POPULATION POLICIES

REVISION GUIDE

France
Pro Natalist
At stage 4 of DTM Falling BR and DR & very slight natural population increase Falling BR due to better access to family planning and families pursuing work over family Better health care lowers DR FR has uctuated form 1950s but has slowly steadily risen from 90s to almost the replacemnt level of 2.1

Sweden
Pro Natalist
Low population growth for much of 20th Century 1940s-law prevented employers from dismissing women because of marriage, pregnancy or childbirth Mid 1940s child allowance was introduced ---> peak of 2.5 children per couple Fear of aging population

Singapore
Pro Natalist then Anti Natalist
Facing decline in population and in fertility rate---> fewer people of working age to support older population From late 1950s to the 1970s population growth of 4% per yearGov slogan two (children) is enough Population declines too much 1984 gov stimulates population as pop growth level was below replacement level of 2.1 1986 gov tries to increase birth rate Incentives: tax rebates for third children subsidies for daycare priority in school enrollment for children from large families, priority housing But still fertility rate per woman was 1.44 (much less than the needed 2.1) Gov funded matchmaking and romantic trips for couples Encouraged marriage Ver expensive. Will it work?

China
Anti Natalist
High BR and low DR in 1950s-60s due to better food and medicine---> rapid natural increase 1963 baby boom- population increased by 55m every 3 years 1970s concerned that its carring capacity would not be sufcient to support a population growing in the future One child policy emerged

History

Policy brought in when fertility rate was 1.3 in the 1990s Three-year paid parental leave with guaranteed job protection upon returning to the workforce; Universal, full-time preschool starting at age three; Subsidized daycare before age three; Stipends for in-home nannies; and Monthly childcare allowances that increase with the number of children per family. Mortality rates low 8.9/1000 due to better medicine Now faces threat of old population as 15% of population are over 65

18 month paid maternity leave by gov Woman could now work and have a family--->fertility rate rose to 2.5 in 1960s- BUT only temporary as woman found it difcult to manage family & job The birth rate fell in the 1970s to 1.6 children per woman Economic growth and genourous government parental benets helped to increase birth rate in 1980 to 2.5 per woman as woman could now manage more easily work and family. Now face aging population People still put work before family

One Child Policy 10% extra salary to parents with one child Free child education Priority housing Better jobs for parents Fines for disobedient families that could bankrupt family Free contraception and family planning advice Created an imbalance of genders- boys favored due to manual labour and family name. During 1990s the crude birth rate was so low that China faced an aging population Now government is considering a three child policy to maintain its cheap labour force.

Policy

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A GRADE ESSAYS
GUIDE

GEOGRAPHY SKILLS: REVISION

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