Sri Lanka the pace talks between the government and the LTTE breaks down, renewed violence. Explain the challenge for democracy. Ans :-The Sinhala majority is trying to suppress the Tamils minority. The Tamils minority has taken up arms to put pressure on the government. LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1.How democracy could be politically reformed? Ans: There are no such rules to reform democracy politically but there are certain guidelines which should be kept in mind:1. Certain laws should be made to bring out undesirable things from democracy. If careful changes could be made in law then it will discourage the wrong practices of politics and can encourage the good practices. 2. Democratic reforms should be strengthened through political practices. So the complete focus of reforms should be on the ways to strengthendemocratic practices. For this the political participation of ordinary citizens should be increased. 3. Democratic movements, citizens organizations and media can play an important role in implementing reform programmes. Q2) How democracy could be strengthened? Ans:- 1) Basic rights:- By giving basic and fundamental rights to the people such as right to vote, right to equality, right to follow any religion, right to work, etc it will become easy for the people to live a happy life. 2) Educating masses: - People should be educated to understand national and international problems. They should understand the value of vote and should realise that it is a national trust. 3) Economic equality: - Economic equality cannot be ruled out completely yet gross inequality makes democracy futile. 4) Freedom of press: - Press should remain free from any control and pressure of Government. If the press is free it will bring out the misdeeds of the Government and even tell the people the good works of the Government. 76 | P a g e

Q3) At least one fourth of the globe is still not under democratic government. Explain the challenge to democracy. Ans: - 1) The challenge for democracy in these parts is very stark. 2) These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy. 3) This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic government. 4) Military should be kept away from controlling government and a sovereign and functional state should be established. Q4) How an ordinary citizen can play an important role in strengthening of democracy? Ans:-1) The Citizen should behave in a disciplined manner. This will lead to smooth functioning of democracy. 2) Ordinary people should take part in decision making process. He should use his right to vote carefully. 3) People should know the rules of civic sense. The grievances should be explained to the government through proper channel. 4) People can help in making public opinion. It is necessary in changing or formation of government. Q. Read the passage and suggest some reform proposals: Before the elections are held the candidates of the parties go to their constituencies and promise development and changes. Once they are elected they are seldom seen thereafter. Very few promises are fulfilled. Ans-Reform Proposals1.Review of work done by the MLA/M.P. should be done every year. 2. Funds allotted to the M.Ps to carry out the developmental work in their constituency should also be reviewed. 3.Government should publish the reviews so that public is informed. 4 .Before next elections government or MLA/M.P. should give a report on promises made and fulfilled. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Resource and Development

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Khader is a type of a) Black Soil c) Lattrite Soil Ans. Alluvial Soil

b) Alluvial Soil d) Desert Soil

2. Resource which can be renewed again are:a) National Resource b) Potential Resource c) Renewable Resources d) Stock Ans. Renewable Resources 3. In which year earth Summit held a) 1990 b) 1991 c) 1992 d) 1993 Ans. 1992 4. How much percentage of land are plain in India? a) 41 % b) 45% c) 43% d) 47% Ans. 43% 5. Which Soil is known as Black Cotton soil? a) Red Soil b) Arid Soil c) Mountain Soil d) Black Soil Ans. Black Soil 6. Soil can be Conserver by:a) Cutting of Tree b) Over Grazing c) Planting of Tree d) Excessive mining Ans. Planting of Tree 7. Land degradation due to over irrigation can be seen in the states of:a) Punjab and Haryana b) Assam c) Orissa d) Mizoram Ans. Punjab and Haryana

8. Which one of the following is an example of Biotic Resource:a) Rock b) Mountain c ) Mineral d)Flora Ans. Flora 9. They are Gifts of Nature which satisfy Human wants:a) A Commodity b) a Thing c) Resource d) None of Them Ans. Resources 78 | P a g e

10. Which one the following is an example of non- renewable resources a) Solar Energy b) Tidal Energy c) Petroleum d) Hydel Energy Ans. Petroleum 11. On the Basis of ownership resources can be classified into:a) Two Type b) Three Type c) Four Type d) None of Them Ans. Four Type 12. How many Economic zones are in India? a) Five b) One c) Two d) Ten Ans. Five 13. Soil is a:a) Renewable Resource c) Non- Resource Ans. Renewable Resource

b) Potential Resource d) None of them

14. In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised? a) Punjab b) Haryana c) Uttar Pradesh d) Uttarnchal Ans. Uttarnchal 15. Which one of the following in the main cause of land and water pollution in India in recent year? a) Industrial Effluents b) Chemical Fertilizer c) Deforestation d) None of them Ans. Industrial Effluents SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1. Write the difference between Alluvial and Black Soils? Ans. ALLUVIAL Soil BLACK Soil i)These Soils are formed by the i) These Soils are formed by weathering Sediments which are brought up of Igneous rocks and lava flows. By the River. ii)These are confined to northern plain ii)These are found in north western part and coastal plains. Of peninsular plateau mainly in Maharastra, part of Gujarat. iii) These are fine and highly fertile iii) These are also fertile Soil. iv) These support many crops like iv) Cotton grows best in this Soil. rice and wheat. v) This is divided into two type v) It is also known as Black cotton Soil. Khader and Bhangar.

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Q2. Why is it necessary to conserve resources? Explain. Ans. Conservation of resources is necessary because it will provide sustainable benefit to the present generation and it will also maintain the potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations it will enforcing conservation for the future laws and it will estimating resource requirements. Q3. Describe the type of Resources classified on the basis of ownership and exhaustibility?

Ans. On the Basis of Ownership Resources are classified as given below:1. Individual Resources: - These are also owned privately by individuals. For example, land owned by farmers. 2. Community- Owned Resources: - There are Resources which are accessible to all the number of the commodity. For example, grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds etc. public park, picnic spots, playgrounds. 3. National Resources: - The resources that belong to the nation. For example, roads, canals, railways, all the minerals, water resources, forest, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (19.2km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources within belong to the nation. 4. International Resources: - The Resources that do not belong to any individual country. For example, the Oceanic resources beyond 200km of the exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the decision of international institutions. There are international institutions to regulate such resources. On The Basis Of Exhaustibility Resources Are Classified As Follows:1. Renewable Resources: - The resources which can be used again and again and can be reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example, Solar and Wind energy, water, forest and wildlife etc. The Renewable resources may further be divided into continuous. 2. Non- Renewable Resources: - The resources which take millions of year in their formation and occur over a very long geological time are known as non- renewable like metals are recyclable while fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use. Q4. Explain the different methods of controlling Soil Erosion? Ans. Different Methods of controlling soil erosion are:In Hilly Areas: 1. Ploughing along the contour line can slow down the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing. 2. Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terraces cultivation restricts erosion. Western and Central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming. Agricultural Regions: - Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping. Dry Areas:- Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rocus of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India. In Industrial and Suburban Areas:- Proper management of waste land, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land water degradation. 80 | P a g e

Q5.Classify and explain resources on the basis of the status of development and origin? Ans. On the Basis of the status of development and origin classified as given below:1. Potential Resources: - The resources which exist in a given region but have not yet been exploited are called potential resources. Himalaya region for Hydel Power, Rajasthan and Gujarat for the wind and solar energy are the potential region of India where these resources have not properly developed so far. 2. Developed Resources: - The resources which are being utilized at present in a given region. The development of resources then depends upon their quality. Quality, Technology and level of cultural status of that region. These are being utilised by the human society at present. 3. Stock: - Those resources in a given environment which could satisfy human needs but are not accessible to them because of want of an appropriate technology. For example, two components of water i.e, hydrogen and oxygen can be used as a source of energy but the required technology is not available to do so. Hence it is seen as a Stock. 4. Reserves: - These are those resources which can be utilised with the existing technology but they are not being used at present, taking care of the future requirement. Reserves are then the part of stock such as river water and forest resources are not fully used now. LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1. Explain some Human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in India? Ans. Human activities such as deforestation, over grazing and mining have contributed significantly in land degradation. i) Mining sites are abandoned after mining work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over bending. ii) In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisghar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation has occurred due to mining. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharastra overgrazing is one of the main seasons for land Degradation. iii) In Punjab, Haryana, Western Utter Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. iv) The minerals processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generates huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere which retard the process of infiltration of water in to the soil after it settle down on the land. v) Industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution. Q2. What is Resources Planning? Why is resources planning necessary in? Give examples. Ans. Planning is a widely accepted strategy for cautious use of resources. In a country like India it is very important to follow and execute such planning as India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. Some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources. Some regions are self sufficient in term of the availability of resources while others have acute shortage of some vital resources. For example: The states of Jharkand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructure development. The state of Rajasthan is very well gifted with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. 81 | P a g e

The cold desert of Ladakh in relatively isolated from the rest of the country. It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals. So, considering such case of diversity, balanced resources planning at the national states regional and local levels is required. Q3. Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960- 61? Ans. The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km. As per the land use data only 93% of the total geographical area is available of this 43.4% is the net sown area, forest cover is 22.6%, 4.4% is culture able waste, 7.03% is current fallow, 4% is covered by pasture and 1% is covered by the tree crops. The land under forest has in causes over the year. The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the Natural Forest- Public Police. The percentage of forest cover is needed to be increased for the maintenance of the ecological balance. The land under forest did not increase much since 1960- 61 due to several reasons like The improper use of land which has caused degradation of the available land area and made conservation of forests difficult. The even increasing illegal cutting of trees and forest cover to meet the needs of an increasing population. Large scale development projects industrialisation and urbanisation have reduced the forest cover to a great extent. Q4. Explain different type of soil found in India with suitable examples? Ans. The different types of soil are found in India are:Alluvial Soils: - The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corrider. These Soils are also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri River. Such soils are also common in plains as Duars, Chos and Terai. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other ceral and pulse crops. These soils are highly fertile. Black Soils: - It is found in the Deccan trap region spread over north west Deccan Plateau and the plateau of Maharastra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur or black cotton soil and is ideal for growing cotton. Lattrite Soils: - Mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and Andhra Pradesh. Humus content of the soil is low because most of the micro organisms particularly they decompose like bacteria get destroyed due to high temperature. These soils are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manure and fertilisers. Red and Yellow Soils:- Found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern part of the middle Ganga plain and along the Western Ghats. They become red due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks Yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. Arid Soils: - Found in states like Chhattisgarh, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. Arid soils vary form red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture. Forest Soils:- Found in the hilly and mountainous area where adequate rain forests are available. The soil texture varies according to the loamy and silty in valley sides and cause grained in the Upper slopes. 82 | P a g e

Q5.Explain the Soil Erosion and its different types? Ans. The removal of top fertile soil cover due to various reasons like wind, glacier and water is called soil erosion. 1. When the running water cuts through the clayey soil and make deep channel they are called gullies. Due to the formation of gullies the land become unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land or ravines. 2. When the top soil is washed away due to heavy flow of water down the slopes it is known as sheet erosion. 3. When the top fertile soil blows off due to wind it is known as wind erosion.

