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th
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 293
May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
Application of Artificial Bee Colony
Technique for Optimal Power Flow Solution
Incorporating FACTS Devices
Souhil. Mouassa and Tarek. Bouktir.
Abstract - This paper presents the application of Artificial
Bee Colony (ABC) technique to solve the Optimal Power
Flow (OPF) with incorporation of Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices. Main objective of
optimal power flow is to minimize the overall cost
function which considering various constraint. Shunt
variable susceptance model for static var compensator
(SVC) was proposed to control the voltage at which it is
connected, and minimize load voltage deviations, and the
thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) are
considered to control active power flow through
transmission line and also to reduce active power loss. this
study is carried out on IEEE30-bus test system to
demonstrate the performance of the approach proposed
with excellent convergence characteristics.
Index Terms Artificial Bee Algorithms (ABC), optimal
power flow (OPF), FACTS devices , SVC, TCSC.
I. INTRODUCTION
ith the increasing needs of electric power in the
entire world, power system becomes more
complex and difficult to control. Moreover, in last
years, voltage collapse problems in power systems have been
of permanent concern for electric utilities: several major
blackouts throughout the world have been directly associated
to this phenomenon, e.g. in France, Italy, Japan, Great
Britain, WSCC in USA, etc. And of other share, transmission
lines in congested areas are often driven close to or even
beyond their limits in order to satisfy the increased electric
power consumption and trades. But the construction of
additional power lines is often difficult for environmental,
economical and political reasons [1].
Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers are
able to change the network parameters in a fast and effective
way in order to achieve to better system performance without
change the topology of network [2]. The application of
FACTS in electric power system is intended for the control of
power flow, improvement of stability, voltage profile
management, power factor correction, and loss minimization
[3].
Souhil. MOUASSA -Department of Electric Engineering, Univers
ity of Setif -ALGERIA (e-mail souhil.mouassa@yahoo.fr).
Tarek. BOUKTIR -Department of Electric Engineering, University
of Setif (19000)-ALGERIA (e-mail: tbouktir@yahoo.fr)
Typically, the FACTS devices are divided into three
categories: shunt-connected, series-connected and a
combination of both. This paper lies on the Static Var
Compensator (SVC) and the Thyristor-Controlled Series
Compensator (TCSC) to improvement of bus voltage profile
and direct flows on desired transmission paths. The
(SVC) belongs to the shunt devices and is since long in
operation in various places. Conceptually, it is a variable
shunt reactance which inject or absorbs reactive power in
order to control the voltage at a given bus [2]. The TCSC is a
series connected device. It is modeled simply to modify the
reactance of transmission line. It may be inductive or
capacitive, respectively to decrease or increase the reactance
of the transmission line [4]. The main objective of an optimal
power flow (OPF) strategy is to determine the optimal
operating state of a power system by optimizing a particular
objective for achieved to satisfied a different constraint [5].
In the last 30 years of development, many different solution
approaches have been proposed to solve the OPF problems
[6]. However, when there are some power flow control
constraints (which can be formulated as a set of specified line
flow equation constraints) and some FACTS devices in the
network, the OPF problems must include the set of new
control variables (FACTS devices) and the specific line flow
constraints. The conventional OPF programs must undergo
some changes to deal with this new problem. Moreover,
incorporating FACTS devices complicates the problem
further [7].Such complicated problem needs a well-efficient
optimization technique for solving. Artificial Bee algorithm
is such efficient technique employed for this task in this
paper.
This approach is implemented with MATLAB program to
minimize the total fuel cost of generation maintaining an
acceptable system performance in terms of limits on
generator active power outputs, bus voltages, dynamic shunt
compensators (SVC) and Optimal setting of (TCSC)
Parameters. The effectiveness of this algorithm is
demonstrated through IEEE 30-bus.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The OPF problem is considered as a general minimization
problem with various constraints and can be expressed in the
following form:
Minimize : , (1)
Subject to : g, = 0 (2)
, 0 (3)
W
4
th
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 294
May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
Where
g, : is the equality constraints ;
, : is the system inequality constraints;
: is the vector of dependent variables (state variables)
including load bus voltage magnitudes .
