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Ev aporativ e cooler - Wikipedia, the f ree ency clopedia

Evaporative cooler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An evaporative cooler (also swamp cooler, desert cooler, and wet air cooler) is a device that cools air through the evaporation of water. Evaporative cooling differs from typical air conditioning systems which use vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycles. Evaporative cooling works by employing water's large enthalpy of vaporization. The temperature of dry air can be dropped significantly through the phase transition of liquid water to water vapor (evaporation), which can cool air using much less energy than refrigeration. In extremely dry climates, evaporative cooling of air has the added benefit of conditioning the air with more moisture for the comfort of building occupants. Unlike closedcycle refrigeration, evaporative cooling requires a water source, and must continually consume water to operate.

Air washers and wet cooling towers use the same principles as evaporative coolers but are designed for purposes other than directly cooling the air inside a building. For example, an evaporative cooler may be designed to cool the coils of a large air conditioning or refrigeration system to increase its efficiency.

An evaporative cooler, photographed in Rocky Ford, Colorado, used in the drier parts of the American West to provide economical cooling

Contents
1 History 2 Physical principles 2.1 Other types of phase-change cooling 3 Applications 3.1 Other examples 4 Evaporative cooler designs 4.1 Typical installations 4.2 Evaporative (wet) cooling towers 4.3 Misting systems 4.3.1 Misting fans 5 Performance 6 Comparison to air conditioning 6.1 Advantages 6.2 Disadvantages 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History
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Ev aporativ e cooler - Wikipedia, the f ree ency clopedia

Civilizations throughout the ages have found ingenious ways to combat the heat in their region. An earlier form of air cooling, the windcatcher (Bd gir), was invented in Persia (Iran) thousands of years ago in the form of wind shafts on the roof, which caught the wind, passed it over subterranean water in a qanat and discharged the cooled air into the building. Nowadays Iranians have changed the windcatcher into an evaporative cooler (Coolere bi) and use it widely.[1] There are 9 million evaporative coolers in central Iran, and in just the first two months of year 1385 in the Persian/Iranian calendar (AprilMay 2006) 130,000 evaporative coolers were sold in Iran.[2]

The evaporative cooler was the subject of numerous US patents in the 20th century; many of these, starting in 1906,[3] suggested or assumed the use of excelsior (wood wool) pads as the elements to bring a large volume of water in contact with moving air to allow evaporation to occur. A typical design, as shown in a 1945 patent, includes a water reservoir (usually with level controlled by a float valve), a pump to circulate water over the excelsior pads and a squirrel-cage fan to draw air through the pads and into the house.[4] This design and this material remain dominant in evaporative coolers in the American Southwest, where they are also used to increase humidity.[5] In the United States, the use of the term swamp cooler may be due to the odor of algae produced by early units.[6] Evaporative cooling was in vogue for aircraft engines in the 1930s, for example with the Beardmore Tornado airship engine. Here the system was used to reduce, or eliminate completely, the radiator which would otherwise create considerable drag. In these systems the water in the engine was kept under pressure with pumps, allowing it to heat to temperatures above 100C, as the actual boiling point is a function of the pressure. The superheated water was then sprayed through a nozzle into an open tube, where it flashed into steam, releasing its heat. The tubes could be placed under the skin of the aircraft, resulting in a zero-drag cooling system.[citation needed] However these systems also had serious disadvantages. Since the amount of tubing needed to cool the water was large, the cooling system covered a significant portion of the plane even though it was hidden. This added complexity and reliability issues. In addition this large size meant it was very easy for it to be hit by enemy fire, and practically impossible to armor. British and U.S. developers used ethylene glycol instead, cooling the liquid in radiators. The Germans instead used streamlining and positioning of traditional radiators. Even the method's most ardent supporters, Heinkel's Gnter brothers, eventually gave up on it in 1940.[citation needed] Externally-mounted evaporative[7] cooling devices to cool interior air were used in some automobiles, often as aftermarket accessories, until modern vapor-compression air conditioning became widely available.

