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T hc v vt liu t
T hc v vt liu t
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Ni dung
Bi
Chng 1:Cc khi nim
T hc t ha cm t t thm T ha T gio T tr Lc khng t Nhit Curie ng cong t ha ng cong t nhit Mmen lng cc t Nhit Nel Nng lng vi t phn cc spin 1 1 6 7 8 11 13 16 19 22 24 26 27 29 30 33 35 35 37 38 39 40 43 45 49 51 52 56 60 63 66 68
Chng 2: Cc vt liu t
Thun t Siu thun t Nghch t Sng spin St t men t Vch men Phn st t Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Vt liu t cng Vt liu t mm Cng ngh ngui nhanh FINEMET Hiu ng Hopkinson Hiu ng Meissner
Hiu ng t nhit Hiu ng t quang Kerr Hiu ng t in tr Hp kim Heusler Magnetit Nam chm Nam chm Neodymi Nam chm samarium coban Nam chm vnh cu Nam chm in Nam chm t him Nc t Permalloy Perovskit (cu trc) Spin valve Terfenol-D Tng phn pha vi sai T in tr chui hm T in tr d hng T in tr khng l T in tr siu khng l
69 75 76 79 81 84 85 88 90 93 94 97 99 101 104 106 107 109 110 112 115 117 117 119 123 125
Chng 3: ng dng
Thu knh t in t hc spin Ton nh in t Knh hin vi lc t
Ch thch
Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo hnh 127 129
T tnh ca vt cht
M t v m
Cm ng t v t trng
chy qua
chiu chuyn ng ca dng in v c xc nh bng quy tc bn tay phi. By gi nu ta thay dy in trn bng mt ng dy in th cm ng t to ra trong lng ng dy cng c xc nh bng quy tc trn. Nu xung
T hc
quanh cun dy l chn khng th chng ta nh ngha t trng Nh vy th vc t t trng trng bn trong ng dy. T thm v t cm ch ph thuc vo dng in
nh sau:
, vi
By gi trong lng ng dy khng phi l chn khng m l mt vt no th s c mt ca vt s lm thay i cm ng t trong ng dy. Cm ng t ny t l vi t trng vi h s t l c gi l t thm th cm ng t trong lng vt l: Ta nh ngha vi: Ngi ta cn nh ngha: Phn loi vt liu T cm ca vt liu l mt i lng c trng cho s cm ng ca vt liu di tc ng ca t trng ngoi. Ngi ta da vo i lng ny phn chia cc vt liu thnh 5 loi nh sau: Nghch t: l vt liu c nh hn khng (m) v c gi tr tuyt i rt nh, ch c khong 10- 5. Thun t: l vt liu c ln hn khng (dng) v c gi tr tuyt i nh c 10- 3. St t: l vt liu c Feri t: l vt liu c ln (tuy nh hn st t). Phn st t: l vt liu c dng nhng rt nh. dng v dng v
a cng, mt trong nhng thnh tu tiu biu ca t hc ng dng trong vic lu tr thng tin.
vi
rt ln, c th t n 10 5.
M t vi m
Chuyn ng ca cc in t Chuyn ng ca cc in t trong nguyn t to nn cc m my in tch. Chnh chuyn ng qu o l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra t tnh ca nguyn t lm cho nguyn t c mt m men t. Mt nguyn nhn khc l spin, c th c hnh dung th thin nh s t quay ca in t, mc d v bn cht, spin l mt khi nim ch c trong c hc lng t. Nh vy t tnh ca nguyn t c hai ngun gc: spin v qu o, m men t tng ng vi hai ngun gc ny c gi l m men t spin v m men t qu o.
T hc Tnh nghch t ca vt cht Nghch t l mt hin tng c hu ca vt cht, tn ti mi loi vt liu theo quy tc chung v cm ng in t. Khi c mt ca t trng ngoi, cc in t s hng ng vi t trng bng cch to ra mt m men t cm ng. M men t ny c xu hng chng li t trng ngoi, n t l nhng ngc hng vi t trng p dng. chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng nghch t trong mt s cht.
Vi t hc
Mt cch tng qut, tnh cht ca cc vt liu t tun theo cc quy lut v vi t hc m tnh cht t b quy nh bi cu trc t hc vi m v cu trc ny c quy nh bi s cc tiu ha nng lng vi t, c th quy thnh 5 dng nng lng: Nng lng trao i Nng lng d hng Nng lng tnh t Nng lng Zeeman Nng lng t gio (xem chi tit bi Nng lng vi t)
Lch s t hc
T hc l mt ngnh c ng dng trong cuc sng con ngi t rt sm m u tin l Trung Hoa v Hy Lp c i. Hy Lp, lch s ghi nhn nhng i thoi v t hc gia Aristotle v Thales t nhng nm 625 n 545 trc cng nguyn song song vi vic s dng nam chm vnh cu (l nhng thin nhin) cho mt s mc ch khc nhau[1] phng ng, Trung Hoa l ni sm nht s dng cc nam chm lm kim ch nam ch phng Nam-Bc t thi i ca Chu Cng (thi i nh Chu, 1122 - 256 trc Cng nguyn), v cun sch chnh thc ghi li vic s dng cc nam chm l cun Qu Cc t ( , thy dy ca Tn Tn) vo th k th 4 trc cng nguyn[2] , [3] . Alexander Neckham l ngi Chu u u tin m t v la bn v vic s dng la bn cho vic nh hng vo nm 1187. Vo nm 1269, Peter Peregrinus de Maricourt vit cun Epistola de magnete, c coi l mt trong nhng lun thuyt u tin v nam chm v la bn. Nm 1282, cc tnh cht ca cc nam chm v la bn kh c tho lun bi Al-Ashraf, mt nh vt l, thin vn, a l ngi Yemeni [4] . Cun sch kho cu chi tit u tin v cc hin tng l cun De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth) ca William Gilbert xut bn nm 1600 Anh Quc. Cun sch tho lun v nhiu th nghim in t do ng xy dng, ng thi gi thit v t trng ca Tri t, nguyn nhn gy ra s nh hng Nam-Bc ca cc la bn. Tng tc gia dng in v t trng ln u tin c pht hin v m t bi Hans Christian Oersted, mt gio s i hc Copenhagen (an Mch). ng pht hin ra vic kim la bn b lch hng khi t gn mt dy dn mang dng in. Th nghim ny c coi l bc ngot trong lch s ngnh t hc, v c t tn l Th nghim Oersted. Sau Oersted, hng lot cc nh khoa hc tin hnh cc th nghim v cc cng trnh nghin cu v mi quan h gia in v t trng nh Andr-Marie Ampre, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Michael Faraday dn n vic hnh thnh nhng kin thc c bn v t hc cng nh t trng. James Clerk Maxwell tng hp cc l thuyt v t trng, in trng, v quang hc pht trin thnh l thuyt tng qut v trng in t. Vo nm 1905, Albert Einstein s dng nhng nh lut ny xy dng l thuyt tng i hp[5] . Th k 20 cng l th k m t hc c pht trin mnh m t vic to ra cc vt liu t a chc nng, xy dng cc l thuyt vi m v hin tng t da trn cc l thuyt ca c hc lng t v vt l cht rn nh l thuyt vi t hc, l thuyt v men t, vch men, vt liu st t, tng tc trao i, phn st t,... i km vi n l s pht
T hc trin ca nhiu k thut chp nh cu trc t v o c cc tnh cht t ca vt liu. Cui th k 20, u th k 21, ngnh mi spintronics ra i da trn nhng thnh tu ca t hc v in t hc.
n v in t
Cc n v chun SI
SI electromagnetism units K hiu i lng I Q U, V, ; E R; Z; X P C E D e G; Y; B , , B H L, M [6] Tn i lng Dng in in tch Hiu in th; Sut in ng in tr; Tr khng; in khng in tr sut Cng sut in dung Cng in trng phn cc in Hng s in mi cm in n v dn xut ampere (SI base unit) coulomb volt ohm ohm metre watt farad volt per metre K hiu n v A C V m W F V/m n v c bn A (= W/V = C/s) As J/C = kgm2s3A1 V/A = kgm2s3A2 kgm3s3A2 VA = kgm2s3 C/V = kg1m2A2s4 N/C = kgmA1s3 Asm2 kg1m3A2s4 1 = kg1m2s3A2 kg1m3s3A2 Wb/m2 = kgs2A1 = NA1m1 Vs = kgm2s2A1 Am1 Wb/A = Vs/A = kgm2s2A2 kgms2A2 -
coulomb per square metre C/m2 farad per metre (khng n v) F/m S S/m T Wb A/m H H/m -
dn; Admittance; Susceptance n v Siemens dn in T trng, Cm ng t T thng Cng t trng t cm t thm cm t siemens per metre tesla weber ampere per metre henry henry per metre (khng n v)
T hc
Cc n v khc
gauss Vit tt l G l n v ca cm ng t B trong h CGS Oersted vit tt l Oe l n v ca cng t trng H trong h CGS. Maxwell l n v ca t thng trong h CGS. gamma l n v ca mt t thng (trong h SI l Tesla - T), 1 gamma = 1 nT. 0 l k hiu vit tt quen thuc ca t thm tuyt i ca chn khng, c gi tr 4x10-7 N/(ampere-vng).
T hc v spintronics
Nhng thnh tu v t hc cui th k 20[7] , [8] dn n vic hnh thnh mt lnh vc mi gi l spintronics[9] , ngnh nghin cu to ra cc linh kin in t mi khai thc c thuc tnh spin cng nh in tch ca in t, thay th cc linh kin in t truyn thng li thi. S hp dn ca spintronics cng dn n vic thc y vic nghin cu v t hc tm hiu v bn cht t tnh, ng thi nghin cu to ra nhiu vt liu t c bit ng dng trong cc linh kin t tnh. Mc tiu quan trng ca spintronics l hiu v c ch tng tc gia spin ca cc ht v mi trng cht rn, t c th iu khin c v mt cng nh s chuyn vn (transportation) ca dng spin trong vt liu. Nhng cu hi ln c t ra cho ngnh spintronics l: Cch no hiu qu nht phn cc mt h spin? Mt h spin c th nh trng thi nh hng trong bao lu? Lm th no ghi nhn spin? Spintronics ha hn l mt th h linh kin mi trong th k 21 vi mc tiu tng tc x l, gim nng lng hao tn v gi thnh m t hc l mt nn tng ca spintronics. Xem bi chi tit Spintronics
T hc
Xem thm
Vi t hc St t Nng lng vi t Nam chm vnh cu
Lin kt ngoi
Lch s ca t hc (http://www.rare-earth-magnets.com/magnet_university/history_of_magnetism.htm) S lc v t hc v vt liu t (http://ndthe.multiply.com/journal/item/5) Magnetism flash (http://www.albinoblacksheep.com/flash/magnetism) Electricity and Magnetism: Video lectures (http://web.mit.edu/smcs/8.02/) P10D Electricity and Magnetism P10D Electricity and Magnetism, online lectures (http://scitec.uwichill.edu. bb/cmp/online/P10D/p10D.htm) Exploring magnetism lesson series (http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/SEGwayed/lessons/exploring_magnetism/)
t ha
t ha hay t (ting Anh: Magnetization) l mt i lng s dng trong t hc c xc nh bng tng mmen t nguyn t trn mt n v th tch ca vt t. i khi, t cn c nh ngha l tng mmen t trn mt n v khi lng. T l mt i lng vct.
nh ngha
T , M, c nh ngha l tng mmen t trn mt n v th tch. V mt ton hc, n c cho bi cng thc:
vi m l mmen t nguyn t, V l th tch. T c cng th nguyn vi cng t trng, uc lin h vi t trng qua h s t ha (hay cn gi l cm t ca vt liu, k hiu l ): M = H
n v
Do c cng th nguyn vi cng t trng nn t mang n v ca t trng, n v trong SI l A/m. Trong t hc, ngi ta cn s dng n v khc cho t c k hiu l emu/cm3 = 1000 A/m. emu l ch vit tt ca electromagnetic unit - n v in t. n v ny c dng ph bin trong t hc, xut pht t h n v CGS.
T t pht
L khi nim m t t ca cc cht st t khng tuyt i (0 K). i lng t t pht mang c trng ca mi cht st t, 0 K, tt c cc mmen t ca cht st t song song vi nhau, to nn t t pht ca cht st t (to nn t tnh m khng cn c t trng ngoi). khng tuyt i, do khng c cc thng ging nhit, tng tc trao i gia cc mmen t s khin cho tt c cc mmen t song song vi nhau (ging nh trng thi bo ha t) to nn t t pht ca vt liu st t.
t ha
Xem thm
T hc St t Mmen t S lc v t hc v vt liu t [1]
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / ndthe. multiply. com/ journal/ item/ 5
cm t
cm t l i lng vt l c trng cho kh nng t ha ca vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. cm t cn c tn gi khc l h s t ha (khng nhm vi t ha). cm t th hin mi quan h gia t (l i lng ni ti) v t trng ngoi, nn thng mang nhiu ngha vt l gn vi cc tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu. cm t, thng c k hiu l t ha v ln ca t trng: , hay ( phn bit vi - cm in) c nh ngha l t s gia
l i lng
cm t v t thm
Cm ng t, B quan h vi t v cng t trng theo biu thc:
vi
. Nh vy:
i lng
nng phn ng ca cc vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Trong k thut, ngi ta thng quan tm n gi tr t thm hiu dng c nh ngha bi: .
cm t
cm t vi phn
Trong cc vt liu st t, cm t khng phi l mt hng s, m c gi tr bin thin ph thuc vo t trng ngoi v ph thuc c vo tin s t (tc l ph thuc c vo cc qu trnh t din ra trc ), nn ngi ta s dng khi nim cm t vi phn:
cm t xoay chiu
Hay l h s t ha xoay chiu, l cm t to ra khi vt liu c t trong t trng xoay chiu. Cc php o cm t xoay chiu ph thuc vo nhit rt quan trng trong cc nghin cu chuyn pha t trong cc vt liu st t. cm t xoay chiu thng c k hiu l (ch AC l k hiu ca dng in xoay chiu).
Xem thm
St t Vt liu t mm t ha
t thm
t thm (ting Anh: Magnetic permeability, thng c k hiu l l mt i lng vt l c trng cho tnh thm ca t trng vo mt vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Khi nim t thm thng mang tnh cht k thut ca vt liu, ni ln quan h gia cm ng t (i lng sn sinh ngoi) v t trng ngoi. t thm thc cht ch ng k cc vt liu c trt t t (st t v feri t).
t thm c cng ngha vi cm t, u ni ln kh nng phn ng ca cc vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Trong k thut, ngi ta thng quan tm n gi tr t thm tng i c nh ngha bi:
Khi ni t thm th ngi ta thng ngm hiu l l t thm tng i, v i lng ny l i lng khng c th nguyn.
t thm ban u
c nh ngha l t thm ca vt liu di t trng ngoi bng khng, hay thng qua biu thc:
Trn thc t, khng th xc nh gi tr t thm ban u khi t trng ngoi chnh xc bng 0 nn ngi ta xc nh bng cch t t trng t ha rt nh trong li dn t c ch to thnh dng mch t kn ( kh hiu ng trng kh t dn n vic d t ha) v nu phi o trong t trng xoay chiu th o trong tn s rt nh (gi l php o chun tnh). Gi tr t thm ban u rt c ngha trong vic s dng cc vt liu st t mm v vt liu t mm rt d bo ha v cn s dng trong t trng nh. Trong cc vt liu t mm c kch thc ht ln (vt kch thc vch men), t thm ban u t l thun vi kch thc ht theo cng thc[2] :
Cn cc vt liu c kch thc ht mn, t thm ban u t l nghch vi ly tha bc 6 ca kch thc ht[3] :
Vi:
l h s t l,
l t bo ha,
t thm
10
t thm cc i
L gi tr cc i ca t thm trong ton di t trng t ha. Trn thc t, nu t trng ngoi vt ngng ( qu trnh t ha vt qua qu trnh t ha ban u (xy ra bc nhy Barkhausen) th gi tr t thm s t cc i, sau s gim dn khi vt liu tin ti trng thi bo ha t.
Xem thm
St t cm t Permalloy Vt liu t mm
T ha
11
T ha
T ha l qu trnh thay i cc tnh cht t (cu trc t, mmen t...) ca vt cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Khi c s dng nh mt ng t, t ha c ngha l lm thay i tnh cht t ca cht bng t trng ngoi.
Qu trnh t ha
Xt v mt hin tng, t ha l s thay i tnh cht t ca vt cht theo t trng ngoi, xt v mt bn cht, y l s thay i cc mmen t nguyn t. Khi t vo t trng ngoi, cc mmen t nguyn t c xu hng b quay i theo t trng ngoi dn n s thay i v tnh cht t. Ty theo s hng ng ny m c th phn ra nhiu loi vt liu t khc nhau: Nghch t Nghch t l bn cht c hu ca mi loi vt cht, , cht khng c mmen t nguyn t, v to ra mt t trng ph ngc vi chiu ca t trng ngoi theo xu hng ca cm ng in t (quy tc Lenz). V th, cht nghch t c mmen t m v ngc vi chiu t trng ngoi. Thun t Qu trnh t ha cht thun t, cht c mmen t nguyn t nh v khng lin kt, xy ra n gin, cc mmen t nguyn t s quay theo t trng ngoi v to ra mt t trng ph dng (thng th hiu ng nghch t c hu). V th, qu trnh t ha ch n gin l s tng tuyn tnh ca t theo t trng ngoi v t bo ha khi t trng rt ln v nhit rt thp. St t v cc vt liu c trt t t khc (phn st t, feri t) Trong cc vt liu ny, mmen t nguyn t ln v c lin kt vi nhau thng qua tng tc trao i nn qu trnh t ha tr nn rt phc tp. Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cu trc t, cu trc tinh th cng nh s ng nht ca vt liu. Cc qu trnh t ha lc ny l s thay i cu trc men ca cht, v dn n nhiu loi cht khc nhau, v d nh vt liu st t mm, vt liu st t cng...
Cu trc t ca mng mng hp kim permalloy (dy 20 nm) thay i trong qu trnh t ha (nh quan st bng knh hin vi Lorentz Philips CM20.
T ha
12
t ha
t ha l mt i lng vt l ni ln kh nng b t ha ca mt vt t, c xc nh bng tng mmen t nguyn t trn mt n v th tch, hoc mt n v khi lng.
Qu trnh kh t
Ngc vi qu trnh t ha l qu trnh kh t. Kh t l qu trnh lm trit tiu t tnh ca vt t, bng cch t vo mt t trng ngc ln, hoc lm tng nhit n trn nhit nh hng ca cht. Kh t bng t trng: Kh t bng t trng l cch thng dng nht, bng cch t vo t trng ngc (vi chiu ca t d trong cht) bng vi gi tr lc khng t ca cht. Nu t trng ngc t vo tip tc tng, t ca cht s b o ngc, v ta c qu trnh o t. kh t hon ton, ngi ta khng dng t trng ngc mt chiu m dng t trng xoay chiu c bin gim dn (tt dn theo hm s m v i chiu), nh vy, t trng d trong mu s b nh dn v o lin tc quay gi tr 0 v ngy cng tin ti gi tr 0. Cc cch khc: C nhiu cc khc kh t, v d t nng vt t n trn nhit trt t t ca cht (nhit Curie vi cc cht st t, hay nhit Nel vi cc cht phn st t...), lc ny cc cht t trng thi c t ln s b mt t tnh v tr thnh cht thun t. Ngoi ra, s va p c hc v n mn ha hc cng l nhng cch kh i t tnh ca cht.
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T hc St t Thun t Mmen t
Lin kt ngoi
S lc v t hc v vt liu t [1]
T gio
13
T gio
T gio (ting Anh: magnetostriction) l hin tng hnh dng, kch thc ca cc vt t (thng l st t) b thay i di tc dng ca t trng ngoi (t gio thun) hoc ngc li, tnh cht t ca vt t b thay i khi c s thay i v hnh dng v kch thc (t gio nghch). Trong cc sch gio khoa vt l c Vit Nam, ngi ta cn dng thut ng "p t" cho t gio ( tng ng vi hin tng p in l s thay i kch thc do in trng). Tuy nhin, thut ng ny hin nay hu nh khng c s dng. Ngi ta nh ngha h s t gio (hay t gio Joule) l t l phn trm s thay i v chiu di hoc th tch:
C ch hin tng t gio do tng tc spin-qu o v s phn b m my in t: a) dng i xng cu: khng c t gio; b) khng c i xng cu: c t gio
hoc:
vi
trng. H s t gio l i lng khng c th nguyn. Theo nh ngha ny, nu ta c t gio dng,
Hin tng t gio dn n s thay i v chiu di gi l t gio di, cn hin tng dn n s thay i v ton th tch gi l t gio khi. Trong cc nghin cu v t hc v k thut, ngi ta cn quan tm n i lng cm t gio, c nh ngha bi s bin thin ca h s t gio theo t trng:
cm t gio mang ngha tng t nh cm t, u ch kh nng phn ng ca cht di t trng ngoi, trong trng hp t gio, cm t gio c ngha ch kh nng thay i tnh cht t gio do t trng. cm t gio c th nguyn l nghch o ca t trng, c n v l m/A hay Oe-1.
T gio
14
Vt liu t gio
Hu ht cc nguyn t st t u c t gio. Trong cc nguyn t st t, cban (Co) l nguyn t c h s t gio ln nht nhit phng(do cban c cu trc bt i xng kh cao - lc gic xp cht), t ti 60.10-6 trong t trng bo ha. Cc vt liu c h s t gio ln c gi l vt liu t gio khng l. C nhiu loi vt liu t gio khc nhau, ti thi im hin ti, vt liu t gio thng phm tt nht l Terfenol-D (c tn l cc t vit tt ghp bi: Ter - Terbium - Tb, Fe - st, Nol - Naval Ordnance Laboratory, D - Dysproxium Dy) l hp kim TbxDy1-xFe2 c h s t gio t ti 2000.10-6 trong t trng 2 kOe[1] , v ch t 400.10-6 dng mng mng [2] . y l vt liu t gio c dng ph bin nht hin nay. Gn y, nhm nghin cu ti Vit Nam Phng Th nghim Vt l Nhit thp, i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni lnh o bi Gio s Nguyn Hu c cng b vt liu t gio khng l dng cc mng mng (h s t gio t ti 720.10-6)[3] , l cc mng mng hp kim TbFeCo) mang tn TerfecoHan (Ter - Terbium - Tb, Fe - st, Co - Cban, Han - H Ni, ng thi cng ci tin to ra cc mng mng a lp trn c s TerfecoHan to ra cc mng mng t gio vi h s t gio ln v cm t gio cao trong t trng thp[4] .
