kkA Americankdeathktrianglek kkkkAnkanchorkwhichkiskcreatedkbykconnectingkakclosedkloopkofkcordkorkwebbingkbe tweenktwokpointskofkprotection,kandkthenksuspendingkthekropekfromkakcarabinerkcl ippedktokonlykonekstrandkofksaidkanchor.kThiskcreateskaktriangularkshapekinkthek webbingkorkcord,kwhichkplaceskmassivelykmultipliedkinwardkforceskonkthekprotecti on,kma ingkitkakdangerous,kineffectivekanchor. Abala ovkthreadk kkkkAktypekofkabseilingkpointkusedkespeciallykinkwinterkandkicekclimbing.kAlsokc alledkaskV-thread. Ablationkzonek kkkkThekareakofkakglacierkwherekyearlykmeltingkmeetskorkexceedskthekannualksnowk fall.

Abseilk kkkkThekprocesskbykwhichkakclimberkcankdescendkakfixedkrope.kAlsok nownkaskRappe l. Adzek kkkkAkthinkbladekmountedkperpendicularktokthekhandlekonkankicekaxekthatkcankbeku sedkforkchoppingkfootholds. Alpinekstartk kkkkTokma ekankefficientkstartkonkaklongkclimbkbykpac ingkallkyourkgearkthekprev iouskeveningkandkstartingkearlykinkthekmorning,kusuallykwellkbeforeksunrise. Altitudeksic nessk kkkkAkmedicalkconditionkthatkiskoftenkobservedkatkhighkaltitudes.kAlsok nownkask Acutekmountainksic ness,korkAMS.[1] Anchork kkkkAnkarrangementkofkonekork(usually)kmorekpieceskofkgearksetkupktoksupportkthe kweightkofkakbelaykorktopkrope. Approachk kkkkThekpathkorkroutektokthekstartkofkaktechnicalkclimb.kAlthoughkthiskiskgenera llykakwal kor,katkmost,kakscramblekitkiskoccasionallykaskhazardouskaskthekclimbk itself. Artek kkkk1.kAksmallkridge-li ekfeaturekonkaksteepkroc kface kkkk2.kArte,kaknarrowkridgekofkroc kformedkbykglacialkerosion kkkk3.kAkmethodkofkindoorkclimbing,kinkwhichkonekiskablektokuseksuchkakcornerkas kakhold.kSeekalsokdihedral. Ascendk kkkkTokcompletekakroutekorkproblem. Ascenderk kkkkAkdevicekforkascendingkonkakrope. ATCk kkkkAkproprietarykbelaykdevicekmanufacturedkbykBlac kDiamond.kATCkstandskforkair ktraffickcontroller. Atomickbelayk kkkkAkquic kmethodkforksettingkupkaktwo-pointkanchorkinksportkclimbing,kusingkth ekclimbingkropektokattachktokthekanchorkpoints. kkB "B"-gradek kkkkAkgradingksystemkforkboulderingkproblems,kinventedkbykJohnkGill.kNowklargely ksupersededkbykthek"V"kgradingksystem. Bacharkladderk kkkkAkpiecekofktrainingkequipmentkusedktokimprovekcampusingkandkcorekstrength. Bac -clippingk kkkkAkpotentiallykhazardouskmista ekthatkcankbekmadekwhilekleadkclimbing.kThekro pekiskclippedkintokakquic drawksuchkthatkthekleader'skendkrunskunderneathkthekqu ic drawkaskopposedktokoverktopkofkit.kIfkthekleaderkfalls,kthekropekmaykfoldkdir

ectlykoverkthekgatekcausingkitktokopenkandkreleasekthekropekfromkthekcarabiner. Bailk kkkkTokretreatkfromkakclimb. Barn-doork kkkkIfkakclimberkhaskonlyktwokpointskofkcontactkusingkeitherkthekrightkorkleftks idekofkhiskbody,kthekotherkhalfkmaykswingkuncontrollablykoutkfromkthekwallkli ek akdoorkonkakhinge. Bashiek kkkkAkcopperheadkintendedkforkpoundingkintokakcrac Belayk kkkkTokprotectkakropedkclimberkfromkfallingkbykpassingkthekropekthrough,korkarou nd,kanyktypekofkfrictionkenhancingkbelaykdevice.kBeforekbelaykdeviceskwerekinven ted,kthekropekwasksimplykpassedkaroundkthekbelayer'skhipsktokcreatekfriction. Belaykdevicek kkkkAkmechanicalkdevicekusedktokcreatekfrictionkwhenkbelayingkbykputtingkbendski nkthekrope.kManyktypeskofkbelaykdevicekexist,kincludingkATC,kgrigri,kReverso,kSt ichtkplate,keightkandktuber.kSomekbelaykdeviceskmaykalsokbekusedkaskdescenders.k AkMunterkhitchkcanksometimeskbekusedkinsteadkofkakbelaykdevice. Belaykslavek kkkkSomeonekthatkvolunteerskfor,korkisktric edkinto,krepeatedkbelayingkdutieskwi thoutkparta ingkinkanykofkthekactualkclimbing. Bergschrundk(orkschrund) kkkkAkcrevassekthatkformskonkthekupperkportionkofkakglacierkwherekthekmovingksec tionkpullskawaykfromkthekheadwall.kAlsokcalledkak'shrund. Betak kkkkAdvicekand/orkinstructionskonkhowktoksuccessfullykcompletekakparticularkclim bingkroute,kboulderkproblem,korkcruxksequence. Betakflashk kkkkThekcleankascentkofkakclimbkonkthekfirstkattempt,khavingkpreviouslykobtained kbetakorkwhilekhavingkbetakshoutedkupkfromkthekgroundkenkroute.kAlsokseekon-sigh t. Binerkk kkkkSeekCarabiner. Bivyk(orkbivvy) kkkkFromkthekFrenchk"bivouac".kAkcamp,korkthekactkofkcamping,kovernightkwhilekst illkonkakclimbingkroutekoffkthekground.kMaykinvolveknothingkmorekthanklyingkdown korksittingkonkakroc kledgekwithoutkanyksleepingkgear.kWhenktherekisknokroc kled gekavailable,ksuchkaskonkaksheerkverticalkwall,kakportaledgekthatkhangskfromkanc horskonkthekwallkcankbekused. Bivy-bagk kkkkAklightweightkgarmentkorksac kofferingkfull-bodykprotectionkfromkwindkandkra in. Bollardk kkkkAklargek nobkofkroc korkicekusedkaskakbelaykanchor. Boltk kkkkAkpointkofkprotectionkpermanentlykinstalledkinkakholekdrilledkintokthekroc , ktokwhichkakmetalkhangerkiskattached,khavingkakholekforkakbinerkorkring. Boltkchoppingk kkkkThekdeliberatekandkdestructivekremovalkofkonekorkmorekbolts. Bomb-proofkanchork kkkkAktotallyksecurekanchor.kAlsok nownkaskbomber. Boulderingk kkkkThekpracticekofkclimbingkonklargekboulders.kTypicallykthiskiskclosektokthekg round,ksokprotectionkta eskthekformkofkcrashkpadskandkspottingkinsteadkofkbelayk ropes. Bridgingk kkkkseekSteming Buc etk kkkkAklargekhandhold. Bummerk

