Advances in Finite Element methods in Acoustics

Andrew Peplow1 Hoare Lea Acoustics, Bristol, UK www.hoarelea.com andrewpeplow@hoarelea.com

1

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Outline
Hoare Lea Acoustics, UK Simple acoustic duct problem Separation of variables solutions Mufer problem : structural acoustic waves Threedimensional problems : waves in cylindrical waveguide 3D: A question of mesh? Propagating waves for cylinder Composite layered materials Exterior Problems Wind Turbine Noise Radiation conditions : Higher Order boundary conditions Exterior problems Conclusions

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Outline
Hoare Lea Acoustics, UK Simple acoustic duct problem Separation of variables solutions Mufer problem : structural acoustic waves Threedimensional problems : waves in cylindrical waveguide 3D: A question of mesh? Propagating waves for cylinder Composite layered materials Exterior Problems Wind Turbine Noise Radiation conditions : Higher Order boundary conditions Exterior problems Conclusions

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Outline
Hoare Lea Acoustics, UK Simple acoustic duct problem Separation of variables solutions Mufer problem : structural acoustic waves Threedimensional problems : waves in cylindrical waveguide 3D: A question of mesh? Propagating waves for cylinder Composite layered materials Exterior Problems Wind Turbine Noise Radiation conditions : Higher Order boundary conditions Exterior problems Conclusions

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Outline
Hoare Lea Acoustics, UK Simple acoustic duct problem Separation of variables solutions Mufer problem : structural acoustic waves Threedimensional problems : waves in cylindrical waveguide 3D: A question of mesh? Propagating waves for cylinder Composite layered materials Exterior Problems Wind Turbine Noise Radiation conditions : Higher Order boundary conditions Exterior problems Conclusions

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Outline
Hoare Lea Acoustics, UK Simple acoustic duct problem Separation of variables solutions Mufer problem : structural acoustic waves Threedimensional problems : waves in cylindrical waveguide 3D: A question of mesh? Propagating waves for cylinder Composite layered materials Exterior Problems Wind Turbine Noise Radiation conditions : Higher Order boundary conditions Exterior problems Conclusions

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Outline
Hoare Lea Acoustics, UK Simple acoustic duct problem Separation of variables solutions Mufer problem : structural acoustic waves Threedimensional problems : waves in cylindrical waveguide 3D: A question of mesh? Propagating waves for cylinder Composite layered materials Exterior Problems Wind Turbine Noise Radiation conditions : Higher Order boundary conditions Exterior problems Conclusions

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Outline
Hoare Lea Acoustics, UK Simple acoustic duct problem Separation of variables solutions Mufer problem : structural acoustic waves Threedimensional problems : waves in cylindrical waveguide 3D: A question of mesh? Propagating waves for cylinder Composite layered materials Exterior Problems Wind Turbine Noise Radiation conditions : Higher Order boundary conditions Exterior problems Conclusions

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Outline
Hoare Lea Acoustics, UK Simple acoustic duct problem Separation of variables solutions Mufer problem : structural acoustic waves Threedimensional problems : waves in cylindrical waveguide 3D: A question of mesh? Propagating waves for cylinder Composite layered materials Exterior Problems Wind Turbine Noise Radiation conditions : Higher Order boundary conditions Exterior problems Conclusions

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Hoare Lea Acoustic Consultants

HLA founded 41 years ago
(1969, 3 staff) in Building Acoustics

Today 30 staff in total 8 Graduate engineers, 12

senior engineers, 10 associates

3 EU projects, turnover 5
million Euros

One of the largest centre

for sound and vibration in UK

Welcome around 3-5

placement students and graduate projects each year
www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Hoare Lea Acoustic Consultants

HLA founded 41 years ago
(1969, 3 staff) in Building Acoustics

Today 30 staff in total 8 Graduate engineers, 12

senior engineers, 10 associates

3 EU projects, turnover 5
million Euros

One of the largest centre

for sound and vibration in UK

Welcome around 3-5

placement students and graduate projects each year
www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Hoare Lea Acoustic Consultants