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Forest and Wildlife Resources Multiple Choice Question (MCQ)

Tick the correct answer1.What is Jhumming? a) A type of Plant b) a type of Agriculture c) A type of Animal d) a type of Bird Ans. A type of Agriculture. 2. Narmada Sagar project is in the state of:a) Madhya Pradesh b) Maharastra c) Gujarat d) Orissa Ans. Madhya Pradesh 3. The percentage of forest cover in India is:a) 14.69% b) 15.39% c) 19.39% d) 19.67% Ans. 19.39% 4.Himalaya yew is found in:a) Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh c) Orissa Ans. Himachal and Arunachal Pradesh 5.Project Tiger was started in:a) 1953 c) 1973 Ans. 1973

b) Assam d) None of them

b) 1963 d) 1983

6.Simlipal is located in the state of:a) Bihar b) Jarkhand c) Orissa d) W. Bengal Ans. Orissa 7.Gangetic Dolphin is a type of:a) Endemic species b) Rare species c) Vulnerable species d) extinct species Ans. Vulnerable Species 8.Buxa Tiger Reserve is seriously threatened by the mining of:a) Coal b) Copper c) Dolomite d) Iron Ans. Dolomite 9.Taxol a chemical compound is used to treat the patient of:a) T.B b) Cancer c) Fever d) Aids Ans. Cancer 10.Pink headed duck is a type of:a) Vulnerable species b) Rare species c) Endemic species d) extinct species Ans. Extinct species 84 | P a g e

11.When did the joint forest management come into existence:a) 1958 b) 1968 c) 1978 d) 1988 Ans. 1988 12.What is the name given to the species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur:a) Endemic species b) Rare species c) Endangered species d) extinct species Ans. Extinct species 13.How many species of Fauna are found in India till today? a) 81000 b) 47000 c) 15000 c) None of them Ans. 81000 14.Which of the commercially valuable species have damaged the natural forests in south India? a) Chir pine b) Teak Monoculture b) Himalayan Oak d) none of them Ans. None of them 15.Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation? a) Joint forest Management b) Beej Bachao Andolan c) Chipko Movement d) Demarcation of wild life Sanctuaries Ans. Demarcation of wild life Sanctuaries

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1. What is Biodiversity? Why is it important for human lives? Ans. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity means inherited variation within species, the variety of species in an area and the variety of habitat types within a landscape. In other word it refers to the variety of living organism. It is an interconnected in which every organism has a role. Various organism play different role of producers consumers and decomposers. It is this role that other organisms, including humans depend for their existence. Human along with the other living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which they are only a part and very much dependent on this system for their existence. For example, the plants, animals and other micro organisms re- create the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soils that produce our food. Forest also plays a key role in the ecological system as they are the primary producers on which all other living beings depend. Q2. Classify the different categories of existing plants and animals species based on the international Union for conservation of Nature and Resources? Ans. Can be classified in the following ways:Normal Species: - Species whose population is normal for their survival such as cattle, sal, pine, rodents etc. Endangered Species: - These are species which are in danger of extinction. For example, black buck, crocodile, Indian wild aes, Indian rhino, Lion tailed macaque, sangai (brown antler deer in Manipur) etc. Vulnerable Species: - These are species whose population has decreased over a period of time and in danger of extinction. For example, blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, gangetic dolphin etc. Rare Species: - Species which are small in number and in danger of extinction if not been taken care of. For example, brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hornbill etc. 85 | P a g e

Endemic Species: - These are species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Example of such species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild Pig etc. Extinct Species: - This species have vanished from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic Cheetah. Q3. Write briefly about the different type of forest found in India? Ans. Forests of the following types are found in India are:Reserved Forest: - Reserved forest are the forest that are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wild life resources are conserved. More than half of the total forest land has been declared as reserved forest. Protected Forests: - This forest land is protected from any further depletion. Almost one- third of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the forest department. Unclassed Forest: - These are other forests and waste lands that belong to both government and private individual and communities. Reserved and protected forests are also known as permanent forest estate maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forest consisting 75% of its total forest area. Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forest of its total forest area. All north eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forest. Local communities manage these forests. Q4. Write a note on good practise towards conserving forest and wildlife? Ans. a) The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation is several areas. It has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful. b) Attempt have been made to revive the traditional conservation methods. At the same time new methods of ecological farming have also been developed. Farmers and citizens group like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible as well as economically viable. c) In our country Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme offer a nice example for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institution that under taken protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return the members of these communities are given the right to intermediary benefits such as non- timber forests produce and share in the timber harvested by successful protection. LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1. Describe the steps taken to conserve the flora and fauna of the country? Ans. i) several conservation projects have been initiated. These project are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components. ii) There is now a more intensive search for different conservation measures. iii) Even insects are beginning to find a place in conservation planning. iv) In the notification under wildlife acts 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths beetles and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species. In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species. Q2. How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain. Ans. Causes the Depletion of flora and fauna:-

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Expansion of the commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities: - During the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities Indian forests depleted to an extent. Agriculture Expansion: - Even after Independence agricultural expansion continues to be one of the major causes of depletion of forest resources. Between 1951 and 1980 over 26,200sq.km. of forest area was converted into agricultural land especially in the north eastern and central India for shifting cultivation (jhum) and a type of slash and burn agriculture. Enrichment Plantation: - Was a plantation in which a single commercially valuable species was widely planted and other species reduced. Development Projects: - Large scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the loss of forest. Projects still in continuation like the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh have swallowed up 40,000 hectares of forest. Mining: - Mining is another important factor behind deforestation. The Buria Tiger Reserve in W. Bengal is threatened by the on going dolomites mining. It has distributed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others including the great Indian Elephant. Unequal Access to Resources: - The wealthiest 5% of Indian Society cause more ecological damage because of the amount they consume that the poorest 25 % and shares minimum responsibilities for environmental well being. Habitat Destruction: - Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires are factors which have led to the decline in Indias biodiversity. Q3. Describe how communities have conserved and protected forest and wild life in India? Ans. Forest in India are home to a number of communities. These communications have a complex relationship with the flora and fauna around them. In some areas of India local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials. In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan villagers have fought against mining by citing the wildlife Protection Act. In many areas villagers themselves are protecting habitat and openly rejecting government involvement. The inhabitants of five village in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav Sonehuri declaring their own set of rule and regulation which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments. Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such belief have preserved several virgin forest in pristine from called Scared Groves. These patches of forest or part of large forest have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned. Even trees are preserved in name of worship. The mundas and the santhal of Chhota Nagpur region worship mahua and kadamba trees and the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango trees during weddings. To many of us peepal and banyan trees are considered scared. Troops of macaques and langurs are found around several temples. They are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotes. In and around Bishnai villages in Rajasthan, herds of black buck, nilgai and peacock can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harm them. The famous Chipko movement in the Himalaya and joint forest management (JFM) programme offer good examples for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. Q4. What are the three main types of forest as identified by the forest department? Ans. The three main type of forests identified by the forest department for the purpose of management are: i) Reserved Forest: - More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests. Reserved forest are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.

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ii) Protected Forests: - Almost one- third of the total forest area is protected forests as declared by the forest department. This forest land are protected from any further depletion. iii) Unclassed Forests: - These are other forest and waste lands belonging to both government and private individual and communities. Q5. Mention the Human factors that have led to decline in Indias biodiversity? Ans. Several human activities have affected the depletion of flora and fauna and has led to decline in Indias biodiversity. The main factors responsible for this damage are as follows:Habitat destruction mainly due to overpopulation leading expansion of agriculture, mining, industrialisation and urbanisation and consequent wiping out of large forest areas. Hunting and poaching and illegal trade of animals skin, tusk, bone, teeth, horns etc, have lead many species to the verger of extinction. Environmental pollution, poisoning of water bodies due to discharge of industrial effluents chemical, wastes etc leading to animals deaths. Forest fires often induced by shifting cultivation wiping out valuable forests and wildlife. Large scale development projects and destruction of forests. Grazing and fuel wood collection.

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Agriculture
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. India is the second largest producer of a) Rice b) Coffee c) Sugarcane d) Groundnut

2. The slash and burn agriculture is known as a)Milpa b) Ladang c)Roca d) Jhumming

1. Crops shown from October to December is known asa) Rabi b)Kharif c) Zaid d) Anan 2. The largest producer of jowar is a) Andhra Pradesh b) Himachal Pradesh c) Orissa 3. The golden fibre is a)Cotton b) Jute c) Flux d) coir

d)Maharashtra

4. Rearing silkworms for the production of silk is a) Pisciculture b) Sylviculture c)Sericulture d)Agriculture 5. Which type of agriculture depends on monsoon and fertility of soil. a) commercial farming b) plantation agriculture c) primitive subsistence agriculture d) intensive subsistence agriculture 6. which of the following are cash crops ? a) Tea and Coffee b) Rice and Wheat c) Millets and Wheat d) Pulses and millets 7. Which statement is false? a) Rice is a kharif crop b) Wheat is a Rabi crop c) Cotton is a Zaid crop d) Cotton requires 210 frost free days. 8. White revolution refers to one of the followinga) Growing lot of white flowers b) Maximum production of milk c) Increase in food production d) Increase in silk production. Ans:- 1(b),2(d), 3(b), 4(d), 5(b), 6(c), 7(d), 8(b).

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. What is the position of rubber production of India? Ans:- India ranks fifth among the worlds natural rubber producers. 2. Name two Rabi crops of India? Ans:- The Rabi crops are wheat and barley. 89 | P a g e

3. What is Jhumminig? Why do the farmers adopt this method? Ans:- Jhumming is Primitive Subsistence Farming. It is slash and burn agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produces cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of a land for cultivation. This type of shifting allows replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. 4. Name any two crops cultivated during Zaid season? Ans:- Two crops which are produced during Zaid season are watermelon and cucumber. 5. Mention the geographical condition required for the growth of rice. Ans:- The geographical condition required for the growth of rice is:-Temperature-250c and above and rainfall 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. 6. Mention the importance of agriculture ? Ans:- i)Agriculture provides employment and livelihood to nearly 60% of the population. i) Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. ii) Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. iii) It also produces raw materials for various industries e.g. paper industry, textile industry etc.

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 7. Distinguish between rabi and kharif season? Ans:- Difference between rabi and kharif season.

Rabi a) Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June b) Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard.

Kharif a) Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in the different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October. b) Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur(arhar)moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean. c) Some of the most important ricegrowing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra,

c) States from north and northwestern parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal 90 | P a g e

and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops.

particularly the(konkan coast) along with Uttar Pradeshand Bihar. Recently, paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana.

8. What is Horticulture? Name the fruits grown in India?

Ans:- Horticulture:-It is an art of cultivating fruits and vegetables. India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India is the producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. India is known for - mangoes - Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. - oranges - Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya), - bananas- Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, -lichi and guava- Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, -pineapples - Meghalaya, -grapes - Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra -apples, pears, apricots, and walnuts - Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand all over the world. India produces about 13 per cent of the world vegetables. It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.