kkkkAkslangkword,kusedkusuallyktokdescribekaknastyklittlekhold,kinksensekofknast ykli ektearingkthekfingerks inkverykbadlykorksomethingkli ekthis. Bumpk kkkkTokquic lykmovekupkakhandkorkakfootkaksmallkdistancekfromkonekusefulkholdkto kanother. Builderingk kkkkThekartkofkclimbingkonkbuildings,kwhichkiskoftenkillegal. Buttressk kkkkAkprominentkfeaturekthatkjutskoutkfromkakroc korkmountain. kkC Cairnk kkkkAkdistinctivekpilekofkstoneskplacedktokdesignatekaksummitkorkmar kaktrailkab ovektreeline. Camsk kkkkAkspring-loadedkdevicekusedkaskprotection. Campusk kkkkThekactkofkclimbingkwithoutkusingkanykfeet. Campuskboardk kkkkTrainingkequipmentkusedktokbuildkfingerkstrengthkandkstrongkarmkloc -offs. Carabinerk kkkkMetalkringskwithkspring-loadedkgates,kusedkaskconnectors.kAlsok nownkaskcrab korkbinerk(pronouncedkbeaner). Chal k kkkkAkcompoundkusedktokimprovekgripkbykabsorbingksweat.kItkiskactuallykgymnastic skchal ,kusuallykmagnesiumkcarbonate.kItskusekiskcontroversialkinksomekareas. Chal kbagk kkkkAkhand-sizedkholderkforkakclimber'skchal kthatkiskusuallykcarriedkonkakchal beltkforkeasykaccesskduringkakclimb. Chic enkHeadk kkkkseekbollard,khorn. Chimneyk kkkkAkroc kcleftkwithkverticalksideskmostlykparallel,klargekenoughktokfitkthekcl imber'skbodykinto.kTokclimbksuchkakstructure,kthekclimberkoftenkuseskhiskhead,kb ac kandkfeetktokapplykoppositekpressurekonkthekverticalkwalls. kkkkThekprocesskofkusingksuchkaktechnique. Chippingk kkkkImprovingkakholdkbykpermanentlykalteringkthekroc .kWidelykusedkinkthek80'ska ndkearlyk90's,kbutknowkconsideredkunethicalkandkunacceptable. Choc k kkkkAkmechanicalkdevice,korkakwedge,kusedkaskanchorskinkcrac s. kkkkAknaturallykoccurringkstonekwedgedkinkakcrac . Chossk kkkkLoosekork"rotten"kroc . Classificationk kkkkSeekGrade. Clawingk kkkkUsekofkfrontkpointskofkcrampons,kicekaxekpic kandkicekhammerkpic ktokclimbka kslope. Cleank kkkkTokremovekequipmentkfromkakroute. kkkkAkroutekthatkiskfreekofkloosekvegetationkandkroc s. kkkkTokcompletekakclimbkwithoutkfallingkorkrestingkonkthekrope.kAlsokseekredpoin t. kkkkInkaidkclimbing,kabbreviatedk"C",kakroutekthatkdoesknotkrequirekthekusekofka khammerkorkanykinvasivekadditionkofkprotectionk(suchkaskpitonskorkcopperheads)ki ntokthekroc k(seekprotection). Cleaningktoolk kkkkAkdevicekforkremovingkjammedkequipment,kespeciallyknuts,kfromkakroute.kAlsok

nownkaskaknutk ey. Climbingkareak kkkkAkregionkthatkiskplentifulkwithkclimbingkroutes. Climbingkcommandk kkkkAkshortkphrasekusedkforkcommunicationkbetweenkakclimberkandkakbelayer. Climbingkgymk kkkkSpecializedkindoorkclimbingkcentres.kSeekgymkclimbing.k(Usuallykjustkcalledk akclimbingkwallkinkBritain). Climbingkshoek kkkkFootwearkdesignedkspecificallykforkclimbing.kUsuallykwellkfitting,kwithkakru bberksole. Climbingktechniquek kkkkParticularktechniques,korkmoves,kcommonlykappliedkinkclimbing. Climbingkwallk kkkkArtificialkroc ,ktypicallykinkakclimbingkgym. Clippingkink kkkkThekprocesskofkattachingktokbelayklineskorkanchorskforkprotection. Colk kkkkAksmallkpasskork"saddle"kbetweenktwokpea s.kExcellentkforknavigationkaskwhen kstandingkonkonekit'skalwayskdownkinktwo,kopposite,kdirectionskandkupkinkthektwo kdirectionskinkbetweenkthose. Cordkloc k kkkkakloc korktogglekusedktokfastenkcordskwithkglovedkhands.kUsedkonkmostkmounta ineeringkgear. Cordelettek kkkkAklongkloopkofkaccessorykcordkusedktoktiekintokmultiplekanchorkpoints. Cornerk kkkkAnkinsidekcornerkofkroc ,kthekoppositektokankartek(UK).kSeekDihedral. Cornicek kkkkAnkoverhangingkedgekofksnowkonkakridge. Couloirk kkkkAksteepkgullykorkgorgekfrequentlykfilledkwithksnowkorkice. Crac kclimbingk kkkkTokascendkonkakroc kfacekbykwedgingkbodykpartskintokcrac s,ki.e.knotkfacekcl imbing.kSeekjammingkandkchimney. Cragk kkkkAksmallkareakwithkclimbingkroutes,koftenkjustkaksmallkcliffkfacekorkakfewkbo ulders. Cramponsk kkkkMetalkframewor kwithkspi eskattachedktokbootsktokincreaseksafetykonksnowkand kice. Cramponingk kkkkUsingkcramponsktokascendkorkdescendkonkice,kpreferablykwithkmaximumknumberko fkpointskofkthekcramponkintokthekicekforkweightkdistribution. kkkkAccidentallykpiercingksomethingkwithkakcramponkspi e. Cran k kkkkTokpullkonkakholdkaskhardkaskpossible. Crashkpadk kkkkAkthic kmatkusedktoksoftenklandingskorktokcoverkhazardouskobjectskinkthekeve ntkofkakfall.kSee:kBoulderingkmat Craterk kkkkHittingkthekgroundkatkthekendkofkakfallkinsteadkofkbeingkcaughtkbykthekrope. Crimpk kkkkAkholdkwhichkiskonlykjustkbigkenoughktokbekgraspedkwithkthektipskofkthekfing ers. kkkkThekprocesskofkholdingkontokakcrimp. Cruxk kkkkThekmostkdifficultkportionkofkakclimb. Cut-loosek kkkkWherekakclimber'skfeetkswingkawaykfromkthekroc konkoverhangingkterrain,kleav