HLA founded 41 years ago
(1969, 3 staff) in Building Acoustics

Today 30 staff in total 8 Graduate engineers, 12

senior engineers, 10 associates

3 EU projects, turnover 5
million Euros

One of the largest centre

for sound and vibration in UK

Welcome around 3-5

placement students and graduate projects each year
www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Hoare Lea Acoustic Consultants

HLA founded 41 years ago
(1969, 3 staff) in Building Acoustics

Today 30 staff in total 8 Graduate engineers, 12

senior engineers, 10 associates

3 EU projects, turnover 5
million Euros

One of the largest centre

for sound and vibration in UK

Welcome around 3-5

placement students and graduate projects each year
www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Hoare Lea Acoustic Consultants

HLA founded 41 years ago
(1969, 3 staff) in Building Acoustics

Today 30 staff in total 8 Graduate engineers, 12

senior engineers, 10 associates

3 EU projects, turnover 5
million Euros

One of the largest centre

for sound and vibration in UK

Welcome around 3-5

placement students and graduate projects each year
www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Hoare Lea Acoustic Consultants

HLA founded 41 years ago
(1969, 3 staff) in Building Acoustics

Today 30 staff in total 8 Graduate engineers, 12

senior engineers, 10 associates

3 EU projects, turnover 5
million Euros

One of the largest centre

for sound and vibration in UK

Welcome around 3-5

placement students and graduate projects each year
www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Ducts

Applications Fan noise building services, intake/exhaust systems transport mufers and piplines.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Ducts

Applications Fan noise building services, intake/exhaust systems transport mufers and piplines.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Separation of variables
p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix) cos(km z) Gives rise to simple eigenvalue
problem
2 2 k 2 + km = 0

OR =

2 k 2 km

Positive values are propagating

(energy transporting) waves

Spectral nite element method

p(x, z) = X (x)Z (z) p(x, z) = exp(ix)N(z) Eigenvalue problem. Name
spectral derived.
www.ntnu.no

{2 [K2 ] Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics k 2 [K0 ] + [K3 ]}X = 0

Comparison of spectral method vs modal solution.1

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Geometric Step Problem.1

1 Peplow

& Finnveden, JASA, 2004

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Beam coupled to a uid

Beam has stiffness Ds and
massdensity ms

Coupling is through vertical

displacement, W (x)

Expect an eigenvalue problem to

solve

A dispersion relation is produced A relation between frequency

and wavenumber

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Beam coupled to a uid

Beam has stiffness Ds and
massdensity ms

Coupling is through vertical

displacement, W (x)

Expect an eigenvalue problem to

solve

A dispersion relation is produced A relation between frequency

and wavenumber

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Beam coupled to a uid

Beam has stiffness Ds and
massdensity ms

Coupling is through vertical

displacement, W (x)

Expect an eigenvalue problem to

solve

A dispersion relation is produced A relation between frequency

and wavenumber

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Beam coupled to a uid

Beam has stiffness Ds and
massdensity ms

Coupling is through vertical

displacement, W (x)

Expect an eigenvalue problem to

solve

A dispersion relation is produced A relation between frequency

and wavenumber

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Beam coupled to a uid

Beam has stiffness Ds and
massdensity ms

Coupling is through vertical

displacement, W (x)

Expect an eigenvalue problem to

solve

A dispersion relation is produced A relation between frequency

and wavenumber

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

 [K4 ] d2 d4 + [K2 ] 2 + 2 [K 0 ] [K3 ] + [K 0 ] ^ dx 4 dx S = 0

with (N + 1) (N + 1) FE matrices [K4 ] [K2 ] = 0 0 0 0 0T 0T , [K 0 ] = 0 ms 0 T 0T , = DS 0 0T 0 ,

[K3 ]

, [K 0 ] =

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

 [K4 ] d2 d4 + [K2 ] 2 + 2 [K 0 ] [K3 ] + [K 0 ] ^ dx 4 dx S = 0

with (N + 1) (N + 1) FE matrices [K4 ] [K2 ] = 0 0 0 0 0T 0T , [K 0 ] = 0 ms 0 T 0T , = DS 0 0T 0 ,

[K3 ]