: is the vector of control variables including real power
generation outputs except at the slack bus
1
, voltage
magnitudes
=
1
,
. .
,
1
. .
,
1
. .
(4)
where , and are the number of load buses, the
number of generators, and the number of transmission lines,
respectively.
Hence, u can be expressed as:
=
2
. .
,
1
. .
,
1
(5)
where NT is the number of the tap changing transformers.
A. Fuel Cost Objective
The classical economic dispatch problem of finding the
optimal combination of power generation, which minimizes
the total fuel cost while satisfying the total required demand
can be mathematically stated as follows [8]:
, =
( ) h c P b P a
NG
i
i Gi i Gi i
/ $
1
2
=
+ +
(6)
where
: total fuel cost ($/hr);
=
= +
NG
i
loss Di Gi
P P P
1
0
(7)
The total transmission network losses the power system is
obtained by
= ( ) | |
j i j i j i
NL
k
k
V V V V g o o +
=
cos 2
2 2
1
(8)
Where :
(9)
i=1.......NG (10)
(11)
(12)
max min
TCSC TCSC TCSC
X X X s s (13)
(14)
i=1.........NT
where NT is the number tap of regulating transformer
D. Security Constraints
Theses incorporate the constraints of voltage magnitudes of
load buses as well as transmission line loadings as follows :
[10].
(15)
, (16)
- Voltage Deviation
One of the important indices of power system security is
the bus voltage magnitude. The voltage magnitude deviation
from the reference value at each load bus must be as small as
possible [11]. The deviation of voltage is given as follows:
=
= A
NB
i
ref
i i
V V V
1
(17)
where,
(b) Model of the TCSC
i
(a) Model of the SVC
k
4
th
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 295
May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
It can be operated as inductive or capacitive compensation. In
this studies, it is modeled as an ideal reactive power injection
at (PV) bus k, at where it is connected [4]. This model is
shown schematically in Figure1.a. In the power flow
equations the effect of the SVC is using in two account as a
reactive power injected at bus k,
2
(18)
Where
(19)
The current drawn by the SVC is given by:
(20)
The working range of SVC is between -25Mvar and 25MVar.
to the line
reactance. In this study, the reactance of the transmission line
is adjusted by TCSC directly. The rating of TCSC is
depending on the reactance of the transmission line where the
TCSC is located [13]; The working range of TCSC is
between 0.8
and 0.2
Where
(21)
Where
=
1
,
2
, ,
(22)
With parameter values
1
,
2
, .
In order to determine a solution i,
in the neighborhood of
=
1
,
2
, ,
are same as
, i.e.
=
1
,
2
, .
1
.
+1
(23)
Where 1,2, . . , and 1,2, . . , are randomly
chosen indexes. (D is the number of parameters to be
optimized and each parameter is real coded), although k is
determined randomly, it has to be different from i
is a
random number between [-1, 1]. If the resulting value falls
outside the acceptable range for parameter j, it is set to the
corresponding extreme value in that range.
Figure 2. FLOWCHAR
Figure 3. FLOW CHART OF THE ABC ALGORITHM
V. APPLICATION OF ABC ALGORITHM
In ABC algorithm, the position of a food source
represents a possible solution to the optimization problem
and the nectar amount of a food source corresponds to the
quality (fitness) of the associated solution [10].
The flowchart of the ABC algorithm is presented in
figure 2.