T gio
15
Xem thm
D hng t tinh th St t p in
1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ Nguyn Hu c (2003). Vt liu t lin kim loi. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni. ISBN 1K-02044-01403.
Lin kt ngoi
T gio khng l thm mt bc tin vo tng lai (http://datrach.blogspot.com/2004/12/ t-gio-khng-l-thm-mt-bc-tin-vo-tng-lai.html)
T tr
16
T tr
T tr (ting Anh: magnetic hysteresis) l hin tng bt thun nghch gia qu trnh t ha v o t cc vt liu st t do kh nng gi li t tnh ca cc vt liu st t. Hin tng t tr l mt c trng quan trng v d thy nht cc cht st t. Hin tng t tr c biu hin thng qua ng cong t tr (T - t trng, M(H) hay Cm ng t - T trng, B(H)), c m t nh sau: sau khi t ha mt vt st t n mt t trng bt k, nu ta gim dn t trng v quay li theo chiu ngc, th n khng quay tr v ng cong t ha ban u na, m i theo ng khc. V nu ta o t theo mt chu trnh kn (t chiu ny sang chiu kia), th ta s c mt ng cong kn gi l ng cong t tr hay chu trnh t tr. Tnh cht t tr l mt tnh cht ni ti c trng ca cc vt liu st t, v hin tng tr biu hin kh nng t tnh ca ca cc cht st t.
ng cong t tr ca 2 loi vt liu st t, vt liu t cng v vt liu t mm, v cc thng s ca vt liu c xc nh trn ng cong t tr
Cc tham s
T bo ha L gi tr t t c khi c t ha n t trng ln (vt qua gi tr trng d hng) sao cho vt trng thi bo ha t, c ngha l cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau. Khi ng cong t tr T -T trng, M(H) c dng nm ngang. T bo ha l tham s c trng ca vt liu st t. Nu khng tuyt i (0 K) th n l gi tr t t pht ca cht st t. T bo ha thng c k hiu l Ms hoc Is (ch "s" c ngha l saturation - bo ha). T d L gi tr t cn gi c khi ngt t trng (H = 0), thng c k hiu l Mr hoc Ir (ch "r" c ngha l remanent - d). T d khng phi l thng s mang tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu m ch l thng s dn xut, ph thuc vo cc c ch t tr, cc phng t ho, hnh dng vt t... T s gia t d v t bo ha Mr/Ms c gi l t rt gn hoc h s ch nht ca ng cong t tr (gi tr Mr/Ms cng gn 1 th ng cong t tr cng tin ti dng hnh ch nht).
T tr
17
Lc khng t L gi tr t trng ngc cn t vo trit tiu t ha (M = 0). Lc khng t thng c k hiu l Hc (Coercivity), i khi c gi l trng o t (nhng khng hon ton chnh xc). Lc khng t cng khng phi l tham s ni ti ca vt liu m l tham s ngoi ging nh t d. Tn hao nng lng tr L din tch ng cong t tr, l nng lng tiu tn cn thit cho mt chu trnh t tr, c n v ca mt nng lng. Tch nng lng t cc i L nng lng t ln nht c th tn tr trong mt n v th tch vt t, lin quan n kh nng sn sinh t trng ca vt t, thng l tham s k thut ca cc nam chm vnh cu v vt liu t cng. Tch nng lng t cc i c xc nh trn ng cong kh t B(H) trong gc 1/4 th 2, l im c gi tr tch B.H ln nht. Tch nng lng t l tham s dn sut, ph thuc vo cc tnh cht t ni ti ca vt liu v hnh dng ca vt liu, thng mang ngha ng dng trong cc nam chm vnh cu v vt liu t cng. T s tch nng lng t cc i chia cho tch lc khng t v t d c gi l h s li ca ng cong t tr, hay h s li ca vt t.
Bin dao ng ca t trng ngoi khc nhau s to ra cc ng cong t tr khc nhau.
Cc c ch
Nguyn nhn c bn ca hin tng t tr l s tng tc gia cc mmen t c tc dng ngn cn cc mmen t b quay theo t trng. C nhiu c ch khc nhau to nn hin tng t tr, to nn cc hnh dng ng cong t tr khc nhau: C ch quay cc mmen t i khi cn c tn di l "c ch quay kt hp ca cc mmen t", l c ch o t khi cc mmen t ghim trng thi nh hng, sau t ngt quay theo chiu ca t trng o t khi t trng vt gi tr trng o t. C ch ny thng xut hin trong cc vt liu st t c cu trc gm cc ht n men hoc khi b o t theo phng ca trc d t ha. C ch ny thng to ra ng cong t tr c dng hnh ch nht. C ch hm dch chuyn vch men Trong qu trnh o t, cc mmen t c xu hng b quay theo chiu ca t trng o t, dn n vic cc vch men b dch chuyn. Tuy nhin, nu c cc tm tp, hoc cc sai hng, chng ngi... trn chiu dch chuyn ca vch men, chng c tc dng hm s dch chuyn ca vch men v to nn hin tng tr. C ch hm s pht trin ca mm o t Mm o t l mt vng rt nh hnh thnh trong qu trnh t ha, c chiu ngc vi ton khi (cng chiu vi trng o t) v c tc dng nh mt mm ko cc mmen t quay theo chiu t trng o t. Tuy nhin, c nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau dn n vic ngn cn s pht trin ca cc mm o t ny cng l mt c ch to nn hin tng tr.
T tr
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Phng php o
Nguyn tc chung ca php o t tr l o s bin i ca mmen t hoc cm ng t theo s thay i ca t trng. T trng t vo c bin i theo mt chu trnh (t gi tr 0 n gi tr cc i, sau gim dn v i chiu n t trng ngc hng, v li o tr li gi tr cc i ban u). C th o ng cong t tr bng cc phng php: o bng in k xung kch o bng t k v cc thit b o t tr o bng php o quang t (hiu ng Kerr) (cc phng php khc)...
ng dng
Cc vt liu t c tnh cht t tr cao c th c s dng ch to nam chm vnh cu. Khi t vt liu ny trong t trng mnh, s xut hin t mnh trong vt liu, v sau khi b t trng ngoi i, vt liu vn gi t mnh ny, v th hin nh nam chm vnh cu. Hin tng t tr c th lm mt s r le t khng kp nh kt ni ngay sau khi t trng b ngt. y cng l hin tng quan trng cn xt ti khi thit k thit b lu tr d liu bng vt liu t (nh bng t, a cng ca my tnh). Trong cc vt liu ny, d liu bao gm cc bit 0 v 1 c ng vi chiu mmen t hng ln hoc xung ca cc vng trn vt liu. thay i gi tr mt nh, cn p dng mt t trng ngoi vo n. Hin tng t tr khin cho chng ta cn bit chnh xc gi tr hin c ca nh ny tm ra t trng ph hp. trnh phc tp ha vn , nhiu h thng s ghi ln nh mt gi tr bit trc, trong mt qu trnh gi l lm lch bng t. Vt liu t tr khi t trong t trng bin thin s tiu th nng lng ca t trng ngoi (vi mt tiu th chnh bng din tch ng cong t tr), bin n thnh nhit nng v b nng ln. y c th l hiu ng khng mong mun trong nhiu ng dng, v nhng ng dng ny, cn chn vt liu c tn hao nng lng tr nh.
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St t Vt liu t cng Vt liu t mm T k mu rung
Lc khng t
19
Lc khng t
Lc khng t, i khi cn c gi l trng khng t, hoc trng o t, l mt i lng ngoi s dng trong ngnh t hc, c nh ngha bng gi tr ca t trng cn t vo trit tiu t hoc cm ng t ca vt t. Khi gi l trng o t, i lng ny c nh ngha l t trng cn t o chiu t ca vt t.
),
L gi tr ca lc khng t, cho php trit tiu t ha ca mu. Gi tr ny mang tnh cht chung, khng ph thuc vo hnh dng vt t, v trong k thut thng c k hiu l . Thng thng, nu ch ni n khi nim lc khng t thng ch khi nim ny. Lc khng t lin quan n cm ng t ( ) L gi tr ca lc khng t cho php trit tiu cm ng t ca vt t. Gi tr ny mang tnh cht k thut, ph thuc vo hnh dng vt t (do c b sung yu t d hng hnh dng ca vt t khi o), v thng c k hiu l . i vi cc vt liu c lc khng t nh, s sai khc gia hai i lng ny rt nh, v i khi thng b nhm ln vi nhau. S sai khc ny ch tr nn ng k i vi cc vt liu t cng.
Lc khng t
20
C ch to lc khng t
C ch to lc khng t lin quan n c ch t ha v o t ca vt liu, hay ni cch khc l lin quan n s thay i ca cu trc t v b nh hng mnh bi cu trc ht ca vt liu. Yu t ln nht chi phi lc khng t l d hng t tinh th v ty tng loi vt liu m lc khng t c th ph thuc khc nhau vo yu t ny.
vi
Vi cc vt liu t mm c kch thc ht ln i vi cc vt liu loi ny (vt liu truyn thng c in c kch thc ht ln hn kch thc vch men), lc ny, qu trnh t ha v o t thng b nh hng bi qu trnh hm dch chuyn vch men do bin ht nn lc khng t s t l nghch vi kch thc ht theo cng thc[2] :
vi
l hng s trao i,
Vi cc vt liu t mm c kch thc ht mn L cc vt liu t mm c cu trc nano, vi kch thc ht nh hn chiu di tng tc trao i st t, d hng t tinh th b trung bnh ha, v lc khng t li thay i[3] :
y, liu; cn
l h s phc,
l h s nht t ca vt
i vi cc vt liu t c cu trc n men, cu trc n men l cu trc khng c vch men nn khng c cc qu trnh dch chuyn vch hay hm cc vch men trong qu trnh t ha. V th, qu trnh t ha v kh t trong vt t c cu trc n men l qu trnh quay kt hp cc mmen t. V th, lc khng t to ra l do ng gp bi 3 yu t d hng: d hng t tinh th, d hng t hnh dng v d hng t do s bt ng nht cu trc: [5] :
vi
ln
Lc khng t
21
0,05-1 20 150
15-200
1500-2000 1700
[13] [14]
10.000
Lc khng t
[13] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1109/ 20. 278737 [14] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1063/ 1. 353563 [15] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1063/ 1. 368075
22
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T tr T Mmen t St t
Nhit Curie
Nhit Curie, hay im Curie (thng c k hiu l , l khi nim trong vt l cht rn, khoa hc vt liu l nhit chuyn pha trong cc vt liu st t hoc st in, c t theo tn ca nh vt l hc ngi Php Pierre Curie (1859 - 1906). i khi, k hiu cn c s dng l k hiu cho cc nhit ti hn (v d nhit chuyn pha siu dn...).
vi
l s ln cn gn nht,
Chuyn pha ti nhit Curie l chuyn pha loi 2, tc l chuyn pha khng c s thay i v cu trc.
Nhit Curie
23
* Cht feri t
Cht Co Fe FeOFe2O3* NiOFe2O3* (K) 1388 1043 858 858
MnOFe2O3* 573 Y3Fe5O12* CrO2 MnAs Gd Dy EuO 560 386 318 292 88 69
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St t t ha St in
ng cong t ha
24
ng cong t ha
ng cong t ha (hay y l ng cong t ha ban u) l th m t qu trnh t ha vt t t trng thi ban u cha nhim t (trng thi kh t), m th hin trn th l s thay i ca tnh cht t (thng qua gi tr ca t , cm ng t...) theo gi tr ca t trng ngoi. phm vi cu trc vi m, qu trnh t ha chnh l s thay i v cu trc t (cu trc men) thng qua cc c ch khc nhau. Thut ng ting Anh ch "ng cong t ha" c s dng ph bin l "Magnetization curve", tuy nhin, trong nhiu thit b o c tnh cht t, ngi ta cn dng nhiu thut ng khc nhau v d nh "Virgin curve", "Initial curve"...
ng cong t ha ca cht st t M(H), ng cong t thm ph thuc vo t trng v cc gi tr thu c: T bo ha Ms, t thm ban u i, t thm cc i max..
ng cong t ha
25
t thm cc i l gi tr cc i ca t thm trn ng cong (H), thng k hiu l T bo ha: Nu t trng t ha ln sao cho tt c cc mmen t song song vi nhau, ta s thu c gi tr t bo ha (k hiu l )
Cc c ch t ha
i vi cc cht st t v feri t, ng cong t ha phn nh cc c ch t ha trong vt liu (th hin qua s bin i cu trc men). Qu trnh dch chuyn vch men: Khi c t trng t ha, cc vch men s b dch chuyn theo xu th cc men c chiu ca vct t hng theo t trng s ln dn, cn cc men khc s b thu hp dn. Qu trnh ny thng th hin thng qua on ng cong t ha c dng tuyn tnh vi h s gc thp. Qu trnh quay mmen t: tng vt liu v ty trng thi cu trc m c th din ra qu trnh t ha bng cch cc mmen t b quay theo chiu t trng, th hin qua ng cong t ha dng phi tuyn v tng rt nhanh, hoc ch xy ra trong t trng ln. Bc nhy Barkhausen: L qu trnh xy ra khi c s dch chuyn mt cch t ngt ca cc vch men, bn cht l s thay i tng nng lng ton phn ri vo mt v tr cc tiu nng lng. Bc nhy Barkhausen l nguyn nhn dn n hin tng c ting lo xo (nhiu Barkhausen) trong cc loa in ng s dng cc li st t khi va bt ngun in.
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St t ng cong t tr men t
S phn chia thnh cc men t trong mng mng hp kim NiFe quan st trn knh hin vi in t truyn qua Lorentz ch Fresnel. Cc ng en, trng l cc vch men, mi tn ch chiu ca mmen t trong cc men. Trong qu trnh t ha, cu trc men b thay i
ng cong t nhit
26
ng cong t nhit
ng cong t nhit (ting Anh: thermomagnetic curve) l thut ng trong ngnh t hc, ch ng cong m t s ph thuc nhit ca t ha ca cc vt liu t. ng cong ny cn c tn l ng cong dng Weiss. i vi cc cht trng thi st t, t ph thuc vo nhit theo hm Brillouin cho bi [1] :
vi:
l mt ,
l nhit ,
l t trng.
ch s ti hn (x = 3/2
vi st vi c ch sng spin, hoc x = 5/2 cho cc c ch khc). Mt cch gn ng, gn ln cn nhit Curie, ng cong t nhit c th khai trin thnh hm n gin hn, v d nh theo m hnh sng spin: vi A l hng s. i vi cc cht trng thi thun t, t ha ph thuc vo nhit theo nh lut Curie-Weiss:
vi N l mt nguyn t,
l mmen t nguyn t,
l cm ng t v hng s Boltzmann.
ng cong t nhit thng thng l s lm lnh c t trng hoc khng c t trng v qu trnh ny c th dn ti vic ng bng cc mmen t hoc ph v s ng bng...
27
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Nhit Curie Hiu ng Hopkinson
Mmen lng cc t
Mmen t, hay mmen lng cc t (magnetic dipole moment) l i lng vt l, c trng cho mnh yu ca ngun t. Trong trng hp n gin l mt dng in kn, mmen lng cc t c nh ngha bi:
Moment t
vi phi, thc:
l vct din tch (c ln l din tch, chiu l vct php tuyn ca mt , xc nh t quy tc bn tay l cng dng in. Trong trng hp mt in tch chuyn ng quay, mmen t s c cho bi biu
vi
l mt dng in.
Trong vt l nguyn t, vt l ht nhn, ngi ta dng khi nim mmen t ca cc ht, c n v l magneton Bohr (hay Bohr magneton, k hiu l ). Mmen t ca cc ht lin quan n chuyn ng ni ti ca cc ht (chuyn ng spin) hoc mmen t ca nguyn t c to ra t mmen t tng cng ca cc ht (chuyn ng spin) v chuyn ng trn qu o ca cc ht. Trong mt h ht, mmen t c xc nh bi tng mmen t ca cc ht
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Ngun gc
Mmen t c th gii thch bng m hnh mt thanh nam chm thng c cc t cc nm 2 u v ngc du nhau. Mi t cc l mt ngun to ra lc t c ln gim dn theo khong cch. Khi 2 cp n cc t ny kt hp vi nhau thnh mt cp, cc lc tng tc s ngc chiu nhau v to nn mmen lng cc, t l vi ln ca n cc t v khong cch gia chng:
v y,
mmen t, mmen t cng l c trng ca cc ht c bn. Mmen t ca mt h xc nh trn mt n v th tch hay mt n v khi lng to ra t ha. n v ca mmen t l
Tng tc vi t trng
Khi mt vt th c mmen t m t trong t trng c cm ng t B, s c mt mmen lc tc dng ln mmen lng cc t cho bi: T=mB Mmen lc ny khin cho cc mmen lng cc t c xu hng nh hng theo chiu t trng. y l nguyn l hot ng ca la bn hay nhiu loi ng c in. Do lc t tc ng ln mment t l lc th, cc mmen t nm trong t trng cng c th nng: U = -m.B Nu mmen t nm trong t trng khng u, n va chu mmen lc va chu lc y hoc ko F:
Mmen t ca in t
in t trong nguyn t c mmen t to nn do ng gp ca 2 thnh phn: Mmen t qu o: c to ra khi in t chuyn ng quanh ht nhn. Theo c hc lng t, gi tr ny b gin on v c ln:
vi
l s lng t qu o v s lng t t.
Mmen t spin: do in t c moment ring spin (xem bi Spin). V mmen t tng cng ca in t trong nguyn t s l:
vi
Mmen lng cc t
29
Mmen t ht nhn
Mmen t ht nhn c to nn t mmen t ring ca cc ht thnh phn cu to nn ht nhn (proton, neutron..)
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t ha T tnh
Nhit Nel
Nhit Nel hay nhit trt t phn st t (thng c k hiu l TN) l nhit chuyn pha phn st t thun t, , mt cht phn st t s b mt trt t t, v tr thnh thun t. Tnh cht phn st t s xut hin di nhit Nel, v trn nhit Nel, nng lng nhit ln ph v trt t t trong vt, bin vt tr thnh thun t. V mt ngha, nhit Nel cng tng t nh nhit Curie trong cc cht st t. Tn gi ca i lng ny c t theo tn ca nh vt l hc ngi Php Louis Nel (1904-2000), ngi ginh gii Nobel Vt l nm 1970 cho cc nghin cu v t hc v vt liu t. Bng di y thng k nhit Nel mt s vt liu [1] :
Cht MnO MnS Nhit Nel temperature (K) 116 160
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Phn st t St t Nhit Curie
Nng lng vi t
30
Nng lng vi t
Nng lng vi t (ting Anh: Micromagnetic energy) l tng hp cc dng nng lng th hin cc tng tc vi m gia cc mmen t vi nhau v vi trng tng tc bn ngoi trong mt vt st t. Nng lng vi t c th quy gn thnh nm s hng[1] : nng lng trao i, nng lng d hng, nng lng tnh t, nng lng Zeeman, v nng lng t gio. S cc tiu ha nng lng tng hp s quy nh cu trc men ca vt t[2] .
vi K1, K2 ln lt l hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1, bc 2; , , l cc csin ch phng gia mmen t vi cc trc tinh th, V l th tch vt t.
31
vi
y, Keff, M l d hng t hiu dng v t ca vt t; l gc gia trc di v phng t ha; Na, Nb l tha s kh t theo 2 trc vung gc.
Nng lng vi t
32
Cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng s quy nh cu trc men ca vt t. Ty vo hnh dng vt t v cu hnh mmen t m c th xut hin tng dng nng lng tuy nhin s cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng lun l iu kin cn cho vic xc nh trng thi cn bng ca h spin. Ngoi ra, p dng phng trnh Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert c th b sung y hn cho vic xc nh cc trng thi ca h t. Xc nh nng lng tng cng l mt trong nhng ni dung c bn ca phng php vi t hc. i khi, cc s hng c th c vit di cc dng ton hc khc trong cc gio trnh khc nhau, nhng cng c cng bn cht v u c th quy v mt cch biu din ton hc.
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St t men t Phng trnh Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert D hng t tinh th T gio
phn cc spin
33
phn cc spin
phn cc spin (ting Anh: Spin polarization) l i lng c xc nh bng mc nh hng theo mt chiu nht nh ca spin trong cc ht c bn. Trn thc t, khi nim ny c s dng nhiu cho dng ht in t, hay cho cc h cht rn m phn cc spin lin quan n cc tnh cht st t v tnh cht t-vn chuyn ca h. Khi nim phn cc spin cng l mt khi nim c bn quan trng ca spintronics [1] .
Xc nh phn cc spin
Do thuc tnh ca spin, spin trong cc ht c bn ch c th nh hng theo 2 chiu ln (up) hoc xung (down). phn cc spin c xc nh l phn trm sai khc gia nng cc spin nh hng theo hai phng ln hoc xung [2] :
vi
Trong k thut, ngi ta c th c nhiu cch khc nhau xc nh ln ca phn cc spin nh s dng knh hin vi in t, s dng k thut ph pht x quang phn gii thi gian, k thut cng hng thun t hay cng hng st t in t...