, [K 0 ] =

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

 [K4 ] d2 d4 + [K2 ] 2 + 2 [K 0 ] [K3 ] + [K 0 ] ^ dx 4 dx S = 0

with (N + 1) (N + 1) FE matrices [K4 ] [K2 ] = 0 0 0 0 0T 0T , [K 0 ] = 0 ms 0 T 0T , = DS 0 0T 0 ,

[K3 ]

, [K 0 ] =

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

10

Eigenvalue problem for coupled structuralacoustic nite element

4 [K4 ] + 2 [K2 ] + [K0 ] S = 0. 0 K0 I K2 + 4 I 0 S 2 S 0 K4 = 0. Quadratic eigenvalue problem in 2 . However, rank[K4 ] = 1, rank[K2 ] = N. Not wellconditioned eigenvalue problem but is "regular". Size of "regular" problem is now N + 2. N acoustic unknowns and two structural variables, W , Wx orAndrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics Wxx

Beam coupled to a uid

www.ntnu.no

10

Eigenvalue problem for coupled structuralacoustic nite element

4 [K4 ] + 2 [K2 ] + [K0 ] S = 0. 0 K0 I K2 + 4 I 0 S 2 S 0 K4 = 0. Quadratic eigenvalue problem in 2 . However, rank[K4 ] = 1, rank[K2 ] = N. Not wellconditioned eigenvalue problem but is "regular". Size of "regular" problem is now N + 2. N acoustic unknowns and two structural variables, W , Wx orAndrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics Wxx

Beam coupled to a uid

www.ntnu.no

10

Eigenvalue problem for coupled structuralacoustic nite element

4 [K4 ] + 2 [K2 ] + [K0 ] S = 0. 0 K0 I K2 + 4 I 0 S 2 S 0 K4 = 0. Quadratic eigenvalue problem in 2 . However, rank[K4 ] = 1, rank[K2 ] = N. Not wellconditioned eigenvalue problem but is "regular". Size of "regular" problem is now N + 2. N acoustic unknowns and two structural variables, W , Wx orAndrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics Wxx

Beam coupled to a uid

www.ntnu.no

10

Eigenvalue problem for coupled structuralacoustic nite element

4 [K4 ] + 2 [K2 ] + [K0 ] S = 0. 0 K0 I K2 + 4 I 0 S 2 S 0 K4 = 0. Quadratic eigenvalue problem in 2 . However, rank[K4 ] = 1, rank[K2 ] = N. Not wellconditioned eigenvalue problem but is "regular". Size of "regular" problem is now N + 2. N acoustic unknowns and two structural variables, W , Wx orAndrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics Wxx

Beam coupled to a uid

www.ntnu.no

10

Eigenvalue problem for coupled structuralacoustic nite element

4 [K4 ] + 2 [K2 ] + [K0 ] S = 0. 0 K0 I K2 + 4 I 0 S 2 S 0 K4 = 0. Quadratic eigenvalue problem in 2 . However, rank[K4 ] = 1, rank[K2 ] = N. Not wellconditioned eigenvalue problem but is "regular". Size of "regular" problem is now N + 2. N acoustic unknowns and two structural variables, W , Wx orAndrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics Wxx

Beam coupled to a uid

www.ntnu.no

11

Phase velocities for uidlled pipe

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

12

Phase velocities for waterlled pipe

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

13

Transmission loss results with aluminium panel

Transmission Loss, W = 750 mm, H = 60 mm, S = 20 mm, for duct and expansion chamber supporting aluminimum plates

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Figure: Typical cylindrical waveguide and FEM mesh

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

15

Dispersion relations, large eigenvalue problems

Jm (kml r ) cos(m)ekz z , kz =
2 k 2 kml

m/l 0 1 2 3 4

1 0 1.84 3.05 4.20 5.32

2 3.83 5.33 6.71 8.02 9.28

3 7.02 8.54 9.97 11.35 12.68

4 10.17 11.71 13.17 14.59 15.96

Table: Eigenfrequencies for rigid cylinder.

www.ntnu.no

Figure: Rigid cylinder, radius a = 1.0 m. Size 400 400 eigs problem. Total time 0.66 s per Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

