4

th
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 293

May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
Application of Artificial Bee Colony
Technique for Optimal Power Flow Solution
Incorporating FACTS Devices

Souhil. Mouassa and Tarek. Bouktir.

Abstract - This paper presents the application of Artificial
Bee Colony (ABC) technique to solve the Optimal Power
Flow (OPF) with incorporation of Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices. Main objective of
optimal power flow is to minimize the overall cost
function which considering various constraint. Shunt
variable susceptance model for static var compensator
(SVC) was proposed to control the voltage at which it is
connected, and minimize load voltage deviations, and the
thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) are
considered to control active power flow through
transmission line and also to reduce active power loss. this
study is carried out on IEEE30-bus test system to
demonstrate the performance of the approach proposed
with excellent convergence characteristics.

Index Terms Artificial Bee Algorithms (ABC), optimal
power flow (OPF), FACTS devices , SVC, TCSC.
I. INTRODUCTION
ith the increasing needs of electric power in the
entire world, power system becomes more
complex and difficult to control. Moreover, in last
years, voltage collapse problems in power systems have been
of permanent concern for electric utilities: several major
blackouts throughout the world have been directly associated
to this phenomenon, e.g. in France, Italy, Japan, Great
Britain, WSCC in USA, etc. And of other share, transmission
lines in congested areas are often driven close to or even
beyond their limits in order to satisfy the increased electric
power consumption and trades. But the construction of
additional power lines is often difficult for environmental,
economical and political reasons [1].
Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers are
able to change the network parameters in a fast and effective
way in order to achieve to better system performance without
change the topology of network [2]. The application of
FACTS in electric power system is intended for the control of
power flow, improvement of stability, voltage profile
management, power factor correction, and loss minimization
[3].


Souhil. MOUASSA -Department of Electric Engineering, Univers
ity of Setif -ALGERIA (e-mail souhil.mouassa@yahoo.fr).
Tarek. BOUKTIR -Department of Electric Engineering, University
of Setif (19000)-ALGERIA (e-mail: tbouktir@yahoo.fr)


Typically, the FACTS devices are divided into three
categories: shunt-connected, series-connected and a
combination of both. This paper lies on the Static Var
Compensator (SVC) and the Thyristor-Controlled Series
Compensator (TCSC) to improvement of bus voltage profile
and direct flows on desired transmission paths. The
(SVC) belongs to the shunt devices and is since long in
operation in various places. Conceptually, it is a variable
shunt reactance which inject or absorbs reactive power in
order to control the voltage at a given bus [2]. The TCSC is a
series connected device. It is modeled simply to modify the
reactance of transmission line. It may be inductive or
capacitive, respectively to decrease or increase the reactance
of the transmission line [4]. The main objective of an optimal
power flow (OPF) strategy is to determine the optimal
operating state of a power system by optimizing a particular
objective for achieved to satisfied a different constraint [5].
In the last 30 years of development, many different solution
approaches have been proposed to solve the OPF problems
[6]. However, when there are some power flow control
constraints (which can be formulated as a set of specified line
flow equation constraints) and some FACTS devices in the
network, the OPF problems must include the set of new
control variables (FACTS devices) and the specific line flow
constraints. The conventional OPF programs must undergo
some changes to deal with this new problem. Moreover,
incorporating FACTS devices complicates the problem
further [7].Such complicated problem needs a well-efficient
optimization technique for solving. Artificial Bee algorithm
is such efficient technique employed for this task in this
paper.
This approach is implemented with MATLAB program to
minimize the total fuel cost of generation maintaining an
acceptable system performance in terms of limits on
generator active power outputs, bus voltages, dynamic shunt
compensators (SVC) and Optimal setting of (TCSC)
Parameters. The effectiveness of this algorithm is
demonstrated through IEEE 30-bus.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The OPF problem is considered as a general minimization
problem with various constraints and can be expressed in the
following form:

Minimize : , (1)

Subject to : g, = 0 (2)
, 0 (3)



W
4
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 294

May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
Where
g, : is the equality constraints ;
, : is the system inequality constraints;
: is the vector of dependent variables (state variables)
including load bus voltage magnitudes .
: is the vector of control variables including real power
generation outputs except at the slack bus
1
, voltage
magnitudes

of all PV buses including the slack bus and

transformer tap settings.
expressed as

=
1
,

. .

,
1
. .

,
1
. .

(4)
where , and are the number of load buses, the
number of generators, and the number of transmission lines,
respectively.
Hence, u can be expressed as:

=
2
. .

,
1
. .