Hiu ng t in tr chui hm: t s TMR c xc nh lin quan trc tip n phn cc spin ca cc lp st t cu thnh h a lp.
phn cc spin
34
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Spin Spintronics Vt liu bn kim
35
Chng 2: Cc vt liu t
Thun t
Thun t l nhng cht c t tnh yu (trong ngnh t hc xp vo nhm phi t, c ngha l cht khng c t tnh). Tnh cht thun t th hin kh nng hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi, c ngha l cc cht ny c mmen t nguyn t (nhng gi tr nh), khi c tc dng ca t trng ngoi, cc mmen t ny s b quay theo t trng ngoi, lm cho cm ng t tng cng trong cht tng ln. Thun t v nghch t c xp vo nhm cc cht phi t, hoc nhm M hnh v cu trc mmen t ca cht thun t: h mmen t ca cht thun t c xem nh cc nam chm nh, c lp, khng tng tc. khng c trt t t. t thm ca cc cht thun t l ln hn 1 nhng xp x 1 (ch trnh lch c 10-6). T tnh yu ca thun t do hai yu t em li: - Mmen t nguyn t - Cc mmen t nguyn t ny nh v hon ton khng tng tc vi nhau. Cc cht thun t in hnh l: xi, nhm...
vi: l hng s Boltzmann, t trng ngoi v nhit . l s nguyn t, th tch ca vt v mmen t ca mt nguyn t.
Thun t
36
Trong gii hn t trng ln v nhit thp nhit thp v t trng ln ( gi tr: ) th cht thun t t trng thi bo ha t, t s nhn
Siu thun t
L mt trng thi ca cht cc cht st t t c khi kch thc cc ht nh hn gii hn siu thun t, khi cht s mang hnh vi nh mt cht thun t vi t ln v bin thin theo hm Langevin.
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Siu thun t Nghch t St t T Bohr magneton
Siu thun t
37
Siu thun t
Siu thun t (ting Anh: Superparamagnetism) l mt hin tng, mt trng thi t tnh xy ra cc vt liu t, m cht biu hin cc tnh cht ging nh cc cht thun t, ngay di nhit Curie hay nhit Nel. y l mt hiu ng kch thc, v mt bn cht l s thng th ca nng lng nhit so vi nng lng nh hng khi kch thc ca ht qu nh.
vi
l hng s
Boltzmann, nhit ca mi trng xung quanh. Khi xy hin tng siu thun t, cht vn c mmen t ln ca cht st t, nhng li th hin cc hnh vi ca cht thun t, c ngha l mmen t bin i theo hm Langevin [2] :
vi
l mt ht,
l t trng.
ng dng
Cc vt liu siu thun t ang c ng dng nhiu trong vt l v y-sinh hc nh kh nng hi p nhanh vi s tc dng ca t trng bn ngoi[3] . Siu thun t c s dng trong cc ht nano t tnh, t trong cc cht lng t.
ng dng vt l
y l cc ng dng c in, c s dng t rt lu [4] : S dng cc cht lng t lm tng tnh truyn dn trong cc h dn lc, dn nhit, dn t, lm gim nhiu n loa in ng... Lm nhn cho cc h ht t lp ghp
Siu thun t
38
ng dng y - sinh hc
Cc ng dng ny mi c pht trin trong thi gian gn y [5] : Dn thuc Lm tng tng phn ca nh chp cng hng t ht nhn iu tr ung th bng t nng thn nhit cc b...
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Thun t St t Nc t
Nghch t
Cc cht nghch t c cu to t mt loi phn t khng c t tnh. Khi t vo t trng ngoi trong cc phn t s xut hin dng in ph v to ra t trng ph ngc chiu t trng ngoi (v vy c tn l cht nghch t) Do cm ng t tng cng nh hn cm ng t ca t trng ngoi (<1)
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Thun t
Sng spin
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Sng spin
Sng spin (ting Anh: Spin wave) l mt m hnh trong t hc, c dng miu t nhng nhiu lon lan truyn trong trt t spin ca cc vt liu t. Nhng kch thch tp th ny xy ra trong cc phn mng t vi i xng lin tc. Chun ht ca sng spin c gi l magnon, l ht boson ca cc phn mng spin gn nh tng ng vi s kch thch phonon trong mng tinh th. Khi nhit tng, cc kch thch nhit ca sng spin dn n s suy gim t t pht ca vt liu st t v nng lng sng spin ch vo c eV.
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Spin St t ng cong t nhit Spintronics
St t
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St t
St t l cc cht c t tnh mnh, hay kh nng hng ng mnh di tc dng ca t trng ngoi, m tiu biu l st (Fe), v tn gi "st t" c t cho nhm cc cht c tnh cht t ging vi st. Cc cht st t c hnh vi gn ging vi cc cht thun t c im hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi. Tnh st t dng ch thuc tnh (t tnh mnh) ca cc cht st t. Cht st t l mt trong nhng vt liu c s dng sm nht trong lch s loi ngi, vi vic s dng cc nam chm lm la bn hoc lm cc vt dng ht st thp (thc cht l cc qung Fe3O4) t hn 2000 nm trc (m xut pht l t Trung Hoa v Hy Lp c i).
Cc cht st t (v d nh st (Fe), cban (Co), niken (Ni), gali (Gd)... l cc cht st t in hnh. Cc cht ny l cc cht vn c mmen t nguyn t ln (v d nh st l 2,2 B, Gd l 7 B...) v nh tng tc trao i gia cc mmen t ny, m chng nh hng song song vi nhau theo tng vng (gi l cc men t tnh. Mmen t trong mi vng gi l t t pht - c ngha l cc cht st t c t tnh ni ti ngay khi khng c t trng ngoi. y l cc ngun gc c bn to nn cc tnh cht ca cht st t.
St t
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Hin tng t tr: L mt c trng d thy nht cht st t. Khi t ha mt khi cht st t cc mmen t s c xu hng sp xp trt t theo hng t trng ngoi do t ca mu tng dn n bo ha khi t trng ln (khi cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau). Khi ngt t trng hoc kh t theo chiu ngc, do s lin kt gia cc mmen t v cc men t, cc mmen t khng lp tc b quay tr li trng thi hn n nh cc cht thun t m cn gi c t gi tr khc khng. C ngha l ng cong o t s khng khp vi ng cong t ha ban u, v nu ta t ha v kh t theo mt chu trnh kn ca t trng ngoi, ta s c mt ng cong kn gi l ng cong t tr. C nhiu c ch khc nhau to ra Hnh nh cc men t ca mng CoIr chp ch Fresnel trn knh hin vi in hin tng tr nh c ch dch chuyn t truyn qua vch, c ch quay mmen t, c ch hm s pht trin ca cc mm o t... V trn ng cong t tr, ta s c cc i lng c trng ca cht st t nh sau: T bo ha: L t t c trong trng thi bo ha t, c ngha l tt c cc mmen t ca cht st t song song vi nhau. T d: L gi tr t khi t trng c kh v 0. Lc khng t: L t trng ngoi cn thit kh mmen t ca mu v 0, hay l gi tr t i chiu. i khi lc khng t cn c gi l trng o t. T thm: L mt tham s c trng cho kh nng phn ng ca cc cht t tnh di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. T thm ca cc cht st t c gi tr ln hn 1 rt nhiu, v ph thuc vo t trng ngoi (xem thm trong bi Vt liu t mm). Nhit Curie: L nhit m ti , cht b mt t tnh. di nhit Curie, cht trng thi st t, trn nhit Curie, cht s mang tnh cht ca cht thun t. Nhit Curie l mt tham s c trng cho cht st t, v d nh: St: 1043 K Cban: 1388 K Niken: 627 K Gali: 292,5 K Dysproxium (Dy): 88 K MnBi: 630 K MnSb: 587 K
D hng t tinh th: L nng lng lin quan n s nh hng ca cc mmen t v i xng tinh th ca vt liu. Do tnh d hng ca cu trc tinh th, s c s khc nhau v kh nng t ha khi ta t ha theo cc phng khc nhau, dn n vic vt liu c phng d t ha, gi l trc d (t ha) v phng kh t ha (gi l trc kh). Nng lng d hng t tinh th l nng lng cn thit quay mmen t trc kh sang trc d. Hng s d hng t tinh th l cc i lng c trng cho cc cht st t.
St t
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J mang gi tr dng khi cc spin song song nhau (tng tc trao i st t) v m khi cc spin phn song song (tng tc phn st t). l hm sng ca cc in t. men t: Nh c tng tc trao i, cc mmen t ca cht st t sp xp hon ton song song vi nhau, nhng khng phi trong ton b vt th m trong tng vng, gi l cc min t ha, hay cc men t. Trong mi men, cc mmen t song song vi nhau to nn t t pht ca cht st t, nhng trong ton vt th trng thi kh t th mmen t ca cc men s sp xp hn lon nn tng t trong ton khi vn bng 0. Khi c t trng ngoi, do cc mmen t c xu hng b quay theo t trng nn s dn n s thay i v cu trc men nh s dch chuyn vch men, s thay i kch thc men, s nh hng mmen t... to nn qu trnh t ha phc tp ca cht st t. Cc men t c th quan st bng nhiu cch khc nhau v d nh bng knh hin vi in t truyn qua Lorentz cc ch khc nhau (nh Fresnel, Foucault..) hay phng php nh tng (nay t dng v qu phc tp v chnh xc khng cao), hay phng php o quang - t...
Cc loi vt liu st t
C nhiu cch khc nhau phn chia cc vt liu st t, nhng cch thng dng nht vn l phn chia theo kh nng t ha v kh t ca vt liu. Theo cch phn chia ny s c 2 nhm vt liu st t chnh: Vt liu t cng: L cc vt liu st t kh t ha v kh kh t thng dng cho cc ng dng lu tr t trng nh nam chm vnh cu, vt liu ghi t... Cc vt liu t cng in hnh l Nd2Fe14B, Sm2Co5, FePt.. (xem bi Vt liu t cng) Vt liu t mm: L cc vt liu st t d t ha v d b kh t, thng dng cho cc ng dng hot ng trong t trng ngoi nh li bin th, nam chm in, li dn t, cm bin t trng... Cc vt liu t mm in hnh l st silic (FeSi), hp kim permalloy NiFe... (xem bi Vt liu t mm)
ng dng ca vt liu st t
C th ni vt liu st t ang c nghin cu v ng dng ht sc rng ri trong khoa hc, cng nghip cng nh trong i sng, t cc nam chm vnh cu, n cc li bin th, hay cao hn l cc cng my tnh, cc u c cng... Mt hiu ng khc ca cht st t l hiu ng t nhit khng l ang c nghin cu pht trin cc th h my lnh hot ng bng t trng thay th cho cc my lnh truyn thng vi u im khng nhim, tit kim nng lng v nh gn. Cc hiu ng t in tr ca cc cht st t cng ang c khai thc ra i cc linh kin in t th h mi gi l spintronic, tc l cc linh kin hot ng bng cch iu khin spin ca in t...
St t
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Vt liu t cng Vt liu t mm Phn st t Thun t T hc
men t
men t (xut pht t thut ng ting Anh: magnetic domain) l nhng vng trong cht st t m trong cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau to nn t t pht ca vt liu st t. Thut ng "men t" c nhng ngi dy vt l bc ph thng v nhng ngi khng lm cng tc nghin cu vt l Vit Nam dch l "min t ha", tuy nhin nhng ngi lm nghin cu vt l (c bit l nhng ngi trong lnh vc t hc) khng chp nhn tn gi ny m ch gi l "men t".
Ngun gc ca men t
Khi nim v men t ln u tin c a ra vo nm 1907 bi Weiss gii thch cc tnh cht c bit ca cc vt liu st t, v m hnh c s dng l gii l m hnh trng phn t (L thuyt trng phn t). Sau , hnh nh v cc men t c quan st v cc l thuyt sau l gii chnh xc s to thnh ca men t. S hnh thnh ca cc men t l do tng tc trao i dn n vic cc mmen t sp xp song song vi nhau. C ngha l trong mi men, cc mmen t sp xp theo 1 chiu nht nh to nn t t pht ca st t. L thuyt v men t tip tc c hon thin bi Van Vleck (nm 1945) v Stoner (nm 1948), Nel (nm 1948)... Tuy nhin, khng phi s sp xp song song ny tn ti trn ton vt st t m mi vt ty theo kch thc, hnh dng m c th b chia S phn chia thnh cc men t trong mng mng hp kim NiFe quan st trn knh hin vi thnh nhiu men khc nhau to nn cu trc men ca vt (trong in t truyn qua Lorentz ch Fresnel. Cc cc men khc nhau chiu ca cc mmen t s khc nhau). Cu trc ng en, trng l cc vch men, mi tn ch men hnh thnh chi phi tnh cht t vi m ca vt liu. trng thi chiu ca mmen t trong cc men. Trong qu kh t, chiu ca mmen t trong cc men sp xp sao cho tha mn trnh t ha, cu trc men b thay i cc iu kin: trit tiu t v cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng trong vt st t. Khi c t trng ngoi, cu trc men b thay i (s ln ln ca cc men t c chiu cng chiu
men t vi t trng, s quay mmen t trong cc men c chiu khc...) dn n s thay i v tnh cht t. S bin i khc nhau v men t trong qu trnh t ha to nn cc c ch t ha v cc tnh cht t khc nhau ca mi loi vt liu st t. Trong cc tnh ton v t hc, cu trc men c xc nh bng vic cc tiu ha nng lng vi t, vi nm s hng ca nng lng vi t: Nng lng trao i Nng lng d hng Nng lng tnh t Nng lng Zeeman Nng lng t gio
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chnh xc ha vic xc nh cu trc men, cc tnh ton v nng vi t cn c kt hp vi vic gii phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert.
Vch men
Vch men (domain wall) l vng chuyn tip ngn cch gia 2 men t lin k nhau. Gia hai men t, mmen t khng th t ngt bin i v chiu v s dn n trng thi km bn do hnh thnh nn vng chuyn tip l cc vch men. Trong cc vch men, mmen t bin i v chiu dn dn t chiu ca men ny ti men kia. Ty theo s nh hng m s c th c 2 kiu vch men t chnh: Vch Bloch: L cu hnh vch tn ti trong cc vt liu khi hoc mng dy, c cc mmen t trong vch phn b trong khng gian 3 chiu.
Vch Nel: L loi vch men hnh thnh trong cc mng mng t (khi kch thc mt chiu b hn ch), cc mmen t sp xp trong mt mt phng. Cc nghin cu v vch men ang l mt ch thu ht nhiu nghin cu bi trin vng ng dng trong cc linh kin spintronic iu khin bng vch men. Trong cc linh kin ny, thng tin c m ha nh s vn chuyn ca cc vch men trong cc cu trc nano t tnh (cc dy nano, cc chm nano...), c kh nng to ra cc cng logic, cc b nh, my pht cht lng cao.
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St t Knh hin vi in t truyn qua T n men
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. iop. org/ EJ/ abstract/ 0022-3727/ 17/ 4/ 003
Vch men
Vch men l khi nim s dng trong vt l hc, c th l hai khi nim c lp: Vch men trong ngnh t hc l mt sai hng v cu trc t, ngn cch gia hai men t trong cc vt liu st t; Vch men trong L thuyt dy l mt im k d hai chiu.
V d v vch men phn chia theo gc: vch 180o v vch 90o.
Vch men
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Cu hnh mmen t trong mt s loi vch men trong mt phng mng mng t: (a) vch Nel, (b) vch Bloch v (c) vch cross-tie.
Ty theo cch phn b cc mmen t ny m c th c cc cch phn loi vch khc nhau. Cch phn loi vch men n gin l theo gc gia 2 men lin k, v d vch 180o l vch ngn cch gia 2 men c t hng ngc chiu nhau, vch 90o l vch gia 2 men c t hng vung gc vi nhau. Nhng cch phn bit ph bin nht l theo kiu vch Bloch, vch Nel v vch cross-tie ph thuc vo chiu dy ca vt liu.
Vch men
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:L kiu vch men thng hnh thnh trong cc vt liu khi hoc trong cc mng dy m trong vch men mmen t quay trong khng gian 3 chiu t hng ca men ny sang hng ca men t khc, chiu ca t trong vch vung gc vi mt phng cha t trong hai men thnh phn. Tn ca loi vch ny c t theo nh vt l ngi Thy S Felix Bloch, ngi ln u tin gi thuyt v vch men v xy dng l thuyt v loi vch ny vo nm 1932 [1] . dy ca vch men loi vch Bloch c xc nh bi[2] :
nh chp hin vi Fresnel tng phn cc vch men t (trng - en) trong mng mng NiFe. Vch men s b dch chuyn trong qu trnh t ha to nn s bo ha t.
vi: l hng s trao i, l hng s mng, Vch Nel L kiu vch ch xut hin trong cc mng mng t (c chiu dy nh di mt gii hn), m , cc mmen t trong vch quay trong mt phng mng mt cch u n t chiu ca men ny sang chiu ca men khc. Cu trc ca vch Nel chi phi ch yu bi nng lng trao i v nng lng tnh t. Trong cch mng mng, v dy ca mng rt nh, trng kh t theo phng vung gc vi mng rt ln, khin cho cc mmen t khng th hng ra ngoi m buc phi nm trong mt phng mng. Chiu dy ca vch Nel ph thuc vo hng s ca vt liu, v chiu dy ca mng. Gi thuyt v vch Nel sinh ra sau gi thuyt v vch Bloch, v c t tn theo nh vt l hc ngi Php Louis Eugne Flix Nel [3] . l mt nng lng vch, l h s t l ( ).
Vch men Vch cross-tie L loi vch men "trung gian" gia 2 loi Nel v Bloch. Nu nh vch Bloch ch xut hin trong cc mng dy (vt liu 3 chiu), vch Nel xut hin trong cc mng rt mng (2 chiu) th vch cross-tie xut hin trong cc mng mng c chiu dy trung bnh (nm gia 2 gii hn. Vch cross-tie c cu hnh mmen t pha trn c 2 loi: bn ra ngoi th bin i theo vch Nel, trung tm th c t hng vung gc nh vch Bloch [4] .
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Quan st bng nh sng kh kin: hiu ng quang t Kerr(MOKE), phng php nh tng nh Bitter; Quan st bng cc knh hin vi qut u d: s dng knh hin vi lc t, knh hin vi qut chui hm c cng c phn tch spin (SP-STM); Quan st bng chm ngun synchrotron: s dng k thut hin vi pht x in t vi ngun kch thch l cc tia X phn cc trn; Quan st bng chm in t: Knh hin vi in t qut c phn tch phn cc, Knh hin vi in t truyn qua, ton nh in t;
Vch men
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men t Knh hin vi Lorentz St t
Phn st t
Phn st t l nhm cc vt liu t c trt t t m trong cu trc gm c 2 phn mng t i song song v cn bng nhau v mt gi tr. Thut ng "phn st t" cn c dng m t tnh cht ca cc vt liu phn st t, hoc dng ch cc lin kt spin trong t hc c spin i song song vi nhau. Ngi ta cn dng tn "phn st t b tr khng hon ton" cho mt nhm vt liu c trt t t khc l feri t.
C ch ca tnh phn st t
Vt liu phn st t c lit vo nhm vt liu c trt t t. i khi, cng c ngi gi Cu trc t ca vt liu phn st t, gm 2 phn mng spin i song v bng nhau vt liu phn st t l vt liu phi t bi t tnh ca chng cng yu. Tnh cht phn st t bt ngun t tng tc trao i gia cc spin. Nu nh tng tc trao i trong cc vt liu st t l tng tc trao i dng, lm cho cc spin song song nhau th tng tc trao i trong phn st t l tng tc trao i m, lm cho cc spin phn song song vi nhau. nghin cu r rng cc tnh cht ca cc phn mng ny, phng php nhiu x neutron thng c dng kho st do neutron khng c in tch, nhng c mmen t nn gy ra cc tn x trn cc phn mng t.
Phn st t
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Cc tnh cht c bn
khng tuyt i (0 Kelvin), cc spin ca vt liu phn st t sp xp i song song nhau nn t . Nhit tng dn dn n vic ph v trt t t kiu phn song song lm tng t ha (v cm t, ) ca vt liu phn st t. T trng ngoi cng l nguyn nhn ph v trt t phn song song ca vt liu. Nhit Nel (TN, t theo tn nh vt l ngi Php Louis Nel): L i lng c trng ca vt liu phn st t (cng ging nh nhit Curie trong cht st t) l nhit m ti trt t phn st t b ph v v vt liu s chuyn sang tnh cht thun t. di nhit Nel, vt liu s mang tnh cht phn st t. Nu ta o s ph thuc ca h s t ha ( cm t ) vo nhit ca cht phn st t th ti nhit Nel s xut hin mt cc i, hay ni cch khc c chuyn pha ti nhit Nel. Mt s cht phn st t in hnh: Crm - Cr, TN = 310 K FeO - TN = 198 K MnO - TN = 122 K NiO - TN = 523 K CoO - TN = 291 K
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T hc St t Thun t T in tr khng l Nhit Curie
Phn st t
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Vi: l h s tt dn hin tng lun Landau-Lifshitz ph thuc vo vt liu rn, l t s t c ca in t. M, H ln lt l t ha v t trng ngoi, t l thi gian.
y, c gi l hng s tt dn Gilbert, v mi nghim ca phng trnh ny u tha mn phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz nguyn bn khi thay bi /(1+2). Phng trnh c th khai trin di dng vct nh sau:
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T hc Mmen t t ha
Vt liu t cng
Vt liu t cng l vt liu st t, kh kh t v kh t ha. ngha ca tnh t "cng" y chnh l thuc tnh kh kh t v kh b t ha, ch khng xut pht t c tnh ca vt liu t.
Lch s
Vt liu t cng l loi vt liu t c pht hin v s dng sm nht trong lch s loi ngi. Ngi Trung Quc cho rng t i Hong (tr v Trung Hoa t nhng nm 2698 TCN n 2599 TCN), ch to ra cc kim ch nam dng xc nh phng hng. l cc nam chm c kh nng ht st v nh hng Bc-Nam. Chnh s u tin ghi chp vic ch to cc la bn ny l u i Nh Chu (1046-771 TCN) v la bn thc s xut hin nhiu l th k th 7 trc cng nguyn (ng thi Trung Quc v Hy Lp). Cc kim ch nam trong la bn l mt dng ca vt liu t cng, l cc xit st .
