--!

F-

fttria or Ef.ouc C}lbm

Syhmelrical components
Posiliv6 sequenc components Negalive sequence componenrs

696 696
696

Zero sequne conponents GeneEJ lofiutas fo. symmerict

697
6S7

Th6oretrcat power ota wabr turbine 749 SFcilic sped of a wat6r tulbine 750 Iu6ne generator sel up 750 Heat en6rgy @nveEbn fictoB 751 Tems used in pEdiction ofload
751

Per unit impedanc using a diftent porcr & voltage bass 697 The seougnce nelwo* Ths seqoence nslwo Singte tino to ground fautt Double lins to ground fautt

698 698 698 699 700 700

701 702

SIRUGIUft
Planl capacity taclor
TEST 26 (44 problems) SOLUTIONS TO TEST 26 752 752 753

OTI|IIIN
by chemical

Tt4
765

+ .:. .l .:.

Matter

anything that occupis space and has woight

Element- a substance lhat cannol be decomposed any fudher

Compouncl

Thee-phase t.utr tcutanons gNen

a combination of lwo or more elemenls

Apprcximate eqlivatents belwen a line to linefaLrtt& a 3-ph.s6 fauli ot an untoaded gene.ator 703 TEST 24 (40 probtemst 7U SOLUTIONS TO TEST 2' 715

Molocule- smallest partrcle lhat s compound can be reduced to before il

breaks down into its elements.

TEST 27 (33 probtems) SOLUTIONS TO TEST 27

776
784

Atom - smallest part lhal an element can be reduced to and slill keeping lhe
properties of lhe element.

(two dimensionat ptane)

735

(lh6 dhensionar ptan)

lrluminalion trom more than one of mountrng heighrto grve ma)rmum lllumrnarron Zonal cavity or avrage tltuninat on TEST 25 (20 probtems) SOLUTIONS TO TEST 25

9.107 x
736
736 737

1.672 x 10

V.l!e

The atomic struclure ofan atom: NuJls

it

f3?
738

ieutbnr .:md..l

"li. at"h -.?ite,.itli. il.il 6r'|.Etlt !,rc,!'ns i,]J,.,.

743

<-a

_irr. el<tbis revove.rDrn!

or she 5alodid tLe

jii o,bG

i".cls

x..!s,
where:
N = iotal number of electrcns on a given shell

n:

nrh

shellofthe atom

!J!t!J!!!!!!!!e!!!4J!_!!!!!!t!!!Et!3e!ins

b!,

Roras

rt.
Volt (V)

Electri.ity: Basic Principles 3

.l n $

Valence electrons

electrons found in the outermost

she or orbit ofan atom.

Atomic Number Atomic

represents the number ofelectrons or protons of an alom

- unit of polenlial differencs, which is equalto onejoule of work done p.r ono coulomb ofchargs. Named afierthe ltaljan physicist, Atessand.o C. Voltr (1754 - 1827) who invented the firct electric battery.
TITCTIIC GUIITXT
Whn a polential difference between lwo charges forces a third charge to mov, the
charuo in motion is called an elctric current.

Mass

represents the sum ofprotons and neulrons ofan atom.

tttclntcG[
{.

$
Ampere (A) - unil of charge flow equalto one coulomb of charge past a given point in ons scond. Naned affer lhe French physicist and mathematician, Andr6 M. Ampers (1775-1836).

A body is said to be charge, if il has eirher an excess or deficit of etectrorc from its normalvalues due to sharing.

Coulomb (C)- unit ofetectric charge, which is equivatentto G.2S x t0r3 electrons or protons. Named afrerlhe French physicist, Charles A. Coulomb
(1736

1806).

?OTIXIIII IIITfIRTTSI
Potential- the capability of doing work
Any charge has lhe capabitily of doing work of movjng another charge either by attraclion or repulsion. Example,A$ume1 cofcbarge.in movedilectron5.
Bome opposition or rslstance.

ms$r cI
Ihe fact that a wire carrying a currenl can become hot, it is evident lhat the work done by lh applied force in producing the current must b accomptished against

Ohm (O)

Georg S. Ohm (1787

praclical unit of rsistsnce_ Named afir the ceman physicist,

1854).

l\\ _ 6+ F\ (+ betflohs* tbc:elcedbr'the,_ cpaea".r I \\ l\\ rer{rw,l b.ar,4drd b},--. cpL.e - L,^nI *_o'O-- l:) I rarler,$.iar.rdoio.zet*,o. qor! ". l',.1 <TzLl \ ll ll 'o".'.rh",/.Da"

Ri*',
where:

R'

o* \J -oo-*\ \l

b. No+ aj!+ r \\ o+ I 11

3 3

frcll o; o+ \ \ill o-+

mal,Dg r

da1rcn5 M lbe itt,a.te,j b\ ihe,l c ptarc anJ elR:tons drllb Ep.led irhc -rc;hr.

R = sistance (ohm) A = cross-sectional area (square meter) p = resislivity (ohm-meter) L = Ienglh (meter) V = volume cubic metr)

6rllant hol,oi of6eecr

oh5 qo nq

rohad. rhe.r c Phte

.l .!

Specific resistance (!$istivity)

resistance offered by a unil cube of the

a diarneter (d) of ono rnit.

The net num ber of electrons moved in the diredion olthe positive charge ptate depends upon the porentjat difference between the two charges.

Circularmil(CM) - area ofa circle having

-r---1 l00l Solrtd Ptublen$ in Elect cal Ensineeins

by R. Rot.ts Jr.

Elect citv:
r, = radi'rs otthe cable r, = radius 1o the ouler surface oflhe insulation

Basic

Ptihcible.\

cM-il..
IEIGI 0I

1,000

mil= I inch McM = 1,000 CM

It Pmlrufit n$t$ tc[

G0x0tfitxcI
Conductance is a measure ofthe malerial's abilitv lo conducl electric cuffenl lt rs equalto lhe reciprocalof reaistance.
Slomons (fomerly mho) - unil of conductance. Named aflerthe Geman engineer, Em6t Weme. von Siemens (181G1892)

Experiments have shown lhal the resistance of all wires generally used in praclice in elecl cal syslems, increases as the temperature increases.

R1= initial resistance (ohm) R, = linal resistance (ohm) T = inferred absolute temperalure = temperature when resistance of a given materialis zero lr initial tempeture 12 = final lemperaturc Ai = change in temperature o = temperature coefficienl of resistance

6 = conductivity (siemens per meleo L = lensth (meler)

cross-sectional area (square meler)

p = specilic resislance (ohm meter) G = conduclance (siemens) R = resislance (ohm)

Tempe.ature coetficient of resislance (o)- ohmic change per degree per ohm
at some specified temperature.

lffiultfl0r llst$txct

0r

flflrs

@"
p = resisiivily of the insulating I = length of cable (melet

rt:*'"f
male al (ohm-mete0

Ubs{
Problcnl

t.

2s
B.

32s

c.
D.

1na
'12 s

t!

Or EE 8o.rd X|rch t99a The 3ubstation bus bar is mad up of 2-iches round gopper bars 20 fl. long. What is lh resislance of each bar if resistivlty iB 1.724 x 10'ohln-cm

Ploblcdr

Aietoctdc has a chsrge of 2 coutombs. tf 12.S x 1O1s tree -.- TS,ua19qg"9 eredrons are added to it, whatwillbe the net charge on lhe said dielectric?

A.7.21x1Osohm

B.

A_ 4C a. -2c

C.5.185x105ohm D.2.96x106ohm

13.8 x 106 ohm

D.

c.

8c

Zeto

Problcr!
|esislivity.
't

Problqn ar
lhe potentiat difference betwen the termin;s

r9y, 7r EE !o.!ll bbcr Dlemine lhe rasislanc ot s bus bar made of copper if th6 lngth is j O meters long and the crGs-section is a 4 x 4 cln2. Use f.i241 micro ;hm"ctn as the

.,

Aiattry.cn detiver

0 joutes ofenergy to move 5 coutombs ofcharge. Whal rs

ofti6

ba(6ry?

A.2V

c.

B.

50V
0.5

A.2.121x1O{ohm 8.4.312x1O'ohm C. 3-431 r 1o6ohh

D.'5V

D.

1.078 x 1Or ohm

P.aobL!A
1Or0

ProblGrn tt A clorid of 2.5 x

much is the intensity of the lectmn

elecfrons move pasl a given point evry 2 seconds. How

t!e?

Nk$rome ribbon r$lstor elemenls 6ach ha6 a 63i3tenco of 1 ohm, The lement made from shet of nichrome alloy, 0.m5 crn thick. tf ths width of th ribbon is 0.3 's cm. what longth iB requlrd pr elcm6nt? Assurne specific 3istance of nidrrcme alloy to b 1m 4-cm.

c.

a.

2A
2.5 A
1.5

A.68.8crn
A

D.

C. 70.7 cn D. 67.4 cm
PlobLnl
Whet quanlily of etoctricity fows

B. . 62.1 cm

Problcltt 4:

, The curenl in n 6lectdc tamp ls S amperes. towards the litament in 6 minulesi

A. B. c.
D.
30C
3600 C

9r EE

lo.r.d Oetota. t99t

72C
1800

c
to

from soildrawn copper having a resistivily at 2O'C of l.732x1orohm-dn. The washer is 0.125 inch thick and has inside diamele. and outside diameter ol 1 inch and g ind|eB r$pectivety. C6lculete the exacl .6islance betwoen the two en& of th tum to direct curent; taking into account lhe non-uniiom qrnenl dislribution. Assume lhe contacl along the ends of lhe turn to b perfect ovff the 6ntire crosseclion_

and spreading the end6. The washer is

One lum o{ a copper bar is produced by cutting a coppr washr along a mdius

dI

Eroblclo 5r A constant current ot 4 A charges a capacitor. How tong wilt it lake accumulale a tolalcharge of g
coutomb; on the ptates?

A. B. C.

12.74 x 10 6ohm 15.53 x

10{

ohm

17.22 x 1Or ohm

O.

Prcbl.nt tn Et.ct cat 'olv.d 14.83x 10{ onln

t00l

Teet

6!.. taio ! condicior o.1o_ m tors. with . uniform drrm.ror t.o #mf,*f::"*lr-mor 1.0 c"',no rro"rne "'."l*"ny-"irfr";;il; ;i;iffi:i Jffi;"fH"*ff on 6nd otfrr! condqdor accordiag lo fl. foffula:
p

PaotL- tcr ED loaaa

1.0.?8ohm

C, D,

0.e3 ohm

O.01ohm

tiaDLrr tt
h dnwfl lhroogh a sedes of dies udit its dianrter is rduced to 0.OS ind,. A;;; lta apaclfic rrristance ot the materiat rmain3 con"t nt, *t ij ff," ,""i"L-J Itneih.ncd conducior? "f
A oo.ducto{ wttos diameter is 0.175 inch hAs a rosislsnce ot 0.5 ohm. Th wire

O.OOf + f

O<f.,

otric,n

A.0.0852ohm C.0.0806ohm D.0.0902otrn

8.

0.0015ofim

&

A. ','Drllta},
D.

htr
A. g.
C. D.

ur trtlc.r{

a, c.

l l.,l5
10.22

o
A
()

12.75A
10.82

""iffi

8,H,,l;tdil?T; Hff :i,1ff"H"i*"#ilJ.#:"Ji

tr.ll.rr t& EP !o.rd

A,

Apfll

1896 ohr|! 1825 ohmt 17gZ c'vn t8O5 ohrnr

lha ll..l except for havlng twico its diemetr is

A corloin wir has a ro3ldiance R, The r$iltance of another wire fttenticel wilh

rgtj

c.

A. 4A B. 3rr
5rr

#
5m

ln e. 'R 2 c. 2R o. 1n 1
trou.ttt t?r
langth mwt b dd-off tom the

D. 6n

A givan wir6 ha6 a r6sbtance of 17.5 ohms. It its tngth b 560 m, how much r|i in order to reduce its reiistancs to ti.s otrms.160 m 170 m

Pr!t- lc- r!|t EA

fo$d Octob., taca

r!;rewn
untir

A, 8.
ft! resbt nce is 1oo tirn" rhe

,",r"i'gfiH,H"*ft.i"1;:H'c'
10n
8.

C. D.

t45 m
155 m

PlcoblCltr

t00 m
12.5 m

Whet is th stze jn squaB miltimlr (mmr) is the cabte of 260 MCM 6ize?

tA

EE

lo.|r! oglotcr t''6

c.
D.

A B.
!o.rd Alstt tro:]
C. D.

P.loblc.r 14, tE
,"

A.

.#i':ffi :y#fi :?HH#'","Hl*';;lilT;:k ffl:ff s #,0#'*'.

0.85ohm

118.656 mm'? 126.675 ll,m2 112.509 mm'z 132.348 mm2

Pr.obl.tn l9r
A 500 MCM ACSR cabt6 has 37 strands. Dete.mine the diameter in mils of each

TO

l00l
120.24
118 34

Solvcd prcblens in Etectticat

Test

116.25 .
B,

l1

c.
D.