,
1

(5)
where NT is the number of the tap changing transformers.
A. Fuel Cost Objective
The classical economic dispatch problem of finding the
optimal combination of power generation, which minimizes
the total fuel cost while satisfying the total required demand
can be mathematically stated as follows [8]:
, =
( ) h c P b P a
NG
i
i Gi i Gi i
/ $
1
2

=
+ +
(6)
where
: total fuel cost ($/hr);

: fuel cost coefficients of generator i;

.: power generated (p.u) by generator i.

B. Equality Constraints
Power balance is equality constraint. The total power
generation must cover the total demand (P
D
) and real power
loss in transmission lines (Ploss). It can be expressed as
follows [9].

( )

=
= +
NG
i
loss Di Gi
P P P
1
0
(7)
The total transmission network losses the power system is
obtained by

= ( ) | |
j i j i j i
NL
k
k
V V V V g o o +

=
cos 2
2 2
1
(8)
Where :

are the voltage magnitudes at bus i and j ;

i
,
j
are the voltage angles at bus i and j.

C. Inequality Constraints
For stable operation, generator voltage, real power output
reactive power injected by SVC, reactive power output and
reactance of TCSC are restricted by the lower and upper limit
as follows:

(9)

i=1.......NG (10)

(11)

(12)

max min
TCSC TCSC TCSC
X X X s s (13)

: are minimum and maximum values of

voltage at bus i

: are respectively minimum and maximum

values of real power generation at bus i

: are respectively minimum and maximum

values of reactive power generation at bus i

: are respectively minimum and maximum

values of reactive power of SVC
min
TCSC
X ,
max
TCSC
X : are respectively minimum and maximum
values of reactance of TCSC

also Transformer tap settings are restricted by the mini-
mum and maximum limits as follows.

(14)
i=1.........NT
where NT is the number tap of regulating transformer

D. Security Constraints
Theses incorporate the constraints of voltage magnitudes of
load buses as well as transmission line loadings as follows :
[10].

(15)

, (16)
- Voltage Deviation
One of the important indices of power system security is
the bus voltage magnitude. The voltage magnitude deviation
from the reference value at each load bus must be as small as
possible [11]. The deviation of voltage is given as follows:

=
= A
NB
i
ref
i i
V V V
1
(17)
where,

is the reference value of the voltage magnitude at

load bus i.
III. MODELING OF FACTS DEVICES
As we already mentioned this paper focuses on the
incorporating of two kinds of FACTS, namely the SVC and
the TCSC. The model of these FACTS (SVC,TCSC) used in
this paper is presented in detail bellow.


Figure 1. FACTS DEVICES
A. Model of SVC
In practical, the SVC can be modeled as adjustable shunt
reactance, and used to control the reactive compensation of a
system.

represents the controllable susceptance of SVC.

(b) Model of the TCSC

i
(a) Model of the SVC
k
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 295

May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
It can be operated as inductive or capacitive compensation. In
this studies, it is modeled as an ideal reactive power injection
at (PV) bus k, at where it is connected [4]. This model is
shown schematically in Figure1.a. In the power flow
equations the effect of the SVC is using in two account as a
reactive power injected at bus k,

2
(18)
Where

(19)
The current drawn by the SVC is given by:

(20)

The working range of SVC is between -25Mvar and 25MVar.

is taken as variable of control;

B. Model of TCSC.
Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) allows rapid
and continuous changes of transmission line impedance [12].
Figure.1(b) shows the TCSC module connected in series with
the transmission line.
The basic idea behind power flow control with the TCSC
is to decrease or increase the overall lines effective series
transmission impedance, by simply adding a capacitive or
inductive reactive correspondingly

to the line
reactance. In this study, the reactance of the transmission line
is adjusted by TCSC directly. The rating of TCSC is
depending on the reactance of the transmission line where the
TCSC is located [13]; The working range of TCSC is
between 0.8

and 0.2

Where

is the reactance of the transmission line and

is the coefficient which represents degree of

compensation by TCSC.