Cc vt liu t cng thng phm dng ch to nam chm vnh cu xut hin ln u tin vo nhng nm t 1740 n 1750 chu u v thc s pht trin mnh t cui th k 19, u th k 20 n nay.
Vt liu t cng
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Cc c trng
Vt liu t cng c nhiu c trng t hc, s ph thuc ca tnh cht t vo nhit , bn, chng mi mn... Di y lit k mt s c trng quan trng.
Lc khng t
Lc khng t, k hiu l l i lng quan trng c trng cho tnh t cng ca vt liu t cng. V vt liu t cng l kh t ha v kh kh t, nn ngc li vi vt liu t mm, n c lc khng t cao. iu kin ti thiu l trn 100 Oe, nhng vt liu t cng ph bin thng c lc khng t c hng ngn Oe tr ln. Ngun gc ca lc khng t ln trong cc vt liu t cng ch yu lin quan n n d hng t tinh th ln trong vt liu. Cc vt liu t cng thng c cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng km hn so vi cc vt liu t mm v chng c d hng t tinh th rt ln.
trong : Thnh phn th nht c ng gp ln nht vi l hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1, l t bo ha. Thnh phn th 2, ng gp nh hn mt bc vi l tha s kh t o theo hai phng khc nhau. Thnh phn th 3 c ng gp nh nht vi l t gio bo ha, l ng sut ni. V a, b, c ln lt l cc h s ng gp.
Tch nng lng t cc i c xc nh trn ng cong kh t (xem hnh v) thuc v gc phn t th 2 trn ng cong t tr, l mt im sao cho gi tr ca tch cm ng t B v t trng H l cc i. V th, tch nng lng t cc i thng c k hiu l . V l tch ca B (n v trong CGS l Gauss - G), v H (n v trong CGS l Oersted - Oe), nn tch nng lng t cn c mt n v khc l GOe (n v ny thng dng hn n v chun SI trong khoa hc v cng ngh vt liu t) .
Vt liu t cng
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Cm ng t d
Cm ng t d, thng k hiu l hay , l cm ng t cn d sau khi ngt t trng (xem hnh).
Nhit Curie
y l nhit m ti vt liu b mt t tnh, tr thnh cht thun t. Mt s vt liu t cng c ng dng trong cc nam chm hot ng nhit cao nn n i hi nhit Curie rt cao. Loi vt liu t cng c nhit Curie cao nht hin nay l nhm cc vt liu trn nn SmCo c nhit Curie t 500C n trn 1000C.
y, B l cm ng t, H l cng t trng, M l t ha. Vy tn ti trng v hng Vm, gi l th v hng t (ng vai tr tng t in th trong tnh in hc), tha mn:
vi m l mt t tch hiu dng (ng vai tr tng t mt in tch trong tnh in hc):
ng dng
Vt liu t cng c th dng ch to cc nam chm vnh cu hoc c s dng lm vt liu ghi t trong cc a cng, cc bng t.
Mt s loi
Hp kim AlNiCo: L hp kim c s dng trong nam chm vnh cu, c thnh phn ch yu l nhm (Al), niken v cban (Co), c th c thm cc thnh phn ph gia nh ng (Cu), titan (Ti),... Hp kim ny c t d cao, nhng c lc khng t kh nh (thng khng vt qu 2 kOe) v c gi thnh cao.
Vt liu t cng Vt liu t cng ferrite: L cc gm ferrite, m in hnh l ferrite bari (BaFexO), stronsti (SrFexO) v c th b sung cc nguyn t t him (v d lanthannium (La)) ci thin tnh t cng. Ferrite l vt liu c 2 phn mng t b tr nhau, v cha hm lng xi ln nn kh to ra t ln, nhng li c lc khng t ln hn rt nhiu so vi AlNiCo. Lc khng t ca ferrite c th t ti 5 kOe. Ferrite c im mnh l r tin, ch to d dng v c bn cao. V th n chim phn ln th phn nam chm th gii (ti hn 50%) d c phm cht khng phi l cao. Cc vt liu t cng lin kim loi chuyn tip - t him: in hnh l hai hp cht v h SmCo (Samarium-Cobalt), l cc vt liu t cng tt nht hin nay. Hp cht Nd2Fe14B c cu trc t Cu trc tinh th ca NdFeB gic, c lc khng t c th t ti trn 10 kOe v c t bo ha cao nht trong cc vt liu t cng, do to ra tch nng lng t khng l. SmCo l loi vt liu t cng c lc khng t ln nht (c th t ti 40 kOe), v c nhit Curie rt cao nn thng s dng trong cc my mc c nhit hot ng cao (nam chm nhit cao). Tuy nhin, nhc im ca cc nam chm t him l c bn khng cao (do cc nguyn t t him d b xi ha), c gi thnh cao do cc nguyn t t him c gi thnh rt cao, vt liu NdFeB cn c nhit Curie khng cao lm (312oC) nn khng s dng iu kin khc nghit c. Nam chm t him c tch nng lng t k lc l t ti 57 MGOe. Hp kim FePt v CoPt: Bt u c nghin cu t nhng nm 1950s. H hp kim ny c cu trc tinh th t gic tm din (fct), thuc loi c trt t ha hc L10, c u im l c lc khng t ln, c kh nng chng mi mn, chng xi ha rt cao. Loi hp kim ny hin nay ang c s dng lm vt liu ghi t trong cc cng. Nam chm t hp trao i n hi: Loi vt liu c bt u pht trin t nhng thp k 90 ca th k 20, vi cu trc t hp ca 2 loi vt liu: vt liu t mm cung cp t bo ha ln, vt liu t cng cho lc khng t cao, v cc ht t hp kch thc nanomet, c lin kt trao i vi nhau, to ra tnh cht t hp v s cho loi nam chm mi vi tnh t cng tuyt vi, ln hn tt c cc vt liu t cng bit. Tuy nhin, vo thi im hin ti, cc tnh cht t c trong thc t cn thua xa d on l thuyt do cha to c cu trc hon ho nh d on. Loi vt liu ny vn trong giai on nghin cu pht trin.
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T hc St t Vt liu t mm Magnet [1]
Lin kt ngoi
Hard magnets in University of Birmingham [2] Bi vit v vt liu t cng v t mm trn Din n Vt l Vit Nam [3]
Vt liu t cng
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Ch thch
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Magnet [2] http:/ / www. aacg. bham. ac. uk/ magnetic_materials/ hard_magnets. htm [3] http:/ / www. vatlyvietnam. org/ forum/ showthread. php?t=1190
Vt liu t mm
Vt liu t mm, hay vt liu st t mm (ting Anh: Soft magnetic material) l vt liu st t, "mm" v phng din t ha v kh t, c ngha l d t ha v d kh t. Vt liu st t mm thng c dng lm vt liu hot ng trong trng ngoi, v d nh li bin th, li nam chm in, cc li dn t...
Cc thng s ca vt liu t mm
* Thng s quan trng u tin ni ln tnh cht t mm ca vt liu t mm l lc khng t (coercivity, thng k hiu l ). Lc khng t l t trng ngoi ngc cn thit trit tiu t ca mu. Lc khng t ca cc vt liu t mm phi nh hn c 100 Oe. Nhng vt liu c tnh t mm tt, thm ch c lc khng t rt nh (ti c 0,01 Oe). t thm ban u (intial permeability): L thng s rt quan trng ni ln tnh t mm ca vt liu t mm. t thm ban u c nh ngha bi cng thc:
Vt liu t mm c t thm ban u t vi trm, n vi ngn, cc vt liu c tnh t mm tt c th t ti vi chc ngn, thm ch hng trm ngn. Ch : t thm (permeability) l i lng c trng cho kh nng phn
Vt liu t mm ng ca vt liu t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Nh ta bit quan h gia cm ng t B, t trng ngoi H v t ha M theo cng thc:
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vi
v gi tr
t thm cc i (Maximum permeability): Ta bit rng vt liu st t khng nhng c t thm ln m cn c t thm l mt hm ca t trng ngoi. V t thm cc i cng l mt thng s quan trng. C nhng vt liu st t mm c t thm cc i rt cao, ti hng vi trm ngn v d nh permalloy, hay hp kim nano tinh th Finemet... Cm ng t bo ha, cao nht l hp kim hay t bo ha : Vt liu t mm thng c t bo ha rt cao. Loi c t c t bo ha t ti 2,34 T.
Cc thng s ng ch khc
Tn hao dng xoy: Nh bit, vt liu t mm c s dng trong t trng ngoi, v nu s dng trong trng xoay chiu, s sinh ra cc dng in Foucault gy mt mt nng lng v ta nhit. Cng sut tn hao Foucault c tnh theo cng thc:
vi: l cm ng t bo ho ca li : dy ca li l mt h s c trng : Tn s t trng xoay chiu : Khi lng ring vt liu : in tr sut T cng thc ny ta l gii c vic cc li bin th tn Si (FeSi) c ch to thnh cc l mng nhm lm gim dy, gim tn hao dng xoy. ng thi, li FeSi ch c th s dng cho bin th tn s thp v tn s cao, tn hao s rt ln (do FeSi c in tr sut thp), trong khi cc vt liu gm ferrite c th s dng cc tn s rt cao do chng c bn cht gm, c in tr sut rt ln, lm gim tn hao dng xoy. Tn hao tr (Hysteresis Loss): Khi vt liu t mm c s dng trong trng ngoi, n s b t ha v to ra chu trnh tr, v s c nng lng b tn hao cho vic t ha vt liu c trng tn s: Khi s dng tn s cng cao, phm cht ca vt liu cng b suy gim, do s thay i ca phm cht theo tn s l mt thng s rt ng quan tm. T gio: V mt bn cht, t gio l s thay i hnh dng vt liu t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Vic kh t gio gip cho vic to ra tnh t mm tt. C nhng vt liu c t gio bng 0 nh vt liu v nh hnh nn Co.
Vt liu t mm
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Mt s loi vt liu t mm
* Tn Silic: L hp kim ca st (khong 85%), vi Silic (Si), hoc cha thm khong 5,4% nhm (Al), cn c gi l hp kim Sendust, l mt trong nhng vt liu st t mm c dng ph bin nht c cng cao, c t thm cao v tn hao tr thp. Tuy nhin, vt liu ny trn nn kim loi, nn c in tr sut thp, do khng th s dng tn s cao do s lm xut hin tn hao xoy ln. Hp kim Permalloy L hp kim ca niken (Ni) v st (Fe), c lc khng t rt nh, t thm rt cao (vt liu c t thm ban u ln ti 10000), c bn c hc v kh nng chng n mn cao. Tuy nhin, permalloy c t bo ha khng cao. Hp kim FeCo: l cc hp kim t mm c t bo ha cao, nhit Curie cao Cc vt liu gm ferrite: L hp cht ca xit Fe ( chung l ) vi mt xit kim loi ha tr 2 khc, c cng thc . Cc ferrite mang bn cht gm, nn c in tr sut rt cao nn tn hao dng xoy ca
ferrite rt thp, c dng cho cc ng dng cao tn v siu cao tn. Hp kim v nh hnh v nan tinh th: L cc hp kim nn st hay c ban (Co), trng thi v nh hnh, do c in tr sut cao hn nhiu so vi cc hp kim tinh th, ng thi c kh nng chng n mn, bn c hc cao, v c th s dng tn s cao hn so vi cc vt liu tinh th nn kim loi. Vt liu v nh hnh khng c cu trc tinh th, nn trit tiu d hng t tinh th, v th n c tnh t mm rt tt. Vt liu v nh hnh nn Co cn c t gio bng 0 nn cn c lc khng t cc nh. Khi kt tinh t trng thi v nh hnh, ta c vt liu nano tinh th, l cc ht nan kt tinh trn nn v nh hnh d, trit tiu t gio t t hp hai pha v nh hnh v tinh th nn c tnh t mm cc tt v c th s dng tn s cao. Vt liu t mm nano tinh th thng phm tt nht l [FINEMET] ( ) c pht minh bi Yoshizawa (Hitachi Metal Ltd, Nht Bn) nm 1988 v nhiu th h khc c pht trin sau .
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ng dng ca vt liu t mm
Li bin th, li dn t, cun cm Nam chm in Cun chn, cm bin o t trng ...
Xem thm
T hc Vt liu t cng St t Bi vit v vt liu t mm trn Din n Vt l Vit Nam [3]
Lin kt ngoi
http://www.aacg.bham.ac.uk/magnetic_materials/soft_magnets.htm http://www.hitachi-metals.co.jp/e/prod/prod02/p02_22.html
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Nguyn tc chung
Tc lm lnh c xc nh bng cng thc:
vi
nhit. Nguyn tc chung ca phng php ngui nhanh l dng mt mi trng lm lnh thu nhit nhanh ca hp kim nng chy, gi cu trc ca hp kim ha rn ging nh trng thi ca cht lng (trng thi v nh hnh). Mi trng lm lnh c th l cc khi kim loi quay nhanh, hoc cc kh ha lng (nit lng, hli lng...). to cho tc thu nhit rt nhanh, mi trng thu nhit phi va c kh nng hp th nhit ln ng thi phi to sao cho hp kim lng ch tip xc trong thi gian rt ngn (tc thu nhit ngn) nhm to ra tc ln.
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Thi gian thu nhit trong phng php ny rt ngn (t l nghch vi tc quay ca trng) ch c 10-3 n 10-2 giy nn tc lm ngui c th t ti t 104 K/s n 107 K/s, d dng to ra cc hp kim v nh hnh dng bng mng. Phng php ngui nhanh n trc: L phng php ngui nhanh trn trng quay, nhng s dng mt trng quay vi tc cao, hp kim c phun trn b mt trng nh vi phun t st b mt. dy ca bng hp kim ph thuc vo 2 yu t l khong cch t vi phun n mt trng v tc trng. Phng php ny d tin hnh v gi thnh thp nhng c mt nhc im l d xy ra s sai khc v cu trc cng nh tnh cht b mt 2 pha ca bng hp kim ng thi tnh lp li v chiu dy ca hp kim thng khng cao.
Thit b ngui nhanh n trc ti Trung tm Khoa hc Vt liu, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin (H Ni)
Phng php hai trc: L phng php ngui nhanh s dng 2 trng quay t tip xc vi nhau v quay ngc chiu nhau. Hp kim c lm lnh gia 2 khe ca b mt trng, va b lm lnh va b cn p nn c dy rt chun xc (ch ph thuc vo khong cch gia hai trng v tc trng) ng thi tnh cht hai b mt sai khc rt thp. Nhng im kh ca phng php ny l tnh ng b gia hai trng quay.
im quan trng ca phng php ngui nhanh l ch to cc trng quay trn mt trc cc k chnh xc ( rung ca b mt trng rt thp, ch c mt vi micromet), ng thi b mt ca cc trng phi c x l rt sch v nhn. Cc trng thng c ch to bng cc kim loi c kh nng thu nhit nhanh v t b xi ha. Hai loi vt liu ph bin c dng l ng v mlipen. ch to cc bng hp kim c bit cha cc kim loi d b xi ha, ngi ta c th t c h trong mi trng bo v (c ht chn khng cao, v c np cc kh bo v).
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Lch s
Phng php ngui nhanh ln u tin c xy dng vo nm 1960 bi nhm ca Pol Duwez (P. Duwez, W. Klement Jun, R,H. Willens) Vin Cng ngh California (Caltech), ch to thnh cng mt lot hp kim Eutectic v nh hnh nh AuSi, AgCu, AgGe...
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TXD-42TC6T2-3& _user=10& _coverDate=05%2F31%2F2001& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search& _sort=d& view=c& _acct=C000050221& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=10& md5=20251527f278402052d0191c9351d042 [2] http:/ / www. nature. com/ nature/ journal/ v187/ n4740/ abs/ 187869b0. html;jsessionid=459829654AA7C6F1C9E90EC74CB422F8 [3] http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=JAPIAU000031000006001136000002& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes [4] http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=JAPIAU000031000006001137000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes
FINEMET
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FINEMET
FINEMET l tn mt loi vt liu t mm thng phm c cu trc nan da trn nn hp kim ca st c cng thc l Fe73,5Si13,5B9Nb3Cu1 (t l phn trm nguyn t). Finemet l mt trong nhng vt liu t mm tt nht. Hin nay, Finemet l thng phm t mm c gi bn quyn bi Hitachi Metals (Nht Bn) [1] v Metglas (M) [2] . Tn FINEMET l t ghp ca Fine metal, do trong cu trc ca FINEMET c cha cc ht kim loi siu mn kch thc nano.
t thm (tng i) ca FINEMET c th t ti vi trm ngn ln (tt nht) trong s cc vt liu t mm c t thm cao. Lc khng t rt nh Lc khng t ca FINEMET rt nh, c th ti mc di 1 A/m (tc l xp x 0,01 Oe)[5] , ngang vi mc vt liu c lc khng t nh nht l Permalloy.
FINEMET Cm ng t bo ha cao v kh nng hot ng tn s cao Khc vi vt liu siu mm permalloy bn cnh cc gi tr t thm cao, lc khng t cc nh nhng cm ng t li rt thp (di 1 T) th FINEMET li c cm ng t bo ha rt ln t 1,2 T n 1,5 T. Khng nh cc loi vt liu t mm nn kim loi khc l khng th lm vic trong t trng xoay chiu c tn s cao do in tr sut rt b (kim loi) th FINEMET li c in tr sut ln (do c pht trin t cu trc v nh hnh) nn c kh nng lm vic trong t trng xoay chiu c tn s cao (t c kHz n MHz) v tn hao tr cng nh tn hao xoy cc nh. c trng tn s c FINEMET c th coi tng ng vi vt liu gm ferrite chuyn dng cho cao tn (nhng phm cht ca ferrite khng tt). Hnh dng ng tr rt d thay i v c tnh c hc tt ng cong t tr ca FINEMET c th d dng thay i nh vic trong t trng. Ngoi ra, FINEMET c kh nng chng n mn (mi mn c hc v ha hc) cao, ng thi rt do dai. Trong cng nghip, FINMET c ch to dng cc bng kim mng rt do, c cun thnh tng cun c th di ti vi chc m v rng t vi chc cm n 1 m. Hiu ng t tng tr khng l Gn y, ngi ta cn thu c hiu ng t tng tr khng l (s thay i ca tng tr hoc t thm ngang) trn cc bng t Finemet t ti vi trm % [6] . Tnh cht ny rt hu hiu trong vic to ra cc sensor o t trng siu nhy [7] .
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Cu trc v c ch to tnh t mm
FINMET l hp kim c cu trc nanomet vi cc ht st t mm bbc-Fe(Si) (ht Fe(Si) c cu trc lp phng tm khi) vi t phn khong 80% th tch, v 20% cn li l nn cc ma trn v nh hnh bao quanh. Tnh cht ca hp kim c to ra t do s t hp tnh cht ca hai pha tinh th v v nh hnh. Herzer l ngi l gii thnh cng c ch v tnh cht t mm trong cc hp kim ny [8] : D hng t hiu dng Trong h cc ht st t siu mn, d hng t tinh th khng cn mang gi tr nh trong vt liu khi m b hiu dng ha, t l vi ly tha bc 6 ca kch thc ht:
Vi: K1 l h s t tinh th bc 1 ca vt liu khi, D l kch thc ht, Lex l di tng tc trao i. Tng t, h s t thm th t l nghch vi bc 6 kch thc ht. V th, vi cc ht mn 10-20 nm, lc khng t tr nn rt nh cn t thm th tr thnh rt ln.
T gio bng 0 T gio ca FINEMET c to ra nh t hp t gio ca hai pha: cc ht nano tinh th bbc-Fe(Si) vi t gio bo ha m v pha v nh hnh vi t gio bo ha dng. t phn hp l ca pha nano tinh th (theo tnh ton th t 78-82%) s b tr t gio, to ra t gio hon ton bng 0.
FINEMET
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Ci tin t FINEMET
FINEMET l hp kim t mm u tin s dng cu trc nano trn nn v nh hnh v nhanh chng c thng mi ha nh nhng phm cht tuyt vi. T s xut hin ca FINEMET, ngi ta ci tin thnh phn to ra nhiu loi hp kim t mm c cu trc nano vi nhiu tnh cht c bit hn: NANOPERM L hp kim vi cc thnh phn Fe-M-B vi thnh phn Fe c th ln ti 64% nguyn t, M c th l Zr-Cu, Hf-Cu..., ln u tin xut hin vo nm 1998 theo cng b ca nhm A. Makino (Nht Bn) [9] . NANOPERM c cm ng t c bit cao (vt trn 1,5 T), c t thm rt ln (t PERM trong ci tn NANOPERM lin quan n t thm cao - PERMEABILITY) v c bn c hc cao hn FINEMET. HITPERM L hp kim tng t nh NANOPERM, nhng s dng mt na l Co thay th cho Fe nh nng cao c nhit Curie ln rt ln. Ci tn HITPERM c ngha l hp kim c nhit Curie cao (trn 1000oC). Thnh phn thng mi ban u ca HITPERM l (Fe,Co)88Zr7B4Cu1, ln u tin c to ra bi nhm nghin cu ca M. A. Willard (Carnegie Mellon University, Hoa K)[10] . HITPERM c cu to bi cc ht nano ca pha -FeCo, nn c nhit Curie rt cao v cm ng t bo ha c bit ln (vt trn 2 T) nn c s dng trong li dn t ca cc ng c phn lc - ni i hi nhit lm vic rt cao.