Schematic diagram of an ancient Iranian windcatcher and qanat, used for evaporative cooling of buildings (click image to enlarge)

Physical principles
Evaporative cooling is a physical phenomenon in which evaporation of a liquid, typically into surrounding air, cools an object or a liquid in contact with it. Latent heat, the amount of heat that is needed to evaporate the liquid, is drawn from the air. When considering water evaporating into air, the wet-bulb temperature which takes both temperature and humidity into account, as compared to the actual air temperature (dry-bulb temperature), is a measure of the potential for evaporative cooling. The greater the difference between the two temperatures, the greater the evaporative cooling effect. When the temperatures are the same, no net evaporation of water in air occurs, thus there is no cooling effect. The wet-bulb temperature is essentially the lowest temperature which can be
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attained by evaporative cooling at a given temperature and humidity. A simple example of natural evaporative cooling is perspiration, or sweat, secreted by the body, evaporation of which cools the body. The amount of heat transfer depends on the evaporation rate, however for each kilogram of water vaporized 2,257 kJ of energy (about 890 BTU per pound of pure water, at 95F) are transferred. The evaporation rate depends on the temperature and humidity of the air, which is why sweat accumulates more on hot, humid days, as it does not evaporate fast enough. Vapor-compression refrigeration uses evaporative cooling, but the evaporated vapor is within a sealed system, and is then compressed ready to evaporate again, using energy to do so. A simple evaporative cooler's water is evaporated into the environment, and not recovered. In an interior space cooling unit, the evaporated water is introduced into the space along with the now-cooled air; in an evaporative tower the evaporated water is carried off in the airflow exhaust.

Other types of phase-change cooling

A closely related process, sublimation cooling differs from evaporative cooling in that a phase transition from solid to vapor, rather than liquid to vapor occurs. Sublimation cooling has been observed to operate on a planetary scale on the planetoid Pluto, where it has been called an anti-greenhouse effect.[citation needed] Another application of a phase change to cooling is the "self-refrigerating" beverage can. A separate compartment inside the can contains a desiccant and a liquid. Just before drinking, a tab is pulled so that the desiccant comes into contact with the liquid and dissolves. As it does so it absorbs an amount of heat energy called the latent heat of fusion. Evaporative cooling works with the phase change of liquid into vapor and the latent heat of vaporization, but the self-cooling can uses a change from solid to liquid, and the latent heat of fusion to achieve the same result.

Applications
Before the advent of refrigeration, evaporative cooling was used for millennia. A porous earthenware vessel would cool water by evaporation through its walls; frescoes from about 2500 BC show slaves fanning jars of water to cool rooms.[8] A vessel could also be placed in a bowl of water, covered with a wet cloth dipping into the water, to keep milk or butter as fresh as possible.[9] Evaporative cooling is a common form of cooling buildings for thermal comfort since it is relatively cheap and requires less energy than other forms of cooling. However, evaporative cooling requires an abundant water source as an evaporate, and is only efficient when the relative humidity is low, restricting its effective use to dry climates. Evaporative cooling also raises the internal humidity level significantly, which can cause problems such as lumpy table salt; swelling and warping of wood paneling, doors and trim; pianos going out of tune or suffering internal rusting, etc. Evaporative cooling is especially well suited for climates where the air is hot and humidity is low. In the United States, the western/mountain states are good locations, with evaporative coolers prevalent in cities like Denver, Salt Lake City, Albuquerque, El Paso, Tucson, and Fresno where sufficient water is available. Evaporative air conditioning is also popular and well-suited to the southern (temperate) part of Australia. In dry, arid climates, the installation and operating cost of an evaporative cooler can be much lower than that of refrigerative air conditioning, often by 80% or so. However, evaporative cooling and vapor-compression air conditioning are sometimes used in
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combination to yield optimal cooling results. Some evaporative coolers may also serve as humidifiers in the heating season. In locations with moderate humidity there are many cost-effective uses for evaporative cooling, in addition to their widespread use in dry climates. For example, industrial plants, commercial kitchens, laundries, dry cleaners, greenhouses, spot cooling (loading docks, warehouses, factories, construction sites, athletic events, workshops, garages, and kennels) and confinement farming (poultry ranches, hog, and dairy) often employ evaporative cooling. In highly humid climates, evaporative cooling may have little thermal comfort benefit beyond the increased ventilation and air movement it provides.