9. Distinguish between Subsistence and Commercial agriculture. Ans:-

Subsistence agriculture (a) Subsistence agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/ community labour.

Commercial agriculture a) The main characteristics of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemicals fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. b) Crops are grown on a large scale with a view to export them to other

(b) Farmers and their family produce cereals for themselves and for the 91 | P a g e

local market. (c) It is practiced in thickly populated areas. (d) Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised.

countries. c) It is practiced in sparsely populated areas. d) Wheat, cotton, sugarcane etc. are mainly raised.

10. Kerala leads in the production of rubber. Give reasons? Ans:- Kerala leads in the production of rubber because it is an equatorial crop. It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature above 250 c and Kerala provides the ideal conditions for the growth of rubber. 11. What do you know about Kisan Credit Card (KCC)? Ans:- Kisan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers. 12. Name four important fibre crops of India? Mention the various areas of cultivation about any two of them. Ans: Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four fibre crops grown in India. Cotton and jute are major fibre crops. Cotton:-India is known as the original home of the cotton plant. India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world. Cotton grows well in the drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau. It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210frost-free days and bright sun-shine for its growth. It is Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months mature. Major cotton producing states are Maharashtra, Gujurat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Jute:- jute is known as the golden of fibre. It grows well on well-drained fertile soil in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year. High temperature is required during the time of growth. Major jute producing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya. It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts.

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Water Resources
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 5. Rain water is referred as a) Palar pani b) potable water c)Underground water d)None of these 6. The following is the only state where roof top rain water harvesting is made compulsory a) Bihar b) Assam c) Tamilnadu d) Maharashtra 3. Tungabhadra reservoir is across the river a) Kaveri b) Krishna c) Tungabhadra d) Mahanadhi

4. Nagarjuna Sagar dam is across the river a) Godavari b) Narmada c) Krishna d) Periyar

5. In which part or state of India people build diversion channels like guls or kuls a) arid region b) Western Himalayas c) Plains of Bengal d)Semi-arid region Ans:- 1(a), 2(c), 3(c), 4(c), 5(b)

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 1. What is the main purpose of multipurpose projects? Ans : The main purpose of multipurpose projects are: (any six points) i) Irrigation ii) Flood control iii) Generation of hydroelectricity iv) Soil conservation. v) Development of inland waterways. vi) Development of fisheries. vii) Provision of drinking water. viii) Inland navigation ix) Modernization of agriculture. x) Development of tourism. 2. Write about of hydraulic structure of ancient India? Ans : Hydraulic structure like dams built of stone, rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments. During the time of Chandargupta maurya dams, lakes and irrigation systems were built. Irrigation work are also found in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka etc. in this century . , Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water system channeling the floodwater of the river Ganga. 3. What are the different problems created by dams? Ans : Many problems have been created by dams. Land owners, large framer, industrialists and urban centers all are adversely affected by them. Landless in the village do not gain from dams. 93 | P a g e

Irrigation pattern have changed. Cropping pattern has changed from subsistence farming to intensive farming which has resulted in ecological imbalance, and salination of the soil. Dams have of the soil. Dams have created conflicts among the people who want different uses of the water available from the projects. 4. Discuss the present water status of groundwater resources in India? Ans : Present status of groundwater resources in India is as follows : I) Tube wells and wells are being increased singly used in irrigation and other purposes. II) III) IV) V) This has led to the decreasing water table of the underground water. Our ground water resources are polluted by domestic waste water. Groundwater resources have deplete a lot. Ground water resources are also polluted due to the Industrial wastes.

5. What is the need for conservation of water resources? Suggest some measures to conserve water resources? Ans: The following are the reasons which cause us to conserve our water resources:i) Our resources are limited. Our requirements of water are increasing day by day. ii) iii) The water resources are unevenly distributed. Most of our resources especially in cities and urban centers are polluted and unsuitable for drinking and other purposes.

Measures to increase water supply and conservation are described below: i) Creation of more water storage reservoirs. ii) iii) iv) Inter basin transfer of water, linking of rivers with one another. Rainwater harvesting through storage of rain water in ponds, tanks and reservoirs. Sufficient water percolation facilities to be increased provided it would result in rising of water table. Inter state water disputes must be resolved. Various water conservation techniques like watershed development and rainwater harvesting should be adopted and made popular.

v) vi)

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS 6. How rainwater is traditionally conserved in semiarid and arid regions of Rajasthan? Ans: In the semi arid regions of Rajasthan particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tanks for storing drinking water. Water tanks were a part of the well. Developed rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground tanks. The first spell of rain water from the subsequent showers was then collected. The rain water can be stored in the tanks till the next rainfall making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in summers. 7. Describe Bamboo drip irrigation system? 94 | P a g e

Ans : In Meghalaya, a 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent . About 18 -20 litres of water enter s the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundred of metres. Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the plant site where it is distributed into branches, again made and laid out with different forms of bamboo pipes. The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipes position. If the pipes pass a road, they are taken high above the land. Reduced channel sections and diversion units are used at the last stage of water application. These last channel sections water near the roots of the plant. 8. How can rainwater be harvested? Ans : Rainwater can be harvested in the following ways :i) By digging ponds and tanks. ii) iii) iv) v) By building embankments and check dams. By making arrangements for storage of rainwater on rooftops. By constructing concrete underground reservoirs. By constructing reservoirs in park and public places and covering them with concrete slabs. Building plans should invariably be made only when there is a provision for water harvesting.

vi)

9. Name the Sources of water availability in India? Ans:- a) Fresh water lakes, rivers, ponds reservoirs , ice- sheest, glaciers , b) Underground water wells, tube wells,spring. The fresh water is mainly obtained from surface run off and water that this continually being reserved and recharged enough to hydrological cycle. Water security: - the storage of water for human use. Causes of water scarcity: i) Low rainfall ii) iii) iv) Overexploitation Excessive use and unequal access to water. Bad quality of water.

10. Where is water scarcity likely to occur in India? Ans: Water is scarce in areas where size of population is very large. 11. What is the percentage of hydro electricity produced in India? Ans : About 22% of energy is produced from hydro power generation. 12. What are the different cause of water pollution? Ans: Water may be polluted by domestic wastes and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture 13. Why do we conserve water resources? Ans: i) To safeguard ours from health hazards ii) To ensure food scarcity iii) To protect natural ecosystem

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Match the following Column A Column B 1. Social movement a) highest rainfall in the world 2. A dam b) temples of modern India 3. Jawaharalal Nehru declared the dams as the c) solve many purposes at a time 4. Mawsynram d) a barrier across flowing water that obstructs 5. Multi purpose project the flow e) Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Ans: 1.(e),2.(d),3.(b),4.(a),5.(c).

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Minerals and Energy Resources

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Q1: A homogeneous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure is called a) Mineral b) Iron ore c) Diamond d) None of these Q2: From which part of the earth does the minerals come from.. a) Core b) Crust c) Mantle d) None of these Q3: Which of the following is a non metallic mineral. a) Copper b) Iron ore c) Lime stone d) None of these Q4: Rat hole mining is popular in . a) Rajasthan b) Punjab c) Meghalaya d) None of these Q5: Which is conventional source of energy? a) Petroleum b) Wind energy c) Tidal energy d) None of these Q6: The largest wind farm in India is located in . a) Lamba b) Surat garh c) Pune d) None of these Q7: Which is the best form of iron ore. a) Magnetite b) Hematite c) Limonite d) None of these Q8: Famous Bailadila range of hills is known for which mineral. a) Bauxite b) Iron ore c) Copper d) None of these Q9: The best source of Alumina is .. a) Mica b) Bauxite c) Copper d) None of these Q10: Manikarn is famous for . a) Wind energy b) Tidal energy c) Geo thermal energy d) None of these Q11: Monazite, the rich source of Thorium is mostly founded in. a)Bihar b) Karnataka c) Kerala d) None of these Q12: Uran thermal power plant is located in . a) Jharkhand b) Andhra Pradesh c) Maharashtra d) None of these Q13: India exports its major iron ore to a) Japan b) Brazil c) Malaysia d) None of these Q14: Famous Nuclear plant of Karnataka is . a) Keiga b) Kalpakkam c) Tarapur d) None of these Q15: Kudremukh is famous for a) Iron ore b) Mica c) Copper d) None of these ANSWERS-1(a),2(b) ,3(c) ,4(c) ,5(a),6(a),7(a),8(b),9(b),10(c),11(b),12(c),13(a),14(a),15(a).

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q1: Discovery and use of iron brought a radical change in human life prove it with some examples. Ans1: a) Revolution in agriculture-different type of tools invented like axe, hook ,plough etc. b) Revolution in industry-different tools and machines like spinning. c) Revolution in transportation- bullock-cart, ships, boats etc.

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Q2: Describe the various form in which minerals occur. Ans2: a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks ( cracks, cravice, faults or joints) b) In beds or layers of sedimentary rocks due to deposition, accumulation and concentration. c) Decomposition of surface rocks d) Alluvial deposits in sands of valleys and the base of hills as Placer Deposits Q3: Why is mining activity oftenly called a Killer Industry. Ans3: a) High risk involved b) Due to poisonous fumes, mines are vulnerable to workers for pulmonary diseases. c) Risk of collapsing mines roofs, and fires in coal mines. d) Water sources get contaminated Q4: Atomic energy is a hope give your views in favour of the statement. Ans4: a) Coal and natural oil are exhaustible. b) Nuclear power plants are easy to handle c) Most developed countries are utilising this energy successfully d) It can be useful in fields of medicines and agriculture e)Hydel energy is not satisfactory due to environmental issues Q5: Why does solar energy in Rajasthan have greater potential as non conventional source of energy? Ans5: a)Hot and dry region b)Clear skies almost whole year c)Cheaper installation d)Renewable and pollution free energy source. e) Government motivation

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWER

Q1: Give a brief note on Petroleum producing areas in India. ANS 1. : Most of the petroleum producing areas in India are associated with anticlines and faults traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In the region folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the creast of the uphold. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous rocks. Major petroleum producing area of India are 1) ASSAM- Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran-Hugrijan, Namdang region 2) GUJRAT- Ankeleshwar, Lunez, Navgan 3) MUMBAI HIGH 4) Godawari Mahanadi basin

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Q2: What are the differences between Natural Gas and Bio Gas? ANS2: NATURAL GAS It is a mixture of combustible gasious hydrocarbons occuring in the rocks of earth crust. This is commercial energy . It is used as raw material in the petrochemicals . It is transported from one place to another through pipeline. Mostly used in urban areas.