2 . 0 8 . 0
max min
= s s =
TCSC TCSC TCSC
K K K

is taken as variable of control;

IV. NATURE WORLD OF BEES
The bees have more different properties. They live in
colonies, building their nests in tree trunks or similar closed
areas [14].To find food source, bees must usually search wide
areas and fly on itself in multiple directions simultaneously to
exploit a large number of food sources [15]. When a bee
finds a new source of food, it immediately returns to the hive
to inform the other members of the colony. Shortly
afterwards, other bees begin flying around the source [14].
Once it locates a new food source, the bee returns to the hive
and starts repeating specific dance in such a way as to attract
the other bees attention.
The information provides from the dance enables the
colony to evaluate the relative merit of different patches
according to both the quality of the food they provide and the
amount of energy needed to harvest it [16].
1) Overview of artificial colony bee algorithm (ABC)
Among the algorithms based on the foraging behavior of
honey bees, the ABC was designed to deal with numerical
optimization problems. ABC is based in two natural
processes: The recruitment of bees into a food source and the
abandonment of a source.
Three types of bees are considered in the ABC: employed,
onlooker and scout bees. The number of employed bees is
equal to the number of food sources and an employed bee is
assigned to one of the sources. [8]
A bee waiting on the dance area for making decision to
choose a food source is called an onlooker and a bee going to
the food source visited by it previously is named an
employed bee. A bee carrying out random search is called a
scout. In the ABC algorithm, first half of the colony consists
of employed artificial bees and the second half constitutes the
onlooker. For every food source, there is only one employed
bee [10] .The employed bee whose food source is exhausted
by the employed and onlooker bees becomes a scout [10] .In
the ABC algorithm, each cycle of the search consists of three
steps: sending the employed bees onto the food sources and
then measuring their nectar amounts; selecting of the food
sources by the onlookers after sharing the information of
employed bees and determining the nectar amount of the
foods; determining the scout bees and then sending them
onto possible food sources. At the initialization stage, a set of
food source positions are randomly selected by the bees and
their nectar amounts are determined. Then, these bees come
into the hive and share the nectar information of the sources
with the bees waiting on the dance area within the hive. At
the second stage, after sharing the information, every
employed bee goes to the food source area visited by her at
the previous cycle since that food source exists in her
memory, and then chooses a new food source by means of
visual information in the neighborhood of the present one. At
the third stage, an onlooker prefers a food source area
depending on the nectar information distributed by the
employed bees on the dance area. [17] As the nectar amount
of a food source increases, the probability with which that
food source is chosen by an onlooker increases, too. Hence,
the dance of employed bees carrying higher nectar recruits
the onlookers for the food source areas with higher nectar
amount. After arriving at the selected area, she chooses a new
food source in the neighborhood of the one in the memory
depending on visual information. Visual information is based
on the comparison of food source positions. When the nectar
of a food source is abandoned by the bees, a new food source
is randomly determined by a scout bee and replaced with the
abandoned one. In our model, at each cycle at most one scout
goes outside for searching a new food source and the number
of employed and onlooker bees were equal [17]. The
probability Pi of selecting a food source i is determined using
the following expression:

(21)
Where

the fitness of the solution is represented by the

food sources i .The food source in the neighborhood of a
4
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 296

May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
particular food source is determined by altering the value of
one randomly chosen solution parameter and keeping other
parameters unchanged. This is done by adding to the current
value of the chosen parameter the product of a uniform value
between -1 and 1 and the difference in values of this
parameter for this food source and some other randomly
chosen food source [10] Formally, suppose each solution
) N ., .......... 3 , 2 , 1 i ( x
i
=

consists of d parameters and let the
solution be:

=
1
,
2
, ,

(22)
With parameter values
1
,
2
, .

In order to determine a solution i,

in the neighborhood of

, a solution parameter j and another solution

=
1
,
2
, ,

are selected randomly. Except

for the value of the selected parameter j, all other parameter
values of

are same as

, i.e.

=
1
,
2
, .
1

.
+1

of the selected parameter j in

is determined using the

following formula

(23)
Where 1,2, . . , and 1,2, . . , are randomly
chosen indexes. (D is the number of parameters to be
optimized and each parameter is real coded), although k is
determined randomly, it has to be different from i

is a
random number between [-1, 1]. If the resulting value falls
outside the acceptable range for parameter j, it is set to the
corresponding extreme value in that range.




















Figure 2. FLOWCHAR




Figure 3. FLOW CHART OF THE ABC ALGORITHM
V. APPLICATION OF ABC ALGORITHM
In ABC algorithm, the position of a food source
represents a possible solution to the optimization problem
and the nectar amount of a food source corresponds to the
quality (fitness) of the associated solution [10].
The flowchart of the ABC algorithm is presented in
figure 2.
A. Results and Discussions
The ABC-OPF has been developed by the use of
MATLAB version 7.9 and the system configuration is micro
portable processor with 2 GHz speed and 3 GB RAM. It is
tested using the IEEE 30-bus system.The system consists of
41 lines, 6 generators, 4 Tap-changing transformers, and
shunt capacitor banks located at 2 buses, the single-line
diagram of the IEEE test system is shown in (Fig 3) [18] .The
parameter settings to execute ABC.OPF are number of the
bees in the colony=20, limit=20, no iteraion=50, the power
mismatch tolerance is 0.001 p.u, S
b
=100, the power demand
equal 283.4MW; economic and technique parameters of the
generators are presented in (TABLE I).


