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Department of Mathematics and Statistics Algebra 1 Exercise 2 (Solutions) 26.9.

2006
(1) (a) Not a group. The axiom (G1) is satised since the multiplication is associative. The axiom (G2) is satised since of But the axiom (G3) is not satised since for example the inverse

1 Z is the unit element. 1/2

is not an element of

Z.

(b) Not a group. The axiom (G1) is not satised since tive. For example

a b is not associa(0 0) 1 = (0 0) 1 = 1 = 1 = 0 (0 1) =

0 (0 1).
(c) Is a group. tained in The multiplication is associative and therefore (G1) is Therefore (G2) is satised. If satised. Further the unit element of the multiplication is

x1 > 0

R+ .

and therefore (G3) is satised.

1 and conx > 0 then also its inverse + Altogether is R a group

under multiplication. (d) Not a group. As before, the multiplication is associative and therefore (G1) is satised. The unit element of the multiplication is tained in

and con-

Q.

But (G3) is not satised since

0Q

but it does not have

an inverse. (e) Is a group. As before (G1) and (G2) is satised. Since for every holds that

x=0

we have that every

xR

x R

has an inverse. Therefore

also (G3) is satised. (f ) Is a group. The addition is associative and therefore (G1) is satised. The identity element is ed. Finally for every in

0 and is contained in R and thus (G2) is satisx R the inverse element is x and is contained

R.

Therefore (G3) is also satised.

(g) Is a group. The (G1) holds since The element

(x y) z = x + y + z 4 = x (y z). 2 is the identity element since x 2 = x + 2 2 = x and 2 x = 2 + x 2 = x for every x Z. And if x Z, then 4 x Z is the inverse element of x. Therefore the axiom (G3) is satised.
In (ii): x

(2)

(a) The major mistakes in this denition are the following two:

identity is wrong.

The element

is called the

indentity. In (iii): The symbol of the binary operation is   and not 

.

In addition to this it would be good to note in the denition of the identity element, that the equation

ex=xe=x
holds for in (iii) that

every x G. Moreover it would a is the inverse element of a.

be preferable to emphasise

(b) The major mistakes in this denition are the following two:

A group is a set together with a binary operation. The student mentiones the set and the student mentiones a operation (and it is a

binary

operation after all, not just an operation!). But not

that both things together make up a group.

The student mentiones the identity element and that every element

aG

has an inverse element

a.

But the student does not

give the denition what is ment by identity element or what an inverse element is. This is missing in the denition.

(c) The major mistakes in this denition are the four following:

The statement the binary operation is dened does not make sense. It is not mentioned that the binary operation has to be associative. It is logical incorrect to dene the inverse element before the identity element! Even though the inverse element is mentioned the denition is not complete. One needs to mention that has an inverse element ment by

every

element

xG

x.

And one needs to mention what is

x x x = e.

being the inverse element of

x,

namely that

xx =

Even though the identity element is mentioned its meaning is not given. holds that One needs to add that for the identity element

xe=ex=x

for every

x G.

(d) The major mistakes in this denition are the three following:


(3)

In (i): The binary operation

is just associative, not associative

under addition. The later expression does not make sense. In (ii): The expression  {e} is not correct. Correct is just to write  e. Moreover in (ii): The eect of the identity element is dened wrong, correct is (a) Assume that

ae=ea=e x. xy =e

(and

not a!).

is a right inverse of

Then:

Multiplying from the left with

y:

yxy =ye
The element

being a right unit:

yxy =y
Multyplying from the right with the right inverse

of

y:

yxyz =yz
Using the fact that

is the right inverse of

y:

yxe=e
The element

being a right unit:

yx=e
Therefore

is a left inverse of

x. x.
Then

(b) As before let

be a right and therefore also a left inverse of

xe=x
Using

e=yx

since

is also an left inverse of

x:

xyx=x
Using that

e=xy

since

is an right inverse of

x:

ex=x
And thus

is also a left unit.

(4)

We rst show that axiom (G2') is satised. Then by assumption there exists an

Fix an element

b G.
()

eG

such that

b e = b.
Let

a G be an arbitrary element. c b = a.

By assumption there exists a

cG

such that

Then multiplying the equation () from the left by

yields

cbe=cb
and therefore

a e = a.
This shows that satised.

is an right unit for every

aG

and thus (G2') is

Next we show that axiom (G3') is satised. By assumption there exists for every

xG

yG

which satises the equation

x y = e.
In other words this means that every (G3') is satised. (5*) Let

x G has a right inverse y .

Thus

x, y G

and set

z := x y .

Then

xy =xey =xzzy =xxyxyy =eyxe =yx


Therefore (since (since (since

e = z z) z = x y) e=xx
and

e = y y)

is an abelian group.

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