BIO GAS It is derived by decomposition of waste of animals and plants with the help of microorganism in presence of water. Non commercial energy It is produced in tanks It is found in rural areas Q3: What are Non Conventional sources of energy? Discuss two sources of such types of energy. ANS3: Sources of energy which are renewable ,eco-friendly and newer one are called non conventional sources of energy i.e. wind energy ,geothermal energy ,tidal energy etc. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth. Where the geothermal gradient is high , high temperature is found at shallow depth . There are several hot springs in India which could be used to generate electricity . Two projects , one is MANIKARAN in Himachal and second in PUGA VALLEY in Ladakh have been set up in India to harness Geothermal energy. TIDAL ENERGY: Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity .During high tides water flows into the inlet and get trapped when it is closed . After the fall of tide the water flows back to the sea via pipe lines that carries it through power generating turbines. In India gulf of kuchchh provides ideal conditions for tidal energy. Q4: India ,now ranks as a WIND SUPER POWER in the world. Why? ANS 4: India gets advantage of trade winds , westerlies and monsoon winds . Wind energy completely pollution free and non exhaustible thats why it becomes popular. India has an ambitious program to install 250 wind driven turbines with total capacity of 45 mega watts spread over 12 suitable locations . Indias potential wind power generation is of 50000 megawatts of which can be easily harnessed . Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have favourable conditions for wind energy. Wind power plant at LAMBA in Gujrat , is the largest in Asia. 99 | P a g e

Q5: How can we conserve energy resources in India? ANS 5: Following efforts can be made to conserve energy resource in India Using public transport instead of individual vehicles. Switching of electricity when not in use. Using power saving devices. More and more use of non conventional source of energy as they are renewable and eco-friendly. In automobiles electrical motors should be introduced.
Intensified exploration and research of new sources of energy.

PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERS Read the given passage and answer the following questions given below: The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of quest for economic development and environment concerns. Traditional methods of resource use result into generating enormous quantity of waste as well as create other environmental problems. Hence sustainable development calls for protection of resources for the future generation. The alternate energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy are inexhaustible resources. These should be developed to replace the exhaustible resources. In case of metallic minerals, use of scrap is specially significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which Indias reserves are meagre . Use of substitutes for rare metals and export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced, so that the existing reserve may be used for a longer period. Q1: What are environmental concerns? Q2: What are alternative sources of energy? Q3:What steps should be taken for using existing resources for a long period? ANSWER TO PASSAGE-1: Environmental degradation like water, air, sound pollution, loss of biodiversity. 2: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal energy. 3: a) Use of scrap metals b) Use of substitutes for scarce metals c) Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced.

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Manufacturing Industries
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1. In 1857 where the first cotton mill of India was founded A. Mysore B. Madras C. Surat D. Bombay Ans. Bombay Q.2. Largest producer of Jute and Jute made goods A. Bangladesh B. India C. Sri lanka D. Brazil Ans. India Q.3. Iron and steel is a A. an agro base industry B. a chemical industry C. basic industry D. tertiary industry Ans. Basic industry Q4.. Durgapur is situated in A. Jharkhand B. Orissa C. Chhattisgarh D. West Bengal Ans. West Bengal Q.Chemical industries usually are located near A. Iron and steel industries B. Thermal power plant C. Oil refineries D. Automobile industrie Ans. Oil refineries Q6. Abbriviation of STP is A. System tech park B. Software technology park C. State thermal plant D. Software technology picket Ans Software technology park Q7. Abbriviation of NTPC is A. national textle production company B. national technology production company C. national themal power carporation D. national tuberculosis prevention carporation Ans. national themal power carporation Q8. Atomicpower plant causes A. water pollution 101 | P a g e

B. noise pollution C. air pollution D. heat pollution Ans. Heat pollution Q9. Manufacturing industries includes A. Crop production B. Fish production C. Plantation D. Suger Production Ans. Suger production Q10. Manufacturing industries includes A. Converting raw material into ready good B. Transporting raw material C. Producing raw material D. Procuring raw material Ans. Converting raw material into ready good Q. 10.Choose odd one A. Distilaries B. Beckry C. Fisharies D. Worksop Ans. Fisharies Q11.. Which of the following does not affect the location of industries. A. land B. Enterpreneur C. Infrastructure D. Non of above Ans. Non of above Q12.. Which of the following does not affect the location of industries. A. Per capita income B . Energy C . Raw material D . Labour Ans. Per capita income Q13.. Rubber, Tea and coffee are A. basic industry B. Heavy industry C. Agro base industry D. Mineral based industry Ans. Agro based industry Q14.. Cement is A. basic industry B. heavy industry C. agro base industry D. Light industry Ans. Heavy industry. Q15. Golden fibre is A. Silk B. Gold C. Cotton D. Jute Ans. Jute 102 | P a g e

Q16: Suggest any four ways through which Indian industrial products can easily face global competition. Ans: (i) Use of modern technology. (ii) Use of modern machinery. (iii) Reducing taxes. (iv) Reducing cost of production.
SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

Q: Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Explain. Ans: (i) Cities provide market and also provide services such as banking, insurances, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice etc. to the industries. (ii) Industrial workers need houses and other facilities. The provision of these facilities can convert a small town into big cities. Q: What is aglomeration economies? Ans: Cities provide market and other facilities like banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants, and financial advice etc..to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make, use of the advantages offered by the urban institutions. This is known as aglomeration economies. Q: Name three physical factors and three human factors that affect the location of industries. Ans: Physical factors and three human factors that affect the location of industries are: (i) Availability of raw materials (ii) Availability of power resources (iii) Suitable climate (iv) Availability of water Human factors that affect the location of industries are: (i) Availability of labour (ii) Availability of market (iii) Government policies Q: What is the large scale and small scale industries? Give examples. Ans: Those industries that employs large number of workers in each unit and having large production level are known as large scale industries. e.g. cotton textile industry. The industry that employs small number of workers in each unit and having small production level is known as small scale industry. e.g. readymade garment industries. Q: What is an agro-based industry? Ans: The industry which gets its raw material from agriculture is called agro- based industry. e.g. sugar industry.
LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWER

Q: Which factors are responsible for the decentralisation of cotton textile mills in India? Ans: (i) Cotton textile have a very high demand throughout the country. (ii) Major inputs like banking, electricity, transportation are available in almost every part of the country. (iii) Textile industry is labour intensive industry and labour is easily available in India. (iv) Textile industry requires less technological inputs and can be carried out using simple tools and machines. 103 | P a g e

Q: Cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture. Explain. Ans: (i) The industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton bull pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. (ii) Agriculture provides raw material to the industry i.e. raw cotton. Q: What are the major problems of cotton textile industry? Ans: (i) Lack of good quality long staple cotton (ii) Erratic power supply (iii) Out dated machinery and technology (iv) Low output of workers (v) Stiff international competition

Q: What were the major objectives of National Jute Policy 2005? Why do the internal demand for jute is increasing? Ans: (i) To increase the productivity (ii) To improve the quality (iii) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers (iv) Enhancing the yield per hectare The internal demand for jute has been on the increase because (i) Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging (ii) The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials. Q: India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential. Give any four reasons. Ans: (i) High Costs and Limited availability of coking coal. (ii) Lower productivity of labour (iii) Shortage of power (iv) Poor infrastructure. (v) Low Investment in Research and Development Q: Why is iron and steel industry called a basic industry? Ans: Iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because: (i) It is the industry which lays the foundation of rapid development of other industries such as heavy engineering, defence equipment, automobiles, aeroplanes etc. (ii) It is also helpful in providing employment. (iii) It also helps in the development of agriculture.

Q: What is importance of the manufacturing industries? Ans: 1. Employment generation: Manufacturing industry is the main source of employment for large number of skilled as well as unskilled workers. 2. Foreign exchange : Export of manufactured goods bring foreign exchange to India. 3. Reduction of pressure on land: Manufacturing industry produces products of daily needs and helps the common people to fulfill their basic needs. It reduces pressure on agricultural sector for employment. 4. Removal of economic problems: Industrial development is a precondition for the removal of economic problems like poverty, unemployment and economic inequality. It also helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. Q: Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. Explain. Ans: Contribution of agriculture to industry: 104 | P a g e

(i) Agriculture provides raw material to industry such as jute, cotton, sugarcane etc. (ii) It also acts as a source of capital formation which can be utilised in industry. (iii) It provides food to the industrial workers. (iv) It provides good market to the industrial product. (v) It also decreases pressure on industry. Contribution of industry to agriculture: (i) Industry provides inputs to the agriculture such as fertilisers, pesticides, tractors etc. (ii) It provides infrastructural facilities. (iii) It can absorb surplus labourers or workers of agriculture reduce pressure on agriculture. (iv) It also increases the market value of agricultural products. | Q: What is the importance of Jute Industry? Ans: 1. Employment: The jute industry supports 2.61 Lakh workers directly and another 40 lakh small and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of jute and mesta. 2. Products: Jute industry provides products of daily use like jute bags, ropes, mats etc. 3. Foreign Exchange: Exports of raw jute and manufactured goods bring foreign exchange. 4. Promotion of Small Scale Industry: Many products of the jute industry are manufactured by cottage and small scale industry. So it promotes decentralisation of industry.

Q: The sugar industry is now shifting from north to south. Mention main reasons behind it. Ans: North India is regarded as the main centre of the sugar industry and Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer. Over the time the sugar industry is shifting towards south India. The main reasons behind shifting of the sugar industry towards south India are: (i) The sugar contents in the cane is higher i.e. 10.5% in Maharashtra and other southern states. (ii) Climate is suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane. (iii) South has better export facilities as compared to North. (iv) Cooperative sugar mills are more successful in management in south India. (v) The Peninsular climate helps to extend the crushing season by two months in the south India than north India.

Q: What are the major challenges faced by the sugar industry? Ans: The major challenges faced by the sugar industry are: (i) Low yield of sugarcane: Although India has the largest area under sugarcane cultivation, the yield per hectare is extremely low as compare to some of the major sugarcane producing countries of the world. (ii) Short crushing season: Manufacturing of sugar is a seasonal phenomenon with a short crushing season varying normally from 4 to 7 months in a year. The mills and its workers remain idle during the remaining period of the year, thus creating financial problems for the industry as a whole. (iii) High cost of production: High cost of sugarcane, inefficient technology, uneconomic process of production and heavy excise duty result in high cost of production. The production cost of sugar in India is one of the highest in the world. (iv) Old and obsolete machinery : Most of the machinery used in Indian sugar mills, particularly those in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar is old and obsolete, being 50-60 years old and needs rehabilitation.

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PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERS

Read the passage and give the answer of the questions given below:
Today, there are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country. About 80 per cent of these are in the private sector and the rest in the public and cooperative sectors. Apart from these, there are several thousand small factories with four to ten looms. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works. While spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country. Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Q. Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? Ans. Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi to promote self reliance and self employment. | Q. Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom? Ans. Power loom and handlooms are operated manually and it offers employment to large number of people therefore it is important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom. Q. Why weaving is highly decentralized in India? Ans. Weaving offers employment opportunity, incorporates traditional skill and above all it belongs to light industry resulting cheap transport of raw and finished goods to any corner.

