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Introduction to Acoustics Fundamental Design Questions Acoustic Materials
The decibel (dB) is a dimensionless unit calculated using the ratio of a measured value (p) to a reference value (ref). The values of sound pressure of most interest range from the threshold of hearing at about 20 Pa to a level of extreme danger at about 200 Pa. This range of variation translates to 7 orders of magnitude with the high level being 10,000,000 times that of the lower threshold. The use of a logarithmic scale compresses the unit of measure to a manageable range in order to simplify calculations, computations and quantitative manipulation of data.
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Watts
100,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001 0.0000001 0.00000001 0.000000001 0.0000000001 0.00000000001 0.000000000001 0.0000000000001
The rate at which these pulsations occur is called the frequency and is described in cycles per second (1 cycle per second equals 1 Hz). Each cycle is one complete expansion and compression.
A 1K Hz tone at 60 dB would require a 102 dB tone at 20 Hz to sound as loud to the human ear.
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Calculation Tools
Decibel Addition: 10 log (10dB/10 + 10dB/10 + ) For example, 87 dB + 87 dB = 10 log (1087/10 + 1087/10) = 10 log (108.7 + 108.7) = 10 log (1.00237 x 109) = 10 (9.00103) = 90 dB Sound Power to Sound Pressure: dB = Lw ((20 Log dist in ft) - 2.4) For example, at 30' dB = Lw ((20Log30) - 2.4) = Lw ((20*1.477) - 2.4) = Lw (29.5 - 2.4) = Lw - 27.1
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Octave Band Center Frequency, Hz 31.5 A-weighting -39 63 -26 125 -16 250 -9 500 -3 1000 0 2000 +1 4000 +1 8000 -1
A-weighting network is designed to approximate the human hearing response. Note that curve is similar but opposite the equal loudness contours.
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Subjective Reaction
Extreme Danger Threshold of Pain Threshold of Discomfort Very Loud
Moderate
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Tonal Noise
Sioux Falls, SD Municipal Code defines tone as: any sound which can be distinctly heard as a single pitch or set of single pitches. and shall exist of the one-third octave band sound pressure level in the band when the tone exceeds the arithmetic average of the sound levels of the two contiguous one-third octave bands by five dB for frequencies of 500 Hz and above, eight dB for frequencies between 160-400 Hz, and by 15 dB for frequencies less than or equal to 125 Hz.
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OSHA, MSHA, etc. Company policy Bldg criteria for human comfort Local ordinance: generalcode.com municode.com noisepollution.org amlegal.com
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ABSORBERS
BARRIERS
COMPOSITES
DAMPING
ELECTRONIC
FLOW CONTROL
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Air-Cooled Chillers
Covers Discharge Stacks Silenced Discharge Stacks
Wall Treatments
Barriers
Enclosures
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Water-Cooled Chillers
Covers Soft Enclosures Hard Enclsoures
Rooftop Units
Covers Acoustic Curbs Discharge Stacks and Acoustic Screens
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Common Specification Strategies: Specify sound data for lowest rated model as equipment basis of design Specify all available OEM equipment low noise options
Sound Pressure Data for property line 80 away (No OEM Sound Kit Options)
4 Different Chiller Manufacturers & 1 Models (Screw 2 and Scroll 3 Designs) 4 63 61 66 31 57 Sound Pressure Levels 5 (dB) @ 80' Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz) 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 58 56 61 54 52 48 67 63 63 62 58 51 34 43 47 53 55 52 63 61 64 61 55 52 8000 46 48 44 44 Overall A-Wtd (dBA) 61 66 60 66
Sound Pressure Data for property line 80 away (with factory OEM options)
Sound Pressure Levels 5 (dB) @ 80' Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz) 4 Different Chiller Manufacturers & Models (Screw and Scroll Designs) 63 63 52 31 57 125 57 60 33 63 250 57 61 43 61 500 59 59 46 61 1000 54 56 49 60 2000 48 54 51 55 4000 44 46 48 52 8000 42 41 42 42 Overall A-Wtd (dBA) 60 62 56 64
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None of the chillers will comply with typical nighttime noise ordinance values of 50 to 55 dBA.
dB 100
90
80
70
60
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Z C A 12 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1k 1k25 1k6 2k 2k5 3k15 4k 5k 6k3 8k 10k 12k5 16k 20k
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Hz
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Use 3-5 dBA safety factor Cursory review on every project, in depth review when warranted Assess site ambient noise levels Evaluate airborne and structure-borne transmission System problems require system solutions
Place in Division 15/23 with equipment Specify single source for system acoustic performance Specify turnkey where installation critical Require submission for approval as or equal 10 days before bid date
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