1 UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

EGT322 MATERIALS SCIENCE TUTORIAL PROBLEMS Use the course manual and text book for any data that is missing and may be required to answer some question. 1. The diffusion coefficient for zinc in copper is 1.4 x 10-21 m2s-1 at 300 C and 8.0 x 10-16 m2s-1 at 600 C. Determine (a) the activation energy Q and (b) the diffusion constant Do for zinc in copper. We want to obtain the flux of 1000 x 104 H atoms (m2s)-1 through a BCC iron foil at 800 C. The composition of hydrogen on either side of the foil is 2 x 1024 H atoms m-3 and 5 x 1022 H atoms m-3, respectively. Determine (a) the concentration gradient that is required and (b) the thickness of the iron foil that is required. Steels may be strengthened by nitriding, or diffusing nitrogen into the surface at 700 C, when the iron is BCC. If the nitriding atmosphere produces 0.1 % N at the surface of a steel initially containing 0.001 % N, determine the percent of nitrogen at a distance of 1 mm beneath the surface after 5 h. Discuss the four conditions necessary for two metals to be completely soluble in each other in the solid state. Sketch phase diagrams describing each of the following binary systems: Complete solubility in the solid state Partial solubility in the solid state Completely insoluble in the solid state Bismuth and cadmium with melting points 271 C and 321 C respectively, are completely soluble in the liquid state but practically insoluble in the solid state. They form a eutectic of composition 40 wt% Bi and the eutectic temperature is 144 C. From this information, construct a phase diagram for the Bi-Cd system and label all points, lines and regions. Calculate the amount of pure Cadmium that would be separated at a temperature of 200 C from an alloy containing 80 wt% Cd, if the alloy weighs 100 kg.

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The phase diagram of a lead tin system is shown in Fig Q7 below. Sketch the cooling curves for alloys containing 10% Sn, 40% Sn, 61.9%Sn and 90% Sn. If an alloy containing 40% Sn is cooled down from liquid to a temperature of 200 C, determine the ratio of solid phase to liquid phase at this temperature. What are the compositions of the solid and liquid phase? (iii) Sketch the microstructures at room temperature for each of the alloys described in (i).

Fig Q7. The Lead Tin equilibrium phase diagram.

8. Sketch and label the iron carbon (cementite) equilibrium phase diagram.

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Describe the conditions that would likely lead to corrosion damage in metals. Discuss methods you would employ to prevent corrosion. Discuss the direct and indirect losses that arise from corrosion damage in metals. Sketch a simple electrochemical corrosion cell that develops when a droplet of water is allowed on the surface of polished iron. Indicate all the relevant anodic and cathodic reactions. Two pieces of steel are joined mechanically by crimping the edges. Why would this be a bad idea if the steel is then exposed to water? If the water contains salt, how would corrosion be affected? State and describe the importance of Pilling Bedworth ratio in determining whether an oxide formed on a metal is stable or not. The density of aluminium is 2.7 g/cm3 and that of Al2O3 is about 4 g/cm3. Describe the characteristics of the aluminium oxide film. Compare to the oxide film that forms on tungsten; the density of tungsten is 19.254 g/cm3 and that of WO3 is 7.3 g/cm3. A 3-mm diameter beryllium wire with a modulus of elasticity of 250 GPa is 2500 cm long. Calculate the length of the wire when a force of 20 kN acts on the wire. A square 25.4 mm x 25.4 mm tensile bar with a 50.8 mm gage length is pulled to failure. The final distance between the gage marks is 69.8 mm and the final dimensions at the fracture are 20.8 mm x 20.8 mm. Calculate the % elongation and % reduction in area. Discuss the importance of the impact test on steel and other temperature and notch sensitive materials. Describe three indentation hardness measuring techniques. Which of the three is simpler and easier to adapt for mass production? Discuss the factors that affect the conductivity of metallic materials. While in metals, the conductivity decreases with increase in temperature, some semi conductor materials experience an increase in conductivity. Explain. Discuss the origin of ferromagnetic behaviour in some metals. Distinguish a hard magnetic material from a soft magnetic material. Sketch the hysteresis loop for each. Give two examples each for soft and hard magnetic alloys. Explain why metals expand when they are heated. An aluminium casting solidifies at 660 C. At that point, the casting is 250 mm long. What is the length of the casting when it cools to room temperature (27 C)? A material has a linear absorption coefficient of 591 cm-1 for photons of a particular wavelength. Determine the thickness of the material required to absorb 99.9% of the photons.

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A laser beam passing through air strikes a 5 cm thick polystyrene block at a 20 degree angle to the normal to the block. By what distance is the beam displaced from its original path when the beam reaches the opposite side of the block? The index of refraction for polystyrene is 1.60. Radar is electromagnetic radiation in the microwave portion of the spectrum. What steps would you consider, if you wanted to design a plane that cannot be detected by radar?

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