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Lifelines Of National Economy

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Six Lane Highways are called (i) National Highway (ii) International Highway (iii) State Highway (iv) Golden quadrilateral super highways Ans. Golden quadrilateral super highways 2. Golden quadrilateral super highways are maintained by (i) Zila Parishad (ii) PWD (iii) CPWD (iv) NHAI Ans. NHAI 3. Villages are connected to a major town through this scheme of roads (i) MNREGA (ii) PMGSY (iii) SJGRY (iv) AAY Ans. PMGSY 4. Border Roads are constructed by (i) CRPF (ii) BSF (iii) Indian Army (iv) BRO Ans. BRO 5. Provides door-to-door connectivity (i) Airways (ii) Roadways (iii) Railways (iv) Waterways Ans. Roadways 6. Bulk carrier across nations 107 | P a g e

(i) Airways (ii) Roadways (iii) Railways (iv) Waterways Ans. Waterways 7. Bulk carrier within India (i) Airways (ii) Roadways (iii) Railways (iv) Waterways Ans. Railways 8. Principal mode of transportation for freight and passangers in India (i) Airways (ii) Roadways (iii) Railways (iv) Waterways Ans. Railways 9. Width of two tracks of Broad Guage is (i) 1.676 m (ii) 1.000 m (iii) 0.762 m (iv) 0.610 m Ans. 1.676 m 10. Natural harbour in India (i) Hooghly (ii) Paradip (iii) Chennai (iv) Mumbai Ans. Mumbai

11. Biggest natural port in India (i) Chennai 108 | P a g e

(ii) Tuticorin (iii) Marmagao (iv) Mumbai Ans. Mumbai

12. Largest producer of feature film in the world (i) Britain (ii) USA (iii) France (iv) India Ans. India 13. AIR stands for (i) All India Radio (ii) Indian Airlines (iii) Indian Railways (iv) None of these Ans. All India Radio 14. Terminal stations of East-West corridor (i) Mumbai and Nagpur (ii) Nagpur and Siligudi (iii) Mumbai and Kolkata (iv) Silcher and Porbandar Ans. Silcher and Porbandar 15. Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays? (i) Railways (ii) Pipeline (iii) Roadways (iv) Waterways Ans. Pipeline

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS Q. What is international trade? What do you mean by Balance of trade? What is the importance of trade? Ans. Trade between two countries is called international trade. It includes exchange of commodities, services, information and knowledge. Relation or difference between nations exports and imports is called balance of trade. It is of two types:

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(i) Surplus trade: when the value of exported goods and services is more than the value of imported goods and services. It is called favourable trade balance. (ii) Trade Deficit: when the value of exported goods and services is less than the value of imported goods and services. It is called unfavourable trade balance. The importance of trade is: 1. No country can survive without international trade because resources are space bound. 2. Advancement of international trade of a country leads to its economic prosperity because such a trade provides so many jobs to workers as well as business to traders. 3. It is through international trade that we earn much of our foreign exchange which is required for importing many essential goods. 4. Foreign trade helps in transfer of technology.

Q. Mention the different means of transport in India. Ans. Means of transport in India are:(i) Roadways, (ii) Waterways, (iii) Airways, (iv) Pipelines, (v) Railways.

Q. What are the means of mass communication? Explain features of any two media. Ans. These are those means of communication through which one can communicate with several people at the same time. For example- Radio, newspaper and TV. Television:(i) It is one of the largest and essential networks in the world. (ii) It provides entertainment and keeps the viewers well informed about the world. Radio:(i) It is the cheapest and the most effective means of communication. (ii) Besides entertainment, it also provides information and promotes social education. Q. What are the different types of roads in India? Ans. There are six types of roads:1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways or Expressway National Highways 2. National Highways 3. State Highways 4. District Roads 5. Other Roads or Rural Roads or Village Roads 6. Border Roads Q. What do you mean by pipeline transport? Ans. Transportation of liquid, gases or slurries through pipes made of durable metal or a plastic tube is called pipeline transport. It is the most convenient mode of transport for crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas even solids like iron ore in slurry form to refineries, fertilizer factories, industries and big thermal power plants. For example: 1. From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri. 110 | P a g e

2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places. 3. Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh (HVJ).

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWER Q. What do you mean by tourism and what are its advantages? Ans. Tourism comprises the activities of the people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environments for more than one consecutive day for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourists visit other places for heritage tourism, religious activities, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism. Advantages of tourism industry are:1. Provides job opportunity. 2. Promotes National integration. 3. Supports local handicraft Industries and local cultures. 4. Helps in cultural interaction and exchange. 5. Helps to earn Foreign exchange.

Q. What are the advantages of transport? Ans. 1. Facilitates easy and free movement of people from one place to another. 2. Helps to carry goods and materials from one place to another 3. Helps in production and distribution of goods. 4. Connect markets with the production centres. 5. Promotes easy accessibility of goods and services. 6. Helps in development of trade and commerce. 7. Helps to increase the volume of the Trade.

Q. What are the chief import and export items in India? Ans. Import Items:1. Agriculture and allied products (2.53 per cent), 2. Ores and minerals (9.12 per cent), 3. Gems and jewellary (26.75 per cent) 4. Chemical and allied products (24.45 per cent), 5. Engineering goods( 35.63 per cent) Petroleum products (86.12 per cent) Export Items:1. Petroleum and petroleum products (41.87 per cent) 2. Pearls and precious stones (29.26 per cent) 3. Inorganic chemicals (29.39 per cent), 4. Coal, coke and briquettes (94.17 per cent) 5. Machinery (12.56 per cent)

Q. What are the problems faced by Indian roadways? Ans. 1. Road network is inadequate for increasing volume of traffic. 111 | P a g e

2. About half of the roads are unmetalled. 3. The National Highways are inadequate and are poorly maintained. 4. The roadways are highly congested in cities and are lacking safety measures. 5. Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 6. Lack of proper security measures. Q. What are the features of railways in India? Ans. 1. Very useful for carrying heavy and bulky goods and materials. 2. Comparatively cheaper than Roadways and Airways for long distances. 3. Gives employment to a large number of people. 4. The Indian Railways are the largest public undertaking run by the Central Government 5. The principal (Main) mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. 6. Railways conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods. 7. Acts as an Integrating force by bringing people close to each other. 8. Suitable for long distances and Provides comfort of a home. 9. Accelerates the development of the Industries and Agriculture sectors.

Q. What are the Problems Faced by Indian Railways? Ans. 1. Requires huge investment at the time of installation. 2. Maintenance and upkeep is very costly. 3. Construction is difficult and costly in uneven and high hills and deserts. 4. Not suitable for transportation of perishable goods. 5. Ticket-less travelers. 6. Thefts and damaging of railway property. 7. Unnecessarily chain pulling to stop train. 8. Problems of gauge conversions. 9. Sinking and slipping of tracks in rains. 10. Modernization and Electrification.

PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERS Read the given passage and answer the following questions given below: Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. Foreign tourists arrivals in the country witnessed an increase of 23.5 per cent during the year 2004 as against the year 2003, thus contributing Rs 21,828 crore of foreign exchange. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism. Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas, but due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far. However, there lies a bright future ahead for this upcoming industry. Q. Why tourism is called a trade? Ans. Tourism is called a trade because it provides employment opportunity and earns money. 112 | P a g e

Q. What is medical tourism? Ans. Medical tourism offers treatment to the people suffering from illness as well reenergizing the body through herbal treatments and yogic exercises. It refers to the hospital industry that offers treatment for the illness. Q. How tourism promotes national integration? Ans. Tourism helps people to explore the unknown as well getting acquainted with the other cultures. It helps in mutual exchange of information, culture and better understanding. Thus, it promotes better understanding.

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Development
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1) In World Development Report 2006 , the criterion used for measuring the development of the country was (a) Total income (b) per capita income (c) Literacy level (d) health standard (2) Human Development Report is published by (a) UNDP (b) UNHAR (c) UNICEF (d) UNESCO (3) Life expectancy of birth denotes (a) Condition of life (b) need of life (d) Expected outcome of life (d) average expected length of life (4) A person will be considered as undernourished if his/her BMI is less than (a) 20.5 (b) 18.5 (c) 19.5 (d) 21.5 (5) Apart from income, things desired for development by people are (a) Freedom (b) equal treatment (c) Security (d) all the above (6) According to World Development Report 2004, rich countries are those which have per annum per capita income as (a) Rs 4, 53,000 or more (b) Rs 4, 20,000 or more (c) Rs 4, 50,000 or more (d) Rs 4, 80,000 or more (7) Which of the following countries has better performance in terms of per capita income than India (a) Pakistan (b) Sri Lanka (c) Nepal (d) Bangladesh (8)For how many years the stock of crude oil will last if people continue to extract it at the present rate? (a) 43 years (b) 50 years (c) 60 years (d) 75 years (9)What is the HDI rank of India in the world? (a)126 (b) 93 (c) 130 (d) 137 (10)Which particular agency of UNO publishes human development report? (a)WHO (b) UNDP (c) UNESCO (d) UNICEF (11)Which criteria was used by World Development Report 2006 for comparing countries (a)Education status (b) Health status (c) Total income (d) Average income (12)What is the HDI rank of Sri Lanka in the world? (a)126 (b) 93 (c) 130 (d) 137 (13)What was the infant mortality rate of Kerala in the year 2003? (a)9 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 11 (14)Which of the following is an example of renewable resources? (a)Coal (b) Petroleum (c) Groundwater (d) Uranium (15)Which of the following is an example of non renewable resources? 114 | P a g e

(a)Solar energy (c) Wind energy

(b) Tidal energy (d) None of these

ANSWERS (1) b (2) a (3) d (4) b (5) d (6) a (7) b (8) a (9) a (10) b (11) d (12) b (13) d (14) c (15) d

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

(1) Why do different people have different goals for development? Ans: Different people have different goals for development because different people have different aspiration and desire. Some may like to have `more income and better quality of education for their children, while others may require no social discrimination and high support price for their crops. So according to the living conditions and the environment in which the person stays, he or she pursue for the goals. People seek things that are most important for them i.e., that which can fulfill their aspiration or desires. (2) Why average income is taken into consideration instead of total income while making comparison between countries? Ans: The total income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. For comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful measure. Since countries have different population, comparing total income will not tell us what an average people is likely to earn. Hence we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. So, Average income = Total income Total population The average income is also called per capita income. (3)Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, to become a developed country? Ans: (i) Control on increasing population. (ii) Use of latest technology, irrigation facility, chemical fertilizers, and all information should be provided to farmers. (iii) New economic policy, international trade, liberalization and globalization should be adopted sincerely and effectively. (iv)Adequate facilities related with infrastructure, education, health, electricity, water, transport etc should be provided to all people of all regions and areas. (4)Think of some examples where collective provision of goods and services are cheaper than individual provision. Ans: (i) Public Distribution System for rationing, vegetable and fruit distribution from fixed price shop. (ii) Collective security arrangement. (iii) Collective transport system (iv)Collective provision of health services (v)Collective provision of education for children. (5)What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? Ans : Per capita income is the main criterion used by world Bank. Limitations of per capita income : (i) It unables to show how income is distributed among the people of the country. 115 | P a g e

(ii) Cost of pollution is not considered in this average. (iii) Some other important aspects like infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio etc are not considered while calculating per capita income.