California ranch house with evaporative cooler box on roof ridgeline (click image to enlarge)

Other examples
On Earth, trees transpire large amounts of water through pores in their leaves called stomata, and through this process of evaporative cooling, forests interact with climate at local and global scales.[10] Evaporative cooling is commonly used in cryogenic applications. The vapor above a reservoir of cryogenic liquid is pumped away, and the liquid continuously evaporates as long as the liquid's vapor pressure is significant. Evaporative cooling of ordinary helium forms a 1-K pot, which can cool to at least 1.2 K. Evaporative cooling of helium-3 can provide temperatures below 300 mK. These techniques can be used to make cryocoolers, or as components of lower-temperature cryostats such as dilution refrigerators. As the temperature decreases, the vapor pressure of the liquid also falls, and cooling becomes less effective. This sets a lower limit to the temperature attainable with a given liquid. Evaporative cooling is also the last cooling step in order to reach the ultra-low temperatures required for Bose Einstein condensation (BEC). Here, so-called forced evaporative cooling is used to selectively remove highenergetic ("hot") atoms from an atom cloud until the remaining cloud is cooled below the BEC transition temperature. For a cloud of 1 million alkali atoms, this temperature is about 1K. Although robotic spacecraft use thermal radiation almost exclusively, many manned spacecraft have short missions that permit open-cycle evaporative cooling. Examples include the Space Shuttle, the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM), Lunar Module and Portable Life Support System. The Apollo CSM and the Space Shuttle also had radiators, and the Shuttle could evaporate ammonia as well as water. The Apollo spacecraft used sublimators, compact and largely passive devices that dump waste heat in water vapor (steam) that is vented to space.[citation needed] When liquid water is exposed to vacuum it boils vigorously, carrying away enough heat to freeze the remainder to ice that covers the sublimator and automatically regulates the feedwater flow depending on the heat load. The water expended is often available in surplus from the fuel cells used by many manned spacecraft to produce electricity.

Evaporative cooler designs

Most designs take advantage of the fact that water has one of the highest known enthalpy of vaporization (latent heat of vaporization) values of any common substance. Because of this evaporative coolers use only a fraction of the energy of vapor-compression or absorption air conditioning systems. Unfortunately, except in very dry climates, the single-stage (direct) cooler can increase relative humidity to a level that makes occupants uncomfortable.
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Indirect and Two-stage evaporative coolers keep the RH lower.

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Indirect and Two-stage evaporative coolers keep the RH lower. Direct evaporative cooling (open circuit) is used to lower the temperature of air by using latent heat of evaporation, changing liquid water to water vapor. In this process, the energy in the air does not change. Warm dry air is changed to cool moist air. The heat of the outside air is used to evaporate water. The Relative Humidity increases to 70 to 90% which reduces the cooling effect of human perspiration. The moist air has to be continually released to outside or else the air becomes saturated and evaporation stops. Indirect evaporative cooling (closed circuit) is similar to direct evaporative cooling but uses some Evaporative cooler illustration type of heat exchanger. The cooled moist air never comes in direct contact with the conditioned air. The moist air stream is released outside or used to cool other external devices such as solar cells which are more efficient if kept cool. One indirect cooler manufacturer uses the so-called Maisotsenko cycle which employs an iterative (multi-step) heat exchanger that can reduce the temperature to below the wet-bulb temperature.[11] While no moisture is added to the incoming air the RH does rise a little according to the Temperature-RH formula. Conditioned air without added moisture increases the evaporation of perspiration improving the cooling effect of Indirect compared to Direct. Two-stage evaporative cooling, or indirect-direct. In the first stage of a two-stage cooler, warm air is precooled indirectly without adding humidity (by passing inside a heat exchanger that is cooled by evaporation on the outside). In the direct stage, the pre-cooled air passes through a water-soaked pad and picks up humidity as it cools. Since the air supply is pre-cooled in the first stage, less humidity is transferred in the direct stage, to reach the desired cooling temperatures. The result, according to manufacturers, is cooler air with a relative humidity between 50-70%, depending on the climate, compared to a traditional system that produces about 7080% relative humidity in the conditioned air.[citation needed] Hybrid. Direct or Indirect cooling has been combined with vapor-compression or absorption air conditioning to increase the overall efficiency and /or to reduce the temperature below the wet-bulb limit. Materials. Traditionally, evaporative cooler pads consist of excelsior (wood wool) (aspen wood fiber) inside a containment net, but more modern materials, such as some plastics and melamine paper, are entering use as coolerpad media. Wood absorbs some of the water and has a larger surface area which allows the wood fibers to cool passing air to a lower temperature than some synthetic materials, but natural fibers also can pose a problem with harboring or supporting mildew growth.