FINEMET
[8] Herzer, Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability innanocrystalline ferromagnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 1397-1402. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all. jsp?arnumber=104389) [9] A. Makino, T. Bitoh, J.-I. Murakami, T. Hatanai, A. Inoue and T. Masumoto, Nanocrystalline soft magnetic Fe-M-B (M = Zr, Hf, Nb) alloys "NANOPERM" with high magnetic induction, J. Phys. IV France 08 (1998) Pr2-103-Pr2-106. (http:/ / jp4. journaldephysique. org/ articles/ jp4/ abs/ 1998/ 02/ jp4199808PR224/ jp4199808PR224. html) [10] M. A. Willard, M.-Q. Huang, D. E. Laughlin, M. E. McHenry, J. O. Cross, V. G. Harris, C. Franchetti, Magnetic properties of HITPERM (Fe, Co)88Zr7B4Cu1 magnets, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 4421 (1999). (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 85/ 4421/ 1)
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Vt liu t mm Permalloy Cng ngh ngui nhanh
Lin kt ngoi
Metglas (http://www.metglas.com/index.asp) Hitachi Metals, Ltd (http://www.hitachi-metals.co.jp/e/index.html)
Hiu ng Hopkinson
Hiu ng Hopkinson l l hin tng bo ha t trong t trng thp trong cc vt liu st t gn nhit Curie do qu trnh quay thun nghch. Hiu ng Hopkinson ch xy ra trong cc vt liu st t c tn ti d hng t tinh th. Hiu ng Hopkinson cn c nh ngha khc l hiu ng m t thm ca cht st t t cc i gn nhit Curie [1] .
M t hiu ng
Hiu ng Hopkinson ch xy ra trong cc vt liu st t c tn ti d hng t tinh th v xy ra gn nhit Curie. Khi , qu trnh t ha vt liu l qu trnh quay thun nghch, v t trng quan h vi t M, d hng t tinh th bc mt K1 theo biu thc:
Hiu ng Hopkinson quan st trn ng cong t ph thuc nhit ca cht st t: Hiu ng Hopkinson tng ng vi cc i ca t gn nhit Curie, v bin mt khi o trong t trng ln
Hiu ng Hopkinson vi Ms l t bo ha. Khi nhit tng n gn nhit Curie, d hng t tinh th bc mt K1 gim nhanh hn t bo ha rt nhiu nn ch cn mt t trng H rt nh cng bo ha t. Nu ta o ng cong t ph thuc vo nhit (gi l ng cong t nhit) trong t trng nh th khi xy ra hiu ng Hopkinson, ta s quan st thy t t gi tr cc i trc khi gim nhanh xung gi tr nh ti nhit Curie. Tuy nhin, hiu ng Hopkinson bin mt khi o trong t trng ln.
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St t D hng t tinh th Nhit Curie Hiu ng t nhit
Hiu ng Meissner
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Hiu ng Meissner
Hiu ng Meissner hay hiu ng Meissner-Ochsenfeld l hiu ng t thng b y ra hon ton khi bn trong ca vt siu dn. Hin tng ny l hin tng nghch t hon ho (en:Superdiamagnetism). T thng sinh ra bi vt siu dn b tr hon ton t thng mi trng ngoi. Do , t thng bn trong vt siu dn bng 0. Hin tng ny c khm ph bi hai nh vt l ngi o Walther Meissner v ngi c Robert Ochsenfeld vo nm 1933.
Mt nam chm c nng trn mt mt vt liu siu dn nhng trong nit lng lnh ti 200C, th hin hiu ng Meissner
Lin kt ngoi
Hiu ng Maixn trn BKTT VN [1]
Hiu ng Meissner. ng t thng i thng khi T>Tc: nhit trn nhit critical ng t thng i vng khi T<Tc: nhit thp hn nhit critical
Ch thch
Hiu ng t nhit
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Hiu ng t nhit
Hiu ng t nhit l mt hin tng nhit ng hc t tnh, l s thay i nhit (b t nng hay lm lnh) ca vt liu t trong qu trnh t ha hoc kh t. Hiu ng t nhit thc cht l s chuyn ha nng lng t - nhit trong cc vt liu t.
S lc v hiu ng t nhit
Khi ta t mt t trng vo mt vt liu t, cc mmen t s c xu hng sp xp nh hng theo t trng. S nh hng ny lm gim entropy ca h mmen t. Nu ta thc hin qu trnh ny mt cch on nhit (tng entropy ca h vt khng i) th entropy ca mng tinh th s phi tng b li s gim ca entropy mmen t. Qu trnh ny lm cho vt t b nng ln. Ngc li, nu ta kh t (on nhit), cc mmen t s b quay tr li trng thi bt trt t, dn n vic tng entropy ca h mmen t. Do , entropy ca mng tinh th b gim, v vt t b lnh i. Hiu ng t nhit ln u tin c pht hin nm 1881 bi E. Warburg khi tin hnh t ha st to ra s thay i nhit t 0,5 n 2 K cho mt T bin thin t trng.
Nguyn l hiu ng t nhit - T trng lm nh hng cc mmen t, lm thay i entropy ca h cc mmen t
Hiu ng ny c pht trin v gii thch nguyn l bi Debye (nm 1926) v Giauque nm 1927. Theo , t c h thc Maxwell, ta c bin thin entropy ca h:
v ta c: S hng th nht tng ng c l nhit dung. S hng th hai chnh l bin thin entropy t:
Nh vy, nu ta thc hin mt qu trnh t t trng H = 0 n H, th bin thin entropy t s c cho bi:
y C(T,H) l nhit dung ca vt liu. Tham s liu. Cn tham s bin thin nhit on nhit
c coi l tham s c trng cho hiu ng t nhit ca vt cc k quan trng cho ng dng. Mt cch gn ng, c th
xem rng bin thin nhit on nhit t l thun vi bin thin entropy t, t l nghch vi nhit dung v t l thun vi nhit hot ng. Hiu ng t nhit ln u tin c ng dng vo cc my lnh hot ng bng t trng vo nm 1933 to ra nhit rt thp l 0,3 Kelvin bng cch kh t on nhit cc mui thun t.
Hiu ng t nhit
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Qu trnh nhit ng trong cc thit b lm lnh bng t trng so snh vi lm lnh bng kh nn truyn thng
Hiu ng t nhit
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Vt liu t nhit
Hiu ng t nhit l mt hiu ng c hu ca cc vt liu t, c ngha l tnh cht ny c mt tt c cc vt liu t. Hiu ng ny t gi tr cc i ti nhit chuyn pha t tnh ca vt liu (theo cng thc v bin thin entropy t trn, gi tr ny cc i khi bin thin ca mmen t cc i - xy ra nhit chuyn pha t tnh). Thng thng, bin thin entropy t v bin thin nhit on nhit s ln khi vt liu l st t, v xy ra ln nht nhit chuyn pha loi 2 (l thuyt tnh ton mi y cho rng hiu ng ny ln nht ti nhit chuyn pha loi 1). Cc vt liu ang c nghin cu v s dng gn y: Gadolinium (Gd) v cc hp kim ca chng: Gd l mt nguyn t st t c mmen t ln nn c kh nng cho hiu ng t nhit ln. Cc hp kim ca n ang c s dng l , hay . Cc vt liu ny u cho hiu ng t nhit ln v c gi l hiu ng t nhit khng l (Giant magnetocaloric effect GMCE). Cho n hin nay, Gd v cc hp kim ca n vn l loi c s dng ph bin nht trong cc my lnh th nghim. Cc hp cht lin kim loi khc: , cc hp kim nh hnh ( ...) l cc vt liu ang c nghin cu gn y c hiu ng t nhit khng l xung quanh nhit phng. Tuy nhin, cc vt liu lin kim loi - t him c nhc im l quy trnh ch to phc tp, gi thnh cao v thng c bn km nn ngi ta ang nghin cu pht trin cc vt liu khc c gi thnh r hn v d ch to hn. Cc vt liu gm perovskite cng l nhm cc vt liu c hiu ng t nhit xung quanh nhit phng nhng chng mc nhc im l c nhit dung cao, mmen t nh nn t kh quan cho ng dng. Gn y, cc vt liu v nh hnh nn st c coi l rt kh quan cho ng dng vi hiu ng t nhit khng l trong di rng nhit , d ch to v gi r... Cc mui thun t cho k thut nhit rt thp Cc vt liu ny v mt thc cht l cc vt liu t c nhit trt t rt thp, ngi ta s dng chng to ra cc nhit rt thp (ti c 1 vi miliKelvin). Nhit thp ban u c to ra nh Hli lng v sau to qu trnh kh t on nhit to nhit rt thp.
Hiu ng t nhit
72
c o ti Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin (H Ni) L cc o c dng ph bin nht, tc l ngi ta xc nh bin thin entropy t t xc nh bin thin nhit on nhit. Cc ny c chnh xc
khng cao, nhng li d tin hnh nn c dng ph bin nht. Cch thc ca php o da trn biu thc:
chnh l din tch ng cong chn di ng cong t ha M(H). Nh vy, o bin thin entropy t, ta ch vic o mt lot cc ng cong t ha ng nhit cc nhit khc nhau, xc nh din tch chn bi ng cong v bin thin entropy t l hiu cc din tch lin tip chia cho bin thin nhit (xem hnh v).
Hiu ng t nhit My lnh hot ng vng nhit phng u tin c sn xut vo nm 1997 bi nhm Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr. Phng Th nghim Ames, Trng i hc Tng hp bang Iowa (M). Cho n nay, c nhiu cng ty ang nghin cu pht trin thit b ny v thng bo rng trong mt vi nm ti s chnh thc a ra th trng cc sn phm ny.
Cc my lnh dng t trng nhit phng Cng ty/Vin nghin cu Quc gia Ngy cng Chng b loi Cng sut lm lnh cc i (W)[1] 600 20/02/1997 Chuyn ng qua li T T trng (K) bin cc [2] thin i (T) Vt liu Khi lng (kg)
73
Ames Laboratory/Astronautics Madison, Zimm C, Jastrab A, Sternberg Wisconsin, A, Pecharsky V K, Gschneidner USA K Jr, Osborne M and Anderson I, Adv. Cryog. Eng. 43, 1759 (1998). Mater. Science Institute Barcelona, Barcelona Bohigas X, Molins E, Ty Ban Roig A, Tejada J and Zhang X Nha X, IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 538 (2000). Chubu Electric/Toshiba Hirano Yokohama, N, Nagaya S, Takahashi M, Japan Kuriyama T, Ito K and Nomura S 2002 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 47 1027 University of Victoria Rowe A M and Barclay J A, Adv. Cryog. Eng. 47 995 (2002). Rowe A M and Barclay J A, Adv. Cryog. Eng. 47 1003 (2002). Richard M A, Rowe A M and Chahine R, J. Appl. Phys. 95 2146 (2004). Victoria, British Columbia Canada
10
5 (S)
Khi cu Gd
05/2000
Quay
0.95 (P)
Gd foil
100
21
4 (S)
Khi cu Gds
14
2 (S)
Astronautics Zimm C, Paper No Madison, K7.003 Am. Phys. Soc. Meeting, Wisconsin, March 4, Austin, TX (2003) [1] USA Nanjing, Sichuan Inst. Tech./Nanjing China University Wu W, Paper No K7.004 Am. Phys. Soc. Meeting, March 4, Austin, TX (2003) [1] Chubu Electric/Toshiba Hirano Yokohama, N, Paper No K7.002 Am. Phys. Japan Soc. Meeting March 4, Austin, TX, [1] Chubu Electric/Toshiba Hirano Yokohama, N, Paper No K7.002 Am. Phys. Japan Soc. Meeting March 4, Austin, TX, [1]
Quay 18/09/2001
95
25
1.5 (P)
Khi cu Gds
23
27
0.6 (P)
Gd1xDyx L.B.
10
0.76 (P)
Gd 1xDyx L.B.
Hiu ng t nhit
74
Grenoble, France 4/2003 Chuyn ng qua li 8.8 4 0.8 (P) Gd phoi
Lab. dElectrotechnique Grenoble Clot P, Viallet D, Allab F, Kedous-LeBouc A, Fournier J M and Yonnet J P, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30 3349 (2003). George Washington University
USA
? (P)
Gd phoi
Astronautics Zimm C, Paper No Madison, K7.003 Am. Phys. Soc. Meeting, Wisconsin, March 4, Austin, TX (2003) [1] USA University of Victoria Rowe A M and Tura A, International Journal of efrigeration 29 1286-1293 (2006).
1
2004
Quay
95
25
1.5 (P)
15
50
2 (S)
Cng sut lm lnh cc i khi (T=0); 2Bin thin nhit on nhit cc i khi (W=0); L.B. = layered bed; P = Dng t trng nam chm vnh cu; S = Dng t trng siu dn
c thm
T hc Vt liu t My lnh Magnetocaloric Effect [2]
Lin kt ngoi
NASA - How does an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Work ? [3] Magnetocaloric effect [4] What is magnetocaloric effect and what materials exhibit this effect the most? [5] Magnetocaloric materials keep fridges cool by C. Wu [6] Ames Laboratory news release, 25 thng 5 nm 1999, Work begins on prototype magnetic-refrigeration unit [7]. Magnetic refrigerator successfully tested [8] Refrigeration Systems [9] Terry Heppenstall's notes, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne (thng 11 nm 2000) XRS Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator [10]
Hiu ng t nhit
75
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. aps. org/ meet/ MAR03/ baps/ tocK. html [2] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Magnetocaloric [3] http:/ / imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/ docs/ teachers/ lessons/ xray_spectra/ background-adr. html [4] http:/ / www. accessscience. com/ Encyclopedia/ 3/ 39/ Est_399200_frameset. html?doi [5] http:/ / www. physlink. com/ Education/ AskExperts/ ae488. cfm [6] http:/ / www. sciencenews. org/ pages/ sn_arc98/ 3_28_98/ fob3. htm [7] http:/ / www. ameslab. gov/ News/ release/ crada. html [8] http:/ / www. eurekalert. org/ features/ doe/ 2001-11/ dl-mrs062802. php [9] http:/ / lorien. ncl. ac. uk/ ming/ cleantech/ refrigeration. htm [10] http:/ / www. universe. nasa. gov/ xrays/ programs/ astroe/ eng/ adr. html
M t hiu ng
Khi nh sng phn x trn mt b mt vt liu b t ha, tng tc gia mmen t v nh sng c th dn n vic nh sng phn x b thay i tnh cht phn cc cng nh phn x ty theo chiu ca t . Hiu ng ny khc vi hiu ng Faraday ch hiu ng Faraday ghi nhn nh sng truyn qua v ty theo s nh hng ca chiu t m c th c nhiu kiu MOKE.
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Xem thm
Hiu ng Kerr
Hiu ng t in tr
T in tr, hay cn gi tt l t tr, l tnh cht ca mt s vt liu, c th thay i in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Hiu ng ny ln u tin c pht hin bi William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) vo nm 1856 vi s thay i in tr khng qu 5%. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng t in tr thng. Gn y, cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra nhiu loi hiu ng t in tr trong nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau em li kh nng ng dng ht sc to ln. Ngi ta thng dng khi nim t s t tr ni ln ln ca hiu ng t in tr, cho bi cng thc:
Hiu ng t in tr
77
ln lt l in tr sut v in tr ti t trng H v t trng H = 0. V hon l t trng cc i. Hai cch nh ngha ny hon ton tng ng nhau.
T in tr d hng
xem bi chi tit T in tr d hng (Ting Anh: Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Effect - AMR). Hiu ng ny cng c William Thomson pht hin vo nm 1857 khi quan st thy in tr ca cc vt liu st v niken ph thuc vo gc gia dng in chiu ca vct t . Hiu ng ny pht hin trong nhiu cht bn dn v nhiu mng mng t. Hiu ng AMR trong cc cht bn dn ch yu l do s lch qu o ca dng ht ti (in t hay l trng) di tc dng ca t trng, thng c ng dng trong mt s cm bin o t trng nh o t trng Tri t, hay cm bin o dng in...
T in tr khng l
(Ting Anh: Giant Magnetoresistance Effect - GMR), mt s nh nghin cu Vit Nam cn dch hiu ng GMR l "t in tr ln" do khng thng nht vic dch "Giant" l "khng l" hay "ln" nhng tn gi quen thuc thng dng l GMR. Hiu ng GMR l mt hiu ng lng t quan st thy trong mt s mng mng t tnh a lp hoc n lp, vi s thay i ln gi tr in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Tn gi Giant (ln, khng l) ca hiu ng ny khng phi l do gi tr ln ca t s MR m do c ch to nn hiu ng, l c ch tn x ph thuc spin ca in t khi truyn qua cc lp st t c kp gia bi cc lp phi t. Hiu ng GMR ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1988 ng thi bi 2 nhm nghin cu, l nhm ca Peter Grnberg Trung tm Nghin cu Jlich (c) trn mng mng kiu bnh kp Fe/Cr/Fe; v bi nhm ca Albert Fert i hc Paris-Sud trn cc mng a lp Fe/Cr. Pht hin ny m ra mt ngnh mi gi l in t hc spin (spintronics) nghin cu cc linh kin in t mi hot ng da trn iu khin tnh cht spin ca in t. Ngoi ra hiu ng GMR cn pht hin thy trn mt s mng mng dng ht (v d mng hp kim d th CoCu, CoAg...). Vo ngy 9-10-2007, U Ban Trao Gii Nobel cng b gii thng Nobel Vt L 2007 c trao cho hai nh vt l Albert Fert (Php) v Peter Grnberg (c) v s khm ph ra T in tr khng l (Giant Magnetoresistance).
T in tr chui hm
xem chi tit ti bi vit Hiu ng t in tr chui hm (Ting Anh: Tunneling Magnetoresistance' - TMR). L hiu ng t tr xy ra khi cc lp st t b ngn cch bi cc lp mng cch in cho php in t xuyn hm qua cc lp cch in ny, v tn x trn cc lp st t, gy ra hiu ng t tr ln. Hiu ng TMR ln u tin c pht hin trn cc mng a lp st kp gia l lp germanium (Ge) ng vai tr lp cch in. Hiu ng TMR nhit phng ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1995 trn cc mng mng CoFe/Al2O3/Co vi Al2O3 ng vai tr lp cch in, cho hiu ng MR ti 11,8% nhit phng. Cng vi pht minh v hiu ng GMR, hiu ng TMR c cng ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong cc nghin cu v linh kin spintronic.
Hiu ng t in tr
78
T in tr siu khng l
Xem chi tit bi vit T in tr siu khng l (Ting Anh: Colossal Magnetoresistance - CMR), i khi cng c cc nh nghin cu Vit Nam gi l "Hiu ng t in tr khng l" (khi gi hiu ng GMR l "T in tr ln") nhng thng gi tt l hiu ng CMR. Hiu ng ny xy ra vi cc vt liu t c cu trc perovskite (v d manganese, cobaltite,...) c in tr thay i cc ln c th ti hng ngn %. Hiu ng CMR ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1993, nhng n gi vn cha c l gii mt cch chnh xc, v vn ang l mt vn l th cho nghin cu c bn. Mt l thuyt ang c s dng rng ri gii thch l m hnh tng tc kp (double-exchange interaction). Hiu ng CMR cng c ng dng trong cc u c/ghi ca cng, pht trin cc linh kin spintronic...
ng dng ca hiu ng t tr
Ch to cm bin o t trng, o dng in u c, ghi trong cc cng my tnh Cc linh kin spintronics ...
Xem thm
T in tr d hng T in tr khng l T in tr chui hm T in tr siu khng l T in tr d hng xung kch
Spintronics
Hiu ng t in tr
79
Ch thch
[1] [2] [3] [4] http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v61/ i21/ p2472_1 http:/ / link. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v74/ p3273 http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ RMP/ v73/ i3/ p583_1 http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=PRLTAO000094000012127203000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes
Hp kim Heusler
Hp kim Heusler l mt hp kim st t da trn pha Heusler, l dng hp kim lin kim loi ca cc n cht (kim loi, phi kim) c th khng mang tnh st t, v c cu trc tinh th lp phng tm mt. Tn loi hp kim ny c t theo nh ha hc, khong hc ngi c Friedrich Heusler (1866-1947), ngi ln u tin tm ra loi hp kim ny vo nm 1903 [1] . Hp kim Heusler l mt trong nhng loi hp kim st t c phn cc spin ln nht (gn nh 100%).
Lch s nghin cu
Hp kim Heusler u tin c pht hin v nghin cu nm 1903 bi Friedrich Heusler l hp kim Cu2MnAl vi t bo ha l 8000 G (ln hn ca Ni, nhng nh hn ca Fe)[2] . Hp kim c th nng chy trn 910oC. di nhit ny, hp kim ng rn vi trng thi bt trt t ca pha beta lp phng tm khi. Di 750oC, pha B2 trt t c hnh thnh vi mang nguyn t lp phng ca ng, v c tm khi l phn mng bt trt t MnAl. Khi c lm lnh xung di 610oC, phn mng MnAl tr thnh trt t v to thnh pha L21. Tnh cht t ca hp kim c th thay i mnh nh qu trnh x l nhit hoc thay i thnh phn[3] ,[4] .
Hp kim Heusler
80
Xem thm
phn cc spin in t hc spin Hp kim
Magnetit
81
Magnetit
Magnetit
Magnetit bn o Kola, Nga Thng tin chung Th loi Cng thc ha hc Mu Khong vt xt st (II,III) xt, Fe3O4 en, xm
Dng thng tinh th Tm mt, ht mn dng khi H tinh th Song tinh Ct khai Vt v cng Mohs nh Mu vt vch T trng ring Chit sut Lp phng Him gp song tinh bt din quy lut spinel khng r Khng phng 5,56,5
[1] [1]
Lodestone
Magnetit l mt khong vt st t c cng thc ha hc Fe3O4, mt trong cc xt st v thuc nhm spinel. Tn theo IUPAC l st (II,III) xt v thng c vit l FeOFe2O3, c xem l tp hp ca wstit (FeO) v hematit (Fe2O3). Cng thc trn cp n cc trng thi xi ha khc nhau ca st trong cng mt cu trc ch khng phi trong dung dch rn. Nhit Curie ca magnetit l 858 K.
Tnh cht
Magnetit l khong vt c t tnh mnh nht trong cc khong vt xut hin trong thin nhin.[2] Cc mnh magnetit b t ha t nhin c gi l lodestone s ht cc mu st nh, v y cng l cch m ngi c i khm ph ra tnh cht t u tin. Lodestone c s dng trong cc la bn. Magnetit thng mang cc du hiu t trong cc v v th n c xem nh l mt cng c nghin cu c t, mt khm ph khoa hc quan trng hiu c qu trnh kin to mng v d liu lch s cho t thy ng lc hc v cc chuyn ngnh khoa hc khc. Cc mi quan h gia magnetit v cc khong vt xt giu st khc nh ilmenit, hematit, v ulvospinel cng c nghin cu nhiu, cng nh cc phn ng phc tp gia cc khong vt ny v oxy nh hng nh th no n s bo tn trng t ca Tri t.