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

(1) The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life. Discuss. Ans : Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All these are important goals. In fact in some cases, these may be more important than more income because material goods are not all that one need to live. Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends on non-material things. There are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives.For example, if a person get a job in a far off place, before accepting it one would try to consider many factors, apart from income such as facilities for the family, working atmosphere etc. In another case a job may give less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances the sense of security. Hence the development goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life. (2) How is that average person in Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but lags behind in other crucial areas? Ans : Money in the pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that one may need to live well. For example money cannot buy a pollution free environment or ensure to get unadulterated medicines. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities. Similarly the public distribution system functions well. If some ration shop does not function properly in such places, the people there are able to get the problem rectified. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better. Hence, Punjab lags behind Kerala in other crucial areas. (3)What is meant by sustainable economic development? Give its main features. Ans: Sustainable development may be defined as development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the need of ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Environment and economy are inter-dependent and complementary to each other. Hence the process of development should not ignore environmental issues. The main features of sustainable development are as follow: (i) It stresses meeting the needs of the present generation and future generation. (ii) There should be restraints on wasteful luxurious consumption pattern. (iii) Efforts should be made to invent environment friendly technology. (iv) Fast growing population should be effectively checked. (4)Mention some of the examples where collective provision of goods and service is cheaper than individual provisions. Ans : Following are some of the examples where the collective provisions of goods and services are cheaper than individual provisions : (i) Hospital : Public hospital will certainly be cheaper and better in comparison to have medical facilities privately . (ii) Electricity : Electricity from state electricity board is cheaper than having a generator in the house. (iii) Education : Education from government school is better and cheaper than taking private tution at home. 116 | P a g e

(iv) Security : It will be cheaper to have collective security for the whole locality than for each house to have its own security man.. (5)What is human development index? Who has prepared it? Write about basic components of human development measurement. Ans : Human development index is the cumulative measurement of the overall development of the people of a country. It was prepared by United Nation Organisation and published by UNDP. The basic components of human development index are as follow : a. Life expectancy at birth- It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. It is measured in terms of life expectancy in years. b. Literacy- It is measured by gross enrolment ratio for three levels means enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school. c. Per capita income- It is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country. PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERS

Read the following passage and answer the given questions :

One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI) . This is easy to calculate . Take the weight of the person in kg. Then take height in metres .Divide the weight by the square of the height . If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished . However,if this BMI is more than 25, than a person is overweight. Do remember that this criterion is not applicable to growing children . (I) Why do we calculate BMI ? Ans : We calculate BMI to know about the state of nourishment of a person . (II) How do we calculate BMI ? Ans : This is easy to calculate . Take the weight of a person in kg. Then take the height in metres. Divide the weight by the square of the height. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished. However , if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight. (III) Why is BMI not applicable to growing children? Ans : BMI is not applicable to growing children because children will have different weight according to their age group.

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Sectors of Indian Economy

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(1) During the period between 1973 to2003, the production has increased most in the (a) primary sector (b) secondary sector (c) tertiary sector (d) all the three sectors (2) NREGA 2005 guarantees work for how many days in a year (a) 100 (b) 120 (c)150 (d) 90 (3) Underemployment occurs when people (a) do not want to work (b) are working in a lazy manner (c) are working less than what they (d) none of these are capable of doing (4) While calculating National Income one should always take precautions to include only (a) intermediate goods (b) durable goods (c) non- durable goods (d) final goods and services (5) Which of the following Act protect the workers in the organized sector? (a) Factories Act (b) Minimum Wage Act (c) Payment of Gratuity Act (d) all of these (6) The classification of economy into public and private sector is done on the basis of (a) who owns the assets (b) who contributes more in (c) which one gives maximum (d) none of these protection to workers (7) Which one of the following is a public sector enterprise ? (a) TISCO (b) RIL (c) Indian Railway (d) WIPRO (8) Maximum share of employment in the year 2000 was in (a) Primary sector (b) Secondary sector (c) Tertiary sector (d) Forestry (9) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in . Sector. (a) Primary (b) Secondary (c) Tertiary (d) Information technology (10)The GDP of India in 2003 was : (a) Rs 21,0000 crores (b) 19,0000 crores (c) 17,0000 crores (d)15,0000 crores (11)The sector which has grown most over last 30 years is (a) Primary sector (b) Secondary sector (c) Tertiary sector (d)Public sector (12)The infant mortality rate in India is highest in the state of (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Orissa (c) Bihar (d)U.P. (13)In how many districts Right to Work under NREGA -2005 have been implemented? (a) 150 (b) 200 118 | P a g e

(c) 250 (d)100 (14)Which was the largest producing sector in 1973? (a) Primary sector (b) Secondary sector (c) Tertiary sector (d)Public sector (15)Which is the largest producing sector in 2003 ? (a) Primary sector (b) Secondary sector (c) Tertiary sector (d)Public sector ANSWERS (2) c (2) a (3) c (4) d (5) d (6) a (7) c (8) a (9) a (10) a (11) c (12) b (13) b (14) a (15) c

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

(1)Though maximum share of GDP is coming from tertiary sector, but still the share of employment in the primary sector is maximum. Discuss . Ans : This situation is because not enough jobs are created in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Though the industrial production of goods went up by eight times, but employment in the industry went up by only 2.5 times. Similarly in the tertiary sector, production rose by 11 times but employment rose less than three times. As a result, more than half of the population are dependant on the primary sector which contributes only a quarter of GDP. (2)Why do only final goods and services are included while calculating National Income ? Ans : Final goods are those goods which have crossed the boundary line of production and are ready for final consumption and investment. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods. This would lead to the problem of double counting if all the goods of the economy will be included while calculating national income. This should be avoided because if the value of any commodity is counted more than once it will result in overestimation of national income. (3)What is the meaning of under employment? In which economic sector are under employment conditions more prevalent? Why is it so ? Ans : A condition in which each individual appears working but no one is fully employed. This is the situation of under employment. People under such type of employment cannot utilize their potential and capacity in full. It is in primary sector because(i) This sector comprises the poorest section of society in majority (ii) People engaged in this sector are illiterate or semi-literate. (4)Do you think NREGA 2005 has helped the government in combating unemployment in India ? Ans : Under the short term measures, the central government in India made a law implementing the Right to Work in 200 districts in India. The full form of it is National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005. According to this, all those who are able to and are in need of, work are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government. If the 119 | P a g e

government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people . (5)What are the differences between public and private sectors ? Public Sector (i) The government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. (ii) The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profit, but also to raise the walfare of the economy. (iii) Railways or post office is an example of the public sector. Private Sector (i) Ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. (ii) Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profit. (iii) Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited or Reliance Industries Limited are privately owned.

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

(1)What pattern of historical change between sectors has been experienced by developed countries? Ans : At initial stage of development, primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity. As the method of farming changed and agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before. People started taking other activities like craft persons and traders. Besides there were also transporters, administrators, army etc. As new method of manufacturing introduced, factories came up and started expanding. Secondary sector became most important in term of production and employment Later on, there has been further shift from secondary to tertiary sector. Maximum production and employment started coming from tertiary sector. This is the general pattern observed in developed countries. (2)Why is the tertiary sector becoming more important in India ? Explain. Ans : The reason for the above are as follow : (i) In any country several basic services like transport, bank, insurance, educational institutions etc are required and the government has to take responsibility for the provision of these services. (ii) The development of agriculture and industry lead to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage etc. (iii) As income level rises, certain section of people started demanding many services like eating out, tourism, private hospital etc. (iv) Certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential (3)What are the differences in the employment conditions between organized and unorganized sectors of the economy ?

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Ans :Organised sector 1. Registration with the government. . 2. The labourers are expected to work for a fixed number of hours. 3. The wages are fixed and extra payment for extra work . 4. In addition to wages, people get some extra benefits like paid leaves, provident fund, gratuity etc. 5. There is a job security. 6. The labourers are given an appointment letter stating all the terms and condition of work.

Un-organised sector 1.No such registration with the government. 2. There is no fixed working hours. 3. The labourers get daily wages . 4. There is not any such benefits.

5. There is no job security . 6. There is no such provision of appointment letter.

(4) Explain two ways by which more employment can be created in a country like India. Ans : (i) Better irrigation facilities, cheap loan, marketing and banking facilities in rural areas, good roads, better transport and communication facilities, educational institutions, hospital and health centre in the rural areas will provide more employment in villages. (ii) By establishing new industries and expending old industry in the urban areas, by establishing new trade centres, markets, banking, financial and insurance companies etc. New opportunities will be provided for employment in urban areas. In forest and tribal areas, primary economic activities such as pottery, farming, dairy farming, fishing, bee rearing and cattle rearing will provide employment to tribal people. (ii) Use of latest technology,irrigation facility, chemical fertilizers, all information should be provided to farmers. (iii) New economic policy, international trade, liberalization and globalization should be adopted sincerely and effectively. Adequate facilities related with infrastructure, education, health, electricity, water, transport etc should be provided to all people of all regions and areas. (5) Explain the three sectors of an economy on the basis of productive activities undertaken. Ans : The different kind of economic activities are as follow : (i) Primary sector There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. For example, cultivation of cotton. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector. This is because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. (ii) Secondary sector It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through manufacturing. It is the next step after primary. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made and therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. For example, using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. (iii) Tertiary sector These are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for the production process. Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities. 121 | P a g e

PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERS

Read the following passage and answer the given questions :

Kanta works in an office. She attends her office from 9.30am to 5.30pm. she get her salary regularly at the end of every month. In addition to the salary, she also get provident fund as per the rules laid down by the government. She also gets medical and other allowances. Kanta does not go to office on Sundays. This is a paid holiday. When she joined work, she was given an appointment letter stating all the terms and conditions of work. (i) In which kind of sector Kanta is employed? Ans- kanta is employed in the organized sector of the economy. (ii) What kind of facilities are being enjoyed by kanta in this sector? Ans-She has security of employment, expected to work only a fixed number of hours, get paid leave, payment during holidays and they are supposed to get medical benefits etc.