A. Results and Discussions
The ABC-OPF has been developed by the use of
MATLAB version 7.9 and the system configuration is micro
portable processor with 2 GHz speed and 3 GB RAM. It is
tested using the IEEE 30-bus system.The system consists of
41 lines, 6 generators, 4 Tap-changing transformers, and
shunt capacitor banks located at 2 buses, the single-line
diagram of the IEEE test system is shown in (Fig 3) [18] .The
parameter settings to execute ABC.OPF are number of the
bees in the colony=20, limit=20, no iteraion=50, the power
mismatch tolerance is 0.001 p.u, S
b
=100, the power demand
equal 283.4MW; economic and technique parameters of the
generators are presented in (TABLE I).
Figure 4. IEEE 30-BUS ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TOPOLOGY
TABLE I. ECONOMIC AND TECHNIQUE PARAMETERS OF THE
GENERATORS
Unit
Cost Coefficients Limit real and reactive Power
c b a P
min
P
max
Q
min
Q
max
1
2
5
8
0
0
0
0
2
1.7
1
3.25
0.0037
0.0175
0.0625
0.0083
50
20
15
10
200
80
50
35
-20
-20
-15
-15
200
100
80
60
50
60
11
13
0
0
3
3
0.0250
0.0250
10
12
30
40
-10
-15
Table II shows the optimal results of the proposed
approach. Three different cases have been considered as
follows:
Case 1: Only real power generation is used as control vector;
Case 2: Real power +Voltage magnitude (
);
Case 3: Real power +Voltage magnitude + tap change
transformer (
+ ).
Yes
No
Start
Read system data, unit data, busdata and
linedata
Initialize Bees Algorithm Parameters
Evaluate load flow solution using Newton-Raphson
method.
Is the fitness for the new
position better than the old
one ?
Modify OPF variables by changing the position of
individuals and evaluate fitness..
Retain that site and recruit onlookers for those sites with best
fitness values
Select the Fittest Bees
Assign remaining Bees to Random
search
New Population of Scout Bees
4
th
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 297
May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
TABLE II. THE OPTIMAL RESULTS FOR THE THREE CASES
Algorithm converges to the 800.667($/h) which is the
lowest cost in (Table II), and these results are compared with
GA method, and Bees algorithm (BA), in Table III, clearly
demonstrates the ability of the proposed approach to find the
least generation cost than the classical and non-classical
optimisation approaches. It is necessary to note that all
control variables are remained within their permissible limits.
TABLE III. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT OPF METHODS OF IEEE 30 BUS
SYSTEM.
variable GA [6] BA-OPF [8] ABC-OPF
PG1 (MW)
177,28 176.467 176.1978
PG2 (MW)
48,817 48.736 48.8387
PG5 (MW)
21,529 21.730 21.5
PG8 (MW)
21,81 21.272 21.754
PG11 (MW)
11,325 12.128 12.1172
PG13 (MW)
12.087 12.532 12.00
Fuel Cost
($/h)
802.0012 802.305
800.667
Losses
(MW)
9.4563 9.467 9.0078
Population 50 40 20
Iteration 100 50 50
a) Insertion of SVC devices.
If we increase load to 145% without insertion of FACTS,
the voltage levels of some buses reach their minimum limits
(Figure 4). We cane ameliorate the profile of the voltage by
insertion of the SVC in according to three cases (case 2, case
3 & case 4), through optimization of the value of B
SVC
.
Case 1 : without FACTS;
Case 2 : with FACTS (SVC connected in 26 bus);
Case 3 : with FACTS (SVC connected in 30 bus);
Case 4 : with FACTS (2 SVC connected in 26 and 30 bus);
SVC is connected to bus 26, 30 individually. The control aim
to keep the voltage at these bus at 1.0 pu. The two SVC inject
7.5346,MAVR from bus 26, 8.8676 MAVR from bus 30
respectively in order to keep the voltage magnitude at 1 pu,
case 2,case3.
TABLE IV. THE OPTIMAL RESULTS FOR THE FOUR CASES
Case 4: Two SVC are connected simultaneously to bus 26,
30, the control aim to keep the voltage at these bus at 1.0 pu.