Magnetit Magnetit c vai tr quan trng trong vic tm hiu cc iu kin mi trng hnh thnh . Magnetit phn ng vi oxy to ra hematit, v cp khong vt hnh thnh mt vng m c th khng ch s ph hy ca xy. Cc mcma thng thng cha cc ht ca 2 dung dch rn, mt bn l gia magnetit v ulvospinel cn mt bn l gia ilmenit v hematit. Cc thnh phn ca cc cp i khong vt c s dng tnh s xy ha din ra nh th no trong macma (nh s ph hy ca oxy trong magma): mt di cc iu kin oxi ha c tm thy trong mcma v trng thi oxy ha gip xc nh lm th no mma c th lin quan n s kt tinh phn on. Cc ht magnetit nh c mt trong hu t cc mcma v cc bin cht. Magnetit cng c tm thy trong mt s loi trm tch nh trong cc thnh h st phn di. Trong mt s mcma, cc ht giu magnetit v ilmenit xut hin dng kt ta cng nhau trong mcma. Magnetit cng c sn xut t peridotit v dunit bng phng php serpentin ha. Magnetit l ngun qung st c gi tr, n ha tan chm trong axt clohiric.
82
Phn b
Magnetit i khi c tm thy vi s lng ln trong ct bin. Cc loi ct en (ct khong vt hoc ct st) c tm thy nhiu ni nh California v b bin ty ca New Zealand. Magnetit c mang n cc bi bin thng qua cc con sng mang cc vt liu xi mn v chng c tp trung nh tc ng ca sng v cc dng chy. Cc m ln c tm thy trong cc thnh h st di. Cc trm tch ny c dng suy ra hm lng oxy trong kh quyn Tri t lc n c lng ng.
Mu c kin trc mn, ~5cm
Magnetit v cc khong vt nng khc (mu ti) trong ct thch anh bi bin (Chennai, n ).
Cc m magnetit ln cng c tm thy vng Atacama ca Chile, Kiruna, Thy in, Pilbara, cc khu vc trung ty v bc Goldfields ty c, v trong khu vc Adirondack ca New York Hoa K. Cc m cng c tm thy Na Uy, c, , Switzerland, Nam Phi, n , Mexico, v Oregon, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Bc Carolina, Virginia, New Mexico, Utah, v Colorado Hoa K. Gn y, vo thng 6 nm 2005, cng ty khai thc khong sn, Cardero Resources, pht hin mt m ct cha magnetit ln dng cn ct Peru. M ph trn din tch 250 km2(100sqmi), vi cn cn cao nht nm cao trn 2.000 m (6,560ft) so vi nn sa mc. Ct cha 10% magnetit.[3]
Magnetit
83
Tng hp
Magnetit c th c ch trong phng th nghim dng nc t theo phng php Massart bng cch trn st(II) clorua v st(III) clorua trong hydroxit natri. Magnetit cng c th c ch bi s ng kt ta, gm mt hn hp dung dch FeCl36H2O v FeCl24H2O 0,1 M vi quay bng ng c vi tc khong 2000 vng/pht. T l mol FeCl3:FeCl2 c th l 2:1; nung dung dch ny 70C, v ngay sau nng tc quay ln 7500 vng/pht v thm nhanh dung dch NH4OH (10% v th tch), ngay lp tc s hnh thnh kt ta mu en cha cc ht magnetit kch thc nano.
ng dng lm cht hp th
Bt magnetit loi b As(III) v As(V) ra khi nc rt hiu qu, v hiu qu loi b tng ln ~200 ln khi chng c kch thc t 300 n 12nm.[9] Nc ung nhim arsen (As) l mt vn nn trn ton th gii, do ng dng magnetit vi vai tr cht hp th l mt trong nhng gii php loi b arsen trong nc.
Trang sc
Magnetit c dng ph bin dng nguyn liu th trong cc trang sc ca nhng chng li gi khoa hc[10] v nam chm liu php. Khi c nh bng v lm thnh trang sc, magnetit c mu ti, sng bng vi b mt lng.
Tham kho
[1] Mineral galleries (http:/ / www. galleries. com/ minerals/ oxides/ magnetit/ magnetit. htm) [2] Harrison, R. J. (2002). Direct imaging of nanoscale magnetic interactions in minerals (http:/ / www. pnas. org/ content/ 99/ 26/ 16556. full. pdf) (free-download pdf). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99: 16556. doi: 10.1073/pnas.262514499 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1073/ pnas. 262514499). . Nhn magnetit
[3] Ferrous Nonsnotus (http:/ / www. 321gold. com/ editorials/ moriarty/ moriarty070505. html) [4] Baker, R R; J G Mather, J H Kennaugh (6 January nm 1983). Magnetic bones in human sinuses. Nature 301 (5895): 7980. PMID 6823284. [5] Magnetic bones in human sinuses (http:/ / www. nature. com/ nature/ journal/ v301/ n5895/ abs/ 301078a0. html). Truy cp 14 December nm 2009. [6] Joseph L. Kirschvink; James L. Gould (1981). Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6T2K-49N97M9-Y& _user=131115& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _acct=C000009658& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=131115& md5=45627d578a55f772b006a38ed4a6c12d). Biosystems (Elsevier Ireland Ltd) 13 (3): 181-201. . Truy cp 14 December nm 2009. [7] Chang, Shih-Bin Robin; Kirschvink, Joseph Lynn (1989). Magnetofossils, the Magnetization of Sediments, and the Evolution of Magnetite Biomineralization (http:/ / www. gps. caltech. edu/ ~jkirschvink/ pdfs/ AnnualReviews89. pdf). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 17: 169195. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.17.050189.001125 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1146/ annurev. ea. 17. 050189. 001125). . [8] Biographical memoirs:Heinz Adolf Lowenstam (http:/ / books. nap. edu/ readingroom/ books/ biomems/ hlowenstam. html) By Joseph L. Kirschvink, truy cp 24 May 2008 [9] J.T. Mayo et al. (2007). The effect of nanocrystalline magnetite size on arsenic removal (free download). Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8: 71. doi: 10.1016/j.stam.2006.10.005 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. stam. 2006. 10. 005). [10] Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad Medicine: misconceptions and misuses revealed from distance healing to vitamin O. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 1253. ISBN 0-471-43499-X.
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Lin Kt ngoi
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (n bn 20th). Wiley. ISBN 0471805807. Webmineral data (http://webmineral.com/data/Magnetite.shtml) Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern (http://www.piroxllc.com/tech_info.html) Lowenstam, Heinz A.; Weiner, Stephen (1989). On Biomineralization. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195049772. History of Magnetite Mining in the NJ Highlands (http://abandonedmines.net) Magnetite mining in New Zealand (http://www.crownminerals.govt.nz/cms/minerals/overview/ overview?searchterm=ironsand) Truy cp 25-Mar-09 Magnetite mining in Santa Cruz (http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/work/miner3.shtml)
Nam chm
Trong cuc sng hng ngy, c th nhn ra nam chm l cc vt c kh nng ht v y vt bng st hay thp non. Trong t hc, nam chm l mt vt c kh nng sinh mt lc dng ht hay y mt t vt hay mt vt c cm t cao khi nm gn nam chm. Lc pht sinh t nam chm gi l t lc. Nam chm l mt ngun t c hai cc: Bc v Nam, v mt t trng to t cc ng t (ng sc) i t cc Bc n cc Nam.
ng sc t trng quanh hai cc ca mt nam chm c th hin qua cc mt st trn tm giy t ngay trn nam chm
85
86
Nam chm Nd2Fe14B (thiu kt) Nd2Fe14B (kt dnh) SmCo5 (thiu kt)
Hci (kA/m) BH (kJ/m3) TC (C) max 7502000 6001200 6002000 200440 60100 120200 150240 1088 1040 310400 310400 720 800 700860 450
Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)7 (thiu kt) 0,91,15 4501300 Alnico (thiu kt) Sr-ferrite (thiu kt) 0,61,4 0,20,4 275 100300
K thut ch to
Phng php ph bin ch to nam chm Neodymi l k thut luyn kim bt v thiu kt. Ban u hp kim NdFeB c to ra bng cch nu chy cc n cht thnh phn trong l cao (thng thng Nd v B thng c b thm vi % so vi thnh phn danh nh do cc cht ny d b xy ha hoc bay hi). Trong qu trnh nu chy, hp kim c nu trong mi trng bo v trnh xy ha. Sau , hp kim c nghin thnh bt mn, sau c trn vi keo epoxy, p thnh hnh sn phm, sau nung thiu kt nhit cao trong mi Nam chm Neodymi c s dng trong a cng my tnh. trng bo v. Qu trnh p c th c h tr bi t trng to d hng n trc. Qu trnh nung thiu kt c thc hin nhit cao trong mi trng bo v to pha hp cht, sau h v nhit thp (1 vi trm ) n nh pha. Sau , nam chm c np t trong t trng cao v ph keo bo v. C th thay th cng on thiu kt bng k thut p nng. Ngi ta p cc bt trong t trng nhit cao nhm to ra pha v nh hng nam chm (to ra nam chm d hng). Gn y, ngi ta cn tin hnh to ra cc nam chm t him gi thnh r vi kiu nam chm kt dnh. Cc bt hp kim mn c to ra sau khi nghin cc mnh vn hp kim c ch to bng cng ngh ngui nhanh, sau chn keo epoxy v p nh hng trong t trng. K thut ny c u im l n gin v kinh t hn, nhng sn phm cho phm cht thp hn nhiu so vi nam chm thiu kt.
Lch s v bn quyn
Nam chm NdFeB ln u tin c ch to thnh cng vo nm 1982, c cng b ng thi bi hai cng ty ln l General Motors corporation (Hoa K)[1] v Sumitomo Special Metals (Nht Bn) [2] , v sau l Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Trung Quc cng cng b ch to thnh cng loi nam chm ny [5] . Hin nay, NdFeB l thng phm c bn rng ri trn th gii v cn c gi mt tn khc l Magnequench (do hng gi bn quyn ln nht l Magnequench - nay l Neo Materials Technology Inc.)[8] . Hin nay, nam chm Neodymi chim khong 40% th phn cc loi nam chm trn ton th gii. Nc gi th phn phn phi ln nht l Trung Quc, nhng nc thu li nhun ln nht t sn phm ny l Hoa K [5] .
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Nam chm t him Neodymium Vt liu t cng
Lin kt ngoi
International Magnetics Association (http://www.intl-magnetics.org/) Geeky Rare-Earth Magnets Repel Sharks, Genevieve Rajewski, 05.15.07 , wired.com (http://www.wired.com/ gadgets/miscellaneous/news/2007/05/sharkmagnets) MAGNEQUENCH INC (http://www.magnequench.com)
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H 1:5
L loi nam chm da trn hp cht SmCo5, vi khong 36% khi lng l nguyn t t him samarium (Sm). Nam chm ny ln u tin c pht minh bi Karl J. Strnat (phng th nghim Vt liu Khng qun Hoa K) vo nm 1966, cho tch nng lng t cc i (B.H)max = 18 MGOe [3] , sau , hng loi cc hp cht t cng da trn cu trc ny c pht trin thnh h vt liu t cng RCo5 c nghin cu mnh m trong ngnh t hc [4] .
SmCo5 thuc nhm hp cht RCo5 (R thng c dng k hiu cc nguyn t t him), c cu trc tinh th lc gic. SmCo5 c hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 11,9.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 840 kA/m v nhit Curie TC = 1003 K, trng d hng HA = 28,6 T. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 28,5 MGOe (220 kJ/m3) [5] . im khc bit c bn ca nam chm Samarium-Cban so vi cc nam chm t him khc (v d nh nam chm Neodym) l n c nhit Curie rt cao, ng thi s suy gim tnh cht theo nhit rt thp, do c s dng trong cc ng dng nhit cao (c th ti hn 500oC) m khng loi nam chm no khc c th hot ng. Mt tham s c quan tm ca loi nam chm ny l h s suy gim ca t d theo nhit (reversible temperature coefficient, RTC), c nh ngha bi s suy gim ca t d, Br theo nhit :
i vi nam chm SmCo5 nguyn thy, h s RTC l m, c ngha l t d s b suy gim theo nhit . Tuy nhin, gn y, ngi ta c nhiu ci tin nh b sung cc ph gia, to ra cc pha ph trong nam chm c h s RTC dng b tr, to ra suy gim hu nh bng 0.
H 2:17
L h vt liu da trn hp cht Sm2Co17, c Karl J. Strnat v Dr. Alden Ray pht minh nm 1972 vi tch nng lng t cc i ti 30 MGOe. H vt liu ny c cu trc tng t nh SmCo5, nhng c s khc bit v thng s t ni ti. Hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 10.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 990 kA/m v nhit Curie TC = 958 K. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 41,3 MGOe (331 kJ/m3). [6] . Trong cc nghin cu hin nay v nam chm nhit cao, ngi ta pha tp thm cc nguyn t khc (Fe, Cu, Zr...) ci tin cu trc v tnh cht nhm nng cao nhit Curie cng nh phm cht t ca h vt liu ny[7]
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C ch tnh cht t
C ch to ra d hng t tinh th khng l v nhit Curie cao ca nam chm samarium cban l vi cu trc c bit cu trc bi cc l (lamelar structure) hoc cc si (cellular structure) c nh hng cao trong qu trnh ch to. Cc l (si) ny c th c chiu dy t vi chc n 100 nm to ra d hng t hnh dng ln, ng thi l cc tm hm s dch chuyn vch men trong qu trnh t ha. C ch t ha ch yu ca SmCo5 l c ch quay mmen t, trong khi c ch t ha ch yu chi phi nam chm Sm2Co17 li l c ch hm s dch chuyn cc vch men.
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Nam chm t him Nam chm Neodym Vt liu t cng Lc khng t
Lin kt ngoi
Samarium Cobalt (http://www.magnetsales.com/SMCO/Smco1.htm) Samarium cobalt magnets (http://www.mademagnet.com/samarium-cobalt-magnets.htm)
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Cc c trng
Cc i lng ca nam chm vnh cu xut pht t ng cong t tr, l cc thng s c trng ca cc cht st t ni chung v vt liu t cng ni ring v cc thng s c quan tm ch yu gm: Lc khng t Lc khng t ca nam chm vnh cu phi ln khng b kh t bi cc t trng ngoi, kh nng lu tr t trng ca nam chm cng ln khi lc khng t cng ln. Cc nam chm vnh cu ph bin hin nay c lc khng t t 1000 Oe n vi chc ngn Oe. T d (xem bi ng cong t tr). H s ch nht hay vung Tch nng lng t cc i Ni ln kh nng lu tr nng lng t ca nam Hnh nh cc nam chm vnh cu chm vnh cu, l nng lng ln nht c th tn tr trong mt n v th tch nam chm, c xc nh t ng cong t tr. Mun c tch nng lng t cc i ln, nam chm cn c lc khng t ln, t d cao v h s ch nht ca ng cong t tr ln. Nhit Curie L nhit m ti cc vt st t b mt t tnh v tr thnh thun t. Nhit Curie cho ta bit kh nng hot ng ca nam chm trong iu kin nhit cao hay thp. C nhng nam chm c nhit Curie kh thp (v d nh nam chm Nd2Fe14B c nhit Curie ch 312oC), nhng cng c nhng loi nam chm c nhit Curie rt cao (v d h hp cht SmCo c nhit Curie hng ngn , c s dng trong ng c phn lc c nhit cao). Ngoi cc tham s mang tnh cht t tnh, cc tham s khc cng rt c quan tm l cng, kh nng chng mi mn, chng xi ha, mt ... Bn cnh , hnh dng nam chm cng l mt tham s rt quan trng quyt dnh im lm vic ca nam chm do hnh dng nam chm quy nh tha s kh t ca vt t, c tc ng ln n nng lng t ca nam chm.
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Nam chm vnh cu im yu chung ca cc nam chm t him l c gi thnh cao (do cha nhiu cc nguyn t t him t tin), c bn km (do cc nguyn t t him c tnh xy ha rt cao). V nhng im yu ny m nam chm t him tuy l loi mnh nht nhng vn khng phi l loi c s dng nhiu nht (ng sau nam chm ferit). Nam chm t hp nano L loi nam chm mi ra i t u thp k 90 ca th k 20, l loi nam chm c cu trc t hp ca 2 pha t cng v t mm kch thc nanomet. Cc pha t cng (chim t phn thp) cung cp lc khng t ln, pha t mm cung cp t ln. Tnh cht t hp ny c c l nh lin kt trao i n hi gia cc ht pha t cng v t mm kch thc nanomet. Loi nam chm ny c tnh ton c kh nng cho tch nng lng t khng l hn 3 ln so vi nam chm mnh nht hin nay l NdFeB nhng thc nghim mi ch t c rt nh so vi l thuyt v cc sn phm thc nghim mi trong giai on sn xut th nghim.
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Nam chm Vt liu t cng St t ng cong t tr
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Lin kt ngoi
History of magnetism [1]
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. rare-earth-magnets. com/ magnet_university/ history_of_magnetism. htm
Nam chm in
Nam chm in l mt dng c to t trng hay mt ngun sn sinh t trng hot ng nh t trng sinh ra bi cun dy c dng in ln chy qua. Cm ng t ca nam chm in c dn v to thnh ln nh vic s dng mt li dn t lm bng vt liu t mm c t thm ln v cm ng t bo ha cao. Khc vi nam chm vnh cu c cm ng t c nh, nam chm in c cm ng t c th thay i c nh vic iu khin dng in chy qua cun dy. Nam chm in ln u tin c pht minh bi nh in hc ngi Anh William Sturgeon (1783-1850) vo nm 1825. Nam chm in ca Sturgeon l mt li st non hnh mng nga c mt s vng dy in cun quanh. Khi cho dng in sinh ra bi mt pin nh chy qua, li st b t ha v cm ng t sinh ra mnh ht ln c mt hp st nng 7 ounce. Khi ngt dng in, t trng ca li cng bin mt
S nguyn l ca nam chm in u tin. Dng in cung cp bi ngun pin to ra t trng trong cun dy v c khuch i bi li dn t lm bng st non.
Nam chm in cun dy cng tng ng vi chiu t trng ca cc vng dy. vng dy ngoi cng , ni cc ng sc t c hng i ra khi cun dy l cc bc ca nam chm .Vng dy ngoi cng cn li , ni cc ng sc t i vo cun dy l cc nam ca nam chm (tng t nam chm vnh cu)
T Trng ca cun dy dn in c tnh cht ging nh t trng ca mt Nam Chm cng ht hay y mt t vt nm trong t trng ca cun dy .
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Khi tch in khi cun dy, T Trng khng tn ti . Cun dy khng cn ht hay y t vt Vy ch khi no cun dy dn in, cun dy tr thnh Nam Chm in T Trng ca cun dy ty thuc vo s T Cm cun dy v dng in trong cun dy B=LI T Cm cun dy t l thun vi chiu di, s vng qun v t l nghch vi din tch ca cun dy
Nam chm t him c t bo ha khng cao, v c nhit Curie rt cao v suy gim phm cht theo nhit thp nn thng c s dng trong cc ng dng nhit cao v do thng c gi vi tn chung l nam chm nhit cao[2] , [3] .. Hp cht SmCo5 c pht minh bi Karl J. Strnat (U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory) ln u tin vo nm 1966 vi tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max t 18 MGOe. SmCo5 thuc nhm hp cht RCo5 (R thng c dng k hiu cc nguyn t t him, c cu trc tinh th lc gic. SmCo5 c hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 11,9.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 840 kA/m v Phn b th trng nam chm vnh cu trn th gii nm 1999, nam chm NdFeB chim nhit Curie TC = 1003 K, trng d 37% th phn hng HA = 28,6 T. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 28,5 MGOe (220 kJ/m3). Hp cht Sm2Co17 c Karl J. Strnat v Dr. Alden Ray pht minh nm 1972 vi tch nng lng t cc i ti 30 MGOe. H vt liu ny c cu trc tng t nh SmCo5, nhng c s khc bit v thng s t ni ti. Hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 10.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 990 kA/m v nhit Curie TC = 958 K. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 41,3 MGOe (331 kJ/m3). [4] . Trong cc nghin cu hin nay v nam chm nhit cao, ngi ta pha tp thm cc nguyn t khc (Fe, Cu, Zr...) ci tin cu trc v tnh cht nhm nng cao nhit Curie cng nh phm cht t ca h vt liu ny[5] ,[6]
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Hp cht
Hng s mng a (nm) 0,877 0,882 0,882 0,880 0,879 0,877 0,875 0,875 0,874 0.874 0,877
Hng s mng c (nm) 1,211 1,225 1,224 1,215 1,209 1,205 1,200 1,199 1,196 1,195 1,204
Mt
T bo ha Ms (kG) 11,6 14,3 15,6 13,3 8,6 0,64 6,5 8,6 9.3 10,9 12,8
Trng d hng HA (kG) 44,25 125 150 -76,25 350 312,5 250 --25,3
Nhit Curie TC (K) 424 564 585 612 661 639 602 576 554 541 565
Ce2Fe14B Pr2Fe14B Nd2Fe14B Sm2Fe14B Gd2Fe14B Tb2Fe14B Dy2Fe14B Ho2Fe14B Er2Fe14B Tm2Fe14B Y2Fe14B
7,81 7,47 7,55 7,73 7,85 7,93 8,02 8,05 8,24 8,13 6,98
y l h vt liu c pht minh vo nm 1983 bi ng thi 2 nc l M (J. J. Croat[8] ) v Nht Bn (M. Sagawa[9] ]) l hp cht Nd2Fe14B v cho n hin nay Nd2Fe14B vn l loi nam chm vnh cu tt nht vi d hng t tinh th K1 = 9,4.106 J/m3, tch nng lng t cc i c th t ti 64 MGOe ( sn xut thng phm t 57 MGOe).