PtobLo

110.35

EE Eo.rd L.!Gh Th r68blenc6 of a wire is 126.48 ohms at 100 'C and 100 ohms at 30'C.
0.00427 0.00615
0.0258 0 0356

t{l

rt9!

Dalalmlno lh lmprature coefficient ol copper at 0 "C.

Prioblcd 2ot

A,

;#i#f #fi ,::#rx$;"1a,:"Jiff ';Hj"1r,T:"["j,ilHri;rT, jt:

D,

I c 0

A. 800 ttllcM 8.820.t\rcM c. 850 MCM

9OO

trablod r3r
Two wire8 A & B made trom two diffgr9nl materials have temperature coeflicient Cl r.rlslenc 6quel to 0.0025 and 0.0005 ohm per "C, respectively. tt is deGircd to makc s coil of wire having a aesistenc of 1200 ohms \Nith a tomperature coefficient Ot 0.001, u8ing suitabl length6 of the tvo given wires connecled in series. oalarmlne lhe required length of rvir6 A?

MCM

ll#!.nitrffilfiffi fr'#iic"gr,""g;,g;y"r".,".,,.
A.72.26ohms
D.58.15ohms

A, 5.5 m g. 8.2 m

3i3i3i$i

D.

8.0 m 5.0 m

Ftobld!

16r EE

lo.rd

OctoDar

tt t

P|!obLa!ta,

Ts,o heating lemnls which is 500 ohrns and 25O ohms are connected in sedes wllh lmpratu coffcinls of 0.001 and 0.m3 ohms per 'C, respdively at 20 .C. Calcul5le lh effediva lomprature coefficient of lhe combination.

fl rfli"l:H*:#$ffi
D.
B.90.12o c.85.22()
92.81fi

A.

88.89a

'ft1ir6r:q,f

{,:r{!ffirll,1##

c.
D,

0.00215 0.00626 0.00712

000167

ProbIod !7t A cylindrical rubber insulaled cable has a diameter of 0.18 tnch and
lnlulation thickness of0.25 inch. lfthe specific resistance of rubber is dclermine lhe insulalion Gsistance per 1000-fi length of the cabte.
1014

an

Problcnt

A[

ohm-cm.

s:*l,!";li$"fl ..*;[i'$*ur;:"f:si#Hrrli*iiJlr""#Jix
D.

A.624MO

A. 60.4.C B. 59.2.C c. 58.4 "C

53.7.C

c.

B.

D.

682 MO 678 MO 694 Mc)

Problelr tar
The diameter of a given bare conduclor is 0.50 inch. A thermoptastic insulation with lhickness of 0.1 inch is Mapped around lo jnsulate lhe conductor. Determine the ansulation resistance of thjs conductor per meler. Assume specific resistance of lhermoplastic insulation to b 2 )( 1 014 ohm - cm .

I2

l00l

Solved

'

Solutons to Tesl

13

AB. D

107xroP{)

l(}5x'toeo
109x lOeA
Or

i.tulrsbL$l
.
+2C

C- llOxl0eo
PFoblc|! t9. tE

to.!d

Oclo0cs

tgtt

o?

- -12.5 xlor'

x;2i*1% = -2c

Ttte insulalion resistance of a kilo.neter of the cbl6 haling a diameler of 2 cm and an inG{dation tickoes ot 2.rn b 600 otms. It the thic*n;s of the ansutation ig inc.easd to 3 crn, find the inulatio,r r6i6bnce otthe cble.

o,n - o, +O, -2+G2)

Q*

'o

A. 8.
C.

725 ohms

850 ohms 757 olms

I
lE fc.a Oettb.r riao

Notc volt-opulci ps@ul@b

D.828ohms

8.2 voll|

o6

Pr.DLd
n

tiot

asi6k1ce ot 1m rneie{s otBire is 12 ohms. Wrat is its condl ance?

E::'ff:;,H"';"'
l

B.

0.0521 mno 0.0i] mho 6 mho6 !2n lo3

- 2dfipgratt

o-n-'(ur"'+#;
a -18@c

o8
l-2dc

t4

2 Tl' 'lrir,"r,r lincfi / t

a ^-4

-m2f8rrr?
o','

1.D7. O !3_A t9_ A 25. C 2.A 8. A t4_C 20. a 26. D 3.8 9. B 15. A 21.C 27.O 4.O 10.C 16.O n.A28.A 5.411_A 17. A ?'3. B 29. C 6. C 12. C 1A. a 2.t- A 30_ B

??-30 - Iopnotch. :!5-e0 - Condition.l

1= 2ex r

1319 r 2 9{ 9n ln 1n l!
25238

= 649 6

^
R

(1.724 x 1O3Xm96)

O-I{ - Filed

-5.t85x105drt

H l00l Solved Prcblens

L = 1om x

in Elechical Enpineetine by

Ro,as

Jt
n

Sofutio^ to

Test

15

1991!
1m

= looo cm

^ 'L A

{1-7241x 104 )(1ooo)

f,

Jo

aL =

Jro

oor.ro 'r:r

(4x4)

R =107.75x 103 ohm

".
R

i[.-".'.

1'; ]]l' = i [.

**'.''{S)]
same weight

L=!l=(Iqg!-9o
L = 68.8 cm

- 0.0806()

*=oi
Comidf
a difiarential

*-'$
Nota Sinccthe coll ir roound with thc
orwke, thusthe vollnres

of

th. wir. us.d in both coDditionr rre con,Qnt. Ard witl lhc volumc
elenrot
rcrttance lqfleJ drFctly a. the qua'e ofthe length.

coDttaDt,

A=tdr
L=2nt
an
=

R=kL2;

k=

proportionslity conBtant

d4I)
ldr

n" tr"i' R' lL,J

fbnorh or tumxtL 380 ( bngfi pr tum r t{ Rz = 1895 35O

^1R
ce
=

R-

lt* \
tJl2't
) t l inch l (tnl.s- tno.s)

\t ttsaool' J \ 6000./

c=-t fdt =frn'1* =f.tr"',-r"1r 2olr ^

I

Notc: Asruming thclc ar. no losscs in the prccsi, tb volum ofthe matdal rcmains constaDt And wlth the volume <on5tant, the fe3'fince ofthe nateial
'anesdrcctly
a: ihe squa'e

ofthc lcngth.

o.125inch x12

s4cm

R = k L2; k = proportionality constant

2a11.724x1041

R,
&

G =6?902.25mho

TL, -|.r.,]I,

L1

I.
lr

-1

U102.25

' "^
Rz

=*.

l!.J'

lL,/

- o.o1z

I L, .l

sr,

1'

c::::33:::::5 L,=
2.5L1

R = 15.527 x 103

()

=54

"nd'?0?r,
L=0.1m=10cm .

R = k L, ; k = pfoportionality constant

_L

R, IL, ], =l\

R.

R1

lE;=. Foo R; "="'1& I &

L,
= 10m

1:::::::..:.-)
&=100R)

16

l00l

Solved Problens in

Elect cal

Sofutio,"t to Te.r

17

n=oY= a'

(1,\'
14)

Pv -=rr'Y

u'"1
N'n. Alrrm.
R thc
ca

Notc: A5romiDg th.rc arc ro I65e5 jn thc proce$, thc voloD. of rlr rcrrainr .onstart And wtth tbc volume onstant, the rcsirtan.e ofthe *tre:nrcncly ar thc (ou,tfi powcrorthe d amerer.

(n^r k1tr.r)nl

dott 5<tiooal arc! oFth. wrrc to be.orsbnt And with th. conjtant, rc'iri.oc. ofth. wjre \ri., drectly astle let]gth.
c.mlant

R=*;

k =proporlionatity constanl

R, tR' L'
r.

-tti

k - propodionality

!e=f4
*,' =".f
R:
R=

f R' t d,.J
ldzl-oo.r1\5,
o
*
4,

' -!&.!9!l?9=1oo'' R, 17.5

=

\,,

Lamfi crrl -off

L -1,

560- 400

-rJ!_r L,

Length

]'

rr'zf
-__.\

l-anClh cu(
26O

of

= 160 m

cut-of

= o.3

c -d

MCM = 25O,@O CM

*; =proporlbnality &=f d,)'

con3tant

a. JEu " Jzsoooo , soo-1", l0o0rn13 linch -

rz 2,,,n'

R,

^ d ann" 14

---ii$,2ll"

14

,J

A.l26.67mrn'?

J7-ttrand ACSR c6U.

Cil{

*=o[#)'=,'(#i
R2-1145a

t(b tlCM

= 500,000

c=ol = 4 =r Altdz
Note.Arlrm.

-!Q!99=1*rr.u,* cu. d
d-Jet=Jfu5135
d-116-25mils

r.-

two wkcj ir botb cordltlors to be conrtaDt And wrtl thc lcngth cor5tant, tLc rerstance oftlc wrie latres rnveisely ar the square oi

th< lalgth

of{'c

Notc

I
R.

Dgth
'D

both @nditron! are tle eme

R=-:i

p. - !.!.;0.
f = proportona$y con {ar

tzo-cup.rn
ff

R,=l4l ld,l' n:
n. =n.l4l'=^ll')' ^ '

=*ie.
_ p.L"

= 10.37 r! - clil per

\E--._1,

d/

\d,I

.1,=2d'

R. =Rc

l2d, )

p.L.

",

=?o

tSolutioti; to Test

17

-="#=ffi="#
Note: Aisumirg tlerc arc no lorse5 ir t6. procets, rhc volumc oF the rrateral ieirairs constart. Ar.l with tlc voJum..oDnrn{ tbe resrsence ofthe materral lzrr.5 inv.6cly atthc Foudh power ofthe,ljamerd

_L
Notc Anumc thc doss s.ctional area oFth. wrrc to be constnrt And wjfh tbe rkrs 5..tronilarca conrtant, retisiaD.r o{the wire v?do dfectlyasthe lenqth

R-kLi

k = propodionality conslant

_k r.(=-, t = proportionatity constanl

R. R,
1^

L.
L,

!.=ld' i R' ld, J

^.I(dr/ R:=093o

' =lEa= R,
-

$o(12 5)
17.5

= a66

*,' =

a,

]'-

rr'z o 0.,1

\5,

Longth crrl o{f = lr - L" = 560 - 40O Longth cul - off = 160 m
250 MCM = 250,000

\____rl__,J L,

Length

cut-olf

Ci'

cM=
d=

d
d12n2

R=f

; k = nrolortionalig conatant

JcM - "65oJoo . soo -r" '

lind ,54tt , l(mmtu litrn

-12.7.n.,'

R, Id,)' R, ldr.l
R,

. 'd 41
ris

A = 126.67mm2
500 McM = 500,0m ca4

ACSR caue

- = R.l.dtl'=o5lo0.06 lf \d,) \

'7-strand

Rz''11.45n

1.-,0

=!4@=rrra_srcu

n=ol = 4 -r, L 'A aA2 d,

4
Note,.Ar5urrc th largtl ofthc two wr.s ir leth cor,ljtron, to be con5tant Ard wiih tlc lcngil, corrtant. tlc rerrsrarccoftlc nrcvariu: inu.oely as th"sq,a," oi

cM=d
d = d =

Jct

= Ji 3s13,sl 1t6 25 mils

Note, L$gth'

ir boil ondltronr

are

tle

5ame

p"

R=+;
R,,

=!&;o. = rzo-cLrp.rt
=

- propondna&y corl3tafil

R,= fd, l'

td,j
n,
R=

p.
/___-t,

!t!r;0.

ro.:zn- cup.,a

n,

1!r

l' =Rl-!Ll
\2d,j

d, =2d'

p,L. _ P"L.

=:lo '1

It

1001 Solved Ptublens in

Electical
ars ezz

Solutloru to Test

19

a' = &e. = 49.!1) p" 10.37

A. :820 cM

so .
do

i-

zgl:e6
)

0.00427

R,

R,

""=+
r = --a- =zu.tgz,c 0,00427

- R.(1+ 0.0025ar) - Rb(1+ 0.0005^, - (R. + RbXl+ 0.001a,) =O

+ Rb(1+

-O

Equato Eq.1toEq.2:

R.(1+0.0025^r)

0.0005^,) = (R.

RbXl +0 001ai)

!e_ R1
-

T+12

T+t1

0.0015R.Ar =0.0005RoAr

- - /r*.-) 5o(234.1s2+1oo) ..=\tfaj= ,3.rrr.3o

Rz

Rr

= 3Ru = 1200

63.24

o
256"s

R. +Rb

Rr +3R. = 1200

R.

= 300

=1=-1-= do O.o(X
T +t1

300

Rr_T+t,

Rj

L.=6m
R, = 5OO(1 +O.0o1l') + 250(1 +0.003ar) R, = (500 + 250X1+ a* ai )

R- = R. 'lT*

'

ffjlzlj = so(250 * so) t 250+20

89o

=O

R,

=A

88

Equate Eq.1toEq.2:

1=1=-1-=zso"c ao 0.004
R,

500 (1+ 0.001^r)+ 250(1+ 0.003a,) = (750X1+ 500 +0.5ar + 250 +0.75A( = 750 + 750o.nar.

od'^,)

T+t, R1 T+t!
_

dji

=0.00107

r^ =

ft*r.)rla)-r '
\R,l

9 "=*"7
't

= tzso

'

* r stl.119) - zso 't120,

R=

1O1a

r,

,J,*"
\

t,,

lQ:gt
3.281ff1

hfg-!r)
\0.09./

= 59.2 "C

R = 694.05 MO

R, _ T+1, Rr T+ lr 100= T+30 126,48 T-1oo

T+30
= 0.7906 T + 79.06

@ ^=*^? 1oi'

2x I0.35l 2r(100cln) \0.25,

T = 234-288 0C

R=107.'102x1Oen

L)C

Electi.