16

Some propagating modes of rigid and absorbing mufer

www.ntnu.no

Figure: Symmetric (FE) and asymmetric Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

17

A laboratory study
Laminate plates

nd all wave-types
during the FE process

under plane-stress 2D
conditions 10 times faster than COMSOL

to be continued for 3D
conditions expected 100 times quicker

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

17

A laboratory study
Laminate plates

nd all wave-types
during the FE process

under plane-stress 2D
conditions 10 times faster than COMSOL

to be continued for 3D
conditions expected 100 times quicker

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

17

A laboratory study
Laminate plates

nd all wave-types
during the FE process

under plane-stress 2D
conditions 10 times faster than COMSOL

to be continued for 3D
conditions expected 100 times quicker

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

18

A laboratory study
Comments

wave-types change
from evanescent to propagating at a certain frequency

difference between
measurements and two nite element codes

similarly for phase

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

18

A laboratory study
Comments

wave-types change
from evanescent to propagating at a certain frequency

difference between
measurements and two nite element codes

similarly for phase

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

19

A practical perspective
Prediction methods are critical

demonstrate acceptable wind

farm noise impact at the planning stage

achieve this acceptable noise

impact ...

... in practice balance noise

impact against generating capacity

empirical engineering methods

(e.g. ISO 9613-2, CONCAWE)

approximate semi-analytical
methods (e.g. ray tracing)

exact numerical methods(e.g.

www.ntnu.no

parabolic equation, fast eld program) Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

19

A practical perspective
Prediction methods are critical

demonstrate acceptable wind

farm noise impact at the planning stage

achieve this acceptable noise

impact ...

... in practice balance noise

impact against generating capacity

empirical engineering methods

(e.g. ISO 9613-2, CONCAWE)

approximate semi-analytical
methods (e.g. ray tracing)

exact numerical methods(e.g.

www.ntnu.no

parabolic equation, fast eld program) Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

19

A practical perspective
Prediction methods are critical

demonstrate acceptable wind

farm noise impact at the planning stage

achieve this acceptable noise

impact ...

... in practice balance noise

impact against generating capacity

empirical engineering methods

(e.g. ISO 9613-2, CONCAWE)

approximate semi-analytical
methods (e.g. ray tracing)

exact numerical methods(e.g.

www.ntnu.no

parabolic equation, fast eld program) Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

19

A practical perspective
Prediction methods are critical

demonstrate acceptable wind

farm noise impact at the planning stage

achieve this acceptable noise

impact ...

... in practice balance noise

impact against generating capacity

empirical engineering methods

(e.g. ISO 9613-2, CONCAWE)

approximate semi-analytical
methods (e.g. ray tracing)

exact numerical methods(e.g.

www.ntnu.no

parabolic equation, fast eld program) Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

19

A practical perspective
Prediction methods are critical

demonstrate acceptable wind

farm noise impact at the planning stage

achieve this acceptable noise

impact ...

... in practice balance noise

impact against generating capacity

empirical engineering methods

(e.g. ISO 9613-2, CONCAWE)

approximate semi-analytical
methods (e.g. ray tracing)

exact numerical methods(e.g.

www.ntnu.no

parabolic equation, fast eld program) Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

19

A practical perspective
Prediction methods are critical

demonstrate acceptable wind

farm noise impact at the planning stage

achieve this acceptable noise

impact ...

... in practice balance noise

impact against generating capacity

empirical engineering methods

(e.g. ISO 9613-2, CONCAWE)

approximate semi-analytical
methods (e.g. ray tracing)

exact numerical methods(e.g.

www.ntnu.no

parabolic equation, fast eld program) Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

UPWIND

DOWNWIND

Sound shadow region results

under temperature lapse and-or upwind conditions

Sound enhancement results

due to multiple paths under temperature inversion and/or downwind conditions

Result is large decreases over

neutral of typically -10dB(A) to -15dB(A) coupled with highly variable noise level