Typical installations
Typically, residential and industrial evaporative coolers use direct evaporation, and can be described as an enclosed metal or plastic box with vented sides. Air is moved by a centrifugal fan or blower, (usually driven by an electric motor with pulleys known as "sheaves" in HVAC terminology, or a direct-driven axial fan), and a water pump is
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used to wet the evaporative cooling pads. The cooling units can be mounted on the roof (down draft, or

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used to wet the evaporative cooling pads. The cooling units can be mounted on the roof (down draft, or downflow), or exterior walls or windows (side draft, or horizontal flow) of buildings. To cool, the fan draws ambient air through vents on the unit's sides and through the damp pads. Heat in the air evaporates water from the pads which are constantly re-dampened to continue the cooling process. Then cooled, moist air is delivered into the building via a vent in the roof or wall. Because the cooling air originates outside the building, one or more large vents must exist to allow air to move from inside to outside. Air should only be allowed to pass once through the system, or the cooling effect will decrease. This is due to the air reaching the saturation point. Often 15 or so air changes per hour (ACHs) occur in spaces served by evaporative coolers, a relatively high rate of air exchange.

Evaporative (wet) cooling towers

Main article: Cooling tower Cooling towers are structures for cooling water or other heat transfer media to near-ambient wet-bulb temperature. Wet cooling towers operate on the evaporative cooling principle, Search Here but are optimized to cool the water rather than the air. Cooling towers can often be found on large buildings or on industrial sites. They transfer heat to the environment from chillers, industrial processes, or the Rankine power cycle, for example.

Misting systems
Misting systems work by forcing water via a high pressure pump and tubing through a brass and stainless steel mist nozzle that has an orifice of about 5 micrometres, thereby producing a micro-fine mist. The water droplets that create the mist are so small that they instantly flash evaporate. Flash evaporation can reduce the surrounding air temperature by as much as 35 F (20 C) in just seconds.[12] For patio systems, it is ideal to mount the mist line approximately 8 to 10 feet (2.4 to 3.0 m) above the ground for optimum cooling. Misting is used for applications such as flowerbeds, pets, livestock, kennels, insect control, odor control, zoos, veterinary clinics, cooling of produce, and greenhouses. Misting fans A misting fan is similar to a humidifier. A fan blows a fine mist of water into the air. If the air is not too humid, the water evaporates, absorbing heat from the air, allowing the misting fan to also work as an air cooler. A misting fan may be used outdoors, especially in a dry climate.
Mist spraying system with water pump beneath Large hyperboloid cooling towers made of structural steel for a power plant in Kharkov (Ukraine)

Small portable battery-powered misting fans, consisting of an electric fan and a hand-operated water spray pump, are sold as novelty items. Their effectiveness in everyday use is unclear.[citation needed]

Performance
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Understanding evaporative cooling performance requires an understanding of psychrometrics. Evaporative cooling performance is variable due to changes in external temperature and humidity level. A residential cooler should be able to cool air to within 34 C (57 F) of the corresponding wet-bulb temperature. It is simple to predict cooler performance from standard weather report information. Because weather reports usually contain the dewpoint and relative humidity, but not the wet-bulb temperature, a psychrometric chart or a simple computer program must be used to compute the wet bulb temperature. Once the wet bulb temperature and the dry bulb temperature are identified, the cooling performance or leaving air temperature of the cooler may be determined: TLA = TDB ((TDB TWB) x E) TLA = Leaving Air Temp TDB = Dry Bulb Temp TWB = Wet Bulb Temp E = Efficiency of the evaporative media. Evaporative media efficiency usually runs between 80% to 90%, and the evaporation efficiency drops very little over time. Typical aspen pads used in residential evaporative coolers offer around 85% efficiency while CELdek type of evaporative media offer efficiencies of >90% depending on air velocity. The CELdek media is more often used in large commercial and industrial installations. As an example, in Las Vegas, Nevada, with a typical summer design day of 108F DB/66F WB or about 8% relative humidity, the leaving air temperature of a residential cooler would be: TLA = 108 ((108 66) x 85% efficiency) TLA = 72.3F However, either of two methods can be used to estimate performance: Use a psychrometric chart to calculate wet bulb temperature, and then add 68 F as described above. Use a rule of thumb which estimates that the wet bulb temperature is approximately equal to the ambient temperature, minus one third of the difference between the ambient temperature and the dew point. As before, add 68 F as described above. Some examples clarify this relationship: At 32 C (90 F) and 15% relative humidity, air may be cooled to nearly 16 C (61 F). The dew point for these conditions is 2 C (36 F). At 32 C (90 F) and 50% relative humidity, air may be cooled to about 24 C (75 F). The dew point for these conditions is 20 C (68 F). At 40 C (104 F) and 15% relative humidity, air may be cooled to nearly 21 C (70 F). The dew point for these conditions is 8 C (46 F). (Cooling examples extracted from the June 25, 2000 University of Idaho publication, "Homewise (http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/homewise/homewise_062500.htm) "). Because evaporative coolers perform best in dry conditions, they are widely used and most effective in arid, desert regions such as the southwestern USA and northern Mexico.
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The same equation indicates why evaporative coolers are of limited use in highly humid environments: for example, a hot August day in Tokyo may be 30 C (86 F), 85% relative humidity, 1,005 hPa pressure. This gives dew point 27.2 C (81.0 F) and wet-bulb temperature 27.88 C (82.18 F). According to the formula above, at 85% efficiency air may be cooled only down to 28.2 C (82.8 F) which makes it quite impractical.