Cba.itt 2t

Not : spdifi c5irt neofth.

n

cabl a'rd

l.ngth are @nrt?rt iD both conditiors

==!1nL

DCthffik
0[r8ut
Ohm'. Lrw alates lhct lhe cunenl florving ln 6n eloctric circuil ls dlr.cty iilJrtr"ii ii tt'L imprersed enrf applied lo the circuit snd lnv'r'6lv lo lhe

&=s R"
nC

-,--.lH] .-[#,J
R)=757o

5iui".r.t t .".i.r.n"" & lh said orqiil l- Ohn {1787 - 1854).

ilamed afier th 6rman physrqst Gcorg

^1

R12

G = 0.0833 mho

WWmm
ri\6ro
E = impr3sd voltdge (voft) I = currenl drswn (ampere) R = r*iEtsnce (ohm)

lltgnltll?affn
Electrlcal powor
Watt

rale of Using or con6uining the olectrical onergy

iecona. ltarneU aner Oe

1819).

- un

ol electdcal energy equal to one loula of enctgy consumed in one Bri-iish engineer and inventor Jam Watt (1 736

,s$ue
where:
P = electrical Power ($,att) E = vohage (volt)
I=

R = re3istance (ohm)

dfient (amperg

DC

Ele.tic Cn.uits 23

IUG|
{.

r ltHI

IXtXCy

toulllErls

tlltlttm$unloi
E]

tulD

It[ tlsltflns G0rrts Ilr8I

t8

Energy- the capacily to

do work

E.

where

W = etectncatene.gy (oute) Q : heal energy (calone) P = etectflcatpower (wait time (second).

t:

m = mass ofthe materiat (gram) c = spcific heat of the matenat (catone per gram .C) dr = change in temperature of the mate at (.C)

N.n. llth.i..rcthree

l.ihl,r!

lD

rn.t

or more reenances In serier, rcduce b.fore applying the VDr

6l'tthecrrc!ii
'nto

two

Note

l calode:4186 ioales BII z 252 .alo:jes

in which etectricat energy is sotd to a customer.

.l

?rillu+onlcTm ftsBr0ns
a
Prnllal clrcult - th resistancos are connecled across each olher.

Kilowat-hour (kw-hr) _ unil

Note

1,lay
1

24 boql5

l Donth = 30,lays
yerr = 365 day5 = 8760 hou6

l"
+E2+
E3

snl$_G0tIIGII0 trsFTtBS

.i

Series circuit- the resislances are connecled end to end.

+EtL

,t
I3

N,n.
1,,

lniependen{ oF

th. .ircuit .oDn.lion

either serl::, parallel or corDbination

of

'l

h. t hc

tota

power drawn by tbe circu it i5 equiE lent to the powels d'awn by each lord

DC

EleciicCircuits 25

cufin r Dilt$t3r

llfittrl

?illl1fl

IGm ron

ffstsnis E0xxrsrrl tr

0[trt r wYt-G0rltcllll Rlsl ols

lE,
\o(e .rth.,"a'e.hreF
,e<

ror.

rn

or no,e.ern4nce,.n para,lel, reduce t-l)r (he -tr.u pdallFlbeforc applyinq tre lDT

r ntot*o

Wya to delta trenlformation3

sHllt-pttflfit G0tIIGIMISI$I0[8
t
Series-parallel

circuit-a

into a series circuat.

conbinationat circuit which when simpl

iedwj

resutt

D.lli

to wye transformationr

_gc
-A.+

BtC

?m|lut$Inl[$ c0xrlcltD [IStSr0ns

into a parallel circuil.

tf

A=B=c=Rrandx=Y=z=Ry

Parallel-series circuit- a combinational circuil which when simptifjed wiltresutt

26 l00l Solyed Prcblens

in Etecbicat

T?tt

27

trotl.d ttr lfl

ti
F

EE

f,o.rd Apdl a98a

A lrd'trrUay power stalion supplies 60 kW to a load over 2,500 fi, 100 mm'?, rwo rNnrlrr,brr coppor losder lhe resistance ofwhich is 0.078 ohm per 1000 tt The bus vollr{,o rB maintained constanl at 600 V. Delermine lhe load curenl

t08 A

Problc|[

ttr EE Bo.6d Oetobcs r99t . A load of 10 ohms was connected to a 12_voll battery. The curGnt drawn 1.18 ampres. What is
the intemat resistance of the

lt0A

lr

batei?

ttalLm
to0r|.l

16r

B. c_ D.

0.35 0.20 0.25 O 30

ohm ohin
ohm

cuffent of 100 A and is located 1000 fl from the supply ll lh6 diameler of lhe copper transmission line is 0.45 inch whal must be lhe ll,1146 ol lhe 6upply?
120 V DC motor draws

ohm

Problc|n

The potentiat at lhe terminats of lhe banery fa s from 9 V on open vo[s when a resistor ol 10 ohms is connecled across s terminals. circuit to 6 What is lhe rnternal resislance ot the banery?

trr

c
l)

125 32 V 130 24 V

l2g 32 V
127 05 V

B,

c
D.

5cl 4Q 3cl

l7r EE Bo.rd Ostobc. r9a6 A LRT csr, 5 km distance from the Tayuman, takes 100 A over a 100 mrn hard alrawn coppr trolley wile having a sistance of 0.270 ohm per ftm. The rail and gtound rolum has a sistance of 0,06 ohm per km. lf the slation voltage is 750 V, ihrl l. tho vollage of the cal?

tralLd

20

ProbL|[

r EE

Board Aprit

tt9?

ll
D

ora standard ce is measured with a potenliometer that _...^^t!"_-"l11rotng!'1"_lT9e gMes a readrng oI1.3562 V When a I 0 megaohm r"i"t", i" it" slandard ce termrnals, the potentiomete. ;ding arop" "onir*r.a ""i""" to t.S56O V. Wh;ii"inlernal resisiance ofthe standard cel? "
B,

685 690 685 690

V V V V

trobl.n lar
00

c.
D

174.5 145.7 147.5 157.4

ohms ohms ohms ohms

Th6 hol resistance of an incandescenl lamp is 10 ohms and the rated voltage is Find the series resislance required to operate the lamp lrom an 80 V supply.

8()
4O c. 6C) o 10 C)
B

ProbleE !,4t
A battery is formed of fve ce s Joined in series When the e{erna| resrstance rs . 4 ohms. tne cunenl is I 5 A and wh;n the enernar ,"r,"t"n"u i" S o1.", lrii"ni talls to 0. 75 A. F rnd the intemat ressrance of each ce .

;"

L
o

0.5 ohm
1.0 ohm

operating for a long time. lf lhe lcmpralure rise is 55 'C above the ambient lemperature of 20 "C, calculale lhe oxlemal rcsislance which mustbe initially connected in series with thecoillo limitthe
currenl to 2 A. The lempeBture coeflicienl of the materialof the coil {s 0 0043

Problca t9r A rcsislive coil draws 2 A at 110 V aier

c. 0.2 ohm
0.3 ohm

il20'C.

per'C

10.12 ohms
10-52 ohms

20 l00l Solyed Prcblens in Electical

Tesr

29

C. D.

11.45 ohms 12.05 ohms

Ptoblcltr 4Ot
A carbon resislor dissipates 60 W of power from a 12d V source et 20.C H much power will be dissipal6d in th6 resi3tor al 120.C jf connectsd across the source? Assume th6 temperalure coefficionl of carbon at 20 'C is -O,0OO5 per .C,

a4r EE to.rd Aprll 1997 ll a rcrlrlor mtod al 5 welts and 6 volts are connected across a battery with an cran ckcult voltago of I volts. What 13 th6 inlemal rosistance of the baltery if lhe raaulllng cuflcnl i3 0.6 A?

tr.t!.o

A.

B-

61.50 W 65.21 W

A 0 30 ohm l020ohm 0 0.23 ohm 0 0 03 ohm

tratldn 4tr
A hlgh vollage OC tran6mission lin6 deliverc 1000 MW al 500 kV to 6n {er.Orta load ov6r a dblance of 900 km. Determine lhe voltago at the sending 6nd.
Aaauma lhc loop reristanco of th lino to b6 1 mO pr km,

6234W

D.63.16W lrroblcln 4rt EE

Two (2) 11$V incandescnl lamps A and B are conneclod in sedes acro6s 23GV sourco. lf lampA b mt6d 75 watb and lamp B is rated SOwa s, detrmineth curlent drawn bylhe sedes conneclion.

lo.rd Aprlt rgatt EE,Eo.rd

Octobcr

rt34

610 5

!06

tV kv

4.0.52A B.0.64A

0.
D.

607.7 kV 603.8 kV

c.

o.0.57A

0.48 A

tr.tlin

Prcb|...lo 4Ct
An arc lamp takes 10 A al 50 volts. A resistanco R is to b ptace in serios so lhat tho lamp may bum correclly from a 110 V suppty. Find lhe power wasted in this resislor.

'16r ll lr rcquhd lhat a loeding of 3 kW bc mainlain6d ln e heling almenl at an lntlal lanpareturo of 20'C, a voltago of 220 V b nao.3gry for he puryo.e. Afigr tho aLmani fu! 3.ttbd down to rloady atato, ll Ir iound lhrl a voLta of 240 voll6 ia t!.o...rry to malnlain tho 3 kW loading, Tha olamont reildinca lnpralu o. dcnl l. 0.0008 p.r do9r.o c.itigmd! at 20'C, Caloulato th. tn l lmpraluro ol lh. h.allng.l6m6nl.

EE

lo.rd Aprll lt3t

A.
D.

800

w'fli

B.600watts C.700watts
900 wstt6

A 4 c

345.43 33r| 84

'C 'C

328.12',C

trctLo 4tt

Conduclor'x" ofs cedain materialand a givon crcss seclion has a resistanc of 0.1 ohm pl metr and a lomprature co6fici6nl of O.OO5 p6r .C. Conduclor ,y" of anothor maledal and a given cross soclion has a resistance of 0,5 ohms pr nioter and e t6mpralure coemcient of 0.001 pd 'C. ls desired to make s coil havno a rc5i6lance of 50O ohm6 and a tompeUre coeficiont of O OO2 by u3ing suttait. longths of thc lwo wires conncted in geries. CalqJlato lhe requhed length of wiro

o. 318.48'C taol!.r atr

A 200'W, 11GV lncandaacont lrmp haa flhmonl hay{no biprnlu.r @afidcnt of ruBlrllnca aqual lo 0.006 al 0 'C. lf tha nollnal gprr-te ad,l9araturc ol tha bulb ii 2600 'C, how mloh cuarlnt rvrll lhr bulb drrw .t lha hda.( i ta lllliod on. Arsume N rcom tcnrparalurc ot 20 'C.

'l'

A.

L
D.

c.

1225 1250 1240 1210

m
m

8. c.
o.

29.42 A
18.37 A

ln
m

22.31,' 24.214
Th. po$qr

hl-ra.t

10 'C. Calcuht!
lamparetuE

d..*nbtrr*-a--g-alt tOV..d h ll'e G ly t cj .l 1tt V- 0 'C. Ih. coeilnc,i!.i oli-Fd rO 'C b O.OrOl.

t
J0
l00l
Solred Prcblems in Eled,ical

,-t!F*
thsr

3I

c.

D.

183 W 225 W

c
(.)

Nona ol

lh6ie

An eleclric wals healer has a rating of 1 kW.230 V lhe coit used as heating elenent is 10 m long and has a resistivity of 1.724 x 1O$ ohm-cm. Detemi the required dianeter of lhe Mre in mils?

Probleltl 49!

trobLd
10 12 13

Ihroc rssistors of 10, 12 and "/ ohms, tespectivly are connected in pardLl .iro.r a constant current source of8 A Determine "x'ifthis resislor draws 2.5A

J4r

A. 2.43 mils B. 2.52 mils C 3 21 mils D. 1.35 mils

ProblqN! 5or
When two reslstors A and B are connected in series, the lotal resistance is ohms. When connected in parallel, the totatrcsistance is I ohms_ What jslhe ratio lhe resislance Rato resislance Rb. Assume Ra < Rb.

()

t)
Q

(l

t,

11o
55t

trobl.E

fwo rosislors A and B made of differenl maleriali have tefiperature coefficignla ol rol6tance at 20 'C of 0.004 and 0.006 respectively. When connected acrola e vollrg6 source al 20 'C, lhey draw cunent equallY What percenlage of th lol.l o rranl al I 00 'C does rsistor A crry?

A B. c.

