Nikki Brown

http://www.isakonline.com/

Basic Anatomy
Basic anatomy is essential for accurate identification of bony landmarks used to locate measurement sites. The anatomical landmarks are bony sites that are located, palpated and most are marked. The measurement sites are located using anatomical landmarks and many are marked before measurement.

Anatomical Position

Standardized position from which to describe directional terms

standing upright facing the observer, head level eyes facing forward feet flat on the floor arms at the sides palms turned forward

Prone position = lying face down Supine position = lying face up

Anatomical Planes
Sagittal (median): dividing the body into left and right parts Coronal (frontal): dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse (horizontal): dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical Terms
Superior: toward or closer to the head Inferior: toward or closer to the feet Proximal: a location or direction toward

or closer to the trunk

Distal: away or further from the trunk Medial: direction or positions relative to

the midline of the body

Lateral: away from or father from the

midline of the body

Superficial/Deep: at/under the body

surface
Ipsilateral/Contralateral: same/opposite

side of the body

Level 1 Restricted Profile 17 Level 2 Full Profile - 39

BASICS Stature Mass SKINFOLDS Triceps Subscapular Biceps Iliac crest Supraspinale Abdominal Front thigh Medial calf GIRTHS Head Neck Arm (relaxed) Arm (flexed & tensed) Forearm (max relaxed) Wrist (styloid process) Chest (mesosternale) Waist (min) Gluteal (max) Thigh (1cm gluteal) Thigh (mid tro-tib lat Calf (max) Ankle (min) LENGTHS Acromiale-radiale Radiale-stylion Midstylion-dactylion Iliospinale height Trochanterion height Troch-tibale laterale height Timbiale med-sphyrion tibiale BREADTHS Biacromial Biiliocristal Foot length Transverse chest A-P chest depth Humerus Femur

Orientation of head in Frankfort Plane

Orbitale (O) - located on the lower

or most inferior margin of the eye socket Tragion (T) - the notch above or superior to the tragus or flap of the ear, at the superior aspect of the zygomatic bone When oriented in the Frankport Plane, the Vertex (V) is the most superior point on the skull This position almost exactly corresponds to the visual (OT) axis when the subject is looking directly ahead

Landmarks
*Vertex Glabella *Orbitale *Acromiale Mesosternale *Mid acromiale-radiale *Radiale *Suscapulare *Iliocristale *Iliospinale Trochanterion Stylion Dactylion Mid-troch tibiale laterale Tibiale mediale Tibiale laterale *Anterior patella Sphyrion tibiale

How to landmark
Locate by palpation Use thumb and index finger Site released to remove distortion of the skin, then relocated and marked Site is marked directly over landmark Rechecking must be made to ensure site is correct

How to take skinfolds

The skinfold should be grasped and raised at the
A

marked line (A) so that a double fold of skin plus the underlying subcutaneous adipose tissue is held between the thumb & index finger of the left hand (B) Roll the fold slightly to ensure sufficient grasp The caliper, held at a 90 to the surface of the skinfold at all times, should applied 1cm away from the edge of the thumb and finger at a depth of approximately mid-fingernail (C) Measurement should be recorded two seconds after the full pressure of the caliper is applied.
The hand grasping skin remains holding the fold while caliper is in contact with skin

How to take skinfolds

Slim guide and Harpenden

Calipers
Calibration jaw gap Spring replacing Pivot and cam servicing

How to take girths

Girths
A cross hand-technique should be used for all

girth measurements, ensuring no visible indentation of the skin The tape is held at right angles to the limb or body segment being measured, at the designated landmark Hold the casing of the tape in right hand and stub at the left Stub passed around the back of the limb and held in right hand The left hand is free to manipulate the tape to the correct level

How to measure breadths

Breadths
Considerable pressure should be applied when conducting breadth measurements in order to compress the soft tissue overlying the bone

ISAK Videos
Landmarks Measures