Result is small increases over

neutral of typically +1dB(A) to +3dB(A) and much more stable noise level
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

www.ntnu.no

UPWIND

DOWNWIND

Sound shadow region results

under temperature lapse and-or upwind conditions

Sound enhancement results

due to multiple paths under temperature inversion and/or downwind conditions

Result is large decreases over

neutral of typically -10dB(A) to -15dB(A) coupled with highly variable noise level

Result is small increases over

neutral of typically +1dB(A) to +3dB(A) and much more stable noise level
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

www.ntnu.no

UPWIND

DOWNWIND

Sound shadow region results

under temperature lapse and-or upwind conditions

Sound enhancement results

due to multiple paths under temperature inversion and/or downwind conditions

Result is large decreases over

neutral of typically -10dB(A) to -15dB(A) coupled with highly variable noise level

Result is small increases over

neutral of typically +1dB(A) to +3dB(A) and much more stable noise level
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

www.ntnu.no

UPWIND

DOWNWIND

Sound shadow region results

under temperature lapse and-or upwind conditions

Sound enhancement results

due to multiple paths under temperature inversion and/or downwind conditions

Result is large decreases over

neutral of typically -10dB(A) to -15dB(A) coupled with highly variable noise level

Result is small increases over

neutral of typically +1dB(A) to +3dB(A) and much more stable noise level
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

www.ntnu.no

UPWIND

DOWNWIND

(PML) Sound shadow region

results under temperature lapse and-or upwind conditions

Sound enhancement results due to

multiple paths under temperature inversion and/or downwind conditions

(ABC) Result is large decreases

over neutral of typically -10dB(A) to -15dB(A) coupled with highly variable noise level

Result is small increases over

neutral of typically +1dB(A) to +3dB(A) and much more stable noise level

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

UPWIND

DOWNWIND

(PML) Sound shadow region

results under temperature lapse and-or upwind conditions

Sound enhancement results due to

multiple paths under temperature inversion and/or downwind conditions

(ABC) Result is large decreases

over neutral of typically -10dB(A) to -15dB(A) coupled with highly variable noise level

Result is small increases over

neutral of typically +1dB(A) to +3dB(A) and much more stable noise level

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

UPWIND

DOWNWIND

(PML) Sound shadow region

results under temperature lapse and-or upwind conditions

Sound enhancement results due to

multiple paths under temperature inversion and/or downwind conditions

(ABC) Result is large decreases

over neutral of typically -10dB(A) to -15dB(A) coupled with highly variable noise level

Result is small increases over

neutral of typically +1dB(A) to +3dB(A) and much more stable noise level

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

UPWIND

DOWNWIND

(PML) Sound shadow region

results under temperature lapse and-or upwind conditions

Sound enhancement results due to

multiple paths under temperature inversion and/or downwind conditions

(ABC) Result is large decreases

over neutral of typically -10dB(A) to -15dB(A) coupled with highly variable noise level

Result is small increases over

neutral of typically +1dB(A) to +3dB(A) and much more stable noise level

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

22

Case studies
Wind Turbine with Tones.wav

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

23

Minimize reection coefcient

Consider the total acoustic eld due to Incident Plane Wave
I = A exp(i k x) exp(i t) (x, z) =
I (x, z) + RM () R (x, z).

For the transmitting boundary

condition Figure: Direction of Incident Plane Wave on ctitious boundary illustrating reected wave.

ik

cos 1 , cos +1

R0 () =

=1

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

23

Minimize reection coefcient

Consider the total acoustic eld due to Incident Plane Wave
I = A exp(i k x) exp(i t) (x, z) =
I (x, z) + RM () R (x, z).

For the transmitting boundary

condition Figure: Direction of Incident Plane Wave on ctitious boundary illustrating reected wave.

ik

cos 1 , cos +1

R0 () =

=1

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

23

Minimize reection coefcient

Consider the total acoustic eld due to Incident Plane Wave
I = A exp(i k x) exp(i t) (x, z) =
I (x, z) + RM () R (x, z).

For the transmitting boundary

condition Figure: Direction of Incident Plane Wave on ctitious boundary illustrating reected wave.

ik

cos 1 , cos +1

R0 () =

=1

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

23

Minimize reection coefcient

Consider the total acoustic eld due to Incident Plane Wave
I = A exp(i k x) exp(i t) (x, z) =
I (x, z) + RM () R (x, z).