Figure 4. IEEE 30-BUS ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TOPOLOGY
TABLE I. ECONOMIC AND TECHNIQUE PARAMETERS OF THE
GENERATORS

Unit
Cost Coefficients Limit real and reactive Power
c b a P
min
P
max
Q
min
Q
max

1
2
5
8
0
0
0
0
2
1.7
1
3.25
0.0037
0.0175
0.0625
0.0083
50
20
15
10
200
80
50
35
-20
-20
-15
-15
200
100
80
60
50
60
11
13
0
0
3
3
0.0250
0.0250
10
12
30
40
-10
-15

Table II shows the optimal results of the proposed
approach. Three different cases have been considered as
follows:
Case 1: Only real power generation is used as control vector;
Case 2: Real power +Voltage magnitude (

);
Case 3: Real power +Voltage magnitude + tap change
transformer (

+ ).

Yes
No
Start
Read system data, unit data, busdata and
linedata
Initialize Bees Algorithm Parameters
Evaluate load flow solution using Newton-Raphson
method.
Is the fitness for the new
position better than the old
one ?
Modify OPF variables by changing the position of
individuals and evaluate fitness..
Retain that site and recruit onlookers for those sites with best
fitness values
Select the Fittest Bees
Assign remaining Bees to Random
search

New Population of Scout Bees
4
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 297

May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
TABLE II. THE OPTIMAL RESULTS FOR THE THREE CASES

Algorithm converges to the 800.667($/h) which is the
lowest cost in (Table II), and these results are compared with
GA method, and Bees algorithm (BA), in Table III, clearly
demonstrates the ability of the proposed approach to find the
least generation cost than the classical and non-classical
optimisation approaches. It is necessary to note that all
control variables are remained within their permissible limits.

TABLE III. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT OPF METHODS OF IEEE 30 BUS
SYSTEM.
variable GA [6] BA-OPF [8] ABC-OPF
PG1 (MW)

177,28 176.467 176.1978
PG2 (MW)

48,817 48.736 48.8387
PG5 (MW)

21,529 21.730 21.5
PG8 (MW)

21,81 21.272 21.754
PG11 (MW)

11,325 12.128 12.1172
PG13 (MW)

12.087 12.532 12.00
Fuel Cost
($/h)
802.0012 802.305
800.667

Losses
(MW)
9.4563 9.467 9.0078
Population 50 40 20
Iteration 100 50 50

a) Insertion of SVC devices.
If we increase load to 145% without insertion of FACTS,
the voltage levels of some buses reach their minimum limits
(Figure 4). We cane ameliorate the profile of the voltage by
insertion of the SVC in according to three cases (case 2, case
3 & case 4), through optimization of the value of B
SVC
.

Case 1 : without FACTS;
Case 2 : with FACTS (SVC connected in 26 bus);
Case 3 : with FACTS (SVC connected in 30 bus);
Case 4 : with FACTS (2 SVC connected in 26 and 30 bus);

SVC is connected to bus 26, 30 individually. The control aim
to keep the voltage at these bus at 1.0 pu. The two SVC inject
7.5346,MAVR from bus 26, 8.8676 MAVR from bus 30
respectively in order to keep the voltage magnitude at 1 pu,
case 2,case3.





TABLE IV. THE OPTIMAL RESULTS FOR THE FOUR CASES


Case 4: Two SVC are connected simultaneously to bus 26,
30, the control aim to keep the voltage at these bus at 1.0 pu.
SVC inject 5.0251, 5.6679 MAVR from bus 26, 30
respectively, in order to keep the voltage magnitude at 1 pu.
The ABC algorithm converges to the 1358.91 ($/h) which is
the lowest cost among the other case (Table IV). The nodal
voltages in the 30-bus network without and with SVC in 26
and 30 bus shown in (Figure 2).
One notices according to the results shown in the tables III
and 4, that ABC method is robust since it distributed the
powers on the generators until the generators take their values
max without reaching the minimum limits of voltage levels
of buses.


Figure 5. VOLTAGE PROFILES WITH AND WITHOUT SVC IEEE 30-
BUS
b) Insertion of TCSC devices.