ingkthekclimberkhangingkonlykbyktheirkhands.kAlsok nownkask"Cuttingkfeet." Cwmk kkkk(Welsh)kHangingkvalley,kcirque:kaksteep-walledksemicircularkbasinkinkakmount ain;kmaykcontainkakla e,kCwmkaskdoeskakcorrie. kkD Daisykchaink kkkkAkspecialkpurposektypekofkslingkwithkmultipleksewn,korktied,kloops.kItkisksi gnificantlykwea erkthankaknormalksling. Deadkhangk kkkkTokhangklimp,ksuchkthatkweightkiskheldkbykligamentktensionkratherkthankmuscl es. Deadmankanchork kkkkAnkobjectkburiedkintoksnowktokservekaskankanchorkforkankattachedkrope.kOnekc ommonktypekofksuchkankanchorkisktheksnowkflu e. Deadpointk kkkkAkdynamickclimbingktechniquekinkwhichkthekholdkiskgrabbedkatkthekapexkofkupw ardkmotion.kThisktechniquekplaceskminimalkstrainkonkbothkthekholdkandkthekarms. Dec k kkkkThekground. kkkkTokhitkthekground,kusuallykthekoutcomekofkakfall. DeepkWaterkSoloing kkkkFreekclimbingkankareakthatkoverhangskakdeepkenoughkbodykofkwaterktokallowkfo rkaksafekfall. Descenderk kkkkAkdevicekforkcontrolledkdescentkonkakrope.kManykbelaykdeviceskmaykbekusedkas kdescenders,kincludingkATCs,keights,korkevenkcarabiners.kSeekrappel. Dexamethasonekk kkkkAkpharmaceuticalkdrugkusedkinkthektreatmentkofkhighkaltitudekcerebralkedemak askwellkaskhighkaltitudekpulmonarykedema.kItkiskcommonlykcarriedkonkmountainkcli mbingkexpeditionsktokhelpkclimberskdealkwithkaltitudeksic ness.[1] Dialledk kkkkTokhavekcompletekunderstandingkofkakparticularkclimbingkmovekorkroute. Diamoxk kkkkAkdrugkusedktokinhibitkthekonsetkofkaltitudeksic ness.kOtherwisek nownkaskAc etazolamide.[1] Didrek kkkkAkdihedral. Dihedralk kkkkAnkinsidekcornerkofkroc ,kwithkmorekthankak90-degreekanglekbetweenkthekfaces .kSeekalsokcornerkandkarte. Directkaidk kkkkAktypekofktensionkclimbingkconsistingkofkusingkonekorkmorekbelaykropesktokha ulkthekleaderkupktoktheknextkpointkofkprotection. DoublekRopekTechniquek(DRT)k kkkkForkalpinekandkroc kclimberskthisktermkimplieskthekusekofktwokseparatekropes .kForktreekclimberskthisktermkiskambiguouskbutkiskusuallykinterpretedkaskaksynon ymkforkDoubledkRopekTechnique. DoubledkRopekTechniquek(DdRT)k kkkkAkmethodkusedkprimarilykbyktreekclimberskwherekthekropekpasseskoverkaksuppor t/limbkandkcontinuouslykslideskoverktheklimbkaskthekclimberkascendskorkdescends. Downclimbk kkkkTokdescendkbykclimbingkdownward,ktypicallykafterkcompletingkakclimb. Dryktoolingk kkkkUsingktoolskforkicekclimbingkli ekcramponskandkicekaxeskonkroc . Dulfersitzk kkkkAkmethodkofkrappelling,kwithoutkmechanicalktools,kwherekthekuphillkropekisks traddledkbykthekclimberkthenkloopedkaroundkakhip,kacrosskthekchest,koverkthekopp ositek(wea )kshoulder,kandkheldkwithkthekdownhillk(strong)khandktokadjustktheksh

oulderkfrictionkandkthuskthekdescendingkspeed. Dynamickbelayk kkkkTechniquekofkstoppingkaklongkfallkusingksmoothkbra ingktokreducekstresskonkt hekprotectionkpointskandkavoidkunnecessaryktraumakfromkankabruptkstop. Dynamickropek kkkkAkslightlykelastickropekthatksoftenskfallsktoksomekextent.kAlsoktendktokbekd amagedklesskseverelykbykheavykloads.kComparekwithkstatickrope. Dynamickmotionk kkkkAnykmovekinkwhichkbodykmomentumkiskusedktokprogress.kAskopposedktokstatickte chniquekwherekthree-pointksuspensionkandkslow,kcontrolledkmovementkiskthekrule. Dynok kkkkAkdynamickmovektokgrabkakholdkthatkwouldkotherwisekbekoutkofkreach.kGenerall ykbothkfeetkwillkleavekthekroc kfacekandkreturnkagainkoncekthektargetkholdkiskca ught.kNon-climberskwouldkcallkitkakjumpkorkakleap. kkE Edgek kkkkAkthinkledgekonkthekroc . Edgingk kkkkUsingkthekedgekofkthekclimbingkshoekonkakfoothold.kInkthekabsencekofkfoothol ds,ksmearingkiskused. Egyptiank kkkkAkclimbingktechniquekusedktokreducektensionkinkarmskwhilekholdingkaksidekgri p. Eight-thousanderk kkkkAkmountainkwhosekelevationkexceedsk8,000kmetreskabovekseaklevel.kTherekarekf ourteenksuchkmountainskonkearth. Eliminatek kkkkAktermkfromkboulderingkdescribingkakmovekorkserieskofkmoveskinkwhichkeitherk certainkholdskarekplacedk'offkbounds'korkotherkartificialkrestrictionskarekimpos ed. Epick kkkkAnkordinarykclimbkrenderedkdifficultkbykakdangerouskcombinationkofkweather,k injuries,kdar ness,korkotherkadversekfactors. Exposurek kkkkEmptykspacekbelowkakclimber,kusuallykreferringktokakgreatkdistancekabovekthe kdec kthroughkwhichkthekclimberkcouldkfall. kkF Facekclimbingk kkkkTokascendkakverticalkroc kfacekusingkfingerkholds,kedgeskandksmears,ki.e.kno tkcrac kclimbing. Fallk kkkkUndesirablekdownwardkmotion.kHopefullykstoppedkbykakrope,kotherwisekseekmoun tainkrescue. kkkkAk"free-solokbelay",kthekquic estkwayktokreachkthekground. FigurekFourk kkkkAdvancedkclimbingktechniquekwherekthekclimberkhoo skaklegkoverkthekoppositek arm,kandkthenkpusheskdownkwithkthisklegktokachievekakgreaterkverticalkreach.kReq uireskstrengthkandkaksolidkhandhold. Fingerkboardk kkkkTrainingkequipmentkusedktokbuildkfingerkstrength. Firstkascentk kkkkThekfirstksuccessfulkcompletionkofkakroute. Fistkjamk kkkkAktypekofkjamkusingkthekhand.kSeekclimbingktechnique. Fixedkropek kkkkAkropekwhichkhaskakfixedkattachmentkpoint.kCommonlykusedkforkabseilingkorkai

