An ANN Based Differential Transformer Protection

H. Khorashadi Zadeh, Department of Power Engineering University of Birjand Birjand, Iran Email: hkhorashadi@yahoo.com ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new approach to differential protection of power transformer using artificial neural network. The proposed neural network, was trained by data from simulation of a power system under different conditions, and tested by data with different training data. Details of the design procedure and the results of performance studies with the proposed relay are given in the paper. Performance studies results show that the proposed algorithm performs very well to recognize the various fault types in power transformers. The AI methods are stable against disturbing phenomena such as inrush currents. Nevertheless, the proposed method has an outstanding advantage over previous schemes in terms of elimination of the under load tap changer error during the operation of the differential relay. It is clearly shown that with this integrated approach, the accuracy of differential relay is significantly improved over other techniques based on a conventional algorithm.

S. Hosseini Naveh, S. Irannejad, B.T. Hosseini, Kerman Regional Electrical Company Kerman, Iran, Email: sa_hou@yahoo.com
patterns and the ANNs algorithms will be used to recognize these patterns. It is shown that the proposed method is able to accurately distinguish internal faults for different system conditions. The proposed algorithm is tested to evaluate its performance in terms of accuracy and robustness. Details of the design and implementation of the scheme as well as some of the obtained results are presented in the paper.

2. BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE PURPOSED ALGORITHM

Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed diffrential relay. First, the primary and secondary threephase voltage and current input signals were processed by 2nd-order low-pass Butterworth filters. The antialiasing filters had a cut-off frequency of 450 Hz. Then, the magnitudes of harmonics of voltage and current have been obtained by DFT algorithm. These magnitudes are inputs of three differential protection units. An ANN algorithm is used in each unit. As can be seen from Figure 1, it consists of three ANN units, each of which is specified to one phase. Also, a logical unit is embedded into this structure to provide the appropriate tripping commands based on the output of the previous three units. The inputs of these units consist of the ratio of the 1st harmonic component of the differential current to the primary current, 2nd, and 5th harmonic components of the differential current to 1st harmonic component of the differential current and the primary to secondary voltage ratio of each phase. The outstanding feature of the proposed method with respect to the previous approaches, is elimination of the under load tap changer error of the three-phase power transformer, and consequently, the increase of the relays sensitivity.
Va1/Va2 Ida1/Ia1 Ida2/Id1 Ida5/Ida1

1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most important equipment in power system is the power transformer, which is used in different sizes, types, and connections. A power transformer functions as a node to connect two different voltage levels. Therefore, the continuity of its operation is of vital importance in maintaining the reliability of power supply. Any unscheduled repair work, especially replacement of faulty transformer, is very expensive and time consuming. The differential protection provides the best overall protection for a power transformer under the power frequency. In principle, this protection scheme makes use of current difference flowing through the different terminals of transformer so as to distinguish between an internal and external fault. It is also well recognized that the differential current relays are affected by many factors such as inrush current, over-excitation, transformer tap, and current transformer mismatch. The conventional differential protection schemes are susceptible to mal-operation, and therefore, are not capable to detect the internal fault in all conditions correctly. To solve these problems, AI methods have been designed by researches [1-6]. Artificial Intelligence (AI) based techniques are well developed in the areas of pattern classification and recognition. This paper focuses on the ANNs application in differential protection of the three-phase power transformers. The inside and outside faults with respect to the protection zone are considered as different

ANN Ph_A

Voltages Antialising filter Currents & DFT filter

Vb1/Vb2 Idb1/Ib1 Idb2/Idb1 Idb5/Idb1 Vc1/Vc2 Idc1/Ic1 Idc2/Idc1 Idc5/Idc1

ANN Ph_B

L O G I C

Trip

ANN Ph_c

Figure 1. Structure of the proposed differential relay

Id1/I1 Id2/Id1 Id5/Id1

A three-phase 230/63 kV power system including a 60km transmission line, as shown in Figure 2, has been used to produce the required test and training patterns. Simulation studies were performed using PSCAD/EMTDC software [7]. Table 1 presents the data associated with the modeled power system. CT ratios are chosen as 1000:1 and 250:1 for secondary and primary windings of the power transformer, respectively. Combination of different system conditions used for pattern generation is shown in Table 2. As can be seen, all types of the faults including single line to ground (LG), double line to ground (LLG), etc. have been considered. These faults are located at different points F1, F2 and F3. Also, training patterns involve inrush current and over-excitation conditions at different voltage angles and with different tap settings between 9 to 9 with tap steps of 1.5 percent and different amounts of system load.
230/63 Kv
ct1 ct2

