Network Model Of The Constant Phase Element

A Project by,

D18 (Instrumentation)
Members:
1) Shreyas S. Bhandare (07) 2) Vaibhav P. Deorukhkar (16) 3) Rohan R. Dotihal (18) 4) Mihir V. Ghangrekar (19)

Guide:

Dr. (Mrs.) J.M.Nair

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INDEX
Content Page No.

Abstract3 Introduction to Fractional Calculus..4 What is CPE?..........................................................5 Need of CPE...........................................5 Optimal Circuit Representation of CPE.6-8 Alternative Series Model of CPE.8 Applications of CPE9-10 Conclusion11 References11

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Abstract
Analysis of fractal systems (i.e. systems described by fractional differential equations) necessitates creating an analog model of a crucial subsystem called Constant Phase Element (CPE). This Project describes a possible realization of constant phase element model that is quite simple and in spite of its simplicity makes it possible to simulate the properties of ideal CPEs. The CPE model hardly requires special components and can be easily implemented. The project also deals with the effect of the component tolerances on the resultant responses of the model and describes several typical model applications. The applications typically include fractal systems and fractional order PD controllers which has to be designed using CPE. A classical description of dynamic processes in physical systems is based on differential equations with state variable and their derivatives and integrals. The solution procedures of these equations have been developed for past decades and centuries and are considered standard at present. During the investigations in many scientific disciplines, it proved that the mentioned classical methods do not suffice. There exists phenomenons that are not accurately depicted and therefore it is necessary to apply differential equations, with derivatives and integrals of no integer orders. These are fractional differential equations and the question is how to solve them. The phenomenons described by such equations are frequent for instance in biochemistry or biomedicine, in electrochemistry, in modern control techniques, in acoustic or optical signal processing and in many other practical domains. If the fractional equations are sufficiently simple then it is possible to solve them with the help of special functions. In the case of linear systems like solutions may be based very effectively on Laplace transformation, namely numerical methods of inversion. For design of non linear systems there exists numerical solution. The solution of many practical problems can be simplified with the help of electrical or electronic analog models. Formulation of effective models of fractional systems is the substance of this project.

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Introduction to Fractional Calculus

It is simply a Language that nature understands the best. In the words of Leibnitz, the Fractional calculus is an apparent paradox from which one day useful consequences will be drawn. Fractional calculus is a branch of mathematical analysis that studies the possibility of taking real number powers or complex number powers of the differentiation operator. Fractal Systems are represented by fractional order differential equations to which fractional calculus can be applied. Fractional order differential equations are represented by: Dn f(x) Dxn Where, n: any fraction

Applications of Fractional Calculus:

1) Diffusion model in electrochemistry: The important aspect is to find the concentration of electro active species near the electrode surface. The characteristic describing function was found to be, m(t)=0Dt-0.5i(t) where, i(t) : Current generated by the charge passed. m (t) : Characteristic intermediate between i(t) and charge passed q(t) This equation is uses half integral of current.

2) Viscoelasticity (StressStrain) Stress relaxation and creep behaviour in stressstrain relationship are well described by fractional order models. A stressstrain law for viscoelastic materials is described as, (t) = 1 Dt-v (t) K Where, : strain, : stress, K: material constant When v= 0, : Elastic solid material v= 1, : Viscous Liquid material When v is any fraction, the material is Viscoelastic.

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What is CPE?
The term CPE corresponds to Constant Phase Element. Analysis of fractal systems necessitates creating an electrical analog model of a crucial subsystem called Constant Phase Element. In CPE the phase angle is constant, independent of the frequency within wide range of frequency band. The impedance of an ideal CPE : Z(s) =Dsa For s=jw,

Z (jw) =D (jw)a=Dwaja=DwaeiQ=Dwa(cosQ+jsinQ)
Q= a/2 for Q in radians Q= 90a for Q in degrees Exponent a decides the character of impedance Z(s). If a=+1 : classical inductive reactance If a=0 : real resistance or conductance If a=-1 : classical capacitor If 0<a<1 corresponds to fractal inductive reactance If -1<a<0 corresponds to fractal capacitive reactance.

At w=1, the modulus equals D, irrespective of a. Hence, Q is constant independent of frequency. In short CPE is an imperfect capacitor/inductor.

Need of CPE
Building Networks that approximates CPE: Constant phase is achieved using CPE. This constant phase is essential for implementing fractance. Implementation of fractance: Fractal Circuits can be implemented by CPE quite easily. Various fractional order systems can be implemented by CPE for eg. Diffusion model in electrochemistry, Viscoelasticity and Heat flow in Semi-infinite conductor. CPE is used for constructing filter circuits having moderate characteristics. Binary Tree Circuits can be implemented by CPE.