dkclimbing. Flaggingk kkkkClimbingktechniquekwherekaklegkiskheldkinkakpositionktokmaintainkbalance,kra therkthanktoksupportkweight.kOftenkusefulktokpreventkbarn-dooring. Fla ek kkkkAkthinkslabkofkroc kdetachedkfromkthekmainkface. Flapperk kkkkAnkinjurykconsistingkofkakpiecekofkloosek(flapping)ks in.kAkclimberkwillkusu allykjustkrepairkthesekwithkstic yktapekorksuperkglue. Flashk kkkkToksuccessfullykandkcleanlykcompletekakclimbingkroutekonkthekfirstkattemptka fterkhavingkreceivedkbetakofksomekform.kAlsokrefersktokankascentkofkthisktype.kF orkascentskonkthekfirstkattemptkwithoutkreceivingkbetakseekon-sight. Followk kkkkWhatktheksecondkdoes. Fontk kkkkThekFrenchkboulderingkgradingksystem. Fourteenerk kkkkMountainkthatktopsk14,000kfeetk(4,300km)kinkthekcontiguouskUnitedkStates. Freekclimbingk kkkkClimbingkwithoutkunnaturalkaids,kotherkthankusedkforkprotection. FreekSolok kkkkClimbingkwithoutkaidkorkprotection.kThisktypicallykmeanskclimbingkwithoutkak rope. Frenchiesk kkkkAnkexercisekusedktokdevelopkloc -offkstrength. Frictionk kkkkClimbingktechniquekrelyingkonkthekfrictionkbetweenkthekslopedkroc kandktheks olekofkthekshoektoksupportkthekclimber'skweight,kaskopposedkusingkholdskorkedges ,kcrac s,ketc. Friendk kkkkAknamekbrandkofkaktypekofkspringkloadedkcammingkdevicek(SLCD),ksometimeskuse dktokreferktokanyktypekofkspringkloadedkcammingkdevice. Flute kkkkAkusuallykinsecurekfinkorkfla ekofkroc korkice. kkG Gastonk kkkkAkclimbingkgripkusingkonekhandkwithkthekthumbkdownkandkelbowkout.kThekgripkm aintainskfrictionkagainstkakholdkbykpressingkoutwardktowardkthekelbow. Gendarmek kkkkAkpinnaclekorkisolatedkroc ktowerkfrequentlykencounteredkalongkakridge. Genevakrappelk kkkkAkmodifiedkdulfersitzkrappelkusingkthekhipkandkdownhillkarmkforkfriction,kra therkthankthekchestkandkshoulder,kofferingklesskcomplexity,kbutklesskfrictionkan dklesskcontrol. Glacierktravelk kkkkwal ingkorkclimbingkonkakglacier;kakropekiskusuallykusedktokarrestkfallskint okcrevasses,kbutkprotectionkisknotkused. Glissadek kkkkAkusuallykvoluntarykactkofkslidingkdownkaksteepkslopekofksnow. Gorpk kkkkTrailkmixkforkperiodicknibblingktok eepkhighkenergyklevelkbetweenkmealskonkl ongkclimbskorkhi es.kAnkbac ronymkfork'GoodkOl'kRaisinsk&kPeanuts' Gradek kkkkIntendedkaskankobjectivekmeasurekofkthektechnicalkdifficultykofkakparticular kclimbkorkboulderingkproblem.kMorekoftenkiskhighlyksubjective,khowever. kkkkAksurveyingktermkforkreferringktokthekslopekofkankincline.k(Gradek(geography ))

Grigrik kkkkAkbelaykdevicekdesignedktokbekeasyktokusekandksaferkforkbeginnerskbecausekit kiskself-loc ingkunderkload.kInventedkandkmanufacturedkbykPetzl.kManykexperience dkclimberskadvocatekthekusekofkankatcktypekdevicekforkbeginners Grippedk kkkkScared.kAlsokoverkgrippingkthekroc . Grovelk kkkkTokclimbkwithkobviouslykpoorkstylekorktechnique. kkkkAkclimbingkroutekjudgedktokbekwithoutkredeemingkvirtue. Gumbyk kkkkAnkinexperiencedk(orkunsafe)kclimber. Gymkclimbingk kkkkClimbingkindoors,konkartificialkclimbingkwalls.kThiskisktypicallykforktraini ngkbutkmanykpeoplekconsiderkthiskakworthwhilekactivitykinkitskownkright. kkH HACEk kkkkHighkAltitudekCerebralkEdemak-kaksevere,kandkoftenkfatal,kformkofkaltitudeks ic ness.[1] Handktraversek kkkkTraversingkwithoutkanykdefinitivekfootholds,ki.e.ksmearingkorkheelhoo ing. Hangdogk kkkkWhilekleadkclimbingkorkonktopkrope,ktokhangkonkthekropekorkakpiecekofkprotec tionkforkakrest. Hangingkbelayk kkkkBelayingkatkakpointksuchkthatkthekbelayerkisksuspended. HAPEk kkkkHighkAltitudekPulmonarykEdemak-kakseriouskformkofkaltitudeksic ness.[1] Harnessk kkkkSeekclimbingkharness.kAksewnknylonkwebbingkdevicekwornkaroundkthekwaistkandk thighskthatkiskdesignedktokallowkakpersonktoksafelykhangksuspendedkinkthekair. Haulkbagk kkkkAklargekandkoftenkunwieldykbagkintokwhichksupplieskandkclimbingkequipmentkma ykbekthrown. Headkpointk kkkkSeektopkrope.kThekpracticekofktop-ropingkakhardktradkroutekbeforekleadingkit kcleanly. Headwallk kkkkThekregionkofkakcliffkorkroc kfacekthatksteepenskdramatically. Helmetk kkkkAlsok nownkaskakbrainkbuc etkorks idklid.kItkcanksavekyourklife,kbutkonlykwh ilekworn. Hexcentrick kkkkAkprotectivekdevice.kItkiskankeccentrickhexagonalknutkattachedktokakwirekloo p.kTheknutkiskinsertedkintokakcrac kandkitkholdskthroughkcounter-pressure.kOften kjustktermedkHex. HighkBallk kkkkAkboulder,kwhichkiskusuallykmorekthank3-4mkhighkandkfallingkfromktopkcanklea dktokdifferentkinjuries. Holdk kkkkAkplacektoktemporarilykcling,kgrip,kjam,kpress,korkstandkinkthekprocesskofkc limbing. Honedk kkkkTokbekinkpea kmentalkandkphysicalkfitnesskforkclimbing. Hoo k kkkkEquipmentkusedkinkaidkclimbing. kkkkAkclimbingktechniquekinvolvingkhoo ingkakheelkorktoekagainstkakholdkinkorder ktokbalancekorktokprovidekadditionalksupport. Hornk