0.5
0.4 0.8 0.6

D.

s c
D

a7.14% 62 a6% a1 34%

30.86%

Problqn

Ihree resislors of 10,

lhe equivalent resislance?
45 ohms
B. 17-2 ohms

tt:

EE

lo.rd X.rch r99a

15 and 20 ohms each are connected in para et. What is

tlcDl.a

Two re6blors A afld B made of different maledals have temperature cofficiontl ol rcrislance of 0,003 and 0.005, resPctively. When connected in parallel asosa

55t

consumes equal power, What is the ratio of the powl drawn by rcsistor B to that in resistor A whn lemperatute rises to 60 'C? Assurn!

volhgs source al 15 'C,

at

aupply vottage is constant.

c.
D

0.22 ohm 4.62 ohms

P.oblqn!

5l

The equivalent resisiance of three resistors A, B and C connecled in parallel is 1.714 ohms. lf A is twice of B and C is hatf as muctr as I, find the equivatent resisiance when lhe three of them are connected in se es.

A B c 0

0.829 0.926
o.s@r

0.882

Itroblcln

A.

17.5 ohms

Three resistoB of 10, 15 and 20 ohrns each are conflecled in parallel. whal lhe lolal conductance?
0.217 mho 3.41 mhos

ttr

EE

Eo.rd

Lrsft t9te

ll

B.21.0ohms C.24.5ohms

D.

28-0 ohms

c
D

Problcn

3!

4.62 mhos O 52 mho

Three resislors of 10, 12 and 15 ohms are connected in parallel. Evaluate the value of curent lo the parattel system thal will make the cufient in the 10 ohm resislor qual to 2 A.

12

!t)!!,1!!!!!t'tohtens

ih Eteuticat En
Test

Plobtcor jAr

33

,3ij,,-i;1,.;1-$i$:tHiyn$:}"?,.,"ki
B.

jrf::":*:#:q{sfi

s
0
llJ ohrn.

c. 582.45 W D 604.38 W

615.32 W 506.58 W

tttll.l.

lrln

atr
lho ctrcull as shown, determine the rosislance between terminals a & b.

Problqn 59!

:"9nru;'"m":i*"rl""il";git i';iii,:i'""':"Jii:g;U:;:*i",il
A. B.
D.

c.

8.10 r) 8.52 rl 7.84 n 9.22 rl

c
t,

I(rcon e23 n ,oE30

t 2362(l

Ptobtqt| 60l

votta, what is ths current through th 1O_ohm re3i6lanca?

C4t EE Xro'.rd Octob.r t99? 10.ohm and s 2Gohm rsistanc ar6 connected n.r.r.ncc or s-ohm is cDnnecrod in 6efi6s w h lhe t"". rr r," in paraltet Another

;Lu.d
A

*jprrl"ir""" iJ'ii

,H:"::#t{tlifl iirstrni{{.{#ifi $;ffi :"ji{lxr#trJ

B. D, 150 ohms 100 ohms 180 ohm!

c. 200 ohrns

a 271A c a02A 0 672A t otl.n| 6tit

A 30 ohm reststor is @nn6cted ln psre l wilh e variabte resistanc R. .lh6 prr.tlot com_brnation is th6n connocted in s6nswith

I21 A

h..ll.r

arr EE

lcad Ostotrr roor

j:i:ffi ""

rc.o..a l20vsource

lo lho pow6r lak6n by th66-ohm rcslslor

Find the minimum veru of

" itf

a"r,Inl."ii.r"i i"o i_..iii ih; il;;il;;';;;l;'fii,"":

;* ;f,:Hf
C.
D.

f ""*:J*;iijttfi"*.xfl{*".,"r,#."J"1:iTfii

*t":iil

3t33iilt
2'1.2

A B c o

A 10.21A 1146(r

10.35 12.24

rl

1a.i ohm6 ohmi

Pr.ll- ht ff a-.a l-!t &_

tr

"#*ffi{",:;5';

"*i"".sf:t*;I

icross a 12-V ba ary, rhel are

lc.fit lrlch rrra r wo rsrgtanca3 of i0 and _, rwo are then connrded in 15 ohms, sach respoctivoty 616 conn6cted Ihs s6ris
Pr.oblco Car EE

li

rn pare gl with a s_ohm reeisianc. tt le than coi;.e-;Ja crlrr6nl and ,0116r?

ffi

trro,ifi :i?j"f:

1.2

A,17.28W W

c
r)

096A. t152W
1.00 A 13.1 1 5 A. 20.2s

J
J4 l00l Soltcd Ptoblems in Elechicdl
P.obLn| 6t!
An 8 ohm resislor is connected in series with a parallel combinatior of resistors, R and 24 ohms. Determine R if the power consumed by the pa connected resistors js equalto the power consumed by the 8-ohm resistor.
B. Test

2 Jt

(;

lr

tlallar
ltll
e ol

c.
D

10 ohms 16 ohms 12 ohms

A procc.! 6quipm6nl contains 100 gallons of waler at 25 'C. lt i3 rsquired to Llrt0 ll lo bolllng in 10 minules. The heat loss is estimaled to be 5%. what as lhe kW

?rr Ef, ao.rd octoDct t997

lhr hcalofl

20 ohms

Probtlf 6ar
A multi'tap resistor R is connecled aqoss a 220-V supply. A voltmeler intemal resislance is 15-kO is connecled across the cenler tap and one end of supply terminals. lfthe voltmeter regislors 100 V, what is lhe value of resistor R.
B.

,!2 kw 0 t06kw o t07 iw

t:6 kw

itltat. ttr 3E Eo.!d octobc! ltto placed

A

c.
D

5.5 kO 5.0 ko 6.0 ko 6.5 kO

l[n.

in a l"kw elect c ket e. How long a lol.l ot 0.8 kg ofwater at 20 'C as lll mlnulol! nesded lo raise the temperature ofthe water to 100'C?

4 a6 filh 6 32 mln

t:

0Umin
a 60 mln

Problclr 6l't
A potontial divider of resistance of 50 ohms is connected across a 100 V DC sourc, A load resislance of 10 ohms as connected across a tap an the potential divider afld the negative teminal of lhe source. lf a current of 4 A flows towards th6 load, what is the curent supplied bythe source?
5.32 A

l)

tiallitr
A

74l EE

Bo.!d ogtobcr l9glt

Ho{r meny calories does an electdc hatr ot 10o watls generate per second?

l0
?3 88

5.05A c. 5_21 A D. 5.48 A

B.

1000 a2 25

tta$.a
lwh
It

75r EB

lo.rd oc@b.. t9t7

Ploblclr 7or
Two sistors A and B are connectod in series across a 220 V DC source, Wh6n a vollm6ter wilh an intemal resistance of 10 kO ohms, is connectod across resistor A, th6 instrument reads 100 V and $hen connected across resislor B, il reads 80 volls. Find the resislance of resislor A.

lhc clectric snergy

roquired to 6ise the temperature of water in a pool is 1000 lhr hoat losss are 25%, the heating energy rsquned will be

0
t)

4ka B. 3ko c. 5ko D. 6ka

1266 1750 1333

kwh kwh kwh

EE

-.
l9'r

Problqr ?6!
36',F?

8o.rd April

An olecldc healer carries 12 A at 110 V, is subfieQed in 22.5 lbs of water for 30

nrlnulss. What will be lhe linal lempralurc of lhe waler if ils initial lemperature ia

Ptobldr 7tr EE lo.td &rll 1992

79.1% 75.30k

An electric kelde was ma*ed 500 W, 230 V found to take 15 minutes to bring 1 kilogram of water at 1 5 "C to boiling point. Delemin the heat effciency of the kettte.

B.

A lt (; t)

'F 42'F 133 56'F

135 43
125

12a 33

'F

36

l00l

Soh'ed Prcblens in Elecbical

T?-rt

37

lrroblqli 7'l

ln an electric hoater the inlel temperatur is '15'C. Water is tlowing st the rate 300 grams per minute. The voltmeler measuring voltage adoss the heating ele reads 120 volts and an ammeter m6asuring cunent tak6n rceds lO ampercs. sleady slate is linally reached, what islhe finalreading ofthe oultel thermometer?

EE

ao.rd Octotcr r99o

I
0

lR
I

A. 57.6 "C B. 68.4'C c. 72.4', C

D.
42.6.C

0lR ttall.ir
!

lhraa r6sislors of Aohm resistance are connected in della lnside the delta lmlll.l thrac &ohm resistors aae connected in wye Find ils resistance betwen any
ootnorr
2 ohm.

att

Probl.ll ?t!

EE

lo.rd

Octob.s

ttgt

Four cubic meters of waler as to b healed by m6ans of four 1.5 kW, immersion heating elemenls. Assuming the offciency of lhe h6al6r es determine lhe time required boiling lhe water ifthe initiat temperature is 2O.C and allfour elments are connectd ifl parallel.

l I

I ohm!
a ohmr

B. C. D.

63 hrs 69 hrs 66 hls

Four cubic meters of waler is to be heated by means of four 1.5 kW, 230, imnr6ion heating elemenls. Assuming the efficiency of the heater as determine the time required boiling lhe water iflhe initiat temperaturc is 2O"C and
the elemenls are connocled lwo in series in parallelwilh two in series.

Ploblcnt 79 EE Bo.rd Octobcr r99r

A. 275.6 hrs B. 295.3 hrs C.252.2hts D. 264.4 hrs

Probhltl aor EE 8o.rd Aprit t99?
A carcuil consisting ofthree resistors rated: 10 ohms, 15 ohms and 20 ohms connecled jn delta. Whal would be the resislances ofthe equivalent wye load?

A. B.

C. D.

0.30, 0.23 and 0.15 ohm 3-0, 4.0 and 5.0 ohms 3.33, 4.44 and 6.66 ohms

5.77.8.66and 11.55ohms

Probl.rlt

ttr

EE

Bo.rd Octobcr 1994

of3 equal resistors each equallo
R and con

The equivalent wye element in delta is

B 42. B 53. A 64. B 75. D 32A43.854.865.D76.4 33C44.A55.B66.C77.C 34C45.D56.867.C78.C 35. B 46. C 57. A 68. C 79. A 36 B 47. C 58.8 69.8 80. C 37A48.C59.A70.C81.C 38. C 49. B 60. C 71. A 82. B 39. B 50. A 61. A 72. O 40D51.D62.A73.4 41 A52.8 63.8 74.8
31.

qg-5?

Top

notcher

AE-35

- Conditional

tt

100) Solved Ptublens in Elect cal

SolutiorLt to Test

Sllutlonrtolts[2

E=*
,=E-s=-11-1e I 1.18
=

r ;.1'#::*:i:fi'"-"-'"
R:t0t)
I. - '
+lRi
I

39

0.169o

:0.2O

ooo-4!99*rro.gsr
600l 80,000 + 0.391'

r=&=9=oer R 10
v
=E-vR

tr
R:

1538 46+153846= o

=9-6 =3V

t00

r=5O

L.,.lng lh6 quadratic fomula

0_6

. 1538 461fi538.46r ,-

---

, vR 1.3560 ' R trlo6

l=1.356x10rA
=1.3562-1.3560

N,,t.
I

Vre negativ rigD folminimum curent

= 1s7 513

- 4{1X153846)

1538.46 +1323.433

- 1!!!39:.1!39-1!9
2

R=lMO

lq 1O8A
Let
A
R = tolal resistance of the line

v
t=

= 0.0002

v.
|

v
0 0002

-------->

Ft00A

. d, =(0.45x1000)'?=

202,500 cM

356x10 "

147.5

R-"!
n

Lel: r = internal resistance per cell.

,E

-]9!21?49) 202,fio

= o roz+

o
Lr-+-1000

5r+RL
Substitute condilionsl

E. = VR + lR = 120+ 100(0.1024) E. = 130.24volts

15=-l

E=7.5r+6-O 075= l
5r+9
E = 3.75r +6.75

5r+4

Assume iR = equivalent resistance of the circuit Vn = E' -lR

v.
VR

= 750

-1oo ft0.27+ o.o6x5t

=585V

+O

EquateEq.ltoEq.2:
7.5r +6 = 3.75r + 6.75

v50 E,,= R,

10

t = O2r)

=E-r:lL=99:!9=eo

10

l00l

Solved Prcblen: in Elecbical

a.=f
R, R1

=f
+o

=so
a,)
'l

n,f

*Rr= t+od,
20:

R = Rr R - 10.52fi Ar

0.0043(55) Rr = 55 - 44.48
+

= 44.48

n.'P60 = 13{ =zoo., = l4

At1200c:

R,

= R1(1+ aa, ) = 2ao

- E2 R,
P

!-

o.ooo50 20"

- 20.)l=

22s

12o'
228

-63.16W

rl

Ei = "475 = ll![ = 176 333 o R- = Ei = l!l![ = ,* ,,, 'Pb50

RRr =R. +Rb = 176.333 + 264.5 = :140.833 O

, E,
lr

230

""&=410'a33 '052A

*.=f=#=u. n, =f -ff=rro
R-R( -RL = 11'5
=

6O

Pbs=rr'?R=(10)r(6)

R, = Rr ('l +0,^,)+ Ry(1+ arlr) R, = R,(1+0.00s^r) +Ry(1+ 0.0014,) R, = (R" R, = (R,

+ +

+O

RyXl+ 0rar) RyXl+0.002^,)

+O

Solutio,te to Test

1I

11

+R, . lQg

i,
ir

. !00-R, =1p
+o

lqu.[. Eq.I io Eq.2 : ir(l+0.m64) + Ry(i

+O,OO6

0ol4) = (Ri +RyXl+0.0o24r)

=

+R, 'R,

0.00larRy

R" +0 0024rR.