Figure 3. The proposed algorithm structure

4.1. PREPROCESSING The process of generating input patterns from the recorded voltages and currents, depicted in samples of three phase voltages and currents at the relay location, were obtained from the EMTDC. These samples were processed by 2nd order, low pass, anti-aliasing filters and were resampled at 1kHz. The anti- aliasing filters had a cut-off frequency of 450 Hz. The magnitudes of harmonics of voltage and current have been obtained by the full cycle Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) filter from voltage and current samples.
Simulation by EMTDC Anti alising filter Sampling by 1kHz

S
F1 NN Diff Relay F2 F3

l o a d

To ANN DFT filter Calculation harmonics differntial current

Figure 2. Simulated power system model TABLE 1. SIMULATED POWER SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Transformer Reactance (Pu) Line Impedance (+ and sequences) /km Line Impedance (zero sequence) /km Generator Impedance j 0.13 0.072 + j 0.416 0.346 + j 1.066 41.7

Figure 4. Pre-processing

4.2. NETWORKS STRUCTURE AND TRAINING Multilayer feedforward networks were chosen to process the prepared input data. A few different networks were selected initially. For designing the differential neural network, different networks with 4 inputs and 1 output were considered. The networks architectures were decided empirically, which involved training and testing different number of networks. Various networks with different number of neurons in their hidden layer were studied. The numbers of neurons for the two hidden layers of the network were finally chosen to be 6 and 2 neurons. For all networks, tan-sigmoid function was used as the activation function of the hidden layer neurons. Saturated linear function was used for the output layer. Various networks were trained with both conventional Back-Propagation (BP) and Marquardt-Levenberg (ML) algorithms [8, 9]. While BP is a steepest descent algorithm, ML algorithm is an approximation to the Newtons method. The ML algorithm is a nonlinear least square algorithm applied to learning of the multilayer perceptrons. It was found that the networks trained with the ML algorithm provide better results compared with the results of the networks trained with the BP algorithm. Therefore, it was decided to use the ML training algorithm for this application. 4.3. TEST RESULTS A validation data set consisting of about 200 different fault types was generated using the power system model shown in Figure 2. The validation set patterns were

TABLE 2. TRAINING PATTERNS DATA GENERATION Fault: AG, BG, ABC, at points F1, F2, and F3 Inrush: In Different Voltage angle Overexciting: By different over voltage Different values between 9 to +9 with step of 1.5 0, 30, 60, and 90 20, 40, and 100

System Conditions

Tap changer Voltage angle Load (MW)

4. DESIGN OF THE NEURAL NETWORK DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the proposed approach. There are four input signals required at the input layer. Inputs are obtained by preprocessing voltages and currents. The output layer consists of only one neuron, which has value 1 or 0. Output 1 indicates tripping, otherwise non-tripping.

Network

Neural

voltages & currents

PRE-PROCESSING

3. SIMULATION OF THE POWER SYSTEM TO PREPARE THE PATTERNS

V1/V2

different than patterns used to train the network. Various transient conditions, i.e. magnetizing inrush, overexcitation and internal faults were considered. For different conditions of the validation set, fault type, fault inception time and system load were changed to investigate the effects of these factors on the performance of the proposed algorithm. The proposed relay output for a few different power system conditions is shown in Figures 5-7. For these cases, a disturbance is applied to the system at 10 ms and the relay output is shown for the first 15 ms after the fault inception, which is of primary interest. The relays output for an internal, single phase to ground (CG) fault at F1 is shown in Figure 5. The internal fault was without inrush current. As shown in this figure, the relay is able to respond to the fault correctly in a timely fashion. The next example tests the relays performance for another condition. Figure 6 shows the output of the relay for a BG fault at F2, with 9% tap. The relay performs correctly and with stability, as shown in this figure. Figure 7 shows the output of the relay for a BG fault at F3 with inrush current and 9% tap. It shows that the relay output remains stable for this fault which is outside the protection zone. The proposed differential relay operation for a few different power system conditions is presented in Table 3. As an example, test results in the first row of the Table 3 show that the relay has operated at 4.5% tap for different conditions, correctly. These conditions include inrush current without fault and with inception angle of 15 degrees, internal fault with and without inrush current (F1), and external fault with inrush and without inrush current (F2 & F3). As shown in Table 3, the relay performs quite reliably.
1