kkkkLarge,kpointedkprotrusionkofkroc kthatkcankbekslung.kTypicallykalsokma eskak goodkhandkhold.kSeekbollard,kchic enkhead. kkI Icekaxek kkkkAkhandyktoolkforksafetykandkbalance,khavingkakpic /adzekheadkandkakspi ekatk thekoppositekendkofkakshaft. Icekhammerk kkkkAklightweightkicekaxekwithkakhammer/pic kheadkonkakshortkhandlekandknokspi e . Icekscrewk kkkkAkscrewkusedktokprotectkakclimbkoverksteepkicekorkforksettingkupkakcrevassek rescueksystem.kThekstrongestkandkmostkreliablekiskthekmodernktubularkicekscrewkw hichkrangeskinklengthkfromk18ktok23kcm. Icekpitonk kkkkLong,kwide,kserratedkpitonkoncekusedkforkwea kprotectionkonkice. Indoorkclimbingk kkkkSeekgymkclimbing. kkJ Jammingk kkkkWedgingkakbodykpartkintokakcrac . Jibk kkkkAkparticularlyksmallkfootkhold,kusuallykonlyklargekenoughkforkthekbigktoe,ks ometimeskrelyingkheavilykonkfrictionktoksupportkweight. Jugk kkkkAkshortenedktermkforkJumar,kbothknounkandkverb. Jugkholdk kkkkAklarge,keasilykheldkhold.kAlsok nownksimplykaskakjug. Jumark kkk1.kAktypekofkmechanicalkascender. kkk2.kTokascendkakropekusingkakmechanicalkascender. kkK Karen kkkkSeekCairn. Klemheistk notk kkkkAnkalternativektokthekPrusi k not,kusefulkwhenkthekclimberkiskshortkofkcordk butkhaskplentykofkwebbing. Knotsk kkkkClimberskrelykonkmanykdifferentk notskforkanchoringkoneselfktokakmountain,kj oiningktwokropesktogether,kslingskforkclimbingkupkthekrope,ketc. kkL Leadkclimbingk kkkkAkformkofkclimbingkinkwhichkthekclimberkplaceskanchorskandkattacheskthekbela ykropekasktheykclimbk(traditional)korkclipskthekbelaykropekintokpreplacedkequipm entkattachedktokboltsk(sport). LeaderkFallk kkkkAkfallkwhilekLeadkclimbing.kAkfallkfromkabovekthekclimbersklastkpiecekofkpro tection.kThekfallingkleaderkwillkfallkatkleastktwicekthekdistancekbac ktokhiskor kherklastkpiece,kpluskslac kandkropekstretch. Liebac k kkkkOrklaybac .kAkclimbingkmovekthatkinvolveskpullingkonkthekhandskwhilekpushing konkthekfeet.

LiquidkChal k kkkkAkliquidkformkofkchal ,kwhichkholdsklongerktimekthanknormalkchal kandkiskbei ngkusedkonkverykhardkrouteskandkcompetitions,kwherekeverykchal ingkcostsktookmuc hkpower. Loc ingkcarabinerk kkkkAkcarabinerkwithkakloc ingkgate,ktokpreventkaccidentalkreleasekofkthekrope. Loc -offk kkkkUsingktendonkstrengthktoksupportkweightkonkakhandkholdkwithoutktiringkmuscle sktookmuch. Low-Anglek kkkkAkfacekclimbkthatkisklesskthankvertical;kthekoppositekofkankoverhangkorkroof .kTheksamekask"slab". kkM Mantlek kkkkAkmovekusedktoksurmountkakledgekorkfeaturekinkthekroc kinkthekabsencekofkany kusefulkholdskdirectlykabove.kItkinvolveskpushingkdownkonkakledgekorkfeaturekins teadkofkpullingkdown.kInkicekclimbing,kakmantlekiskdonekbykmovingkthekhandskfrom kthekshaftktokthektopkofkthekicektoolkandkpushingkdownkonkthekheadkofkthektool. kkkkThekexternalkcoveringkofkakclimbingkrope.kClimbingkropeskusek ernmantlekcons tructionkconsistingkofkak ernk(orkcore)kforkstrengthkandkankexternalksheathkcall edkthekmantle. Matchk kkkkTokusekonekholdkforktwoklimbs,korktokswapklimbskonkakparticularkhold. Moatk kkkkAkcrevassekthatkformskwherekthekglacierkpullskawaykfromkakroc kformation. Mountainkrescuek kkkkAkfriendlykteamkofkpeoplekthatkmaykcomekandkrescuekyoukafterkankinjurykorkac cident.kMaykalsoksearchkforkoverduekclimbers,katknoksmallkperilkandkexpense.kAls okseekcoronerkandkrescuekdoctrinekofknegligenceklaw. Movek kkkkApplicationkofkakspecifickclimbingktechniquektokprogresskonkakclimb. Movingktogetherk kkkkMethodkofkclimbingk kusedkonkeasykAlpinekgroundk kinkwhichktwokorkmorekclimbersk climbkatktheksamektimekwithkrunningkbelayskbetweenkthemkandkfixedkbelaysknotkbei ngkused. Multi-pitchkclimbingk kkkkClimbingkonkrouteskthatkarektooklongkforkaksinglekbelaykrope. Munterkhitchk kkkkAksimplekhitchkthatkiskoftenkusedkforkbelayingkwithoutkakmechanicalkbelaykde vice.kOtherwisek nownkaskankItaliankhitchkorkakFrictionkhitch. kkN Nvk kkkkPermanentkgranularkicekformedkbykrepeatedkfreeze-thawkcycles. No-handkrestk kkkkAnkentirelykleg-supportedkrestingkpositionkduringkclimbingkthatkdoesknotkreq uirekhandskonkthekroc . Nubk kkkkAklittlekholdkthatkonlykakfewkfingerskcankgrip,korkthektipskofkthektoes. Nunata k kkkkAkmountainkorkroc kthatkprotrudeskthroughkankicekfield. Nutk kkkkAkmetalkwedgekattachedktokakwirekloopkthatkiskinsertedkintokcrac skforkprote ction.kSeekhexcentric. NutkKeyk kkkkSeekCleaningkTool

kkO Objectivekdangerk kkkkDangerkinkakclimbingksituationkwhichkcomeskfromkhazardskinherentkinkthekloca tionkofkthekclimb,knotkdependingkonkthekclimber'sks illklevel.kMostkoftenkthesek involvekfallingkroc korkice,korkavalanches. Off-widthk kkkkAkcrac kthatkisktookwidekforkeffectivekhandkorkfootkjams,kbutkisknotkasklarg ekaskakchimney. On-sightk kkkkAkcleankascent,kwithknokpriorkpracticekorkbeta. Openkboo k kkkkAnkinsidekanglekinkthekroc .kSeekalsokdihedral. Overhangk kkkkAksectionkofkroc korkicekthatkiskangledkbeyondkvertical.kSeekroof. kkP PanickBeark kkkkAkpanic ingknovicekclimberkclingingktokhandkholdskwhileksearchingkdesperatel ykforkakfootkhold. Pea -baggingk kkkkToksystematicallykattainkdesignatedksummitskunderkprescribedkconditions. Peelk kkkkTokfall. Pendulumk kkkkSwingingkonktautkropekeitherktokreachktheknextkholdkinkakpendulumktraverseko rkafterkakfallkwhenktheklastkpiecekofkprotectionkiskfarktokeitherkside. Pic etsk kkkkLong,ktubularkrodskdrivenkintoksnowktokprovidekakquic kanchor. Piedkkplatk kkkkAkcramponktechniquekinkthekFrenchkstyle:ktokclimbkonkhigh-anglekicekwithkfee tkflatkonkthekicek(askopposedktokfront-pointing). Piedkassisk kkkkAkcramponktechniquekinkthekFrenchkstyle:ktokrestkonkhigh-anglekicekwithkonek footktuc edkunderkthekbuttoc s,ktoeskpointedkstraightkdown-slope. Piedkenkcanardk kkkkAkcramponktechniquekinkthekFrenchkstyle:ktokwal konkmoderate-anglekicekwithk toeskpointedkoutward;kliterally,k"duc kfooted". Piedkmarchek kkkkAkcramponktechniquekinkthekFrenchkstyle:ktokwal konklow-anglekicekwithktoesk pointedkstraightkahead. Pic nic kstopk kkkkAkNo-handkrest. Pin pointk kkkkTokcompletekakleadkclimbkwithoutkfallingkorkrestingkonkthekropek(hangdogging ),kbutkwithkpre-placedkprotectionkandkcarabiners.kAlsokseekcleankandkredpoint. PinchkHoldk kkkkThiskiskakholdkwherekyoukmustkpinchkitktokholdkon.kTheykcomekinkvariousksize s. Pitchk kkkkInkthekstrictestkclimbingkdefinition,kakpitchkiskconsideredkonekropeklengthk (50 60kmeters).kHowever,kinkguidekboo skandkroutekdescriptions,kakpitchkiskthekpor tionkofkakclimbkbetweenktwokbelaykpoints. Pitonk kkkkAkflatkorkangledkmetalkbladekofksteelkwhichkincorporateskakclippingkholekfor kakcarabinerkorkakringkinkitskbody.kAkpitonkisktypicallykusedkink"aid-climbing"k andkankappropriateksizekandkshapekiskhammeredkintokakthinkcrac kinkthekroc kandk preferablykremovedkbyktheklastkteamkmember. Pitonkcatcherk