+ Ry + 0

002d,Ry

C,O3R,

-O.mlR' =0=@
:

h lubdtlt Eq.3in Eq.4 r

;

0,00!Rt -0.001(500-R,) - 0

;'
t'

0,OaR' '0 6 ir.126ohme

. r.

'5;67
.

t26n

Lr

t260m

r.f "P5
rl

.{=z.zn

.E ' r+R
,.E-n=9-z.z '| 0.8
r.
O,3o

r. (0.001)(2 x 900) - 1.8 o t-l.1mox10.6 = 2ooo A

V,
'

500

x10'

Er . V

E.

k = 500,000+2000(0 18) 503 6 kV

+

R.-:L=:::=18133O '

P,

3000

''' P, 3000 "^=Ei=4=rn2n

R, - R1[+ o (1, - t1)]
19.2 = 16.133 h + 0.0006 (12

- 2o')l

t2 = 336 84"C

[(.oz

zr)

oom zd uzst=TA=-E="8 ome zd Ueet Sl=-;;=

(8! o)oooz + ooo'ms .0!x v0o0z =
u s.!
=

3.t8 occ . ll sooo o+ro! sr. z 6r tt D+qru - tu

[(,}-

!:='U

Argeoe-13
=

rt+

009 h
=
x

h-'3

^m (006

d.l
-I
I

zX!00 0)

80 Z/- 9 =U--=r
u+l
u

UC0=I

9d 11-; = -:;- - u
ur

I "l

ui/ut
gurqo

oez! =

fi;zr=rU|
g?t-

''l
,_

I o = 'utoo o ('u-oo9)loo o-'uooo o o= :tbf ute blqnuaqns

ru'vzoo rU+ o+ 'u'vzoo o* 'a = ^f 'vi,oo o+ ^u + "Urv900 O+ 'U ('vzoo o+l)(ru+ 'u) - ('vroo o+ t)ir +('vgoo o +!)'u' :Z b3ol!'b3 elenbf

@=o= ^ulooo-'ucooo

'

G)- 'u - ooe = 'u 009 = ^a+ 'u

It

,tal

o, sltolt vos

a2

1001 Solved

tuoblens in Elect ical

*,=f,=ig=*'
'T L=zoo.c r=-o.oo5
R, _ T+t,
1

'
(r...,.*_ry-)
=

R1 T+tj

*, = *,

ffi ,E110
R,
4.93
I

*.

.,.

"

=22 31A

E *,=#=#=*'
n,* = n.! + ca,]=

E? 11s' F,oo=n- =zz:e q* = ieaw

ss[r+0.003s3(100 *20j = 72.29o

.=f,=ffi=u,nn
n=o!
A=

e!=

1.724x1:0::(0x100)
=

32.sg9x1oacm,

=ra' 1

la

Ei

4{32.589 x

n
:

106) ^ ^^--- lo0omits 6dnx_

2-S4cm

d = 2.52 mils When aeris connecld

Ra +Rb

=36+O
:

When parallol connecled

El*;='-o

Solutiotll to

T?^tt

13

lub.tltut. Eq.I

to Eq.2 :

R.(ra-R.)-8(36)

i.'.30R.+288-o
UdnC thc qusdretic fo.mula
:

ae

'6rlfoxzs8) 36ii2

36-12

Rr.36-12*24o
nrlo Rrtlo

l! 21
n,

- 0.5

1111 Rt Rl R2 R3 ttl1 Rr 1o 15 20
Rr-4615o

tqa

n,t
t

15r,1

Rr*

Rr

200

R, R. Rb Ro 1111 1714 2Rb Rb

R! =6O R. =12o

1111

0.5Rb

R"=3o
wh6n connoctd in series Rr = 21o
:

Rr=R"+Rb+R.=12+6+3

n=ffi=ffi=uu'n
ByCDT:

I,R

"=R,+E , | (R, +R) 2(10+6.67) = \=

6's7

\ =5A

12

1001 Solvcd

Problens in Ele.tical

n,'P200

=4=]l{=*..,
1

-T

T=---1-=2oo.c
0.m5

R,

Rj

T+t, T+ir

*, = *, (Jf!.u - * J

u(ffifr) =.'.'

.E110 R, 4.93
l=231A

*,"=g=g=*''
n,* = n.! + ca,l= ss[r +o.ooseqroo -eo] = zz.ze o

...

E2 n.=C- =rrfi
1,1.s2

P,- =ioew
q = E1=

3g!i

10m

= sz

e.,

=.!
!!
=
1.724 x 1:0-6(0 x 109)
= 32.s89 x 1ocm2

A=

'o=Io"

'=',F= d= 2.52 mils

R. +Rb
=

4(32.589r10) -

^----

10O0 mits

2.54crn

When sedes connected

3s+O
:

Whn paral[6]@nnected

El*='-o

Fr'
Solutiora to Te$

13

trb

llul.Eq.1toEq.2:

i.(16-R.)-q36) i.'|-36R.+288=o
UtlnC lhr quadrallc formula
:

t.- o i .,..6t- a6es8)

2(1)

36r12 3a-12

22

_-

Rr.36-12*24o rrlo - 11
21

R.tb.0.5

Rr Rr R2
Rr

't111

R3

1111 R, 10 15 20
.4.615O

&

n,{ t00t

Rr{ tsat

R,

200

R, R. Rb

1111

R.
0.5Rb

't.714 2Rb Rb
R! =8O R. = t2o R. =3O

1111

Whn @nnecld in sri6s

Rr

=R"+Rr+Ro =12+6+3

Rr = 21o

R,R, n=R,+Rr i3M = 12+15

By CDT
I

= o.oz

,=
"

I,R

R;;E
lj (R,

. \

"= R =5A

+R) 2(10+6.67) =-- a-?

aa

I00l

ued ptublens in

Etect cat

Solutions to Test

15

n."ffi=1wa=s.*n
ByCOT:

I',

2P,

+O

lt, t Pt = 2280)O
lirb8tilule Eq.1 in Eq.2 l', | 2P, = 22AO
:

, l,R ''-R,-R

=f-n=!.(!!9
=12()
At 100.c:

5a5

t'. l"
-----"> I, -2.5 A
R.

760

2(760) = 1520 W

=Re!+o.ooa(loo 2ot=1.32Rla
= R1b11+ 0.006(1oo

- 2o)l= 1.a8R$

Not<_\hethev.lrawedudr .ur..,rhat20.C. r\en r.,=

AyCDT

p,!,
R,.

P,= 760 = 13.15 e l{ _E1=lq=658,, Pr '1520 E' 1oo2 ,, '"' R-- - 1316+6.58 |k.. 506.58W
1991

E-'-

.= r.
l.

L tl.4aRl

-;R;-;R

=0,5286rr

ll
r.

= 52-86% of lr

P, -

Pl

+P, +P.

750+250+200

1200 W

' - r't

Pr=f?99=ror
12O

At 100.c:

Rr. -R1.(1-oa^r) - Rr! * 0.003(60 - 1st t.135R," R2b ' Rlb(l * ob^r) - Rrlr , o.oosloo tstj. r zzsn,o
Note, Since they daw equal powe6 .C. ar j5 rheD Rr= &b_ R

1,-Pr=I99=75y

r,

10

- 120

75 =

45V

,t,

E, -11. .

-E; - 4s' P, 25O

l"

nJ

E':

lr, -81cr =on'u

E=F;="t*
=1 'Rl 'l l1l R, R1 R' ^111 10 15
G-

P. R,,

1.i3sR

x--E1=!{=zoo., 'P,50
n"-E1=194=roon ' Py 100
N,n. !J thrt th.

R3

20 Gr =O.2167mho

tqal

R,l

R,

NJ

hmp5 may opeiate prcpefy when connecte,l in se;ie5 too5s a ,'(){) V ntuilc, thc votage a*oss each amp must be equalto lOO V. rlus, the ,Arn,rL.acos: thc paralcL bEnch irust bc equalto thc rejijtanc. oFlamp y.

rsn

200

u -L

aa lql

Solwd Pmbf.nt tn Etectricdt Ekoi

1oo.

!.egl
R+20()

R+20O=2R

R=200o

E'-#*i.*
R'

-678o

toa
10a

80

Rr

^,'#**u -11 o

R."

= =

1+

2(3X4)

2(3) + 3(a) + a(2)

Rn

1.e23o

t
Solurior,.t to Tert

17

=ffi+s=rr.ezo 1. -Er=-IL-rrrae ' R, 11.67

nr
EI
By CDT :

\,2.74 A

, f, R, 4.113t2O\ "-R,*&= 10-m

48t/

1,,

,2

s"cor r"' =]i4l 3O+R

trr(6)
=

r.'(R)

'*--(#ffi)
i
(ao + n)'! =

T
o
:

900+00R+R'?=1a,oR Rt -goR+9oo

!y quadr.tc fumula
co

- t Ji6F - a{teoo) "._ln

Tala

g0

87.08

I
i

G)

for minimum value 2

ofR:

00-870a

R.lt.46 n

R,..lgM*5=11o ' 10+ 15

E,

t2v

r,.f,L-lf
Pr

=r.oor

. Eil' .l2C.0s) A .13 08w

lE

I00l

Solved prcbtens in Etectticat

Solutions to Test

19

\ote 5rn." power. d%wF are -qua' rhc equralent ..s.<tan.c .omb,natron mlsr he eqlalto I ohms:lso
R"q=8

U.lng lh. quodretlc lormub

., '2
R

zr ,

Jzsi,lttx sool zs*st.za

2(1)

8=l1L 24 +R
24R = 192 +8R

26 r 61.23
38.12 A

R=12rr
&rbtlllulc R inEq.2: lj = l, +1, 120_ 100-

R/2 R/2

100

t20I/

t00 y

80 '' 50 R
t,

60

50- 38.12

15.000

5.05 A
:

R R 40 _ 100 R 15,000

240_2OO-

100

15.OOO

Urlng lho lirst condition

100 1m
Ra-1qooo=
Er

120
Ro

n=ao1#99=oeoo R=6ko
=20 v
by CDT:

Rb

1-

10,000(120) 120R.

100, +

100

_ '
r, =

t.R

i;
=

="it.";=o
---'>L
""""> It

R+R,

r.(Rf R.)

qnJ to)

Uring the second condiLon:

=O

t#=*m.#=u
substitute Eq.l inEq.2:

,'=#=effi-a
Equale Eq.land Eq.2: 4(R+10) _ 60 R sO_R (R + 10)(50- R) = 15R

v -Vr V = 100-a(10) =60V

= Er

= Vr -|LRL

r4o so. ^^l t - s) = rpoo 6R"

R,
r

oooo

50R,R, +500

t14o tt mol^ l*" =t*-u*"J*

140 = 0.0'146677R. + 66.6667

140= 1t 400 R" ?50.6R"

"'[

=220

1OR = 15R

R, -25R_500 =o

R"

= 4999.88

R.:5kO

!! ! AJ!!!!!!!!!!2!!r,
O = (lOoO

i, Et""t,i""t
Solutions to Test
1Oo _
1

g)(4 186 J/g ,C)(

5) = 356.810 .t

,r

=l5g!=-

w"* 5oof;;*]=o?eo6

3558r0

fir

.J/

orbt

1h
2

Sl

10.22kS
szy =

\=79.1o/o

. r00s"r,,ffi"ffi,ff_a,are
X:o
cl,n = 29842. 105 kct = o.24

|I () 0(,
L-

f,1:sl] -, r: r lnc(1, tr)

I, =
570.24

r,

!1r

:zy-

r.mz"c

il1'.itj:
Pt

!T.T[',?']lo.

25)

283s0 kca,

l, - tJ5.43.F
{J

f'c,::=

10-.(1)+1.667=5746.C e(slrot

*.,

(),

- n,c^, rO 0 24pr = 0.24Etr+O

zesrz. t os = o.zap f1o ,nin

P-2o7.24kw
Q = mcAr

"

!9lgg l
tmin J

Ltriats Eq 1lo Eq.2l 0 24Etr = mcA,

o

zler=

f("a,)

Q= (80osX4.lss J/g.CX100 - 20) = 2679o4 J

o zo1'zoy1rel =

p9!,-1rL
\ min

57 6oC

111g,r 60 sec J s ,c I

l,^
./,-'

,w2674 = -i6o'I=

=,ut n*s.c E 4.46hjn

ou sec =!!L

l,

= ar

-!1

= 57.8_15

=72.6"C

Note,l atore = 4.j86./

n- Pt --

4Js6 =;.i86

loo{1)

Note,

rle

iating

ofrh. hearo

is

rlways the power drawn from rhe suppty

Q = 23.98 calories

+O o=Pt+o
'n
=4

Pd,M = 4(1.5) 6kW = P*a* = Pon I = 6(0.9) 5 4kW = o O = mcdl

Wn = 10oo+o.25wn Wn = 1333.333kW-hr

m.rlqg&

l= 4ooo

i"

= 0.24Pr =0.24Ett

equate eq.t roeq.Z:

mci! min),

Q = 0.24(1 10X12X30

!9!99

= Pt

szo.zr

r""r

ri

mcA, _ 4000 ks sec

{4.1s6l{IqI).(!g:!qlg

= 248059.259

J.