For the transmitting boundary

condition Figure: Direction of Incident Plane Wave on ctitious boundary illustrating reected wave.

ik

cos 1 , cos +1

R0 () =

=1

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

23

Minimize reection coefcient

Consider the total acoustic eld due to Incident Plane Wave
I = A exp(i k x) exp(i t) (x, z) =
I (x, z) + RM () R (x, z).

For the transmitting boundary

condition Figure: Direction of Incident Plane Wave on ctitious boundary illustrating reected wave.

ik

cos 1 , cos +1

R0 () =

=1

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Expression for reection coefcient

R1 () =
R1 () .
2 cos 1+a1 sin2 cos +1+a1 sin2 1 2

Model A. Take a series expansion around = 0 yields a1 =

to minimise

Continuing with expansion in incident angle a2 = a3 =

1 8 1 16

Figure: Absolute values of reection coefcient.

www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Expression for reection coefcient

R1 () =
R1 () .
2 cos 1+a1 sin2 cos +1+a1 sin2 1 2

Model A. Take a series expansion around = 0 yields a1 =

to minimise

Continuing with expansion in incident angle a2 = a3 =

1 8 1 16

Figure: Absolute values of reection coefcient.

www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Expression for reection coefcient

R1 () =
R1 () .
2 cos 1+a1 sin2 cos +1+a1 sin2 1 2

Model A. Take a series expansion around = 0 yields a1 =

to minimise

Continuing with expansion in incident angle a2 = a3 =

1 8 1 16

Figure: Absolute values of reection coefcient.

www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Expression for reection coefcient

R1 () =
R1 () .
2 cos 1+a1 sin2 cos +1+a1 sin2 1 2

Model A. Take a series expansion around = 0 yields a1 =

to minimise

Continuing with expansion in incident angle a2 = a3 =

1 8 1 16

Figure: Absolute values of reection coefcient.

www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Expression for reection coefcient

R1 () =
R1 () .
2 cos 1+a1 sin2 cos +1+a1 sin2 1 2

Model A. Take a series expansion around = 0 yields a1 =

to minimise

Continuing with expansion in incident angle a2 = a3 =

1 8 1 16

Figure: Absolute values of reection coefcient.

www.ntnu.no Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

25

Minimize close to grazing incidence or averaged sound power ?

Minimise RM () around different incident angles other than = 0 above. cos 1+ M am sin2m m=1 RM () = cos +1+ M am sin2m m=1 the corresponding higher order boundary conditions : 2m a = a0 (ik ) + m=M (ik )m 2m . 2m s m=1 n

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

25

Minimize close to grazing incidence or averaged sound power ?

Minimise RM () around different incident angles other than = 0 above. cos 1+ M am sin2m m=1 RM () = cos +1+ M am sin2m m=1 the corresponding higher order boundary conditions : 2m a = a0 (ik ) + m=M (ik )m 2m . 2m s m=1 n

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

25

Minimize close to grazing incidence or averaged sound power ?

Minimise RM () around different incident angles other than = 0 above. cos 1+ M am sin2m m=1 RM () = cos +1+ M am sin2m m=1 the corresponding higher order boundary conditions : 2m a = a0 (ik ) + m=M (ik )m 2m . 2m s m=1 n

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

25

Minimize close to grazing incidence or averaged sound power ?

Minimise RM () around different incident angles other than = 0 above. cos 1+ M am sin2m m=1 RM () = cos +1+ M am sin2m m=1 the corresponding higher order boundary conditions : 2m a = a0 (ik ) + m=M (ik )m 2m . 2m s m=1 n

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

26

Finite - Boundary Element Method : Song and Wolf

Separation of variables in (r , )
p(r , ) = R(r )N() p(r , ) = r N()
,r

Another quadratic eigenvalue

problem. Similar to Bessel ODE.