kkkkClip-onkstringkfastenedktokpitonkwhenkinsertingkorkremoving,ksokasktokavoidk loss. Plungekstepk kkkkAnkaggressivekstepkpatternkforkdescendingkonkhardkorksteepkangleksnow. Pofk kkkkAnkalternativektokchal kmadekfromkpinekresin.kPopularkinkFontainebleaukbutkd iscouragedk(orkactivelykforbidden)keverywherekelseksincekitkdepositskakthic ,ksh inykresinklayerkonkthekroc kandkfrictionkcankonlykbekachievedkbykusingkmorekpof. Positivek kkkkOfkakholdkorkpartkofkakhold,khavingkaksurfacekfacingkupwards,korkawaykfromkt hekdirectionkitkiskpulled,kfacilitatingkuse. PressurekBreathingk kkkkForcefullykexhalingktokfacilitatekO2/CO2kexchangekatkaltitude.kAlsokcalledkt hek"Whitta erkwheeze". Problemk kkkkUsedkinkbouldering,kthekpathkthatkakclimberkta eskinkorderktokcompletekthekc limb.kSamekaskroutekinkropedkclimbing. Protectionk kkkkProcesskofksettingkequipmentkorkanchorskforksafety. kkkkEquipmentkorkanchorskusedkforkarrestingkfalls.kCommonlyk nownkaskPro. Prusi k kkkkAk notkusedkforkascendingkakrope.kItkisknamedkafterkDrkKarlkPrusi ,kthekAust riankmountaineerkwhokdevelopedkthisk notkink1931. kkkkTokusekakPrusi k notkforkascendingkakrope. PseudokLeadingk kkkkTokclimbkakwallkTopropekwithkhavingkanotherkropekconnectedktokthekclimber,kf orkpracticekofkLeadkclimbingkclipping.kThekotherkropekisknormallyknotkconnectedk tokanykbelayerkbelowkandkiskonlyktherektokpracticekthekclipping.kUsuallykpractic edkwhileklearningkhowktokLeadkClimb. Psychologicalkprotectionk kkkkAkpiecekofkprotectionkthatkeveryonek nowskwillknotkholdkakfall,kbutkma eskth ekclimberkfeelkbetterkaboutkhavingkgearkbeneathkthemkanyhow. Pumpedk kkkkTokhaveksuchkankaccumulationkofklactickacidkinkthekflexorkdigitalisk(forearm ),kthatkformingkevenkakbasickgripkbecomeskimpossible.kOftenkeasykactivitiesksuch kaskholdingkakcamerakbecomekdifficultkorkimpossible. kkkkSometimeskalsokusedktokreferktokakfeelingkofkexcitementkandkenergykbeforekak climb.kThekdoublekmeaningkiskoftenkaksourcekofkgreatkfrustrationkifkwithoutkcont ext. kkQ Quic drawk kkkkUsedktokattachkakfreelykrunningkropektokanchorskorkchoc s.kSometimeskcalledk "quic ies"korkjustk"draws." kkR Rac k kkkkTheksetkofkequipmentkcarriedkupkakclimb;kalso,kthekpartkofkakharnessk(consis tingkofkseveralkplastickloops)kwherekequipmentkiskhung,kreadyktokbekused. Rappelk kkkkThekprocesskbykwhichkakclimberkmaykdescendkonkakfixedkropekusingkakfrictionk device.kAlsok nownkaskAbseilkorkropingkdown.. Reboltingk kkkkThekreplacementkofkboltskonkankexistingkclimb. Redkpointk kkkkTokcompletekakleadkclimbkwithoutkfallingkorkrestingkonkthekropek(hangdogging ).kAlsokseekcleankandkpin point. Restkstepk

kkkkEnergy-savingktechniquekwherekunweightedk(uphill)klegkiskrestedkbetweenkeach kforwardkstep,ksometimeskbyk"loc ing"k neekofkrearkleg. Retro-boltingk kkkkThekadditionkofkboltsktokankexistingkclimb. Roofk kkkkHorizontalkoverhang. Ropek kkkkAkbasickitemkofkclimbingkequipmentkthatkphysicallykconnectskthekclimberktokt hekbelayer. Ropekjumpingk kkkkJumpingkfromkobjectskusingkroc kclimbingkequipment. Routek kkkkThekpathkofkakparticularkclimb,korkakpredefinedksetkofkmoves. Runnerk kkkkAnotherktermkforksling. Runoutk kkkkAklengthykdistancekbetweenktwokpointskofkprotectionkwhichkinksome,kbutknotka ll,kcaseskmightkbekperceivedkaskfrighteningkorkdangerous.kMaykalsokbekusedkaskan kadjectivektokdescribekakroute,korkaksectionkofkakroute. kkkkAklongkportionkofkakroutekwithkminimalkprotection. Rugosityk kkkkHoldksizedkareakofkroc kthatkhaskrougherktexturekthankitsksurroundings. RURPk kkkkAcronym,kstandskforkRealizedkUltimatekRealitykPiton.kMiniature,kpostage-stam pksizedkpitonkoriginallykdesignedkbykYvonkChouinard kkS Saddlek kkkkAkhighkpasskbetweenktwokpea s,klargerkthankakcol. Sandbagk kkkkAkclimbkwhichkreceiveskakmuchklowerkgradekthankdeserved.kAlsokusedkaskakverb kwhenkreferringktokthekactkofkdescribingkakclimbingkroutekaskeasierkthankitkactu allykis. 'scend kkkk(contractionkofkthekwordkascend,kpastktense:k'scended.)kTokcleanlykcompletek akroute.kiekon-sight,kflash,kredpoint.kSometimeskevenkonktr. Scramblingk kkkkAktypekofkclimbingksomewherekbetweenkhi ingkandkgradedkroc kclimbing. Screamerk kkk1.kAklongkandkloudkfall. kkk2.kAknylonkwebbingkstructurekconsistingkofkoneklargekloopksewnkupkinkmultiple kplacesktokma ekakshorterklength.kInkthekeventkofkakfallkthekstitchingkofkthekse wnksectionskpurposefullykripkapart,kabsorbingksomekofkthekfallkenergykandkdecele ratingkthekclimber. Screek kkkkSmall,kloose,kbro enkroc s,koftenkatkthekbasekofkakcliff. Screwkonk kkkkAksmallkclimbingkhold,kscrewedkontokthekwallkinkclimbingkgyms.kCankbekusedkf orkfeetkinkakroutekregardlesskofkitskcolour.kAlsokreferredktokaskakfootkchip,kch ipkorkmicro. Secondk kkkkAkclimberkwhokfollowsktheklead,korkfirst,kclimber. Self-Arrestk kkkkThekactkofkplantingkthekpic kofkyourkicekaxekintoktheksnowktokarrestkakfallk inkthekeventkofkakslip.kAlsokakmethodkofkstoppingkinkakcontrolledkglissade. Sendk kkkkSeek'scend