32

l00l

Solyed Prcblens in Electrical

Sol

tio8

to Test

53

I = 248059.259

thr x3600 sec = 68 9h.g

= 35.266

l:69
R

e- t0 1o(2ol--lllc, 20
+ '16 +

hrs

Jo(16) r. lO+16+20 .rsso tsoo

=;

c- lO l6(?Q- = s.eeo , 16 +20

t
2
2

rs rlway,tlr powcr,l.awn 6or the suppli Vlheh two Scaterecncnt. are.on.ected In e!. {he'ort,:9.a ros. eacr element wll be equalto l,/2 oFrhetotalvo hse 5,1c. rct spe.l'icq. a*Lhe (he. rLir -onnF.l,ol qoe. no, a4a trc e#iciency o(the heato.

dre 'atrng ofrne heare.

lr-rR
i,-:

R,

Convcn lhe Y resislors lo a R^

3Ry = 3(6) = 18O

""* =.[+] =.[-q*] =,uoo * =, .**

P6ftdtu = PdM n = 1.5(0,9) = 1.35 kW Q = mc^l

p' - 1!{9I=a5e
18+6
Ry - 4.5+ 4.5 = 9O

+O

o=Pt+O

,.

"*
ro

R,R, 4.5(9) 'R. -& = 45-,

=+

," fl!99-9) = rooo t 1m' ./

Rrt =3rt

EquateEq.l to eq.2:

t_
t

mc^r _ 4000

kg (4.186

kJ/kg oCX100

-20)'C

1.35kW

=992237.037secx

thi

3600sec

t = 275.6 hrs

-----------xF51
1001 Solved Problens m

Electrccl

Netvatk Ldvs &

thetens

SS

, I' rt,r r l,rtrrLrl.rtc.l,A n9 KCLand

',1,,1

i...lr!l lr.ric cvr uate.lby tDultarco!t trbstjt!irons ofthe

KVL

lllxwltls lsll flIl0[

trncitoF$ uw
Named afrer the Geman physi;$, cusrav Rob.t

'r.lhod itath .r rl oxisl in lhe circuil and lhese curents are employed in connection wilh

lhll

lnvolves a set of independent loop

curent3

assagned to as many

lftxot

rrln rosislances when the KVL equations ale written

Kirchhotf(1g24- 1887)

,, t

CunEnt L.w (KCL) - the atgebraic sum ofthe cur.ents al any junction or
of an lectric circuit is zero.

Voltags Layv (KVL) - the atgebraic sum of th emfs and the resistance
drops in any closed loop of an electdc

n/

R)

ciroit

is zero.

Sign Convenlions for Kirchhoffs Law:

6^r,
Itlvl
,

O Currenl towards lhe node, positivecunsnt. o Cufint away frcm the node, negative curent. g ln a vollage source, ifloop enters on mrnus and goes oul on plus, positive Cl ln a voltage source, if loop enters on plus and goes out on miirus, negative O ln a resislance, if the loop direclion is the same as the curnl direction. ngetlve rrabtance volta06 drop O ln a resistance, if the loop directioh is opposite to the clrent direction,
reriatance voltage drop_

,.

''t'A Ei - lA(Rr+ R,) - lBRl = o 't'lJ l::- lr(Ri + R6) - lAk = O

and Lua'eeluated by 5im u ltaneou, 5u brtitutions oFthc -1 ,.rt ons lotmulate,l6om each oopormerh using KVL

M.\h.!rent5la

q;lqi

q"]rl

s|PtlP0sm0x [oRfii
By KCL By KVL

of resistors, the currenl in any resistot is equal to lhe algebraic aum ot lha curronts delivered by each independent sources assuming that each source is tolhr0 alone or independently wilh respect lo lhe olhers.

h r r$lwofk
:

E1-liRr-lrRr=O
E:

trR.1, lsRs

E1- lRj +

l,&-

O Er= O

Ir

56 I00l Solved Prcblens

in Electti@l

Neteork Ltus & Theorens 57

tottlrou flllo!
lhl. m.lhod, r clrcult wth "n" nodo!, has a solulion with only

lill.llon.

nacd.d.

Note,

lFa 5ource (eithda cutrentoia voltagesourcc) rs acting alone, ihe other cureDt sources a'e open circujted whileth other voltage sources aie rhod

L
Connon node

5TEP 1

lfEr ii acting alon.

\rr.

tl)crc

aicthre (n = 3) node5

rn thrs crrcuit,

therefore on ly two equitions

.'r. r.al.d toiolvcthr5 PDblem

I
sTEP

2:

lfE,

i5

acting alone,

| {l i!rl. b, lr = l!

15

Nd,lc voltage5 v.and Vbare daluated by sim ultaneous substitutiont oFthe .quitioni f;'mualtcd using KCL an,l otespondrn!!, currctts flowiDg througb tr.h rcrstancescan be solvcd.

Note

ltre cunentr ll', l:', L', l1', l:' & 13'arc cqluate,i ushg

basic electrc

circd(

If,Iwilt$flI0nil
ll a taalalor of R ohms be connected between any lwo terminals of a linear network

ll.

allLr.nc.
(1667

ra.ulling steady state current through the resi6lor is the ratio of the potential E. (betwn lhe two points prior to the connction) and the sum of tho ol lhe resistance R. (resistance btween lh6lwo points) and lhe connectd Yalu.. lltla{anco R. Named affer the French telegraph engineer, Chatlea Leon Thevenin

'

1926)

St l00l

Solled Ptublens in Electical

Thevenin s equivalent circuil:

Example, solve for tr.

sTEP 1

Open circuit &, and:olve for the voltage acbsr the op.n crrcu(ed tlminals.

Note,

Eo rs

computcd uring any rhetbo,l5 (Ktrchhoffs, Ma&e I, Nodal, etc..)

of

aDalyziog oetwo* Problcmt.

Netwotk

LNs & 1'heorcns 59

Conprin

hll.Fn{.nt

(rhort circutall iodcpcndcnt voltage source5 and open clrcuit all curcDt tourc.t).
RJ

R,

lahcornputcd

using the basic priDciple5of iindinq thc tota I rcrista nce

w
R3

ofa

llwn clrcu(.

(on
t,

u.l thc Thev.nin': equiv?lent ciEuit and solvethe resultiog cunent

RO

rcnmffilf,t0ltx
l! analogous to Thevenin's theorem except thet instead of lhe open lhla theorgm uses the Bhort drcuil te6t and tho 6quivalent circuit is a , Cmllt. Nomed afrer lhe Amedcan engineer, E. L. Norton (1898 - )
aqulv6lnl circuil:

l"
I

50 lo0l Sobed Pmhlens in ElecEical

N.t\|o

Laws &

Theot.ns

61

ruxl $fltaltr
E,

lIltlolanc.

numbat ol voliag6 aourcs of arbrtrary geneBled vohage and finhe iiinoo ddhrcnt trim zero are connecld in parallel the resulting voltage '.'dh__-'_toomutnatton ia ttre ralio of lhe algebraic sum of lhe currenls that shorl circuited to the algobratc sum of the Siidirioir. v 0.r,""r.

"ten

tQulvll.nl clrcuil
sTEp

1,

short crrcuii Rj ?n,1 soh tbe sholt .irc! it currcnt that llowstowardsthe

Note
5TtP2,

l'.,5 computed using?nymethods (Kirchhoffs, Ma"well, Nodal, et..) oF

analyzng octwork poblems Compute R.

Not.,
5TEp

R.6 computed uting the

given

basic principle,

of Fnding thetotalresistaDc. ofa

ciruit.

3, CoDstiuctthe Norton's equi!4lent circ! it and rolve For I'

l^,

62
5TEP

l00l

Solved Prcblens in Electlical Enpineehns br R. R

Drawthe Millman sequN?lentcirco( and solve for Vrb

5TTP2 5olve for

lJ.

b and l:

stuncr

rmrs[0[ttll0I ilHIt0!

Thls method srmplifies lhe numbr ofmeshes rn lhe nelwork and thus simplilies the number ofequations needed.

Voltags source to curentsource

tre
.,
Cunent source lo voltage source

Es
Rs

It./l,'or[ LaN &Thzon

63

tblw

(or

ll

thc rcltagc and cuncnt sourcet to

th.lr

cqu

ilcnts'

branch andtransform bacl<th' cuiient sourc'to an voltage sourcc qutvrlcnt

ltmplltthc Ptallel

-------->

It

llP

By

K\iL (utng thc aivcD looP d irctioD ), tt crn thcn bc solv'd

9&-1"(p.

'p"

"

p.)-

1"p.

-s

61

I 001 Solved

Ptubtens in Electrical
Test

65

xt ru t0xftfiIr $Ennr0nl
Maximurn power transferred to 6load rss,stor occurs ontywhen the sad resistor

1-"j.tu.,_"q*t
Ex?mple Find
R

to the resistance (R.) of the networi ro"t,ng u""k

iFit 6to absotbe,l maximum pryer.

f._-t;"'

aLR3Is

A 12 V baflory ol o.os-ohm resFtance and another battery " of 12 ta.r.r.nc supply power to a 2_ohm resistor. What is lhj curent V and 0.075
lhrough the

alr

EE

Bo.rd Oc3ot

r99C

llnA
103 A

tf2
solltion: o?enrrcu(
a

lt 91 A
rcsistor R, shortcrcqit ail independeDt volhge, 5ource5 aDd lI in,lepen,lent .uneDr sou rces.

04r

p'ip.:itn1["str":,fi3"f,ffi:1"}[,s";j;H:x,lr"J?"",ilffi
Rt
RJ

R,

A, zrv

.Ro

0 0

2sv 25v 3ov

Tho LRT lrolly syslem 10 mites tond ir fed by two substalrcns that generate 100 volls and 560 votrs, rospectivety. The ;esistanc or lhe lroley wire and rait ler n tl o 3 ohm per mite tr the car is toiated 4 mite" r.o. U," OOo*ilr lrom the line. How much is the cunent supptied " by eactr "i"iii"-oi*J)"riii

trobls!

a5! EE Bocrd

At dt 1989

station?

_ -

No(e,

ifrhe @aesuo'rl "s .Lr.c1, or po*e. drah') by,c!s,o, p 5 to elhe the\en|n ror \o,lon s thco,em ro.o.ve tre p.ob.em

be

ro .ed ..e

c
D

133.33 A, 66.67 A 123.67 A, ?6.33 A 1 17 .44 A, 82.56 A

125.54A.63.05A

Problqn 36t
Ten cells each ol emf 1.5 volls and inlemal resistance of 0,2 ohm are ioined in pamrer and connected to an exremar circuit resisran* o ir,rn!.

#r,"iii,i#iiiili

A 0.45 A 8.0.65A c 0.50A D 0.48 A

66

lOAt S.)lr!Lr 1,tu1)k"8 u-Etetunol t hgtneeting

TPtl3

67

Problem a7:
same polarity together. The open ci.cuit emf and internal resistance of each b;i js respeclively 24 V and 1.5 O. Oetemine the resistance ot a healjng toad conn;i across lhe parallel combinalion of baneies so lhal tne power mnsimeO in tne t is 100 watts.

Two battedes A and A are connected across each other with lerminats of

tFtl.m 9rl EE Do.rd Octobcr t9a5 ' '-rr r iii i;llr, s tm oistance fiom lhe Tavuman, lakes

0.270 ohm per *rrri ,.'l'r- irottev wire having a sisl;nce ofkm lf the siation km Theisrail and 750 V vollage 0 06 ohm per n* lii"-r lrr.,'lliciency *"i"lance df / " oltransmrssron ri '"i''" llnl

100 A over a 100 mm hard

B. 422() c. 4.o2 0
D.
4.12o-

I ^

li 0

open circujt voltage of 12 V and an inlernat resistance of 0.2 ohm. Ba(ery,,B,, h;; open c'rcuil voltage of .12.2 V and an internat resistance of 0 3 ohm: tf the b efles together detivers power to a 0 5 ohm power resistor. Negtecting effecls

Problcm 8a: EE f,oard Octobe! rtx)o The lead storage bafleies'A" and "8" are connected in para et. .A,

,r.u.rn 9tr - '-a

has

fm

t "lr" . respeclrvely. i t """rii"i,n

n connected across two batleries A and B connecled in patallel 'n"'"iun"e s.rs ana inlernal resrstances oflhe banenes are 12 V 2 ohms and '"
Deler mrne the ohmic value of R if lhe powet absor bed by R

l. / lllit
A

wAlls

temperature how much cLirrent is contibuled bi baflery.A"?

29.62 A

I
-

l) l)
ll ()

a.