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Money and Credit

MULTPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The exchange of goods for goods is: (i) banker of option (ii) bills of exchange (iii) barter (iv) currency 2. Currency is issued by: (i) RBI on behalf of central government (ii) By president of India. (iii) By finance minister (iv) None of them 3. National Sample Survey Organisation is a : (i) Commercial bank organisation (ii) An organisation of World Bank (iii) An organisation associated with Indian Standard. Institute (iv) An institution responsible to collect data on formal sector credit. 4. Gold mohar, a coin so named was brought in circulation by: (i) Akbar (ii) Sher Shah Suri (iii) Ashok (iv) Shivaji 5. Which agency is not included in informal loan sector or agency: (i) Bank (ii) Village money lender (iii) Trader (iv) Relative of borrower 6. In SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by: (i) Bank (ii) Members (iii) Non-government organisations (iv) LIC 7. Formal sources of credit does not include: (i) Banks (ii) Co-operatives (iii) Employers (iv) LIC 8. Security (pledge, mortgage) against loan: (i) Collateral (ii) Token Coins (iii) Promisory Note 123 | P a g e

(iv) Currency 9. The founder of Grameen bank of Bangladesh is: (i) Amartya Sen (ii) Mohammad Salim (iii) Mohammad Yunus (iv) None of the above 10. A bill of exchange promising payment to a certain sum written therein: (i) Currency (ii) Collateral (iii) Promisory note (iv) Bank rate Answers: 1(iii), 2(i), 3(iv), 4(i), 5(i), 6(ii), 7(iii), 8(i), 9(iii), 10(iii)

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

1. Give the meaning and functions of money. Ans. Meaning of money: Money may be anything chosen by common consent as a medium of exchange and measure of value. Functions of money: (A) Primary functions: (a) Medium of exchange (b) Medium of value (B) Secondary functions: (a) Store of value (b) Standard of deferred payments (c) Transfer of value (C) Contingent functions: (a) Basis of credit (b) Liquidity (c) Maximum utilisation of resources (d) Guarantor of solvency (e) Distribution of National Income

2. What monetary system does India follow? Ans. (a) India has adopted a representative paper currency or the managed currency standard. (b) The monetary standard is synonymous with the standard money adopted. Paper currency in India is the unlimited legal tender i.e. it is used to settle debts and make payments against all transactions. (c) RBI (The Reserve Bank of India) issues all currency notes and coins except one rupee notes and coins which are issued by the ministry of finance. (d) The system governing note issues the minimum reserve system viz. certain quantity of gold is kept in reserve.

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3. What is banking? Give the main features of commercial banking. Ans. Banking is defined as the accepting of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment of deposited money by the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawal by cheque, draft order or otherwise. Main features of commercial banks are as follows: (i) it deals with money, it accepts deposits and advances loans. (ii) it also deals with credit, it has the power to create credit. (iii) it is a commercial institution, whose aim is to earn profit. (iv) it is a unique financial institution that creates demand. (v) it deals with the general public.

4. Differentiate between demand deposits and fixed deposits. Ans. (i) These deposits can be withdrawn by their depositors at any time without notice (ii) They are chequable i.e. demand deposits are withdraw able through cheques. (iii) No interests are paid on these deposits. Rather depositors have to pay something in the bank for its services. (iv) These deposits constitute a part of money supply.

5. What are the different forms in which the commercial banks advance loans? Ans. Banks normally advance three types of loans: (i) Ordinary loans: these are simple loans extended by banks for different purposes both consumption and investment. The amount of loan granted is credited to the borrowers deposit account with the bank and can easily be withdrawn in cash or by writing cheques. (ii) Overdraft: Overdraft facility is extended to the customers who maintain a current account with the bank. Under this system banks honour cheques issued by customers in excess of the balance in their accounts. (iii) Discounting bills: Bill means a bill of exchange. Banks extend credit facilities by discounting bills of exchange. Banks discounts the bills after charging the interest for the period and cost of collection.

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

6. Discuss the historical origin of money. Ans. Historical origin of money: (a) Animal money: First of all, human beings used animals as a medium of exchange. For example, the Vedic literature tells us that cows or horses were used as money in India. (b) Commodity money: Before the invention of money several commodities were used as money. Even today in small villages food-grains like, wheat, horse gram, rice etc. are used as commodity money. (c) Metallic money: Man used metal, like copper, silver, gold, etc. as a medium of exchange. Coins were minted by goldsmith and used as money until paper money was invented. (d) Paper money: China was the first country that started using representative paper currency standard. Certain quantity of gold is kept as reserve in proportion to currency notes issued at the particular point of time. Coins are also used besides paper currency in our country. 125 | P a g e

(e) Credit money: Credit money is also known as bank money. It refers to bank deposits kept by people with banks which are payable on demand and can be transferred from one party to another through cheque/ demand drafts/pay orders etc.

7. Highlight the formal and informal credit sources in India. Ans. (A) Formal credit sources (i) Commercial Banks (ii) Central Bank (iii) Government Agency (iv) LIC (v) Registered Chit Fund Companies (vi) UTI (vii) Mutual Fund Institution Above mentioned all formal financial institutions accept savings and sanction loans to the people, companies and other agencies. (B) Informal credit sources (i) Local moneylenders: village mahajan and sarafs or gold smiths in the rural areas or in the cities. (ii) Land lords: this class include the big, middle and small category land-lords. They accept as collateral, title documents of agricultural land, dwelling unit, factories and issue loans to needy persons and companies. (iii) Self help groups: thrift and credit societies, union of government servants, cooperative societies and farmers, labourers, domestic helpers and housewives organisations. They also accept savings from different people and help their needy members. (iv) Chit fund companies and private finance companies are very powerful informal financial institutions. Some of them are working very effectively in villages and cities and all pay more interest to depositors than the formal agencies and institutions.

8. What are main functions of Reserve Bank of India Ans. The main function of the central bank is to act governor of the machinery of credit in order to secure stability of prices. It regulates the volume of credit and currency, pumping in more money when market is dry of cash, and pumping out money when there is credit. Broadly a central bank has two departments namely, issue department and banking department. The main functions are: (i) Issue of currency: the central bank is given the sole monopoly of issuing currency in order to secure control over volume of currency and credit. These notes circulate throughout the country as legal tender money. (ii) Banker to the government: central bank functions as a banker to the government both central and state governments. It carries out all banking business of the government. (iii) Bankers bank and supervisor: Central Bank acts as bankers bank in three capacities: (i) it is custodian of their cash reserves. (ii) Central Bank is lender of last resort. (iii) It acts as a bank of central clearance, settlements and transfers. (iv) Controller of credit and money supply: it is an important function of a central bank to control credit and money supply through its 126 | P a g e

monetary policy. There are two parts of monetary policy, viz, currency and credit. Central bank has a monopoly of issuing notes and thereby can control the volumes of currency. It controls credit and money supply by adopting quantitative and qualitative measures

9. Explain the composition and functioning of SHG in rural India. Ans. Self Help Groups are organisations formed by rural people and women in particular. Members to these groups are daily wagers, labourers, small farmers and agricultural workers. A typical SHG has fifteen to twenty members. They meet daily and save regularly. Saving per member, per day varies from Rs. 25 to Rs. 100 or even more depending on their ability of earning and saving. These groups charge interests on amount given as loan to their members but at negligible rates. After a year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the bank. Loan is sanctioned in the name of group and is meant to create self employment opportunities for the members. For instance, small loans are provided to the members for releasing mortgaged land, for meeting working capital needs (e.g. buying seeds, fertilisers, raw materials like bamboo and cloth) for housing materials and for acquiring assets like sewing machines, handlooms, cattle etc. 10. What do the banks do with the deposits which they accept from the public which they accept from the public Ans. Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves. For example, banks in India these days hold about 15% of their deposits as cash. This is kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day. Since, on any particular day, only some of its many depositors come to withdraw cash, the bank is able to manage with the cash. Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans. There is huge demand for loans for various economic activities. Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people. In this way, banks mediate between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers). Banks charge a higher interest rate loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is their main source of income.

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Globalisation and the Indian Economy

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. MNC stands for (i) Multinational Corporation (ii) Multination Corporation (iii) Multinational Cities (iv) Multinational Council Ans. Multinational Corporation 2. Investment made by MNCs is called (i) Investment (ii) Foreign Trade (iii) Foreign Investment (iv) Disinvestment Ans. Foreign Investment

3. Process of integration of different countries is called (i) Liberalisation (ii) Privatisation (iii) Globalisation (iv) None of the above Ans. Globalisation 4. MNCs do not increase (i) Competition (ii) Price war (iii) Quality (iv) None of the above Ans. None of the above 5. This helps to create an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic market (i) Foreign trade (ii) Domestic trade (iii) Internal trade (iv) Trade barrier Ans. Foreign trade 6. Foreign Trade (i) Increases choice of goods (ii) Decreases prices of goods 128 | P a g e

(iii) Increases competition in the market (iv) Decreases earnings Ans. Decreases earnings 7. Globalisation was stimulated by (i) Money (ii) Transportation (iii) Population (iv) Computers Ans. Transportation 8. Production of services across countries has been facilitated by (i) Money (ii) Machine (iii) Labour (iv) Information and communication technology Ans. Information and communication technology

9. Tax on imports is an example of (i) Investment (ii) Disinvestment (iii) Trade barrier (iv) Privatisation Ans. Trade barrier 10. Liberalisation does not include (i) Removing trade barriers (ii) Liberal policies (iii) Introducing quota system (iv) Disinvestment Ans. Introducing quota system

11. WTO stands for (i) World Tennis Organisation (ii) World Trade Office (iii) World Trade Organisation (iv) World Trade centre Ans. World Trade Organisation 12. SEZ stands for (i) Special Economic Package (ii) Special Economic Zone 129 | P a g e

(iii) Special Ecology Zone (iv) None of these Ans. Special Economic Zone 13. Globalization is not supported by (i) Privatization (ii) Liberalization (iii) Information and communication technology (iv) None of these Ans. None of these 14. Which one is false? (i) MNCs acquire small companies to expand production (ii) MNCs enter into joint venture to enter into foreign markets (iii) MNCS offer subsidy to the small scale industries (iv) MNCs set up own production centre in foreign countries Ans. MNCS offer subsidy to the small scale industries 15. Small Scale industries face competition from (i) Rising prices (ii) Cheap imports (iii) Exports (iv) Subsidy Ans. Cheap imports

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

Q. Write four functions of WTO. Ans. Four functions of WTO are: (i) Administering trade agreements between nations. (ii) Forum for trade negotiations. (iii) Handling trade disputes. (iv) Maintaining national trade policy.

Q. What is the impact of WTO on Indian economy? Ans. The impact of WTO on Indian economy are: (i) An opportunity to India for trading with other member countries. (ii) Availability of foreign technology to India at a reduced cost. (iii) Many laws of WTO are unfavorable to the developing countries like India. (iv) Certain clauses of WTO agreement on agriculture put restrictions on the provision of subsidized food grains in India Q. What is trade barrier? How governments can use trade barriers? 130 | P a g e

Ans. Any kind of restrictions imposed on trade is called a trade barrier. Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country.

Q. What is privatization and liberalisation? Ans. Privatisation means allowing the private sector to set up industries which were earlier reserved for the public sector. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on trade is called liberalisation. Thus, privatization and liberalisation results in freedom from closed and regulated economy. Q. How MNCs can spread their production? Ans. MNCs can spread their production by:1. Setting up joint production units with local companies. 2. To Buy up local companies and expanding its production base. 3. Placing orders with small producers

Q. Mention three factors responsible for globalisation. Ans. (i) Growth of MNCs. (ii) Growth of technology. (iii) Development in transport and communication technology.