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Nam chm vnh cu Vt liu t cng D hng t tinh th
Nc t
Nc t (ting Anh: ferrofluid), vit y l nc st t (ferromagnetic fluid) hoc cht lng t (magnetic fluid), l mt loi cht lng c t tnh. Hu ht cc vt liu c tnh st t u l cc vt liu trng thi rn nh l cc nam chm vnh cu, nam chm in bi v, ni chung, cc vt liu t c nhit Curie (nhit m ti vt liu mt i tnh cht st t chuyn sang tnh thun t) nh hn nhiu nhit nng chy ca chng. nhit rt thp, Helium3 c t tnh khi nhit di 2,7 mK. nhit rt cao, hp kim dng lng c thnh phn Co80Pd20 Mt l nc t nm bn trn nh hng ca mt nam chm cho thy cc mi ni cng c t tnh tt. Tuy nhin, cc cht ln khng th c nhng ng dng thc t. Nc t l cht t duy nht trng thi lng trong iu kin bnh thng. Khng ging nh He3 v Co80Pd20, nc t l mt cht lng c cu trc, l mt sn phm hon ton nhn to m t trc n nay, ngi ta cha thy c trong t nhin.
Nc t
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Thnh phn ca nc t
Cht lng bnh thng c to thnh t cc phn t hoc cc ion. Cc phn t to nn nc t li hon ton khc, bn cnh cc phn t v ion, nc t cn c mt thnh phn, l cc ht cht rn c kch thc vi chc cho n vi trm nm. Nc t gm ba thnh phn chnh l ht t tnh (cht rn), cht bao ph v mt (cn gi l cht hot ha b mt, l cht rn hoc cht lng) v dung mi (cht lng). Cc ht t cn c phn tn trong cht lng to nn mt th c gi l huyn ph c th c c cc tnh cht c bit.
Ht t tnh
Ht t tnh l thnh phn quan trng nht trong nc t, tnh cht c bit ca nc t ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht ca ht t. Ht t c kch thc t vi nm (nanmt) n vi chc nm. Bt k mt vt liu no u hng ng di tc ng ca mt t trng (thng c k hiu l H) bn ngoi th hin bng mt i lng vt l c gi l t (cn gi l t ha, thng c k hiu l M). i lng vt l = M/H c gi l cm t ca vt liu. Ty theo cch m vt liu hng ng t trng ngoi m ngi ta chia thnh vt liu thun t, nghch t, st t, ferri t v phn st t. Vt liu thun t l vt liu c 10 ; vt liu thun t c dng, gi tr ca
-6 -6
nh v dng, c rt ln v
c th ln hn vt liu thun t hng vn ln. Ta qui nh, vt liu t tnh l vt liu st t, ferri
t v phn st t. i vi vt liu st t v ferri t, kch thc ht ca vt liu cn nh hng mnh n t tnh ca chng. Khi kch thc gim n mt gi tr ti hn ph thuc vo tng vt liu, tnh st t b mt i m thay vo , vt liu tn ti mt trng thi t tnh khc c gi l siu thun t. i vi nc t, cc ht t tnh l st t hoc siu thun t. Chng c to thnh t cc hp cht ca cc kim loi chuyn tip hoc kim loi t him. Nc t thng c dng nht l ht xt st -Fe2O3 (maghemite), Fe3O4 (magnetite) v t bo ha (t khi t trng ngoi ln) ln, r tin, n nh khi lm vic.
Cht bao ph b mt
Khi phn tn trong cht lng, cc ht t tnh ni trn s chu tc dng ca cc lc sau: Lc hp dn ca Tri t c xu hng lm cho cc ht lng ng. Nu c mt gradient t trng th cc ht s c xu hng co cm li vng c t trng ln. Lc Van der Walls v lc lng cc t lm cho cc ht kt t li vi nhau. h trng thi huyn ph th cc ht phi c mt nng lng chuyn ng nhit (chuyn ng Brown) thng c nng lng hp dn v nng lng tng tc t. Nng lng chuyn ng nhit: kBT Nng lng hp dn ca tri t: Nng lng tng tc t: 0mH Vgl l s khc bit v khi lng ring ca ht t tnh
0
v cht lng; g l gia tc trng trng; l l cao ca cht lng trong trng hp dn; tch ca ht).
l t thm ca chn
khng; m l m men t ca ht t tnh (m = MSV, vi MS l t bo ha ca vt liu to nn ht t tnh, V l th Nu nng lng nhit khng thng nng lng hp dn v nng lng t th ngi ta phi b sung cho cc ht nhng loi nng lng mi nh nng lng tnh in hoc nng lng y khng gian (steric force). Nng lng tnh in c th xut hin do b mt cc ht b tch in cng du s y nhau. Nng lng y khng gian thng xuyn c s dng phn tn cc ht. N xut hin do ht c bao ph bi mt lp b mt nh l cc cht hot ha b mt, cao phn t,... Cht hot ha b mt c dng ph bin nht v phn t cht hot ha b mt l mt phn t di gm mt u b phn cc nh cc nhm chc -COOH, -NH2,... v mt u khng b phn cc gm cc chui hyrccbon. Khi c mt trong nc t, ty vo bn cht dung mi m cc u cc ht ny s bm ln b mt ht t tnh hoc quay ra dung mi to nn mt lc y khng gian gia cc ht.
Nc t
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Dung mi
Dung mi l mi trng cha ht t v cht bao ph b mt. Nu t tnh ca nc t do ht t quyt nh th tnh lng ca n do dung mi quyt nh. Dung mi c th l cc cht phn cc nh nc, cn,.. hoc cc cht khng phn cc nh du, dung mi hu c. Dung mi c th c nht rt khc nhau hoc c th c kh nng bay hi di iu kin bnh thng cng khc nhau. Ty thuc vo cc ng dng c th m ngi ta dng dung mi thch hp. Cc ng dng sinh ha thng dng dung mi l nc v nc c tnh tng hp sinh hc. Vi cc ng dng vt l, dung mi thng dng l du v du rt n nh trong mi trng lm vic.
Permalloy
Permalloy l tn gi chung ca cc hp kim ca Niken v St, c thnh phn hp thc l vi gi tr x thay i t 20% n 85%. Trong cc sch v t hc v trong k thut, ngi ta gi tn ca hp kim ny tng ng vi t l niken, v d Permalloy75 l hp kim permalloy c cha 75% nguyn t l niken (hay Ni75Fe25). Hp kim permally l hp kim c t tnh, thng c s dng trong cc ng dng v t hc. Tn gi permalloy xut pht t ch ghp per (trong ch permeability, c ngha l t thm), vi t alloy c ngha l hp kim, do permalloy l hp kim c t thm rt cao. Permalloy vi t l 75% nguyn t niken c gi l permalloy chun (Standard permalloy). Permalloy c pha tp mt s nguyn t khc (v d nh Mlipen - Mo) c gi l Supermalloy. Trong k thut, Permalloy thng c vit tt l Py.
Permalloy Permalloy l mt vt liu t mm in hnh vi tnh t mm rt tt: c t thm rt cao (c t thm ban u - c th t ti 10.000 vi Permalloy75 v t thm cc i - c th t ti 300.000 ln), lc khng t rt nh (c th ti 1 A/m), nhng li c t bo ha thp, nhn chung t bo ha gim theo hm lng Ni[6] . Permalloy l vt liu c bn v do dai cao, kh nng chng n mn, chng xi ha, chng mi mn rt tt. Do mang bn cht kim loi, permalloy c in tr sut rt thp. Hp kim permalloy c c th cho hiu ng t in tr khong 5% nhit phng.
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K thut ch to v x l permalloy
Permalloy l mt hp kim c nhit nng chy trung bnh (xung quanh 1100oC) do n c th d dng c to ra bng cc k thut luyn kim: Nng chy cm ng Nng chy h quang L in Luyn kim bt
to ra cc tnh cht t nh mong mun, ngi ta cn p dng cc k thut ch to v x l sau khi to ra hp kim: Cn nng, cn lnh X l nhit trong t trng, trong kh hydro Mng mng permalloy c th d dng to ra bng cc k thut mng mng: M in Bc bay nhit trong chn khng Phn x catt Lng ng chm laser Epitaxy chm phn t
S ph thuc ca t bo ha vo hm lng Ni trong cc hp kim permalloy
ng dng ca permalloy
Cc vt liu dng khi c s dng trong cc li bin th, cc cun chn, li dn t cht lng cao s dng trong t trng tn s thp do hp kim permalloy l hp kim c tnh cht t mm tuyt vi. Tuy nhin n khng th s dng trong ng dng cao tn do c in tr sut thp. Cc mng mng permalloy c s dng trong cc cm bin t trng, cc u c ca a cng, cc cu trc nano nhn to... Mng mng permalloy hin nay ang l mt trong nhng vt liu c nghin cu mnh m nht cho cc ng dng spintronic s dng cc vt liu st t kim loi.
Permalloy
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Hp kim T hc Vt liu t mm
Cu trc v ch to perovskite
Cu trc perovskit
Cng thc phn t chung ca cc hp cht perovskite l ABO3 vi A v B l cc in (cation) c bn knh khc nhau. v tr ca in xy, c th l mt s nguyn t khc, nhng ph bin nht vn l xy. Ty theo nguyn t v tr B m c th phn thnh nhiu h khc nhau, v d nh h manganite khi B = Mn, h titanat khi B = Ti hay h cobaltit khi B = Co...
Perovskit (cu trc) Thng thng, bn knh in A ln hn so vi B. Cu trc ca perovskite thng l bin th t cu trc lp phng vi cc cation A nm nh ca hnh lp phng, c tm l cation B. Cation ny cng l tm ca mt bt din to ra bi cc anion O. Cu trc tinh th c th thay i t lp phng sang cc dng khc nh trc giao hay trc thoi khi cc in A hay B b thay th bi cc nguyn t khc m hnh thc ging nh vic mng tinh th b bp mo i, gi l mo mng Jahn-Teller.
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K thut ch to
Do perovskite l mt vt liu gm nn cc ch to perovskite ph bin nht l k thut gm, hay cn gi l k thut phn ng pha rn. Cc nguyn liu ban u l cc xit ca cc kim loi c nghin trn trong thi gian di to s ng nht, sau c p thnh vin v nung thiu kt nhit cao to ra phn ng perovskite ha (phn ng pha rn). Phng php ny c u im l r tin, n gin, d dng to ra vt liu vi khi lng ln. Ngoi ra, perovskite c th c ch to bng cc phng php phn ng ha hc khc nhau v d nh phng php sol-gel, phng php ng kt ta, vi u im l cho vt liu c cht lng cao nhng li hn ch kh nng to vt liu vi khi lng ln.
Tnh cht in
C nhiu perovskite l cc cht st in th hin tnh cht nhit in tr ln [2] . Nh s pha tp, tnh cht dn in ca perovskite c th thay i t tnh cht in mi sang tnh dn kiu bn dn, hoc thm ch mang tnh dn kiu kim loi, hoc tnh cht in c bit l trt t in tch, trng thi m cc ht ti dn b c lp bi cc in t tnh [3] , [4] . Ngoi ra, nhiu perovskite c th mang tnh cht siu dn nhit cao [5] .
nh SEM ca mu gm perovskite La0,2Ca0,8MnO3 (ch to ti Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni) v cc ng cong t nhit th hin cc vng tnh cht khc nhau ca vt liu: st t trong di nhit t 200 K n 300 K, phn st t di 200 K.
Tnh cht t
Thng thng, perovskite mang tnh cht phn st t nhng tnh cht ny c th b bin i thnh st t nh s pha tp cc nguyn t khc nhau. S pha tp cc nguyn t dn n vic to ra cc in mang ha tr khc nhau v tr B, to ra c ch tng tc trao i gin tip sinh ra tnh st t. iu c bit l tnh cht t c th thay i trong nhiu trng thi khc nhau cng mt vt liu [1] [4] . Khi trng thi st t, perovskite c th tn ti hiu ng t in tr siu khng l [1] , hoc hiu ng t nhit khng l [6] hoc trng thi thy tinh - spin nhit thp, trng thi m cc spin b tn ti trong trng thi hn n v b ng bng bi qu trnh lm lnh [7] .
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ng dng
Do c nhiu c tnh in - t - ha khc nhau nn perovskite c mt trong rt nhiu ng dng [8] v c coi l mt trong nhng vt liu rt l th. Nh vt l ngi n C. N. R. Rao tng pht biu rng perovskite l tri tim ca vt l cht rn [9] . Vi tnh cht t in tr siu khng l, perovskite rt ha hn cho cc linh kin spintronics v cc cm bin t siu nhy. Vi nhiu tnh cht c bit nh siu dn nhit cao, st in... perovskite rt hu ch cho nhiu linh kin in t. Ngoi ra, perovskite vi cc tnh cht hp ph v xc tc cn c s dng trong cc pin nhin liu.
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Gm T in tr siu khng l Hiu ng t nhit Tng tc trao i
Lin kt ngoi
"Cubic Perovskite Structure" (http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/e2_1.html) perovskites at NCSU (http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php/Perovskite)
Spin valve
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Spin valve
Spin valve (cha c tn gi ring trong ting Vit) l mt linh kin t tnh cu to t mt mng mng a lp gm cc lp st t ngn cch bi cc lp phi t m in tr ca h thay i ph thuc vo s nh hng ca t trong cc lp st t. Tnh cht ca spin valve da trn hiu ng t in tr khng l v c ng dng trong cc u c cng my tnh. Spin valve c coi l th h linh kin spintronic th nht.
Vi m hnh ny, khi t t trng ngoi ch c t ca lp t do b quay theo t trng ngoi do hiu ng t in tr hu nh ch ph thuc vo t lp bn trn. T ca lp ghim bn di ch b quay i khi c t trng
Spin valve ngoi lp ph v lin kt vi lp phn st t. Vi cu trc ny, ng cong t in tr ca h tr nn thay i nhy bc sc nt v ng cong t tr ca h cng tr nn khc vi thng thng vi dng ng tr dch do s lin kt gia hai lp st t-phn st t vi hnh nh ng cong t tr b dch i mt qung v pha t trng m gi l trng trao i dch (exchange-bias field)[3] .
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Cu hnh CPP ang l mi quan tm ln ca cc nh nghin cu trong ng dng spintronics v kh nng to ra cc linh kin mt v cht lng cao hn, tuy nhin cu hnh CIP li chim u th do vic ch to cng nh hot ng rt n gin.
ng tr dch do lin kt trao i gia hai lp st t v phn st t. trn nhit Neel, khng c s dch ng tr do khng c tnh st t. di nhit Neel, lin kt st t-phn st t to nn ng cong t tr b dch i mt khong.
Ch thch
[1] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Eitenne, g. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v61/ i21/ p2472_1) [2] G. Binasch, P. Grnberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn, Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange, Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1) [3] Theory of exchange bias (http:/ / cnst. nist. gov/ epg/ Projects/ Theory/ theory_exbias. html)
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St t Phn st t T in tr khng l Spintronics
Terfenol-D
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Terfenol-D
Terfenol-D l mt loi hp kim cha cc kim loi terbi, st v dysprosi vi cng thc phn t (Tb0,3Dy0,7)1Fe1,9, c pht trin t nhng nm 1950, l loi hp kim c h s t gio ln nht nhit phng tng c bit v c ng dng rng ri cho n nay. Tn ca Terfenol-D c t tn theo cc kim loi Terbi, Fe, NOL l tn vit tt ni pht trin vt liu (Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Hoa K) v D l t kim loi Dysprosi[1] .
Nhit nng chy (C) 1.240 in tr sut (Ohm.cm) t thm Nhit Curie (oC) H s t gio (10-6) 0,0000600 4,5-10,0 357-380 1500-2000
ng dng v cc ci tin
Terfel-D l mt vt liu t gio in hnh (c h s t gio nhit phng cao nht tng c to ra cho n nay)[4] , c ng dng rng ri trong cc ng dng chuyn i nng lng c-t nh: trong cc h thng nh v thy m v cm bin ca hi qun, trong thit b SoundBug (ng dng thng mi u tin ca n) cng nh trong cc thit b c-t khc; hay cc cm bin o gia tc, cm bin c o dch chuyn c hc, cc my pht siu m - t gio, cc linh kin vi c trong cc b vi c in t (MEMS). Hin nay, Terfenol-D c sn xut thnh thng phm rng ri [5] . Nu c to dng mng mng, Terfenol-D c th t h s t gio ti 400.10-6.
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St t T gio Terbi
Terfenol-D
[5] J. D. Snodgrass and O.D. McMasters, Optimized TERFENOL-D manufacturing processes, J. All. Comp. 258 (1997) 24-29. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ S0925-8388(97)00067-4)
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Lin kt ngoi
Terfenol-D data (http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/)
Nguyn l ca DPC
DPC hot ng ging nh mt STEM, ngi ta hi t chm in t thnh mt chm hi t rt hp v iu khin qut qua mu. Thng thng, gc lch ca chm in t truyn qua mu l rt nh, do khi s dng chm in t hi t qut trn mu, chm in t truyn qua s b lch gc ln hn, do S khi nguyn l ca k thut DPC nng cao kh nng kho st tng phn v t tnh. Bn di mu, ngi ta s dng cun dy hy qut v dng mt detector c 4 gc (gi l quadrant detector) ghi li chm in t bn di. Khi , tn hiu thu c s l 4 tn hiu t 4 detector con, v tng phn v cm ng t thu c nh vic ly hiu (vi sai) gia cc detector i din. Mt DPC thng c 2 lp detector 4 gc. Lp trong (E,F,G,H) l cc detector ghi nh khi thc hin ch hot ng vi phng di nh, s dng chm tia c kch thc ln. Lp ngoi (A,B,C,D) l 4 detector ghi nh phng i ln, s dng chm tia c hi t rt hp. nh tng phn t l 2 nh vi sai t cc cp detector i din (E-G, F-H phng i nh, hay A-C, B-D phng i ln) s tng ng vi tng phn v cm ng t theo 2 trc ta vung gc (Bx, By).
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Khi nim v hin vi tng phn pha vi sai ln u tin c nu vo nm 1974 bi N. H. Dekker v H. de Lang [1] v sau c nhm nghin cu ca John Chapman (i hc Glasgow, Vng quc Anh) pht trin thnh k thut DPC trong knh hin vi Lorentz vo nm 1983 [2] , [3] , v n nay DPC Detector ca DPC v cp nh vi sai cho tng phn v cm ng t ca mu vt NiFe tr thnh mt trong nhng k thut ghi li trn knh hin vi Phillips CM20 chp nh t mnh nht c kh nng cho nh vi phn gii rt cao v cht lng cao ng thi d dng phn tch thng tin. nh DPC cho trc tip tng phn v cm ng t trong cc men t (cc tng phn trng-en tng ng vi chiu ca cm ng t) ng thi rt mnh trong vic kho st tnh cht vch men. DPC l ch ghi nh in-focus.
c im ca nh DPC
DPC cho 2 nh vi sai (t tn hiu vi sai 2 cp detector i din) tng ng vi s tng phn v cm ng t theo hai trc ta vung gc (hai thnh phn cm ng t Bx, By). Cc mu sc trn nh tng ng vi ln ca cm ng t (mu trng cho gi tr dng cc i v mu en cho gi tr m cc tiu, mu xm nht cho gi tr 0). Vch men c xc nh t bin gii ngn cch gia hai vng c s tng phn v cm ng t. Nh vy, nh DPC cho hnh nh v cc men t (tri vi [[nh Fresnel cho hnh nh v cc vch men) v do rt d dng v ra s phn b ca cm ng t trong mu mng. nh DPC l nh v tr ly nt (in focus), do hon ton khng b nhiu bi cc vn giao thoa Fresnel. i vi cc mu mng mng st t a tinh th, nh DPC cng c th cho hnh nh cc gn sng ging nh nh Fresnel v tnh cht ca ph gn sng cng hon ton tng t nh trong nh Fresnel. DPC c hai ch hot ng. Ch phng i thp, hot ng khi na bn trn ca thu knh Lorentz c tt v chm tia hi t gc hi t ln, kch thc chm tia ln (thng xung quanh 20-45 nm) v s dng h detector nh bn trong ghi nh, do cho phn gii t 20-45 nm, nhng li cho tng phn rt tt, cht lng nh cao. ch phng i ln, na thu knh Lorentz bn trn c hot ng v chm tia c hi t thnh im rt nh (c 1 nm) nn nh thu c c phn gii rt cao (t 1-5 nm) nhng ngc li, tng phn li km so vi ch phng i thp. Ch ny thng dng o vch men hoc cc tnh cht ca linh kin rt nh.
u im v hn ch ca DPC
u im ca DPC
DPC rt d dng cho nh cu trc t vi cht lng cao v phn gii rt cao. DPC c th n gin thng dch v ra bn phn b cm ng t trong mu v tnh ton nh lng v cm ng t, o kch thc vch men vi chnh xc cao mt cch d dng. So vi cc k thut s dng ch qut khc, DPC l k thut ghi nh nhanh nht.
Hn ch ca DPC
DPC hot ng ch qut nn n ghi nh chm hn so vi ch nh Fresnel hay cc k thut quang khc. DPC i hi qu trnh ci t sp xp phc tp v h detector rt t tin. DPC i hi mu mng, sch nn hn ch qu trnh ch to.
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Knh hin vi Lorentz Knh hin vi in t truyn qua qut nh Fresnel
T in tr chui hm
T in tr chui hm hay T in tr xuyn hm, (ting Anh: Tunnelling magnetoresistance, thng vit tt l TMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr xy ra trong cc mng mng a lp c cc lp st t c ngn cch bi cc lp in mi.