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Optimal Circuit Representation of CPE

Fig. optimal parallel model of CPE

The network consists of altogether m series RC branches connected in parallel. The resistances and capacitances form a geometric sequence.

Rk=R1ak-1, Ck=C1bk-1, k=1, 2,...., m

Here, 0<a<1 0<b<1 Input impedance of the network Z (jw)=1/Y(jw), where Y(jw) is input admittance equal to the sum of admittances of individual branches.
m

Y (jw) =

jwb

k-1

C1/ (1+jw (ab) k-1R1C1)

K=1

The Modulus of input impedance in decibels equals,

ZdB (w) = 20log|Z (jw)|

And arguments in degrees,

Q (w) =180/ arctg(imag(Z(jw)))/(real(Z(jw)))

Typical example: The following example shows the typical model of CPE and its expected frequency response for the following parameters considered. Consider R=1, C=1, m=20, a=0.25, b=0.58 The corresponding frequency response is expected to obtain:

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The figure shows that under the presented conditions the network is able to simulate the ideal CPE at least in a limited band of frequencies approximately from w l =101 to wh= 107. The modulus decreases with the rate -13dB per decade. The arguments has average value m= -590 and oscillates around it with amplitude = 10. Under the supposition of a significant number of m, it is possible to derive easily the basic relations for the network properties in the large frequency range of interest. However, the relatively high number of m is considered for good approximation in the given frequency range. For m<10, the results are not satisfactory at all.

Fig. responses for various values of m

fig. optimal model for m=20

Corrected Parallel Model:

In the previous circuit, different sections contribute in different proportions to the total input current. The resultant current is determined by a limited number of sections. At both extreme ends of the frequency ranges i.e. sections with indexes k<1 and k>m, the necessary sections are absent. These missing sections are approximated by the corrected circuit model. The missing sections at lower end exhibit a large time constant. Therefore their capacitances can be neglected and conductances can be added. Hence for lower end a single resistor would suffice with value given by formula 1a a Similarly for upper end a capacitor can be implemented with formula,

Rp = R1

Cp = C1

bm 1b

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This substitute model is not perfect since the original parallel combinations of series RC sections were replaced by two single components. However the resultant characteristics are much better compared to those of original model without corrections. Circuit and Graphical representation of Corrected model:

Fig.1 Corrected model

Fig.2 Original and Corrected response

Alternative Series Model

Fig. Alternative series model

For some application alternative series model is advantageous.

m

Z(jw) = Rs +

R /(1+jwR C ) + 1/(jwC )
k k k s

K=1

With Resistances and Capacitances in individual parallel RC circuits. Rk=R1ak-1, Ck=C1bk-1 with correcting elements Rs=R1am/(1-a), Cs=C1(1-b)/b The phase and argument response remains unchanged.

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Applications of CPE
Implementation of Fractional controllers using Differentiator circuits. Where the equation of the controller will be given by fractional integrator and

H(s) =kp+kis-q1+kdsq2 .PID controller H(s) =kp+kis-q1 ...PI controller H(s)=kp+kdsq2. ..PD controller where, q1 and q2 are fractions. Analog model of the controller: Parameters of individual CPEs used in the scheme are for instance a 1=-1(the first stage is a classical integrator with the capacitor C=1/D1), a2= -0.3, 1=-270, a3=0.9, 3= -810, R1=Rf2. Optimal PD controller should have transfer function,
Kc(s) = 20.5+3.77343s1.15

Fig. Analog model of the controller The transfer factor of the controller given in the figure is R3+R4R1R2s|a1+a2| Kc(s)= D1D2___ (1+R5/R6) R3 + R 4 for, -1<a1<0 and -1<a2<0 To build the fractional controllers, we need to build fractional integrator and differentiator circuits. These fractional circuits are discussed in the following part of the applications.

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 Fractional Integrator circuit:

Transfer function is given by, k(s) = -D/ (s|a|R), -1<a<0 Fractional Differentiator circuit :

The transfer function is given by, k(s) = -s|a|R/D, -1<a<0 With the help of both these simple circuits, it is possible to perform analog operations with electric signals. Using these integrator and derivative circuits, we can develop PI, PD, PID controllers.

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Conclusion
The project consists of building a relatively simple yet still acceptably faithful network model of the CPE, built of off-the-shelf passive resistors and capacitors. Contrary to other known models its design does not need complicated optimization steps. Sensitivity analysis shows that standard component tolerances do not affect the properties of the model too much and the components need no special selection. By building the CPE model, we can represent some applications of fractional order systems which have CPE as an essential element in it.

References:
Network Model of the CPE Technical paper by Juraj Valsa, Petr Dvorak, Martin Friedl. Websites: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_calculus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_phase_element Functional Fractional Calculus for System Identification and Controls by Shantanu Das.

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