SVC inject 5.0251, 5.6679 MAVR from bus 26, 30
respectively, in order to keep the voltage magnitude at 1 pu.
The ABC algorithm converges to the 1358.91 ($/h) which is
the lowest cost among the other case (Table IV). The nodal
voltages in the 30-bus network without and with SVC in 26
and 30 bus shown in (Figure 2).
One notices according to the results shown in the tables III
and 4, that ABC method is robust since it distributed the
powers on the generators until the generators take their values
max without reaching the minimum limits of voltage levels
of buses.
Figure 5. VOLTAGE PROFILES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC IEEE 30-
BUS
b) Insertion of TCSC devices.
TCSC is connected between bus 2 and bus 5. The objective
control is to decrease the active power losses of this line to 2.2
MW (Table 5).
0,9
0,95
1
1,05
1,1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
|V|min without FACTS
with FACTS |V|max
Variables Min Max Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
PG1 (MW)
50 200 176.797 176.3175 176.1978
PG2 (MW)
20 80 48.76 48.9912 48.8387
PG5 (MW)
15 50 21.553 21.5194 21.5
PG8 (MW)
10 35 21.7 21.6098 21.754
PG11 (MW)
10 30 12.08 12.1054 12.1172
PG13 ( MW)
12 40 12.00 12.00 12.00
VG1 (Pu)
0.95 1.1
1.0855 1.0964
VG2 (Pu)
0.95 1.1 1.0615 1.0791
VG5 (Pu)
0.95 1.1 1.0208 1.0428
VG8 (Pu)
0.95 1.1 1.0390 1.0512
VG11 (Pu)
0.95 1.1 1.0673 1.0907
VG13 (Pu) 0.95 1.1 1.0609 1.0760
T6-9 0.9 1.1
1.04
T6-10 0.9 1.1 0.97
T4-12 0.9 1.1 1.09
T28-27 0.9 1.1 0.97
Total Fuel Cost
($/h)
- - 802.29 801.462 800.667
Transmission
losses (MW)
- - 9.50 9.260 9.0078
AV=|Vi-Vrf| - - 0.4601 0.4519 0.5183
Variables Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
PG1 (MW)
198.588 196.8754 197.6791 198.4035
PG2 (MW)
73.1237 73.2942 72.6718 73.3589
PG5 (MW)
50.00 50.00 49.8672 50.00
PG8 (MW)
35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
PG11 (MW)
30.00 29.9601 30.00 30.00
PG13 ( MW)
38.6161 40.00 39.6817 37.8299
VG1 (Pu)
1.0761 1.0744 1.0827 1.0983
VG2 (Pu)
1.051 1.0358 1.0582 1.0661
VG5 (Pu)
0.9947 1.0107 1.0092 1.0274
VG8 (Pu)
1.0056 1.0199 1.0132 1.0382
VG11 (Pu)
1.1000 1.1000 1.0972 1.0724
VG13 (Pu) 1.0801 1.0950 1.0964 1.0568
QSVC26 (MVAR) - 7.5346 - 5.0251
QSVC30 (MVAR) - - 8.8676 5.6679
QSVC-Tot 7.5346 8.8676 10.693
Total Fuel Cost
($/h)
1362.47 1363.86 1361.61 1358.91
Transmission
losses (MW)
14.3983 14.1997 13.9698 13.6623
AV=|Vi-Vrf| 0.3068 0.1262 0.2087 0.2397
AV/QTot (%)
0.154% 0.064% 0.1066% 0.1245%
4
th
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 298
May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
TABLE V. THE OPTIMAL RESULTS FOR THE TWO CASES (CASE 1 : WITHOUT
TCSC;CASE 2 : WITH TCSC IN LINE (2-5))
Table V, shows the results based on the flexible
integration of TCSC, the active power losses reduced to
13.88 MW compared to the base case: 14.3983 MW, without
integration of TCSC, the total cost also reduced to
1354.18$/h compared to the base case (1362.47$/h), Figure 5
shows the convergence characteristic of fuel cost for the
IEEE 30-Bus with consideration of the thyristor controlled
series compensator.