Comparison to air conditioning

Comparison of evaporative cooling to phase-change air conditioning:

Advantages
Less expensive to install Estimated cost for installation is about half that of central refrigerated air conditioning.[13] Less expensive to operate
A misting fan

Estimated cost of operation is 1/4 that of refrigerated air. Power consumption is limited to the fan and water pump. Because the water vapor is not recycled, there is no compressor that consumes most of the power in closed-cycle refrigeration. The refrigerant is water. No special refrigerants, such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide or CFCs, are used that could be toxic, expensive to replace, contribute to ozone depletion and/or be subject to stringent licensing and environmental regulations. Ease of maintenance The only two mechanical parts in most basic evaporative coolers are the fan motor and the water pump, both of which can be repaired at low cost and often by a mechanically inclined homeowner. Ventilation air The constant and high volumetric flow rate of air through the building reduces the "age-of-air" in the building dramatically. Evaporative cooling increases humidity. In dry climates, this may improve comfort and decrease static electricity problems. The pad itself acts as a rather effective air filter when properly maintained; it is capable of removing a variety of contaminants in air, including urban ozone caused by pollution, regardless of very dry weather. Refrigeration-based cooling systems lose this ability whenever there is not enough humidity in the air to keep the evaporator wet while providing a constant trickle of condensate that washes out dissolved impurities removed from the air.

Disadvantages
Performance High dewpoint (humidity) conditions decrease the cooling capability of the evaporative cooler.
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No dehumidification. Traditional air conditioners remove moisture from the air, except in very dry locations where recirculation can lead to a buildup of humidity. Evaporative cooling adds moisture, but in dry climates, dryness may improve thermal comfort at higher temperatures. Comfort The air supplied by the evaporative cooler is typically 8090% relative humidity; very humid air reduces the evaporation rate of moisture from the skin, nose, lungs, and eyes. High humidity in air accelerates corrosion, particularly in the presence of dust. This can considerably shorten the life of electronic and other equipment. High humidity in air may cause condensation of water. This can be a problem for some situations (e.g., electrical equipment, computers, paper, books, old wood). Water Evaporative coolers require a constant supply of water to wet the pads. Water high in mineral content will leave mineral deposits on the pads and interior of the cooler. Depending on the type and concentration of minerals, possible safety hazards during the replacement and waste removal of the pads could be present. Bleed-off and refill (purge pump) systems may reduce this problem. The water supply line may need protection against freeze bursting during off-season, winter temperatures. The cooler itself needs to be drained too, as well as cleaned periodically and the pads replaced. Mosquitoes In India, an evaporative cooler is a common place for mosquito breeding. Indian authorities consider a poorly maintained cooler to be a big threat to health. See Dengue and Coolers (http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/08/20/dengue-can-spread-from-unclean-coolers/) Miscellaneous Odors and other outdoor contaminants may be blown into the building unless sufficient filtering is in place. Mold and bacteria may be dispersed into interior air from poorly maintained or defective systems, causing Sick Building Syndrome Asthma patients may need to avoid poorly maintained evaporatively cooled environments. A sacrificial anode may be required to prevent excessive evaporative cooler corrosion. Wood wool of dry cooler pads can catch fire even by small sparks.