16.00

ll
0

c.
D

12.85 A 25.24 A

Plobleln 89!
Three resistors of 2 ohm resistance arc connecled in della. lnside the d( lTlti ]l':: 2 ohm resisrors a.e connected tn wye. six oatrertes oi neirigi inle.nal resistance and ot different emf are inse.b; i"6 .";;;;; U"Y;;; ammeler. lhe current rn one ot tne defla Dranch was tound oul ro be 3 A. tt a 4_;h
resislance is inserted into that branch, what

tr.tl.D ltt EE aoard octob.t t96t - ,,harqer, a battery and a load are connected in patallel. The vollage acrcss lhe,
A

nlrl0r

ili i""' r""

rs

i2

6 vons anO the banery has an eml of 12 volls and rnlemal Iesistance of

load consists of a 2 ohms lesrslor Frnd lhe cLrrtenl through lhe

wi

be the new cunent?

A.2.00A

t (:

B. c.
D.

1.75 A

(il A r|254 0424 l) o50A

{r

1.50 A
1.25 A

,"obl.D _

9Or EE Bo.rd Apltt r99" ln Man a, the LRT runs between Grt puyat Statron and layuman Stallon wh. _ v^ott.ees of 420 votrs and 410 v;rs respecrivery ::_-.^l(Il-?:l_i"9 Tlllta,ns resrslance ofgo and retum rs 0.05 ohm per km. The lra," d,"; a;;;;i;;i;ijr or ruo A whrre in motion. whal arc the currents supphed by the two statrons rf

Problclr

lead ;l;rage battery is ted al 12 volls lf lhe internal lesrslance is 0 01 ohm rllntls the maxi;um power lhal can be delivered to the load?

94! EE

lo.rd octobcr lt9a

train ls al lhe distance of minimum polentiat?

175 A, 125 A 183 A, 117 A

l {: t)

3.600 / 200

1800w

w w

B,

Probrer 95! EE B(|.td Attttl a995 a l2o-tiaterv havrnq an inlernal resislance

lh,, ballery delivet to the load

c.
D.

164A,136A 172 4.128 A

of O 5 ohm is connecled lhrough io a vanable load rsrslor' What maximum power will n h,(, resrslance of9.5 oh;s

resistof

68
B.

1001 Sotyed

pnblens in Etectical

Test

69

C.630wafts D.360watts

63 watts

toor EE Bolr'd Aprll t99t lw.lv. .imilar wires each of resistance 2 ohm6

are c.nnecled so

P.oblqn 96t

llfid lh r6sislance between the two comls of the sam6 edge.

*l,Sgiffi
a. 1.5 f,r c. 2.0 cr
D.
1.8

;]urfr lTi"jJ,l#j"!T.:"T,:;;X?ll:r1x,:"i::iil;til,,":#itr: ;-ifffi "''":"".#'.T1"rJ T B'f5|",f '*: ,,'3;"'j:,

8.0

I ll3 (l I t02 (l

M6o

I l0l l)

A.

rr

()

hrlv. idonticalwircs of resistance 6 ohms each are arrangd to form lhe edge cubs at I trbr A curent of 40 mA is led into thepotential one corner and out at the olher
ly opposite comer. Calculate the
difference dveloped between

torr

EE Boord Ostobcr

l99l

PlolFln

92, EE

Bo.rd l.pdt

rrsr

0lo v

;T';[L",!i{fffl.r.':.ffi :i{irri}$;:3l-".",
A.
D.
8.220.35kW c.242.73kW
223.94 kW
230.77 kW

ll,?:*:#

0riv

022v 02av

tqr
tlnd

EE

Bo.rd Augun t97C

the value of the voltage V.

Ploblqr

g8r

L 31V fi 24V
12 19V

D. 142j2W

._iffi,i#,,;.,: ffi:1""1""1*3""':'i"i 0.25 ohm. sorve ro, the # ?#t?i:r:i,i!lm",_,,i'i"*iiiitl,i#v,11,:f ffffJ"yf,i:,9jeli*, A. 130.20 w B. 115.52 W c. 120.21W

1166V

0.10 21v
+

Lanp 60w

t2v

stmjtar wires eech of resislance 2 ohms are connected so as uuue. rrno lhe resislan@ between lo form ^,.h-rweNe the two diagona y opposile

Probte& t9l EE Bo.rd Aprtl r99r

rots EE lo.rd Aprll R.lcrring to the circuit diagram below, if the chaqer voltage is 130 volts and tha
vollage is 120 volts, solve for the cunent
Ib.

t9tt

cornem

-o.215 A

B,

c.
D

1.45 ohrns 1.66 ohms 2.01 ohms 1.28 ohms

0215A
-o 306 A

0306A
Batrery

Chatget

]iF
70
l0Al Solw.l Ptoblens in Itlecbict
by R. Rolas Jr. Test

7l

V. Fand Es.

Problcm ao4r EE Bo.rd August ag1z ln the ligure below Rr = 1 ohm, R2: 1 ohm, R3 = 3 ohms,
182.41V
153.32 V 164.67 V

ll.i

loTl
I uslnq Sourc

iolv. lor

llansformalion method

A. B. c. D.

0trA
R/
R?

03llA

157.22y +

Rr 211/

Problern 1o5r EE Bo.rd Ostobcr r9ao, EE Board Apdt r9a4 ln the dc circuil as shown, the high resislance vottmeter gives a reading
+0.435 volt- What is the value oflhe resistance R?

)-b-

roct

lolvo lor

V ustnq Maxwells mesh melhod

B. C. D.

5 ohms 3 ohms 2 ohms

I?V
t2v

l6v l4v

Ptobl.rn 106!
0.028 A 0.010 A 0.025 A

EE to.rd Aprll Detemine I in the figure-

rgto

hrDtoo ro9:

'--rr.i.*in"
A

tt

rn

" "un"nt

the 1-ohm resistor using Norton s theorem

B,

c.
D-

I,
0 0

0.0't4

254 60A 33A

------.F!2
tl!!.!:\:t::!tn*ren.g
n
trec

-!u!1ty!!g

by

R_ggt1,
Test

Ploblcllr ltor

73

a.

c.
D.

Detemine the curenl in the 1o_ohm resLtor using Thevenin,s theorem. 0.8334 0.667A

hurnrur

0.707 A 0.508 A

3t2

t0y

t0!)
I2v

Plobte&

Oeleffnin Ihe;urent in the 6,ohm resislor by Superposition theorem.

B.

lrlt

lirttrm rr.lr

l,otormine lhe vottage V

c.
D.

4.2 A
4.O

3.8 A

I 0

l2v l0v
t0

v
I2

t'

Probledr

Dtermtne the looking back resislance belween terminals a & b.

B.

u2!

9f)

1lo

c.
D

10o 12o' 30r

D 90. A 97. A 1O4 C 1.t1. c91 A 98 C 105. C 112. B A 92. A 99. B 106 D 113 D c 93. D 100. D 107. A 114 c D 94. B 101. A 108. c 95. D 102. A 109. A c96 B 103. A 110. C B

aA-3P
l,E-el,

Topnotcher

- (onditionat 0- 1,5 - Failed

74

l00l

Sobed Problens in Electical

Solutiotts Tat
VL = zl40 volt6

75

Sol&BbTlrH
Apply KVL on loop'dabed

,
l,

600

v, 1.2 1.8

600- 440
1.2

12-O.O5\

-2\

I = 2a0 aoll
12- 0.075t,

+O
=0

=0

= 133.333

Apply KVL on loop fcbef

2tL

l, =i60-26.671

+A

VL _ 560 - 440 1.8 r, = 66.667 A

t" '

560

lJse Thevenin s lfroolem: Solve for the looking back resistance acrcss lhe load terminals.

Apply KCL at node'b':

+1, =lL

+O

Note opeD circuit

'^n,ar.e

s equa I

R!. 5hort-ciicuit allthelocclls. By in'pection the lookinq back to 'l.c egur\a lcnt .esistance of 10 rdenriLqIre.ftols -onn;e,l n

Subslitut Eq.1 and Eq.2 in Eq.3: 240-4011 +160 26.67|1 =lL

67.6711 = 400

n^ = 1= 93 =o.ozn -10 10
Solv6lhe open circuil vollaqe across lho load lerminals:

lr =5.91A

'=#=o
Apply KVL on

\'tre
loop'odbacr ./J0r,
o
,/

Srnce

the cejh

cr

t'trdl e .ohbin"r.on, thui

Eo

rdentrcal therc s no ctrcrd{rrg cureri in,ouqn the i. equal rorhe ope.r c,rcu,r.mfofore ceit

u-,lE)

,T
I

Eo = 1.5 volts
U8ing the Thevnin's equivalent circliitl

0.167rR=0-o
=o

l3I 'lt)= l2

r,
Substilute Eq-1 To Eq.2:

="|.t=ffi=orsoo

J
]L

v_o j 67fl!q)(R)
v - 25.05
V
= =0 25 volts

tRr',

ll :o.sA

N,,ta:5rncethecellsare identjca, the load cuffent

,
)

q = 0.3(4) = 1.2 O f, =0.3(6) = 1.8o

UseNodalnode method

.r,,,Jr!thetcncel, Refeitotlecjrcuit,{ragianl, conydera loopwith

y r')d ihe loa,l
ie5r5taDce.

0r)

djvided equally

0/1o)

"necell

t =4.2O
r s.

IL

ApplyKcLatnode'a:
lr +1, =lL
600

6oov

r5
rr
rr

rr (3) = 0 ;(0.2) -

I
+

3.02tr =0

- vr 1.2

560

vL

-^^

. 0.4086

1.8

:0 5A

.F
76
l00l
Solved Prcblens in Electticol

Solutions Test

77

Use Thevenin's lheorem: Solve lor looking back resistance across the load lerminals:

U.. Nod.lnod. mclhod:

Note Open.,rcL i P . )Lror-.0, d i'lae lwo I dre.ies. B/

r..p+ro.'F.

Itdy KcL .l lr'|ts-lr

l

nodo 6

ba.k rerstan.e F equalto the equ valent rcti(ance oftwo rdentical re5ittois

r "22

15

lrn vr ,122 V1 _ Vr 0.3 0.5 0, It llv, ' 10 66 3.33V1 = 2Vl l0 vl - 103 88 . t2 6 tt'oz'TV,
lr '12 E6A
Uta lhavcnin'3 lheorem.
Vr

l0

03 volle

126-10.03

Solve the open circuil voltago;crcss the oulput.

Note, Since the batteies are identi.al, tltre j5 Do circulating cuft.nt i'r the for the two batteres, thu, the open circuit voltage is equal to ile open ci voltage oF.a.h battery.
Ea

0t

n ckcull RL and solve for Ro

=24v

Using th6Thevenin s equivalent circuit:

a=l-54 .

rt:l 59

is-R,,

2+R

'.-**;=;#"=o,,, +O
PL =

r,- l.;o

-!-O

IL'RL

aUldllul. R"in Eq.li

Substitule Eq.1 to Eq.2:

',*={ 'o I'n,' \0.75+RL,

ro 75*R,

sr-2'213*ut-zo
Udng
Thov6nan' s equation :

)t

57ffit
100

0.5625+1.5R1

+Rr'

i-n"rh,
= 5.76Rr

R.'?-4.26R.

0.s625 = o

U6ing the quadratc fomula:

lli, -2o lr-t' 1no *n.1= 312121

4.26 r3.9A7 2

-'
RL(.)

+.20.,,{+:of -otrxosozsl
211)

lu - tZ votts

=412o

Rrl-) =0.136o

I a l) rsislor is insertd i -2r4=6O

a

Ir

Eo R"tq-

12

2+6

ll

-15A

7t l00l Solved

Ptoblens in Elecoical

Solutions ?est

79

t,=005x r, = 0.05(4 x)
Apply KCL on node 'b': lr +1, = 300
11

i-027(6)-1.36n h.0.0.06(6)-03o

= 300

- l,

+(D
th; tain

tlo

Let

VL = voltage across

-loor, =o tlo..loq1.35)-E, -1oo(0 l' . 6tl v

loorr -E,

3) = o

Apply KVL on loop dabed':

420-11(0.0sx)-VL =0
vL
= a20- l(0.05x)

+O
vL =0

n'l'fl'*=#"*
i. tltt
l||. llodrl nod.
Arrly KcL

Apply KVL on loop fcbef:

alo - lr(0.05)(a -

x)

V!

4t0- lr(0.2-

method: nodo '4.

'

t!!-

0.o5x)

=)O

l. rlr - ll

SubslMe Eq.1 in Eq.2: V! = 420 - (3cro - 1, X0.05x)

Vr = 420 - 15x
+ 0.05x1,

+O
+ 0.05x1,

u. v 8-V. 2l
+

a-0.0v1

Lqualo Eq.3 to Eq.4: 11O-0.22 +O.05x12 = 420 - t5x , 410 -420 + 15x

8-vr =ll .11- l.5v! +lD

,,-

02 l, =75x-50
12

t.ft-1F=o
lqud.