For exterior space. Two elements. 0 < a < r1 < b,

b < r2 <

{( + 1)[K2 ] [K1 ] +
r [K3 ] k 2 [K0 ]}R = 0

Hence requires requires extra

analysis for real modelling ... but benets are worthwhile
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Polynomial elements in
www.ntnu.no

azimuthal direction. 0 < 2

26

Finite - Boundary Element Method : Song and Wolf

Separation of variables in (r , )
p(r , ) = R(r )N() p(r , ) = r N()
,r

Another quadratic eigenvalue

problem. Similar to Bessel ODE.

For exterior space. Two elements. 0 < a < r1 < b,

b < r2 <

{( + 1)[K2 ] [K1 ] +
r [K3 ] k 2 [K0 ]}R = 0

Hence requires requires extra

analysis for real modelling ... but benets are worthwhile
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Polynomial elements in
www.ntnu.no

azimuthal direction. 0 < 2

26

Finite - Boundary Element Method : Song and Wolf

Separation of variables in (r , )
p(r , ) = R(r )N() p(r , ) = r N()
,r

Another quadratic eigenvalue

problem. Similar to Bessel ODE.

For exterior space. Two elements. 0 < a < r1 < b,

b < r2 <

{( + 1)[K2 ] [K1 ] +
r [K3 ] k 2 [K0 ]}R = 0

Hence requires requires extra

analysis for real modelling ... but benets are worthwhile
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Polynomial elements in
www.ntnu.no

azimuthal direction. 0 < 2

26

Finite - Boundary Element Method : Song and Wolf

Separation of variables in (r , )
p(r , ) = R(r )N() p(r , ) = r N()
,r

Another quadratic eigenvalue

problem. Similar to Bessel ODE.

For exterior space. Two elements. 0 < a < r1 < b,

b < r2 <

{( + 1)[K2 ] [K1 ] +
r [K3 ] k 2 [K0 ]}R = 0

Hence requires requires extra

analysis for real modelling ... but benets are worthwhile
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Polynomial elements in
www.ntnu.no

azimuthal direction. 0 < 2

26

Finite - Boundary Element Method : Song and Wolf

Separation of variables in (r , )
p(r , ) = R(r )N()
,r

p(r , ) = r N() Another quadratic eigenvalue

problem. Similar to Bessel ODE.

For exterior space. Two elements. 0 < a < r1 < b,

b < r2 <

{( + 1)[K2 ] [K1 ] +
r [K3 ] k 2 [K0 ]}R = 0

Hence requires requires extra

analysis for real modelling ... but benets are worthwhile
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Polynomial elements in
www.ntnu.no

azimuthal direction. 0 < 2

26

Finite - Boundary Element Method : Song and Wolf

Separation of variables in (r , )
p(r , ) = R(r )N()
,r

p(r , ) = r N() Another quadratic eigenvalue

problem. Similar to Bessel ODE.

For exterior space. Two elements. 0 < a < r1 < b,

b < r2 <

{( + 1)[K2 ] [K1 ] +
r [K3 ] k 2 [K0 ]}R = 0

Hence requires requires extra

analysis for real modelling ... but benets are worthwhile
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Polynomial elements in
www.ntnu.no

azimuthal direction. 0 < 2

26

Finite - Boundary Element Method : Song and Wolf

Separation of variables in (r , )
p(r , ) = R(r )N()
,r

p(r , ) = r N() Another quadratic eigenvalue

problem. Similar to Bessel ODE.

For exterior space. Two elements. 0 < a < r1 < b,

b < r2 <

{( + 1)[K2 ] [K1 ] +
r [K3 ] k 2 [K0 ]}R = 0

Hence requires requires extra

analysis for real modelling ... but benets are worthwhile
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Polynomial elements in
www.ntnu.no

azimuthal direction. 0 < 2

26

Finite - Boundary Element Method : Song and Wolf

Separation of variables in (r , )
p(r , ) = R(r )N()
,r

p(r , ) = r N() Another quadratic eigenvalue

problem. Similar to Bessel ODE.