See also
Architectural engineering Building engineering Car cooler Cooling tower Dehumidifier Humidifier HVAC (Heating, ventilating and air conditioning) Pot-in-pot refrigerator

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References
1. ^ Kheirabadi, Masoud (1991). Iranian cities: formation and development. Autin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-292-72468-6. 2. ^ "Statistical Center of Iran > Home" (http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133) (in Farsi). Teheran: Statistical Centere of Iran. http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133. Retrieved 25 February 2012. 3. ^ John Zellweger (1906). "Air filter and cooler" (http://www.google.com/patents? =04pHAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=cooling+excelsior&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_i s=1799&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=1910&num=30#PPA2,M1) . U.S. patent 838602. http://www.google.com/patents? =04pHAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=cooling+excelsior&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_i s=1799&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=1910&num=30#PPA2,M1. 4. ^ Bryant Essick (1945). "Pad for evaporative coolers" (http://www.google.com/patents? id=Z2BKAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=excelsior+evaporativecooler&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1900&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=1950&num=30&rview=1 &source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1#PPA1,M1) . U.S. patent 2391558. http://www.google.com/patents? id=Z2BKAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=excelsior+evaporativecooler&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1900&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=1950&num=30&rview=1 &source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1#PPA1,M1. 5. ^ Scott Landis (1998). The Workshop Book (http://books.google.com/books? id=bs7I7qf5cUQC&pg=PA120&dq=evaporative+cooler+%22squirrel+cage%22+southwest+popular) . Taunton Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-56158-271-6. http://books.google.com/books? id=bs7I7qf5cUQC&pg=PA120&dq=evaporative+cooler+%22squirrel+cage%22+southwest+popular. 6. ^ Arthur William Gutenberg (1955). The Economics of the Evaporative Cooler Industry in the Southwestern United States (http://books.google.com/books?id=uq1EAAAAIAAJ) . Stanford University Graduate School of Business. p. 167. http://books.google.com/books?id=uq1EAAAAIAAJ. 7. ^ Such units were mounted on the passenger-side window of the vehicle; the window was rolled nearly all the way up, leaving only enough space for the vent which carried the cool air into the vehicle. 8. ^ AZEVAP: History of Evaporative Cooling Technology (http://www.azevap.com/EvaporativeCooling/historytechnology.php) 9. ^ www.1900s.org.uk: Food storage in a working class London household in the 1900s (http://www.1900s.org.uk/1900s-food-storage.htm) 10. ^ Gordon B. Bonan. Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests. 13 June 2008 Vol. 320 Science 11. ^ see Independent Testing tab, Thermodynamic performance assessment of a novel air cooling cycle and other papers http://www.coolerado.com/products/material-resource-center/ 12. ^ http://www.cool-off.com/faqs.html 13. ^ John Krigger and Chris Dorsi (2004). Residential Energy: Cost Savings and Comfort for Existing Buildings (http://books.google.com/books?id=7HlKF4trRYC&pg=PA207&dq=evaporative+coolers+cost+install#v=onepage&q=evaporative%20coolers%20cost%20install& f=false) (4th ed.). Saturn Resource Management. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-880120-12-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=7HlKF4trRYC&pg=PA207&dq=evaporative+coolers+cost+install#v=onepage&q=evaporative%20coolers%20cost%20install& f=false.

External links
Holladay, April (2001). "A swamp cooler cools air by evaporation" (http://www.wonderquest.com/swampcoolers.htm) . WonderQuest Weekly Q&A science column. USAToday.com.
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http://www.wonderquest.com/swamp-coolers.htm. Retrieved 20060714.

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http://www.wonderquest.com/swamp-coolers.htm. Retrieved 20060714. PATH Tech Inventory: Two Stage Evaporative Cooler (http://www.toolbase.org/Techinventory/TechDetails.aspx? ContentDetailID=789&BucketID=6&CategoryID=6) PATH Tech Inventory: Evaporative Cooler (http://www.toolbase.org/TechInventory/TechDetails.aspx? ContentDetailID=749&BucketID=1&CategoryID=6) Evaporative cooling simulation (http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/evap_cool.html) Coolerado indirect evaporative cooling (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/tir_coolerado.pdf) Air Conditioning Repair (http://dallas-air-conditioning-repair.net) Self Help Air Conditioning Repair Innovative Evaporative and Thermally Activated Technologies Improve Air Conditioning (http://www.nrel.gov/innovation/pdfs/47566.pdf) Evaporative Cooling in aircraft (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1934/1934%20%201411.html) - explained in 1934 Flight Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evaporative_cooler&oldid=524262071" Categories: Psychrometrics Cooling technology Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning This page was last modified on 21 November 2012 at 22:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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