Fig.5 Convergence characteristic of the IEEE 30 with consideration of
TCSC
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) Algorithm has
been applied to solve Optimal power flow with incorporation
of two kind of FACTS devices (SVC, TCSC). The work
carried out in present paper can be extended to improvement
of bus voltage profile and reduce active power loss by using
two FACTS devices. The performance of ABC is compared
with that of GA and BA . Numerical results shown the useful
of our method. Future study can be extended with use of
other techniques, systems, and renewable sources.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] G. A. G.Glanzmann, "Cordinated control of FACTS Devices
based on Optimal Power Flow," vol. 8, pp. 141-148, Dec.
2005.
[2] R. S. R. R.Ghadir, "Power flow model/calculation for power
systems with multiple FACTS controllers," Centre for Energy
Systems Research (USA), no. 77, pp. 1521-1531, 2007.
[3] Ghamgeen I. Rashed, Yuanzhang Sun ,H. I. Shaheen, "Optimal
TCSC Placement in a Power System by Means of Differential
Evolution Algorithm Considering Loss Minimization,"
Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2011 6th
IEEE Conference, Beijing, 2011, pp. 2209-2215.
[4] M. B. R.Benabid, "Optimal Location and Size of SVC and
TCSC for Multi-objective Static Voltage Stability
Enhancement," 2009.
[5] K. S. P. K.Joshi, "Influence of TCSC on social welfare and
spot price - A comparative study of PSO with classical
method," International Journal of Engineering Science and
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[8] Efren Mezura-Montes Mauricio Damian-Araoz and Omar
Cetina-Domngez, "Smart Flight and Dynamic Tolerances in
the Artificial Bee Colony for Constrained Optimization," Sep.
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[9
]
S. A. W. P. Pornrapeepat Bhasaputra, " multi objective bees
algorithm for multi-objective optimal power flow problem,"
ECTI TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENG, vol. 9, no. 1,
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[10] Dervis Karaboga and Bahriye Basturk, "Artificial Bee Colony
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798, 2007.
[11] Belkacem Mahdad, K. Srairi , T. Bouktir and M. EL.
Benbouzid, "Optimal Power Flow with Discontinous Fuel Cost
Functions Using Decomposed GA Coordinated with Shunt
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vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 457-466, 2009.
[12] Mohammed Osman Hassan, S. J. Cheng, Zakaria Anwar
Zakaria, "Steady-State Modeling of SVC and TCSC for Power
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conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS),
Hong Kong, 2009, pp. 978-988.
[13] M.BalasubbaReddy .Y.P.Obulesh .S.Sivanaga, "Modeling and
simulation of TCSC for optimal power flow solution using
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[14] H. YAHYA, The Miracle of the honeybee , G. M. D. Cd., Ed.
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[15] R.Mohamad Idris, A.Khairuddin, and M.W.Mustafa , "Optimal
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[16] R.mohamad idris, A.khairuddin,M.w.mustafa, "The Placement
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[17] R.Srinivasa Rao, S.V.L .Narasimham, M , AmAlingaraju,
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[18] The IEEE 30-Bus Test System. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/pf30/pg_tca30bu
s.htm.
.
.
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
Iteraion
f
u
e
l
c
o
s
t
(
$
/
h
)
Variables Case 1 Case 2
PG1 (MW)
198.5886 198.0045
PG2 (MW)
73.1237 77.8369
PG5 (MW)
50.00 47.5856
PG8 (MW)
35.00 34.4805
PG11 (MW)
30.00 28.5306
PG13 ( MW)
38.6161 38.3727
XTCSC (pu) - 0.0397
Fuel Cost ($/h)
1362.47 1354.18
Active power losse in line (2-5) (MW)
2.6326 2.2010
Transmission losses (MW) 14.3983 13.8809