TCSC is connected between bus 2 and bus 5. The objective
control is to decrease the active power losses of this line to 2.2
MW (Table 5).





0,9
0,95
1
1,05
1,1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
|V|min without FACTS
with FACTS |V|max
Variables Min Max Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
PG1 (MW)

50 200 176.797 176.3175 176.1978
PG2 (MW)

20 80 48.76 48.9912 48.8387
PG5 (MW)

15 50 21.553 21.5194 21.5
PG8 (MW)

10 35 21.7 21.6098 21.754
PG11 (MW)

10 30 12.08 12.1054 12.1172
PG13 ( MW)

12 40 12.00 12.00 12.00
VG1 (Pu)

0.95 1.1

1.0855 1.0964
VG2 (Pu)

0.95 1.1 1.0615 1.0791
VG5 (Pu)

0.95 1.1 1.0208 1.0428
VG8 (Pu)

0.95 1.1 1.0390 1.0512
VG11 (Pu)

0.95 1.1 1.0673 1.0907
VG13 (Pu) 0.95 1.1 1.0609 1.0760
T6-9 0.9 1.1

1.04
T6-10 0.9 1.1 0.97
T4-12 0.9 1.1 1.09
T28-27 0.9 1.1 0.97
Total Fuel Cost
($/h)

- - 802.29 801.462 800.667
Transmission
losses (MW)
- - 9.50 9.260 9.0078
AV=|Vi-Vrf| - - 0.4601 0.4519 0.5183
Variables Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
PG1 (MW)

198.588 196.8754 197.6791 198.4035
PG2 (MW)

73.1237 73.2942 72.6718 73.3589
PG5 (MW)

50.00 50.00 49.8672 50.00
PG8 (MW)

35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
PG11 (MW)

30.00 29.9601 30.00 30.00
PG13 ( MW)

38.6161 40.00 39.6817 37.8299
VG1 (Pu)

1.0761 1.0744 1.0827 1.0983
VG2 (Pu)

1.051 1.0358 1.0582 1.0661
VG5 (Pu)

0.9947 1.0107 1.0092 1.0274
VG8 (Pu)

1.0056 1.0199 1.0132 1.0382
VG11 (Pu)

1.1000 1.1000 1.0972 1.0724
VG13 (Pu) 1.0801 1.0950 1.0964 1.0568
QSVC26 (MVAR) - 7.5346 - 5.0251
QSVC30 (MVAR) - - 8.8676 5.6679
QSVC-Tot 7.5346 8.8676 10.693
Total Fuel Cost
($/h)

1362.47 1363.86 1361.61 1358.91
Transmission
losses (MW)
14.3983 14.1997 13.9698 13.6623
AV=|Vi-Vrf| 0.3068 0.1262 0.2087 0.2397
AV/QTot (%)

0.154% 0.064% 0.1066% 0.1245%
4
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 298

May 07-09 2012, Algiers Algeria.
TABLE V. THE OPTIMAL RESULTS FOR THE TWO CASES (CASE 1 : WITHOUT
TCSC;CASE 2 : WITH TCSC IN LINE (2-5))

Table V, shows the results based on the flexible
integration of TCSC, the active power losses reduced to
13.88 MW compared to the base case: 14.3983 MW, without
integration of TCSC, the total cost also reduced to
1354.18$/h compared to the base case (1362.47$/h), Figure 5
shows the convergence characteristic of fuel cost for the
IEEE 30-Bus with consideration of the thyristor controlled
series compensator.

Fig.5 Convergence characteristic of the IEEE 30 with consideration of
TCSC
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) Algorithm has
been applied to solve Optimal power flow with incorporation
of two kind of FACTS devices (SVC, TCSC). The work
carried out in present paper can be extended to improvement
of bus voltage profile and reduce active power loss by using
two FACTS devices. The performance of ABC is compared
with that of GA and BA . Numerical results shown the useful
of our method. Future study can be extended with use of
other techniques, systems, and renewable sources.
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.

.
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
Iteraion
f
u
e
l

c
o
s
t

(
$
/
h
)
Variables Case 1 Case 2
PG1 (MW)

198.5886 198.0045
PG2 (MW)

73.1237 77.8369
PG5 (MW)

50.00 47.5856
PG8 (MW)

35.00 34.4805
PG11 (MW)

30.00 28.5306
PG13 ( MW)

38.6161 38.3727
XTCSC (pu) - 0.0397
Fuel Cost ($/h)

1362.47 1354.18
Active power losse in line (2-5) (MW)

2.6326 2.2010
Transmission losses (MW) 14.3983 13.8809