Serack kkkkAklargekicektower. Sewingkmachineklegk kkkkThekinvoluntarykvibrationkofkonekorkbothklegskresultingkfromkfatiguekorkpani c.kAlsok nownkask"Scissorkleg",k"ElviskPresleykSyndrome",kork"Discok nee".kCanko ftenkbekremediedkbykbringingkthekheelkofkthekoffendingklegkdown,kchangingkthekmu scleskusedktoksupportkthekweightkofkthekclimber Sharpkendk kkkkThekendkofkthekbelaykropekthatkiskattachedktokthekleadkclimber. Shortkfixing kkkkThekleadkclimberkswitcheskoverktokselfkbelayingkandkcontinuesktokclimbkafter kreachingkakbelaykandkfixingkthekrope.kMeanwhilektheksecondkclimberkjugskthekfix edkropekandkcleanskthekpitch.kWhenkhekreacheskthekbelay,khektieskinkandkstartskt okbelaykthekleaderkinkthektraditionalkwaykagain.kWhenkthekleaderkreachesktheknex tkbelaykthekprocesskiskrepeated. Sidekpullk kkkkAkholdkthatkneedsktokbekgrippedkwithkaksidewayskpullktowardskthekbody. Simulclimbingk kkkkAktechniquekwherekbothkclimberskmoveksimultaneouslykupwardkwithkthekleaderkp lacingkprotectionkwhichktheksecondkremoveskasktheykadvance.kAkdevicek nownkaskak Tiblockwhichkallowskthekropektokonlykmovekinkaksinglekdirectionkisksometimeskuse dktokpreventktheksecondkclimberkfromkaccidentallykpullingkthekleadkclimberkoffks houldktheksecondkslip. SinglekRopekTechniquek(SRT)k kkkkThekusekofkaksinglekropekwherekonekorkbothkendskofkthekropekarekattachedktok fixedkanchorkpoints. Sirdark kkkkHeadkSherpakmountainkguide. Sitkstartk kkkkStartingkakclimbkfromkakpositionkinkwhichkthekclimberkisksittingkonkthekfloo r.kThiskiskcommonkinkclimbingkgymskinkorderktokfitkankextrakmovekintokthekclimb. kNotedkaskSDSkinksomektopokguides. Slabk kkkkAkrelativelyklow-anglek(significantlyklesskthankvertical)ksectionkofkroc ,ku suallykwithkfewklargekfeatures.kRequireskslabkclimbingktechniques. Slabkclimbingk kkkkAkparticularktypekofkroc kclimbing,kandkitskassociatedktechniques,kinvolvedk inkclimbingkroc kthatkisklesskthankvertical.kThekemphasiskiskonkbalance,kfootwor ,kandkma ingkusekofkveryksmallkfeatureskorkroughkspotskonkthekroc kforkfriction . Slac k kkkkPortionkofkropekthatkisknotktaut,kpreferablykminimizedkduringkbelay. SLCDk kkkkAbbreviationkforkspring-loadedkcammingkdevice,kaktypekofkprotectionkdevice.k Thesekarekbetterk nownkbykthektermkcam. Slingk kkkkWebbingksewn,korktied,kintokakloop. Sloperk kkkkAkslopingkholdkwithkveryklittlekpositiveksurface.kAksloperkiskcomparablektok palmingkakbas etball. Smearingk kkkkTokusekfrictionkonktheksolekofkthekclimbingkshoe,kinkthekabsencekofkanykusef ulkfootholds. Snargk kkkkAktypekofktubularkicekscrewkthatkiskinsertedkbykhammering. Snowkflu ek kkkkAnkangledkaluminiumkplatekattachedktokakmetalkcable.kThekflu ekiskburiedkint oksnow,ktypicallykusedkaskakdeadmankanchor. Solokclimbingk kkkkSettingkandkcleaningkoneskownkprotectionkonkankascent;kclimbingkbykoneself.

Sportkclimbingk kkkkAkstylekofkclimbingkwherekform,ktechnicalk(orkgymnastic)kabilitykandkstrengt hkarekmorekemphasizedkoverkexploration,kself-reliancekandkthekexhilarationkofkth ekinherentkdangerskinvolvedkinktheksport.kSportkclimbingkroutesktendktokbekwellk protectedkwithkpre-placedkbolt-anchorskandklendskitselfkwellktokcompetitivekclim bing. Spottingk kkkkAnkalternativektokbelayingkcommonlykusedkduringkbouldering.kAkfriendkofkthek climberkstandskbeneathkthemkandkpreventskaw wardkfallskorkfallskontokhazards. Spragk kkkkAktypekofkhandkpositionkwherekthekfingerskandkthumbkarekopposed. Statick kkkkOfkakstylekofkclimbingkorkspecifickmove,knotkdynamic. Statickropek kkkkAknon-elastickrope.kComparekwithkdynamickrope. Stemk kkk1.kTheksimultaneouskusekofktwokwidelykspacedkfootholds. kkk2.kClimbingkusingktwokfaceskthatkarekatkankangleklesskthank180ktokeachkother. Stichtkplatek kkkkAkbelaykdevicekconsistingkofkakflatkplatekwithkakpairkofkslots.kNamedkafterk thekinventorkFranzkSticht. Stic kclipk kkkkAklongkstic konkthekendkofkwhichkakclimberkcankaffixkakquic draw.kItkallowsk thekclimberktokclipkakquic drawktokthekfirstkboltkonkaksportkclimbkwhilekstillks tandingkonkthekground.kThiskiskespeciallykusefulkifkthekfirstkboltkiskhighkup,ka ndkoutkofkthekcomfortkzonekofkthekclimber.kAkstic kclipkcankbekboughtkorkeasilyk madekbykattachingkakquic drawktokakstic kwithkakrubberkband. Stopperk kkk1.kAkwedge-shapedknut. kkk2.kAk notkusedktokpreventkthekropekrunningkthroughkakpiecekofkequipment. Summitk kkk1.kThekhighkpointkofkakmountainkorkpea . kkk2.kTokreachksuchkakhighkpoint. SwamikBeltk kkkkAk indkofkproto-kclimbingkharnesskconsistingkofkaklongklengthkofktubularkweb bingkwrappedkseveralktimeskaroundkthekclimberskbodykandksecuredkwithkakwaterk no t.kLargelykeschewedktodaykinkfavorkofkcommercialkharnesses. Swinging-liebac k kkkkAkdynamickformkofkthekliebac kdescribedkabove,krotatingkoffkonekfootkwhilekm aintainingkakgripkwithkthatkhand,kthenkgrabbingkakhighkhandholdkatkthekdeadpoint kofkthekswing.kThiskmovekiskfrequentlykreversible,kunli ekmorekaerialkdynos. Sherpa kkkkAkSherpakiskakworldkrenowedkclimbingkguidekonkHimalayankmountains kkT Talusk kkkkLargekroc kfragmentskformingkankoftenkunstablekslopekbelowkscree. Teabaggingk kkkkWhen,kafterkakwhipper,korklongkfall,kakclimberkfallskpastktheirkbelayer,kwho kiskgenerallykliftedkupkoffkthekground. Technicalkclimbingk kkkkClimbingkinvolvingkakropekandksomekmeanskofkprotection,kaskopposedktokscramb lingkorkglacierktravel.