For exterior space. Two elements. 0 < a < r1 < b,

b < r2 <

{( + 1)[K2 ] [K1 ] +
r [K3 ] k 2 [K0 ]}R = 0

Hence requires requires extra

analysis for real modelling ... but benets are worthwhile
Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

Polynomial elements in
www.ntnu.no

azimuthal direction. 0 < 2

27

Summary
Spectral methods are mixture of nite elements and exact solutions. Work extremely well for pipes, ducts & waveguides. Advantage workload is considerably reduced from full Finite Element method. Generate dispersion relations giving group velocity etc. Use eigs from MATLAB. Full solution for 3D problems. Only require 2D Mesh. Wolf, Song and Deeks extended this formulation to exterior domains (for WT noise for example) Otherwise use Non-reecting or Perfectly Matched Layers for FE/PE modelliing or BEM.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

27

Summary
Spectral methods are mixture of nite elements and exact solutions. Work extremely well for pipes, ducts & waveguides. Advantage workload is considerably reduced from full Finite Element method. Generate dispersion relations giving group velocity etc. Use eigs from MATLAB. Full solution for 3D problems. Only require 2D Mesh. Wolf, Song and Deeks extended this formulation to exterior domains (for WT noise for example) Otherwise use Non-reecting or Perfectly Matched Layers for FE/PE modelliing or BEM.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

27

Summary
Spectral methods are mixture of nite elements and exact solutions. Work extremely well for pipes, ducts & waveguides. Advantage workload is considerably reduced from full Finite Element method. Generate dispersion relations giving group velocity etc. Use eigs from MATLAB. Full solution for 3D problems. Only require 2D Mesh. Wolf, Song and Deeks extended this formulation to exterior domains (for WT noise for example) Otherwise use Non-reecting or Perfectly Matched Layers for FE/PE modelliing or BEM.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

27

Summary
Spectral methods are mixture of nite elements and exact solutions. Work extremely well for pipes, ducts & waveguides. Advantage workload is considerably reduced from full Finite Element method. Generate dispersion relations giving group velocity etc. Use eigs from MATLAB. Full solution for 3D problems. Only require 2D Mesh. Wolf, Song and Deeks extended this formulation to exterior domains (for WT noise for example) Otherwise use Non-reecting or Perfectly Matched Layers for FE/PE modelliing or BEM.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

27

Summary
Spectral methods are mixture of nite elements and exact solutions. Work extremely well for pipes, ducts & waveguides. Advantage workload is considerably reduced from full Finite Element method. Generate dispersion relations giving group velocity etc. Use eigs from MATLAB. Full solution for 3D problems. Only require 2D Mesh. Wolf, Song and Deeks extended this formulation to exterior domains (for WT noise for example) Otherwise use Non-reecting or Perfectly Matched Layers for FE/PE modelliing or BEM.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

27

Summary
Spectral methods are mixture of nite elements and exact solutions. Work extremely well for pipes, ducts & waveguides. Advantage workload is considerably reduced from full Finite Element method. Generate dispersion relations giving group velocity etc. Use eigs from MATLAB. Full solution for 3D problems. Only require 2D Mesh. Wolf, Song and Deeks extended this formulation to exterior domains (for WT noise for example) Otherwise use Non-reecting or Perfectly Matched Layers for FE/PE modelliing or BEM.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

27

Summary
Spectral methods are mixture of nite elements and exact solutions. Work extremely well for pipes, ducts & waveguides. Advantage workload is considerably reduced from full Finite Element method. Generate dispersion relations giving group velocity etc. Use eigs from MATLAB. Full solution for 3D problems. Only require 2D Mesh. Wolf, Song and Deeks extended this formulation to exterior domains (for WT noise for example) Otherwise use Non-reecting or Perfectly Matched Layers for FE/PE modelliing or BEM.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics

27

Summary
Spectral methods are mixture of nite elements and exact solutions. Work extremely well for pipes, ducts & waveguides. Advantage workload is considerably reduced from full Finite Element method. Generate dispersion relations giving group velocity etc. Use eigs from MATLAB. Full solution for 3D problems. Only require 2D Mesh. Wolf, Song and Deeks extended this formulation to exterior domains (for WT noise for example) Otherwise use Non-reecting or Perfectly Matched Layers for FE/PE modelliing or BEM.

www.ntnu.no

Andrew Peplow, Computational analysis in acoustics