0 .8

Output ANN

0 .6

0 .4

0 .2

10 ti m e (m s)

15

20

25

Figure 7. Relay output for external BG fault at F3 with inrush and 9% tap. TABLE 3. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY OPERATION TEST RESULTS
INRUSH WHITOUT FAULT TAP (1) -4.5 15 NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip INR(2) F(4): BG Trip F:AG Trip F:BC Trip F:AC Trip F:AC Trip F:CG Trip F:CB Trip F:BG Trip F:AB Trip F:CG Trip F:BC Trip F:AC Trip F:BC Trip F:AG Trip F:AC Trip F:CG Trip (2)
NOINR(3)

FAULT IN F1

FAULT IN F2

FAULT IN F3

INR NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip

NOINR NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip

INR NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip (4)

NOINR NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip NOTrip

Trip

9 4.5 -9 0 -1.5 4.5 -4.5 9 4.5 -9 3 -9 1.5

90 10 25 15 90 10 25 15 90 10 25 60 15 90 45

Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip Trip (3)

0 .8

Output ANN

0 .6

0 .4

0 .2

3
0

4.5
0 5 10 tim e (m s) 15 20 25

(1)

Figure 5. Relay output for internal CG fault at F1

: inception angle,

: Inrush,

:No Inrush and

: Fault

0 .8

Output ANN

0 .6

0 .4

0 .2

1 0 tim e (m s)

15

2 0

25

Figure 6. Relay output for external BG fault at F2 without inrush and with 9% tap

For most of the faults inside the protection zone, the relay has responded correctly, even when the tap is changed and with existence of inrush current. Also, the relay has not operated for external fault and inrush current in different conditions. The performance of the proposed differential relay is further evaluated by comparing its results with the results obtained from a conventional digital differential relay. Initial results indicated that in general, the proposed relay performs faster and more reliably. More studies are being conducted in a wide range of system conditions. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is being implemented on a DSP board to check its performance in real-time. Test results will be presented in a future work.

5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a new algorithm for differential protection of power transformers, based on artificial neural networks. It shows a vastly improved performance over conventional techniques. Proposed method can operate with proper sensitivity and even without tap changing effect. Simulation results show that the proposed differential relay represents proper action at different conditions and makes the correct diagnosis accurately and fast.

REFERENCES
[1] Kezunoic, M. A survey of neural network application to protective relaying and fault analysis, Eng. International Sys. Vol. 5, No. 4, Dec. 1997,pp.185192. [2] Kolla, S.R. Digital protection of power transformers using artificial neural networks, Proc. Of the 2nd International Conference On advances in instrumentation and control, Instrument Society of America, 1995, pp.141-150. [3] Bastard, P., Meunier, M., Regal, H., Neural network-based algorithm for power transformer differential relays, IEE Proc. Gener. Transmission Distribution, 1995, 142(4), pp.386-392. [4] Sidhu, T. S., Singh, H. Sachdev, M. S. Design, implementation and testing of an artificial neural network - based fault direction discriminator for protecting transmission lines, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery , Vol. 10, No. 2, Apr. 1995, pp. 1002-1011. [5] Kasztenny, B., Rosolowski, E., Lukowicz, M., Multi objective optimization of a neural network based differential relay for power transformers, IEEE transmission and distribution conference, Vol.2, Apr. 1999, pp.476-481. [6] Nagpal, M., Sachdeu, M.S., Ning, K., Wedephol, L.M. Using a neural network for transformer protection, IEEE Proc. Of EMPD international conference, Nov.1995, Vol.2, pp.674-679. [7] PSCAD/EMTDC Users Manual, Manitoba HVDC Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. [8] S. Haykin, Neural Networks, IEEE Press, New York ,1994. [9] M. T. Hagan and M. B. Menhaj, Training Feedforward Networks with the Marquardt Algorithm, IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, vol. 5, no. 6, 1994, pp. 989-993.