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STUDY MATERIAL: MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

Q: What is a magnet?????
A: A magnet is an object that attracts the pieces of iron ,steel , nickel and cobalt. Generally naturally occurring magnets are available in two types (i) Bar magnet (ii) Horse shoe magnet. The end of the bar magnets are known as pole.

Q: What is North pole and South pole of magnet????

A: In a freely suspended magnet the end , pointing toward north direction of the earth is known as north pole and end pointing toward south pole of the earth is known as south pole of the magnet.

Q: What is a compass???
A: A compass is actually a magnetic needle having freely suspended magnet under it . which always point towards north pole and south pole of the earth.

MAGNETIC FIELD : It is the space around the magnet where its presence can be felt. MAGNETIC FIELD LINES: The magnetic field lines are the lines drawn in a magnetic field along which a north
magnetic pole would move.

Properties of magnetic field lines:

The magnetic field lines are continuous lines. These lines originate from north pole of the magnet and terminates at the south pole of the magnet. The lines are more closer at the ends of the magnet and widely separated at other places (it means the strength of the magnetic field is higher at poles and weaker in other places) These lines never intersect each other

Q: Why magnetic field lines never intersect each other???

A: At the point of intersection of the magnetic field lines the compass will have two directions of magnetic field lines and it is impossible to have two direction of fields at a single point.

EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD:

Earth consists of huge magnetic field . The north pole of the magnet lies at the geographical south pole of the earth and south pole of the magnet lies at the geographical North pole of the earth. The axis of the earths magnetic field is inclined at an angle of about 15 degree with the geographical axis

ELECTROMAGNETISM

OESTERDS EXPERIMENT
In 1820 oersted found that a current carrying conductor is able to deflect the compass needle , it means a current carrying conductor have magnetic field around it . This led to the discovery of magnetic effect of current. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING WIRE. The magnetic field around a straight current carrying conductor is circular. It is in the form of concentric circles. The circles are more closer near the wire (this shows that field strength is more near the wire). The direction of magnetic field due to straight current carrying wire is given by Maxwells right hand thumb rule. [Maxwells right hand thumb rule : Grasp the current carrying wire in your right hand in such a way that your thumb points towards the direction of current and curled fingers shows the direction of the magnetic field.]

Fig1: right hand rule

fig 2: field due to solenoid Fig3: field due to st. wire

fig 4: field due to circular coil.

SOLENOID The solenoid is a coil containing large number of close turns of insulated copper wires. Its field pattern is similar to the pattern of bar magnet. Factors affecting the field strength of solenoid. (I) The number of turns of copper coil : more the turn more is the strength (II) The strength of current : more the strength of current more is the strength of field. ELECTROMAGNET:
An electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulated copper wires wound on soft iron core . Factors affecting the field strength of the electromagnet : (i) The number of turns of the coil (ii) The current flowing through the conductor (iii) The length of the air gap between its pole. Q: Why soft iron Core is used in case of electromagnet ??? A: the core is made up of the soft iron because soft iron loses all magnetism when current in the coil is switched off .