Tensionk kkkkAktechniquekforkmaintainingkbalancekusingkaktautkropekthroughkakpointkofkpro tection. Thrutchingk kkkkBadktechniquekork'bodykclimbing'kspecificallykatkMountkArapiles Topkropek kkkkTokbelaykfromkakfixedkanchorkpointkabovekthekclimb. Top-out kkkkTokcompletekakroutekbykascendingkoverkthektopkofkthekstructurekbeingkclimbed . Traditionalkclimbingk kkkkAkstylekofkclimbingkthatkemphasizeskthekadventurekandkexploratoryknaturekofk climbing.kWhileksportkclimberskgenerallykwillkusekpre-placedkprotection,kmanyktr aditionalk(ork"trad")kclimberskwillkplacektheirkownkprotectionkasktheykclimb,kge nerallykwithkakrac . MountainkTrammingk kkkkAktechniquekthatkisktypicallykusedkwhilekcleaningkgearkfromkaksteepkroute.kA kquic drawkiskclippedkbetweenkthekclimber'skharnesskandkthekropekthatkiskthreade dkthroughkthekgear.kAskthekclimberkiskloweredkbykthekbelayer,ktheykwillkdescendk alongktheklinekofkthekgear. Trainingk kkkkGettingkpreparedktokclimbkonkdifficultkmountains Traversek kkkkTokclimbkinkakhorizontalkdirection. kkkkAksectionkofkakroutekthatkrequireskprogresskinkakhorizontalkdirection. kkkkAkTyroleanktraversekiskcrossingkakchasmkusingkakropekanchoredkatkbothkends. kkkkAkpendulumktraversekinvolveskswingingkacrosskakwallkorkchasmkwhileksuspended kfromkakropekaffixedkabovekthekclimber. Tricamk kkkkAkpiecekofkroc kclimbingkprotection. Tuberk kkkkAkbelaykdevice. Tufak kkkkAklimestonekribkformationkthatkprotrudeskfromkthekwallkwhichkcanksometimeskf itkwithinkthekpinchingkgraspkofkakclimber'skhand. kkU Underclingk kkkkAkholdkwhichkiskgrippedkwithkthekpalmkofkthekhandkfacingkupwards. kkV "V"-gradek kkkkAktechnicalkgradingksystemkforkboulderingkproblems,kinventedkbykJohnkSherman . V-threadk kkkkAktypekofkabseilingkpointkusedkespeciallykinkwinterkandkicekclimbing.kAlsokc alledkabala ovkthread. Verglask kkkkAkthinkcoatingkofkicekthatkformskoverkroc skwhenkrainfallkorkmeltingksnowkfr eezeskonkroc .kHardktokclimbkonkaskcramponskhavekinsufficientkdepthkforkreliable kpenetration. kkW Wandk kkkkAkbambookstic kwithkaksmallkflagkonktopkusedktokmar kpathskoverkglacierskand ksnowkfields. Webbingk

kkkkHollowkandkflatknylonkstrip,kmainlykusedktokma ekrunnerskandkslings. Webelettek kkkkAkpiecekofkwebbingkwithkeyesksewnkintokthekendskwhichkcankbekusedkinkplaceko fkakcordelette. Weightingk kkkkAskin,k"weightingkthekrope."kAnyktimekthekropekta eskthekweightkofkthekclimb er.kThiskcankhappenkduringkakminorkfall,kakwhipperk(longkfall),korksimplykbykres tingkwhilekhangingkonkthekbelaykropek(seekalsokhangdogging.) Whipperk kkkkAkleadkfallkfromkabovekandktoktheksidekofktheklastkclip,kwhippingkoneselfkdo wnwardskandkinkankarc.kHaskcomektokbekthektermkforkanykfallkbeyondktheklastkplac edkorkclippedkpiecekofkprotection. Wiredk kkkkDescribeskakroutekorksequencekwhichkakclimberkhaskrehearsedkextensivelykandk thuskascendskwithkease.kSeekdialled. Wiresk kkkkAkslangktermkforknuts. Woodiek kkkkAkhomekmadekclimbingkwall.kOftenkspecificallykakhybridkbetweenkakclimbingkwa llkandkakfingerboard.kSpecificallykcalledksuchkbecausekofkthekwoodenkpanelsk(usu allykleftkunpainted)kusedktokattachkthekclimbingkholdskto. kkX kkY YosemitekDecimalkSystemk kkkkAknumericalksystemkforkratingkthekdifficultykofkwal s,khi es,kandkclimbskink thekUnitedkStates.kThekroc kclimbingk(5.x)kportionkofkthekscalekiskthekmostkcomm onkclimbkgradingksystemkusedkinkthekUS.kThekscalekrunskfromk5.0ktok5.15bk(askofk 2008) Yabok kkkkAnotherknamekforkakSitkstart,kak'Yabokstart'kwasknamedkafterkJohnk'Yabo'kYab lons i[2]. kkZ Z-clippingk kkkkClippingkintokankanchorkwithktheksegmentkofkropekfromkbeneathkthekpreviouskp iecekofkprotection,kresultingkinkaktangledkconfigurationkofkthekbelaykrope. Zipperkfallk kkkkAkfallkinkwhichkeachkpiecekofkprotectionkfailskinkturn.kInksomekcaseskwhenkt hekropekcomesktautkduringkakfall,kthekprotectionkcankfailkfromkthekbottomkup,kes peciallykifkthekfirstkpiecekwasknotkplacedktokaccountkforkoutwardkand/orkupwardk force. Z-pulleyk kkkkAlsokZ-system.kAkparticularkconfigurationkofkrope,kanchors,kandkpulleysktypi callykusedktokextricatekakclimberkafterkfallingkintokakcrevasse.k