M t hiu ng
T in tr chui hm hiu n gin l s thay i ln ca in tr sut xy ra cc tip xc t chui hm, l cc mng mng vi cc lp mng mng st t c ngn cch bi lp in mi, ng vai tr lp ro ngn cch chuyn ng ca in t. Khi chiu dy lp in mi mng, hiu ng chui hm lng t s xy ra, cho php in t xuyn qua ro th ca lp in mi, to thnh s dn in, v do s tn x trn cc lp st t, in tr ca mng s b thay i ty theo s nh hng ca mmen t ca cc lp st t. Hiu ng t in tr chui hm thc C ch to hiu ng t in tr chui hm trong cc tip xc t chui hm cht c pht hin t nm 1975 bi nhm nghin cu ca Michel Julliere khi pht hin ra hiu ng ny xy ra trong h mng a lp Fe/Ge/Co, xy ra nhit thp ti 4,2 Kelvin vi lp germanium (Ge) ng vai tr l mt lp in mi[1] . Hiu ng TMR nhit phng c pht hin ln u tin vo nm 1995 bi nhm nghin cu ca Jagadeesh Moodera trn cc mng mng CoFe/Al2O3/Co vi Al2O3 ng vai tr lp cch in, cho hiu ng MR ti 11,8% nhit phng[2] v nhm nghin cu c lp Nht Bn lnh o bi Terunobu Miyazaki[3] , tm thy hiu ng TMR t ti 18% nhit phng v 30% 4,2 Kelvin trong mng a lp Fe/Al2O3/Fe. i vi cc tip xc t chui hm c 2 lp st t kp gia bi mt lp in mi, t s t in tr (trong trng hp ny s dng l TMR) ph thuc vo phn cc spin ca 2 lp ( ), v c cho bi cng thc[4] :
T in tr chui hm
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ng dng ca t in tr chui hm
Cng vi cc thnh tu v hiu ng GMR, hiu ng TMR l tr ct pht trin ca cng ngh spintronic. Cc tip xc t chui hm ang c s dng trong cc linh kin th h spintronic th nht, in hnh l cc b nh RAM t in tr (MRAM) khng t xa, cc transistor s dng tip xc spin chui hm v trong cc cm bin cht lng cao...
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Hiu ng t in tr T in tr khng l Spintronics
T in tr d hng
T in tr d hng (ting Anh: Anisotropic magnetoresistance, vit tt l AMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr m t s t in tr (s thay i ca in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng ngoi) ph thuc vo hng ca dng in (khng ng hng trong mu), m bn cht l s ph thuc ca in tr vo gc tng i gia t v dng in. y chnh l hiu ng c William Thomson pht hin vo nm 1856[1] .
Lch s v m t hiu ng
Hiu ng AMR ln u tin c William Thomson, mt gio s i hc Glasgow (Scotland, Vng quc Anh) vo nm 1856. Trong bi bo cng b trn tp san ca Hip hi Hong gia Anh (Proceedings of Royal Society), William Thomson ch ra s thay i ca in tr ca cc mu vt dn kim loi st t l Niken v St di tc dng ca t trng ngoi ca mt nam chm in c th t ti 3-5% nhit phng. Ngoi ra, s thay i ny cn ph thuc vo phng o, gc tng i gia cng dng in (ca b o in tr) v t trng ngoi, hay chiu ca t ha ca mu. y l pht hin u tin v hiu ng t in tr v tn gi hiu ng t in tr d hng (AMR) sau ny c t vo nm 1951 bi J. Smit[2] . Hiu ng AMR ch xy ra trong cc mu kim loi st t (c th t ti 5% nhit phng trong vt liu permalloy-90 (Ni90Fe10)) hoc trong mt s cht bn dn hoc bn kim (c xy ra hiu ng Hall ln d thng (v d nh trn Bismut..) nhng kh nh. Trong t hc, ngi ta c trng cho tnh cht t in tr d hng bi bin thin in tr sut theo hai phng song song v vung gc vi t trng[3] , [4] :
T in tr d hng
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vi:
L thuyt v hiu ng AMR ln u tin c gii thch vo nm 1971 bi m hnh tn x in t trn cc in t dn ca G. T. Meaden (Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada)[5] : hin tng t in tr y ch yu b tri phi bi s thay i khi lng hiu dng ca in t khi tn x trn cc vng nng lng, v gi tr t s AMR c th ph thuc vo bc hai ca t trng:
vi , e l thi gian hi phc v in tch ca in t, m1, m2 l khi lng hiu dng trn cc vng nng lng.
vi RDW, Rsat l in tr ca mu khi c vch men v khi trng thi bo ha t; l in tr d hng, l l dy vch men, w, t ln lt l chiu rng v dy ca mu.
ng dng
AMR c s dng trong cc sensor o t trng, sensor AMR rt hu ch trong vic o t trng Tri t. AMR trc y s dng trong u c ca cng my tnh, sau b thay th bi cc u c s dng hiu ng GMR. Gn y AMR li hi sinh tr li vi vic xy dng cc linh kin vch men v s dng t in tr vch men. Hiu ng AMR c bit hu ch cho vic o c vn chuyn cc vch men trong cc dy nano (xc nh s xut hin, o hiu ng t in tr vch men, o tc chuyn ng ca vch men...).
T in tr d hng
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T in tr T in tr khng l T in tr sut Vch men
T in tr khng l
Hiu ng t in tr khng l (ting Anh: Giant magnetoresistance, vit tt l GMR) l s thay i ln ca in tr cc vt liu t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Tn gi gc ting Anh ca GMR l "Giant magnetoresistance", dch sang ting Vit cn cha thng nht (gia t "ln" hay "khng l") do vic so snh vi tn gi mt hiu ng t in tr khc c tn ting Anh l "Colossal magnetoresistance" (T "Colossal" c ngha cn ln hn vi "Giant"). V th, nhng nh nghin cu khoa hc vt liu, vt l cht rn Vit Nam gi tt chung hiu ng ny l GMR. ln ca GMR c th hin qua t s t in tr:
Kt qu v hiu ng t in tr khng l trong cc siu mng Fe/Cr pht hin bi nhm ca Albert Fert
T in tr khng l
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Lch s ca GMR
GMR l mt hiu ng t in tr nhng l mt hiu ng lng t khc vi hiu ng t in tr thng thng c nghin cu t cui th k 19. Hiu ng ny ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1988. Nhm nghin cu ca Albert Fert i hc Paris-11 trn cc siu mng Fe(001)/Cr(001) cho t s t tr ti vi chc %. Nhm nghin cu ca Peter Grnberg Trung tm Nghin cu Jlich (c) pht hin ng ny trn mng mng kiu "bnh kp" (sandwich) 3 lp Fe(12nm/Cr(1 nm)/Fe(12 nm) ch to bng phng php epitaxy chm phn t trn GaAs. Hai tc gi ny nhn gii thng Nobel Vt l nm 2007 cho pht minh ny. y l hai nhm c lp nghin cu v pht hin ra hiu ng GMR trn cc mng a lp c cc lp st t b phn cch bi lp phn st t hoc phi t, ng thi a ra cc gi thit gii thch hiu ng ny. Nm 1992, nhm ca A. E. Berkowitz (i hc California, San Diego, M) pht hin ra hiu ng GMR trn cc mng hp kim d th Co-Cu vi cu trc l cc ht Co siu thun t trn nn Cu c t s t tr t ti hn 20%. Cc nghin cu v sau tip tc pht trin v l gii hiu ng ny, v tnh t "khng l" khng cn c hiu theo ngha ln ca hiu ng t in tr na, m hiu theo c ch to nn hiu ng: l c ch tn x ph thuc spin ca in t.
C ch ca hiu ng GMR
in tr ca cc cht rn c to ra do s tn x ca in t, v c cc ng gp cho s tn x ny gm: Tn x trn mng tinh th do dao ng mng tinh th gi l tn x trn phonon. Tn x trn spin ca cc phn t mang t tnh, gi l tn x trn magnon. Tn x trn sai hng mng tinh th (defect). Gn y cn c cc nghin cu ch ra s tn x ca in t trn cc polaron t gii thch hiu ng CMR. Nh vy, hiu ng GMR c c l do s tn x ca in t trn magnon. Khi c cc phn t mang t tnh (v d cc lp st t trong cc mng a lp hay cc ht siu thun t trong cc mng hp kim d th) c s nh hng khc nhau v mmen t (do tc ng ca t trng ngoi), s dn n s thay i v tnh cht tn x ca in t v do M hnh hai dng ca Mott gii thch hiu ng GMR s lm thay i in tr ca cht rn. Mt cch chnh xc hn, hiu ng GMR trong cc mng a lp c gii thch bng m hnh hai dng in ca Mott ( ra t nm 1936). M hnh hai dng L khi nim c xut nm 1935 bi Mott gii thch cc tnh cht bt thng ca in tr trong cc kim loi st t. Mott cho rng nhit thp sao cho tn x trn magnon nh th cc dng chuyn di in t chim a s (c spin song song vi t ) v thiu s (c spin i song song vi t ) s khng b pha trn trong qu trnh tn x. S dn in c th coi l tng hp ca hai dng c lp v khng cn bng ca hai loi spin c chiu khc nhau.
T in tr khng l Cc lp phn st t (v d Cr) hay phi t (v d Cu) ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc lp st t, khin cho mmen t ca cc lp st t phi c s nh hng khc nhau sao cho c s cn bng v t . S tc ng ca t trng ngoi dn n vic thay i s nh hng ca mmen t mi lp, dn n s thay i v dng dn ca cc spin phn cc, v dn n s thay i v in tr sut.
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Hiu ng t in tr Spintronics
Ch thch
[1] http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1 [2] http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v68/ i25/ p3745_1
T in tr siu khng l
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T in tr siu khng l
T in tr siu khng l (ting Anh: Colossal magnetoresistance, vit tt l CMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr xy ra trong cc vt liu gm, xit c cu trc kiu perovskite m trong s thay i ca in tr sut ca vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi t ti vi cp so vi gi tr ban u ca n. Trong thut ng ting Vit, tn gi ca CMR cha c thng nht do s so snh vi hiu ng t in tr khng l (GMR). Nu hiu ng GMR c dch sang ting Vit l T in tr ln th CMR c gi l 'T in tr Cu trc tinh th ca vt liu gm kiu perovskite c kh nng cho hiu ng CMR khng l. y l vn mang tnh cht ng ngha, khng lm thay i bn cht vt l ca hiu ng. V th, thun tin, nhng ngi lm cng tc nghin cu vt l Vit Nam thng ch gi tt l Hiu ng CMR.
T in tr siu khng l Nu v tr A ch c mt nguyn t kim loi kim th th khng c s pha trn ha tr ca cc in v tr B, do n mang tnh phn st t. Nhng khi pha tp thm cc nguyn t t him (c ha tr 3) th s to ra s mt cn bng v ha tr trong cc in B. Hn na, s pha tp ny to ra s bin dng ca mng tinh th (mo mng Jall-Teller). y l c ch thay i tnh cht t ca perovskite. V nhiu tc gi cho rng hiu ng CMR bt ngun t c ch ny[2] . Tuy nhin, c ch DE - SE thc ra cha l gii mt cch tha ng hiu ng CMR. Gn y, c tc gi li xut c ch da trn polaron t[3] , [4] , cho rng: khi t t trng vo vt liu, kch thc ca cc polaron t pht trin dn n s thay i kh nng tp trung cc in t trong qu trnh vn chuyn, hay ni n gin l s tng tc gia in t vi cc polaron t do thay i tnh cht in ca vt liu. Nhn chung, c ch ca CMR cn gy nhiu tranh ci trong cng ng vt l v do n tr thnh mt hiu ng hp dn c v mt nghin cu c bn ln kh nng ng dng. Cng vi cc hiu ng GMR v TMR, hiu ng CMR cng l mt nn tng cho s pht trin ca cng ngh spintronic trong tng lai. Hin ti, CMR c s dng hiu qu trong cc cm bin i hi nhy cao v di lm vic rng do s thay i in tr sut ln trong qu trnh t t trng.
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Hiu ng t in tr T in tr khng l T in tr chui hm Perovskite
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Chng 3: ng dng
Thu knh t
Thu knh t (ting Anh: Magnetic lens) l mt loi thu knh hay mt loi thit b dng hi t hoc lm lch chm ht mang in tch (v d nh in t, in...) di tc dng ca lc t do t trng trong thu knh tc dng ln chm ht. Kh nng hi t hoc lm lch chm ht c th thay i nh vic thay i t trng trong thu knh. Thu knh t c s dng trong cc thit b iu khin chm ht, m nhiu nht l trong cc knh hin vi in t, ng tia catt...
Cu trc ct ngang ca mt thu knh t s dng trong knh hin vi in t truyn qua.
Thu knh t
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Sc sai
Sc sai lin quan n s km n sc trong bc sng ca chm ht mang in. Mt chm ht mang in chuyn ng s tng ng vi mt b sng c nhiu bc sng khc nhau, hay bn cht l do mi ht mang in s c ng nng khc nhau. Do , cc sng c bc sng khc nhau s hi t ti cc tiu im khc nhau, to ra mt a tn rng ti thiu trn mt phng tiu (hiu Hai loi quang sai, sc sai (a): chm ht c bc sng khc nhau do chm tia dng) ca thu knh, thay v l chm tia song song khng hi t ti mt im m to thnh mt a, cu sai (b): chm tia song song hi t ti mt im nh nguyn l cng xa trc chnh cng b km hi t. ca quang hnh hc. Trn thc t, sc sai l quang sai tn ti bt k dng thu knh no (k c thu knh thy tinh) do tnh cht khng n sc ca bc x. Hin nay, ngi ta c nhiu cch khc nhau khc phc iu ny, v d nh s dng chm in t pht ra t sng pht x trng c n sc rt cao, hoc s dng b lc nng lng, lm tn x i cc in t c nng lng khng mong mun, do lm tng n sc ca sng.
Cu sai
Cu sai l dng quang sai ch c trong cc thu knh t do s phn b t trng khng hon ho. S km hon ho ny dn n vic cc chm tia xa trc chnh s hi t km hn so vi cc chm tia i gn trc chnh v do cng to ra mt a tn rng thay v hi t ti mt im. Hin nay, vic loi tr cu sai ang l mt vn ln ca k thut hin vi in t nhm to ra cc knh hin vi in t truyn qua c phn gii siu cao, di mc nguyn t.
Thu knh t
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Knh hin vi in t Nam chm in
in t hc spin
in t hc spin (ting Anh: spintronics) l mt ngnh a lnh vc m mc tiu chnh l thao tc v iu khin cc bc t do ca spin trong cc h cht rn[1] . Ni mt cch n gin, spintronics l mt ngnh nghin cu mi nhm to ra cc linh kin mi da trn vic iu khin v thao tc spin ca in t.
Spin ca in t
in t c hai c tnh rt quan trng l in tch v spin. in tch ca in t c gi l in tch nguyn t v c gi tr c trng l e = 1,6.10-19 C (mang du m), v c con ngi khai thc t rt lu m c trng n gin l dng in. Cc linh kin in t truyn thng s dng in trng iu khin in tch ca in t trong cc linh kin. Spin l mt c trng ca in t, c hiu mt cch n gin l to ra t vic in t (mang in tch) chuyn ng quay quanh trc ca n ging nh Tri t v cc hnh tinh... to nn mmen ng lng spin v mmen t spin. Spin ca in t c ln l xung (spin down). Mmen t spin ca in t c gi tr: B = 9.274 009 49(80) 10-24 JTesla-1 l Magneton Bohr, n v ca mmen t, g = 2,0023 cho in t t do goi l tha s Land. Thc t m t spin nh chuyn ng quay ch l cch m t n gin mang tnh cht hnh nh nhng khng hon ton chnh xc, spin thc t l c trng ca cc ht c bn. Cc ht c bn c spin bn nguyn gi l cc fermion, chng tun theo phn b Fermi-Dirac, cn cc ht c bn c spin nguyn gi l cc boson, chng tun theo phn b Bose-Einstein. , v c th nh hng theo 2 chiu l chiu ln (spin up) v chiu
S ra i ca spintronics
S hnh thnh ca spintronics xut pht t nhng pht kin v hiu ng t in tr. Spintronics bt u ra i vi s pht hin ca hiu ng t in tr khng l (giant magnetoresistance - GMR) c pht hin vo nm 1988, ng thi bi 2 nhm nghin cu Php lnh o bi Albert Fert[2] v c do Peter Grnberg ng u[3] v hiu ng t in tr chui hm (tunneling magnetoresistance - TMR) vo nm 1995[4] . Hai tc gi ng u hai nhm ny l Albert Fert v Peter Grnberg nhn c gii thng Nobel Vt l nm 2007 cho nhng ng gp quan trng cho s hnh thnh ca spintronics trn c s pht minh v hiu ng t in tr khng l.
in t hc spin Mc tiu quan trng ca spintronics l hiu v c ch tng tc gia spin ca cc ht v mi trng cht rn, t c th iu khin c v mt cng nh s chuyn vn (transportation) ca dng spin trong vt liu. Nhng cu hi ln c t ra cho ngnh spintronics l: Cch no hiu qu nht phn cc mt h spin? Mt h spin c th nh trng thi nh hng trong bao lu? Lm th no ghi nhn spin?
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Dng phn cc spin: L khi nim c xut nm 1935 bi Mott gii thch cc tnh cht bt thng ca in tr trong cc kim loi st t. Mott cho rng nhit thp sao cho tn x trn magnon nh th cc dng chuyn di in t chim a s (c spin song song vi t ) v thiu s (c spin i song song vi t ) s khng b pha trn trong qu trnh tn x. S dn in c th coi l tng hp ca hai dng c lp v khng cn bng ca hai loi spin c chiu khc nhau. chnh l khi nim v dng phn cc spin. V m hnh ca Mott c gi l m hnh hai dng in, v sau c nhm ca Campel m rng vo nm 19367, v sau tip tc c b sung hon thin v l mt khi nim quan trng m t hiu ng t in tr cng nh cc qu trnh trong linh kin spintronics. Tim spin, bm spin: Trong mt s cht trng thi st t, mt spin up v down l cn bng nhau v khng to ra dng phn cc spin v khng hu ch cho cc linh kin spintronics. Ngi ta c th to ra cc dng phn cc spin trong cc cht ny bng cch dng cc ngun a dng phn cc spin vo t bn ngoi, gi l qu trnh tim spin (spin injection) hay bm spin (spin pumping). Truyn dn spin Tch ly spin Vo thi im hin ti, cc nghin cu v spintronics c hai xu hng:
in t hc spin
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in t hc spin
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St t T in tr T in tr khng l Spin
Lin kt ngoi
Room temperature spintronics consortium [8] B nh RAM t tr [9]
Ton nh in t
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Ton nh in t
Ton nh in t hay Ton k in t l mt k thut phn tch cu trc in t ca vt rn, c pht trin t knh hin vi in t truyn qua, da trn nguyn tc ghi li nh ton k ca chm in t tn x qua vt rn, vi chm in t gc ban u.
Nguyn l ca ton nh in t
Ton nh in t hon ton tng t vi php ton nh quang hc (c pht minh bi Dennis Gabor), ch c iu sng c s dng y l sng in t v s tn x ca sng in t c ghi li l do s tn x trn trng in t ca mu vt. thc hin php ton nh in t, ngi ta ghi li s giao thoa ca 2 chm in t kt hp c pht ra t cng mt ngun (c chia thnh hai nh b lng knh tch chm tia). to nh giao thoa cht lng cao, in t c dng phi l sng in t c pht ra t cc sng pht x trng (c n sc rt cao). Khi mt chm in t chiu qua mu vt, sng in t b lch pha do s tn x vi t trng v trng tnh in ca mu vt. V s dch pha c cho bi cng thc:
s hng u tin l thnh phn tn x trn trng tnh in, s hng th hai l tn x trn t trng. Cng thc c th vit gn li thnh[1] :
vi t;
l bc sng v th tng tc ca in
Ton nh in t
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nh ton nh ghi li trn mn nh l hnh nh giao thoa ca chm tia in t ban u v chm tia in t ( b lch pha) sau khi truyn qua vt. Cng ca nh phn b c cho bi cng thc[2] :
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Ton nh in t
[4] L. Allard, T. Nolan, D. Joy, Electron holography: A new view of materials structure, ORNL Review (http:/ / www. ornl. gov/ info/ ornlreview/ rev28-4/ text/ electron. htm)
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Ton k Knh hin vi in t truyn qua Knh hin vi Lorentz
Knh hin vi lc t
Knh hin vi lc t (ting Anh: Magnetic Force Microscope, thng vit tt l MFM) l mt loi knh hin vi thuc nhm knh hin vi qut u d (SPM), c s dng xy dng hnh nh s phn b ca tnh cht t trn b mt vt rn da trn vic ghi nhn lc tng tc (lc t) gia mi d t tnh vi b mt ca mu.
Nguyn l hot ng
V mt nguyn l, MFM hot ng tng t nh AFM. Mi d qut trn b mt mu c s dng l vt liu t tnh khi qut trn b mt mu s c s tng tc vi cc thnh phn t tnh trn b mt, qua v bn phn b cc thnh phn t tnh b mt, m c th y l cu trc men ca vt rn[1] . Lc tng tc t gia mi d v b mt vt rn c xc nh bi[2] :
vi mu vt.
Knh hin vi lc t
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u im v hn ch
u im ca MFM: MFM l thit b dng phn tch cu trc t ca vt rn c nhiu u im. u im u tin l c kh nng phn tch cu trc t m khng i hi s ph hy hay x l mu nh knh hin vi Lorentz, ng thi phn gii khng b gii hn bi hin tng nhiu x, m ch ph thuc vo kch thc v bc qut ca mi d trn b mt mu vt.
nh chp phn b men t ca b mt cng, s tng phn y l tng phn v tnh cht t
im yu ca MFM: MFM ghi nh da vo hin tng qut nn phn gii thi gian thp, kh nng ghi nh chm. ng thi, vic ghi nh tc thi trong qu trnh t ha ca MFM km hn rt nhiu so vi knh hin vi Lorentz. Vic ghi li cu trc t ca cc vt liu t mm kh hn do trng phn tn trn mi nh hng n men t ca mu vt.
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Knh hin vi qut u d Knh hin vi lc nguyn t Knh hin vi Lorentz
Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi
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Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi
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