Subsiilute

-50) Vr =420-15x+3.75x'z -2.5x

in Eq.4: VL = 420-15x + 0.05x(75x

la

1.5v1

Eq.1 lo Eq 2: 7 656

=-

vt

420

17.5x+ 3.75x2

!L=6-175*75'
0=7.5x-17.5
x = 2.333

llvr 1.5v.' = 7.656 v,'s::v,*s.to+=o

Ulng lhe quad.alic fomula

33,Jtg.33)) -4(1)(5.104) 9.33:8.162 = z u''I -' o;75(2.333)-50

125

l, = 75x-50 lz=125p'
t1
11

V.(')=875volts

300,t' = 300

V|

=o

584voltg

=1754

t0 l00l Solv.d Ptoble^

1,

in F.le.bical

$lutit' Te 3 fl"l, l!t

l,i,l ,!tl.r, !,.nd.rD.. meilre.l
Oll.n clrcuil
n,,
Ry

EI

Substitute VL = 8.75 in Eq.2

,,l.lrr.t!n) Pow.r transfcr' lor,l

rcs rtancc mu5t be cqu vrLcnt

t" th'

" =Z!!9=e6754 8.75 rL

0.875

ri the Lo!,]terDinalt

n=!'-='875

and solve lh looking back resislance across its terminels

r,-13r=e.zse
Apply KVL on loop abcdefa':

llr -Ro - 1.5 O

2(8) 2'8 ".^

&
r20v

,-29
R:20
I2I/

12.5-tb?)-12
ls = 0.25A

i
-z[ffi'zsoot)
-039(l
E.
600 0.39+ 0.39

Apply KCL at node'b: lc = lr +lb = 6.25+0 25

N'(r 1,, n)itimom Power van56r, load rc5istance must be equNlent h'lrnt h.rc[ rotstance measu'cd at the load teiminaG

to

th.

= 6.5 A

r,-.,
Ir
I,

Note, Fofmarrmum powei tranrFer, loa,l resistance must be Eoilenttoth looLing back rctrtance mearurcd atthe loadteminals. ln thrs problem, tu = r RL =Ro

IL

=r=00'lo
t:0.011)

E"= 600 v

R1

Rh* +Rr
.230

Using Thev6fl in's equation:

r.
PL

=uft.=ffi"=ooon
=r!'?Rr = (600)r(0.01)

t - 760.23 A rR,
a - t,

= (769.23)'(0.39)

12v

ft

77

kW
be equie lcnt

Pr = 3600walts
Note, For maximum pola$tianjF.r, Joad rcsittance D{]5t be equivalentiothc looking back rcristarce mcasurcd at the load tem in.ls tn th rs problem. Rr = r

Nrrt. l(r'naximump ertransFer,load rcsittance must Lr,Liir,I'i.k rcsistance measured atthe loa,l teminals
Otan ckcuit
Ry

to thc

and solve lhe looking back rssistance acloss its terminalg.

R,,-=9.50
RL =Ro = r

+Rlr =05+9.5=10O
r=0.5n
RL=fu
12O

Using Thevenin's equalion:

. t

E.

Rn

+R, = 10+10 =oA

120

Pr =rr?Rr = (6),(10) Pr = 380 watts

ir -o-' = !?1]!!l = o zoa o 0-25+1.25

E2

1001 Solyed Prcbtens ih Etectricat

Solutions Test

83

n.=ozs'fffffi-orzeo
r,=-;=oi;.28.044
By CDT:

I tfi

rl

rl)

\ -0 t, -0
vollagc 6cros6 branch 'ab:

:q

ln Eq.2

,
'L

i25E = -E i2os = 21 04 A

l,

(1.25)

28.O4t1 25\

lor tha

P, - t.zRL - (24.0a),(0.208) Pt =12O21W

Noie,.ln,lpendcnt.of.be cn-u rt .on n.d roD. rhe toial powe..l,awD by
a

.t

a,ra

-['-z(1)1"=f n-6

equal lo the sum o{

th. powe6 td!f,D

eaLh rcr;stqnce.

t
tt2

lor th. tot.l currnt:

.rR,

'.O

Lel: R = resistance of eadt leai3ld

= Pr +P2 +P3 +........+p1,

gq 4 to Eq.3:
12

,,R,

=6(*)'R.6(*)'R

t-

rn,
R.
R.

=f(,n).${,n)

=:R +:R 93A

I l^
I

!
6

.1 ,2, 12'
.!
167 Q

=9R=!(a 86
o

Rr = 1.66

lda {.

thc P oblen #99 ro, 'l

e'o'-)ur. 'o

<o've

/or

I
3

roalltence ot each resistor

Lel: R = resistance of each rosistor Apply KVL on toop ,abcda': (r- ztj)R - tlR - (1 _ t')R - trR 0 = lR 2llR - 2lrR -trR + t,R
r1

.6a - 9ror=sn

68

r-Srr+ru

l,

511

+l=O

=o

=0

-1,
I-2r l

O,K
t
I

II
J

Apply KVL on toop ,efghe':

d
*-t,

l,.t,Ri.(4Ox10'Xs) lr - o.2o v

/,1
+ 21V

ita
t

y'

(, l,)R irR 2trR t,R=o lrR r,R t,R 2t,R t,R = 0

st2 \
=

0-@

I._,

'tn1".

\)

,l "'+r''

_lj,.,.

L 4at

,l

60w

r2v

E4

I 00

SobeA Problens in

Elect.itul

Snlutions Test

Es

SoMng for the resistanc of the lamp:

R,

=:.L=\:L=21c 'Pl 80

r,.f -$-...'o
Arply KCL rt nod.'b'l

,t
+
Es

ta lo

UBo Nodal node malhod: Apply KCL on node'e': ll =1, +13 +l.i

l,.l'
tr

+h - 2+ a0.67

Ir-24
+

f"
30

a2.67 A

120v

24,V V -12 V 1 0.1 4

21.

Atply KVL on loop dabed':

24- V = 10V -120 + 0.25V +0.4'l6V

11.666V = 144 V ='l2.34volts

a. - 12.g7ll) -2(1, lr .164 87 volts

Ndt.,
5iDcc

12O =

it'.

"r'*'t.
12

tt'"

in thc voltmetr has a very L'igh rc5itta nce .omP?red to the resistanc's no* tow.rds th; voltmeter is negligible

-"*t

I
I30v
Use Nodalnode melhod: Apply KCL at node'a':
130

''

20+R

'| 1o+50 '---lL=o2A

Apgly KVL on looP 'cdabc': O 435 + l,R -lr(10) = 0

t2y

ch

ocu.(jfo)n-to,x'or=o
-1?L = t.ses 20+R
=

3240
0.858Vr
=

VL 120-VL
103.333

Vi 0.5Vr
0.025V!

a3.333-0.333V!
VL = 120.43 volts

+60

12R=31.3+1.565R
10.435R = 31 3

R-3()
L,so Thevenin's

| 120 12O 43 'r2lb = -0.215 A

theorem

Not.

Shoit circuit the 12-V suPPly' oPcn crrcuit the

5o-fl

resrstor and solve

tle

,)(.l{ln9 baak resirtancc

ofthe.rr.uit

at

thesatminah

Notc: Tte negativ. sign denotes only that the actual curcnt is oppo5jte
given dircctron (charging the battry).

Apply KVL on loop ebcfe:

120+r;Rr-V=0
12o

+211)-v =0

V =122volts

86

I00l Sol'ed Ptuhlens ib Electti.al

R^ =

Solt uuns

Te

87

" 20+40 10+30

!!{M* lq9qr

FlmIllly lh paralll

Ro = 20.833 O Solve forthe open circuit voltage:

,. ''

r.= 12 =o.ze
t"

',

- 4rB -zqa '16\ - fa) '' 0"

12 ' =10+30 =ogl

l2v
+r,00)tr(20) = 0

200

10n

f rrllrlorm lh6 currenl sources lo their equivalent vollage sources:

-+
10n
300

Apply KVL on loop'dcbad':

Eo

t,-0(2.4)=14.4v l, - 10(1.6)= 16V

Eo = 0.2(20) Eo = l volt

0.3(0)

!0 ll1 6+1+24)-1a4=0 ln 5 0
l'032A
R..draw the circuil:

Ljsing the Thevenin s equivalent circuit:

Ro

+Rr

20.833+50

l=0.014A

Transform the voltage sources lolheir equivalenl current sources.

Apply KVL on loop dabcd'i

(l^ ls)2 lB(8)- (lB + lc)2 = 0

lA = 6/4r lc =

N,n.

34
=0

Sub6litute:

(8

ls

)2- 8lB (B + 3)2

12 2ts 8ls-2lB-6=o lr.0.5A

rB(8) = 0,5(8)

It

I 00

I Solyed Prcblens in Etectricat

Solutions Test

89

Open-circuit lhe 1-ohm r6sistor and solve th6 looking back .esistance circlil al these terminals.

9p.fi

olroull lhc lo-ohm rosistance and solvo the opn circuit vollage atthese

Irn

nal.

50
o

n,

(l)
=0

toa

vt

t0r
Note, T1'e cu[ent source By inspction, Ro = 4C)
i5

opend wbilethe voltage soorces aie short_ci

Afrt

v
Vr

KVL uBino the loop as shown :

(0lv,x5)-10 20

vr 0 6vr 10=0
vottr

Shorl-circuil th 1-ohm resistor and solve the shorl circuil curnt that to lhis branch.

lr-Vr

_20volls

ahorl clrcult lho lo-ohm resistor and solve the short circuit cunenl

i
r'
Apply KCL at node 'a':

t)a

"l
Nol. lh.
Alply KvL using lhe loop as shown:

l1_
h=0

I
Th ev enin's equ iY ol e ht c it cu

IL

Norton k equival ent c itcu it

^_t
t

-2O-12

volt.ge-controled.urrcnt

source

a' sho,n will delivei zeto cu*ent

, the Nonon's equivatent circuit: , t*Ro l2)t4, ''-R"*&=4;

lr'tl

l0

l.(o+

5) = o

l! =164

r- - E-q=?9=zoo
Ua. lho Thevenin's equivalenl circuit:

r. - El=-?L=6667n '| R" +R' 20+10

90

1001 Solyed Prcblens tn

Elec|ical

Sol

rio6

Test

3 9I
across

opefating alone, the other c! reDt Fdrces mun bc while the othr voltage sou rces must be shod-circuited.
a D

Notc: When

so!r.

0llrlr rtrcull lho 2-ohm resistsnco and solve lhe open circuit voltage

------->I

-----> I

=0

Lel, the vollage source lo opersle alone:

tatv,
6r/

6t)

+
tciminah 'ab' E oPcD-cir.uited (l = o), the current controlled curent wrl,lclver sro cuifent (equi!4lenttoan oPen circuit) |.rn,.

N.il. ! r!c 6+v1-t(6)+3V=0 6+4V, =61',+O

V =I(1)=r+A
Substitule Eq.2 in Eq.1:

lf

ln.p6clion,

Eo =

30 V

llrorl clrcuil the 2-ohm resistance and solve lhe shorl circuit current
ApDly KcL at node

'x:

l,-lr0.6l
l| 1

"""'> 1' x -"'t'l

I.

6+4(l')=d'

.8r
J

l=9=se
2 Lel, the currenl souce to operal alone: Apply KCL at node'a': 3 = 11+ f'

to v, ., -l - 6 - arv. 4J
02v, =0.4vr V, - l0 volts

r,

-r !:=f
12

=zsr

..-i:=#
3 = 1.667V

1,, -

{}

1=1!-=1[9)=12a

66

U16 Nodalnode method:

l= l'+ l"=

3 + 1.2

t=42A
Notei since the drection of cureots for botb I' an,l rcsultant cu"ent that will 6ow i,r the 6-ohm r6irtance,

5!r, ofthetwo cunentyeipectively.

92

1001 Solrc.l Ptablens ib Apply KCL at node 'a 6 = l+ li

:

Ele.biul

R.R

6= % r

24

k3:13
" \2
)

6 = 0.5V. +0.25% + 0.51- 3

n=orru *ool]'l
I
= 0.75V, +0.25V.

G0u10

Bsuw
repoleach othet and unlike

tlrrl

l.yv ol

l.cttGt tic6: Like chaQes

t=:a=:=45A 22
lJse Nodal node methodl

a[r!..
aaoonrl

rllract sach othet.

charges ir]u.r 'i.jrocily proporlionalto lhe prcducl of lwolhem and inversely Fq';'t 'trlto lh square ofthe distance btween

l.w ot olocuostatlca:

The lorce of altracion or repulslon between

I2V

rJ,
l"

Apply KCL al node 'a'

l+4=li+41
4=11+31

(lr r charge in each tody (coulomb) -.I,lolule Prmitlivity - LE54 x '10 t'zfarad psr meter l, - rolalrvo pemittivity or dielectric constant - t(ono), for free space rl - (lritdnc between the lwo bodies (meleo Sl unils equalloI r10r l-

",slantn

r=Y*"ftz-v'1
4=0.25V+9-0.75V
0.5v = 5 V = 10 volls

b'',.rr,,', ".1)"e. O =.hr -ou omb. d ".entmete ri.r,,,l {, I, n a I coulombofcharqe

tr[CIf,OSTING
lo

.n,l

NIttI I

potlntlal-the

electdc potential resulting from the location ofcharged

- .ln(lrostalic potential (volt) at a distance ofd l!rly ol charue Q (coulomb)

(meter) from a charce