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

Q. What do you mean by Globalisation? What are the effects of globalization in India? Ans. Globalisation is the integration or interconnection between the countries through trade and foreign investments by multinational corporations (MNCs). Positive impacts:1) Greater choice and improved quality of goods at competitive price and hence raises standard of living. 2) MNCs have increased investments in India. 3) Top Indian companies emerged as multinationals. 4) Created new opportunities for companies providing services like IT sector. 5) Collaborations with foreign companies help a lot to domestic entrepreneurs. 6) Foreign technology helps in raising the productivity. 7) Avenues open for new jobs. Like-supplying raw materials etc. 8) The rate of economic growth has risen from 3.62% to 6.5%. 9) Our foreign exchange reserves position has strengthened substantially from $1.28 billion in 1990 -1991 Negative impacts:1) Indian Economy faced the problem of brain drain. 2) Globalization has failed to mark its impact on unemployment and poverty. 3) Cut in farm subsidies. 4) Closure of small industries. 131 | P a g e

Q. What is WTO? What are the aims of WTO? What are the drawbacks of WTO? Ans. WTO is World trade organisation. It is an organisation which is in favour of increasing the world trade through globalisation. The aims of WTO are: (i) To liberalise international trade by allowing free trade for all. (ii) To promote international trade among the countries of the world in an open uniform and nondiscriminatory manner. (iii) Removal of both the import and export restrictions. The drawbacks of WTO are: 1) WTO is dominated by the developed country 2) WTO is used by developed countries to support globalization in areas that are not directly related to trade. 3) Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers. Q. What are MNCs? How the MNCs functions? What are the main guiding factors of MNCs? Ans. MNCs are Multinational corporations. It is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in region where they can get cheap labour and other resources, closer to the markets. This is done to reduce the cost of production and the MNCs can earn greater profits. MNCs not only sell its finished products globally but also the goods and services are produced globally. The production process is divided into small parts and spread across the globe. The main guiding factors of MNCs are: (i) Cheap production (ii) Closeness of production unit to the markets. (iii) Favourable government policies. Q. What are the ways through which MNCs spread their production and interact with local producers? Ans. There are a variety of ways in which MNCs spread their production and interact with local producers in various countries across the globe. (i) Setting up partnerships with local companies, (ii) Using the local companies for supplies (iii) Closely competing with the local companies or buying them up, (iv) MNCs are exerting a strong influence on production at these distant locations so that they could produce at cheapest price and earn profit. Q. What are the advantages and disadvantages of MNCs? Ans. Advantages: (i) Availability of capital and foreign investment. (ii) Availability of foreign exchange. (iii) Promotion of small scale industries. (iv) Foreign trade and integration of markets. Disadvantages: (i) Harmful for host country. (ii) Harmful for the local producers. (iii) Harmful for economic equality. (iv) Harmful for freedom.

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PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERS Read the passage and answer the questions given below: Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the worlds largest automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent Rs. 1700 crore to set up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks. By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling 27, 000 cars in the Indian markets, while 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa, Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.

Q. 1. Would you say Ford Motors is a MNC? Why? Ans. Yes, Ford Motors is a MNC. It is MNC because its production spreads across over 26 countries. Q. 2. What is foreign investment? How much did Ford Motors invest in India? Ans. Investment made by MNCs is called Foreign Investment. Ford Motors has invested Rs. 1700 crore in India. Q. 3. By setting up their production plants in India, MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the advantage not only of the large markets that countries such as India provide, but also the lower costs of production. Explain the statement. Ans. India has big market as it is the second most populous country in the world. At the same time India with her vast human and natural resources offers cheap production facility. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Consumer Rights
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A consumer (i) Sells goods and services (ii) Buy goods and services (iii) Produces goods and services (iv) Delivers goods and services Ans. Buy goods and services

2. Adulteration is (i) Selling defective items (ii) Overpricing (iii) Underweight measurement (iv) Mixing cheap materials Ans. Mixing cheap materials 3. Causes of consumer exploitation (i) Right to Information (ii) Proper Supply (iii) Low literacy (iv) High literacy Ans. Low literacy 4. Which is not a function of PDS (i) Control Hoarding (ii) Control Prices (iii) Control over charging (iv) Consumer Redressal Ans. Consumer Redressal 5. COPRA stands for (i) Consumer Protection Act (ii) Consumer Prevention Act (iii) Consumer Police Act (iv) Consumer Power Act Ans. Consumer Protection Act 6. Pick odd one out 134 | P a g e

(i) Right to information (ii) Right to choice (iii) Right to adulteration (iv) Right to redressal Ans. Right to adulteration 7. Pick odd one out (i) Right to safety (ii) Right to life (iii) Right to consumer education (iv) Right to representation Ans. Right to life 8. National Consumer Day is celebrated in India (i) 24 December (ii) 25 December (iii) 26 December (iv) 27 December Ans. 24 December 9. COPRA does not propose formation of (i) National Consumer Court (ii) State Consumer Court (iii) District Consumer Court (iv) High Court Ans. High Court

10. ISO stands for (i) International Standard Organisation (ii) International Organistion for Standardisation (iii) International School Organisation (iv) International Standardisation Ans. International Organistion for Standardisation 11. In which year Right to information act was passed (i) 2008 (ii) 2009 (iii) 2005 (iv) 2010 Ans. 2005 12. Pick the odd one out (i) BIS and ISI (ii) AGMARK (iii) HALLMARK (iv) CBI 135 | P a g e

Ans. CBI 13. Pick the odd one out (i) BIS and ISI (ii) ISO (iii) HALLMARK (iv) CID Ans. CID

14. World Consumer Rights Day is celebrated on (i) 5 March (ii) 10 March (iii) 15 March (iv) 20 March Ans. 15 March 15. Consumer Complaint forum is called (i) Consumer forum (ii) RTI (iii) High court (iv) Police Station Ans. Consumer forum

SHORT TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

Q. Why COPRA is enacted in India? Ans. Consumer Protection Act 1986 (COPRA) is enacted in India with following motives: (i) To pressurize business firms. (ii) To correct unfair business conduct. (iii) To protect the interests of the consumers. Q. What do you understand by consumer protection? Ans. By consumer protection we mean the protection of the consumers against the unfair and malpractices adopted by the businessmen. These may be grouped mainly into two categories. (i) Government measures (ii) Voluntary measures

Que. How do the logos ISI, Agmark or Hallmark help consumers? Ans. These logos and certification help consumers get assured of quality while purchasing goods and services. The organizations that monitor and issue the certificates allow the producers to use these logos provided they follow certain quality standards.

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Q. What is adulteration? Ans. When some foreign matter, injurious to health, is mixed with any good or natural production, it is called adulteration. This is the most heinous crime against humanity.

Q. Mention a few Organizations that provide certification of standardization in India. What do you mean by ISO? Ans. (i) BIS and ISI (ii) AGMARK (iii) HALLMARK It means International Organization for Standardization which has its headquarter at Geneva. It does the Standardization work at the international level. Q. What is the need for consumer awareness? Ans. The need for consumer awareness was felt because both the manufacturers and traders can go to any extent out of their selfishness. They can charge high prices, and resort to underweight and under measurement methods .Their lust for money may lead to loss of money and health of consumers. Q. What is consumer exploitation? Ans. When a consumer is cheated in any way, either by the shopkeeper or by the producer, by giving him poor quality or adulterated goods or by charging more prices for the commodity or a service, it is called consumers exploitation.

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

Q. What are the different forms of consumer exploitation? Ans. The different forms of consumer exploitation are: (i) Less weigh. (ii) Defective goods. (iii) Provide poor services. (iv) Impure quality of products/goods. (iv) High prices: sellers usually charge a price higher than the prescribed retail price. (v) Duplicate Articles. (vi) False or incomplete information, misleading consumers. (vii) Lack of safety devices which cause harm to the consumers. (vi) Adulteration: Mixing or substituting undesirable materials in food items etc. (vii)Unsatisfactory after sale service: supplies do not provide satisfactory behavior. (viii) Large companies with huge wealth, power and reach can manipulate in the market.

Q. What are the factors responsible for the consumer exploitation? Ans. The following factors are responsible for the consumer exploitation: (i) Limited information - For a correct decision and choice about a product, a consumer needs full information about the price, quality, durability, composition, etc of the Product. In the absence of full and correct information, a consumer may get exploited.

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(ii) Limited supplies- when the supply of goods is less than their demand, the prices may go high and may also encourage the tendency of hoarding. As a consequence, consumers will get exploited. (iii) Limited competition-when there is limited competition with regard to production i.e., when producers are few and can control and restrict the supply of a product there is a possibility of manipulation in prices. (iv) Low literacy-Illiteracy causes ignorance, which leads to exploitation of consumers. The level of awareness in our country is generally low. Que. Explain the measures to protect the rights of consumers. Ans. There are three measures to protect the rights of consumers: (i) Legislative measures- It includes the consumer protection act 1986 and other such laws. It also includes the consumer disputes redressal agencies at districts, state and national level. (ii) Administrative measures: It includes all administrative measures that are done to ensure protection to consumers. It includes setting up public distribution system (PDS) to supply food grains and kerosene through. It also includes frequent checking and appointment of food inspectors. (iii) Technical measures: It includes all the technical measures that are done to ensure protection to consumers. It includes standardization of goods and services through various marks like industrial goods through the Bureau of Indian standards, agricultural products through Agmark, Jewellary by Hallmark, Electrical and other Goods by BIS or ISI.

Q. List some of the duties of the consumers. Ans. 1. Insist on warranty card purchased ISI, AGMARK marked products. 2. Consumer should ask for the cash money for the purchased goods. 3. Consumer forum should be formed to represent the consumers. 4. Consumer should know their rights and must exercise them. 5. While buying the goods from the market, the consumer should be very careful about the quality of goods.

Q. What are consumer protection councils? Or Q. What are consumer forums? Ans. These are voluntary organisations locally known as consumer forums or consumer protection councils. The main activities of the consumer forums or consumer protection councils are: (i) They guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer court. (ii) They may represent individual consumers in the consumer courts. (iii) They create awareness among the people. These voluntary organisations receive financial support from the government for the above purposes.

Q. What are the functions of public distribution system? 138 | P a g e

Ans. The functions of public distribution system are: (a) Prevent Hoarding (b) Prevent Black-marketing (c) Control over- charging by traders (d) Provide essential commodities to the poor people of the country (e) Maintain availability of food and essential commodities throughout the country (f) Provide essential commodities throughout the season at affordable rates. (g) Controlling prices

PASSAGE BASED QUESTION ANSWERS Read the passage and answer the questions given below: In India, the consumer movement as a social force originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices. Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized form in the 1960s. Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger transport. More recently, India witnessed an upsurge in the number of consumer groups.

Q. How do consumer movements started in India? Ans. Consumer movement started in India as a social force to protect the consumers against the unethical and unfair trade practice. Q. Why consumer movement started in India? Ans. Consumer movement in India started because of rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil in the 1960s. Q. What was the role of the consumer organizations till 1970s? Ans. Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions.

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