J ournal of Energy and Power Engineering 6 (2012) 2024-2030

Application of Bidirectional Power Converters to

Overcome Some Disadvantages of SVC Substation
Ngo Duc Minh and Le Tien Phong
Power SystemDepartment, Electrical Faculty, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, Thai Nguyen 250000, Viet Nam

Received: J anuary 12, 2012 / Accepted: April 16, 2012 / Published: December 31, 2012.

Abstract: When the authors research on the fact that some SVC (static var compensator) substations connected at some buses in power
system, they realized that some main functions ensured to operate well. Those are: compensate reactive power following value U
*

according to the requirements of the Vietnamese power system dispath center, filt harmonic by passive filter However, it still has
some disadvantages of this substation that need to be overcome: use large number of main devices, generate harmonics by itself, cause
a lot of active power losses. Thus, the authors have an idea to solve these problems by applying a bidirectional power converter with
having difference circuit structure and PWM (pulse width modulation) controller with SVM (space vector modulation) pulse generated
section, so compensative current which is created by inductance element can be reserved, adjust continuos and always has full
sinusoidal form, not generating harmonic. The benefit of this new solution is to eliminate the three above fundamental disadvantages.
This new model is built based on authors research about BESS (battery energy storage system). The research results have been verified
by simulations in Matlab/Simulink software.

Key words: SVC, TSC, TCR, BDPC, reactive power, harmonic.

1. Introduction
SVC (static var compensator) substation which is
parallel compensated type using FACTS (flexible AC
transmission system) devices [1] has many functions to
enhance electrical energy quality and power system
stability. SVC compensates reactive power to hold
voltage value according to the requirements of power
systemdispath center at the buses on network, at the
connected point having nonlinear industrial load such as
SVC furnaces help voltage stability, adjust phase-matching,
filt harmonic and SVC is placed at the terminal devices in
HVDC (high voltage DC) system transmition [2-6].
Specially, SVC is applied in power damping between
generators in power system [7]. However, there is an
absurdity which TCR (thyristor-controlled reactor)
element of SVC is a source of generating harmonic when

Corresponding author: Ngo Duc Minh, Ph.D., research
fields: high voltage technology, control of electric power
systems, FACTS, BESS, AF, PSS equipments, new and
renewable energy technology, distribution power systems.
E-mail: ngominhduc238@gmail.com.
it operates. To eliminate harmonic effects caused by
SVC, there are many researches to solve this problem,
almost based on two main principles:
Principle 1: Eliminate harmonics which is generated
by passive filter mentioning in Refs. [2-4, 6]
documents and more progress is active filter [8];
Principle 2: Eliminate causes which is generated
harmonic of SVC by changing circuit structure and
advance control methods which can generate reactive
power flow nearest sine [8, 9].
Principle 2 is the research way to be choosed to
develop because it has some salient advances such as
reducing number of devices and harmonic loss in
devices in the substation.
2. Analysis of a Real SVC Substation
Research on the operation of SVC substation has
been diagramed in Fig. 1. SVC substation is connected
to 22 kV busbar of the substation 250/250/80
MVA-220/121/22 kV.

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DAVID PUBLISHING
Application of Bidirectional Power Converters to Overcome Some Disadvantages of SVC Substation

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Fig. 1 Principle scheme of the Thai Nguyen SVC substation.

2.1 The Operation of SVC Substation
This SVC substation has to do two fundametal
requirements, which are [10]:
The first: hold voltage 121 kV hand of at 2
transformer at value 115 kV;
The second: filt harmonic.
Advantages of this SVC substation are to response
well above missions. But disadvantages are to generate
harmonic and have too much active power loss because
of operating principle of this substation.
This substation uses two main device blocks to
compensate reactive power, namely:
TCR block: This block is used to control
continuously reactive power flow which absorbs the
adjustment range Q
L
=(0 108) MVAr from network.
TSC (thyristor-switched reactor) block: This
block is a static compensator using capacitors which
generate a fixed reactive power flowing into the
network with the total amount Q
C
= +60 MVAr.
Furthermore, this substation also filtrates harmonics
which are generated by the TCR block. Hence, the
TSC block is divided into three modules. Each module
is combined with a series inductance. Thus, the TSC
block consists of three filters for 3rd, 5th, and 7th
harmonic, respectively. Specifically:
The 3rd harmonic filter module generates a fixed
reactive power Q
C
=+26 MVAr;
The 5th harmonic filter module generates a fixed
reactive power Q
C
=+19 MVAr;
The 7th harmonic filter module generates a fixed
reactive power by Q
C
=+15 MVAr.
Therefore, the total reactive power of this substation
is Q
SVC
=(-Q
L
) +(+Q
C
), so it can adjust continuously
reactive power which exchanges between this
substation and the network from +60 MVAr down to
-48 MVAr. Circuit diagram of Thai Nguyen SVC
substation is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Application of Bidirectional Power Converters to Overcome Some Disadvantages of SVC Substation

2026

Fig. 2 Circuit diagram of SVC substation.
2.2 Disadvantages of SVC Substation
The disadvantages of SVC substation are derived
from the operation of the TCR. The main element
which absorbs reactive power is inductance L. The
reactive power flow Q
L
is obtained through controlling
the delay fired angle o of semiconductor thyristors (T
1
,
T
2
) which are connected in series with the inductance L
as shown in Fig. 3a.
When o = 90, the current that runs through the
inductance L is maximum (corresponding to the T
1
, and
T
2
fully conduction state). When o = 180, current
which runs through the inductance L is zero
(corresponding to the T
1
, and T
2
no conduction state).
The current only flows to inductance L if the firing
angle of o is in range (90 180) corresponding to the
conduction angle o =2 (180 o) in between (180
0) as shown in Fig. 3b.
It means that the current which runs through the
inductance i
L
is distorted and is not sinusoidal shape,
except at o = 180. Note that there is only the 1st
harmonic component of the current i
L
in Fouriers
expansion [11] which can compensate the reactive
power. While the remaining 3rd, 5th, 7th etc. harmonics
are harmful for devices in the substation and for power
system (under the form of auxiliary losses, network
disturbances, and power quality reduction etc.).
When the conductance angle o changes [11], the
proportion of harmonics also changes following the
rule as shown in Fig. 4. In there, the total proportion of

(a)

(b)
Fig. 3 Analysis of current and voltage in TCR.


Fig. 4 The relationship between proportion of harmonics
which depends on o.

harmonics reaches the maximum value if o is in range
of (130

160).
The current runs through TCR are in form [11]:

+ < < +
+ < <
=
t o e o o
o o e o e o
t
t t
X
U
i
L
r
L
, 0
), sin (cos
2
(1)
where U
r
is root mean square of the voltage.
The root mean square of the base current:
1 r L r
L
sin
I U B ( )U
X

= =
o o
o
t
(2)
Application of Bidirectional Power Converters to Overcome Some Disadvantages of SVC Substation

2027
where
L
L
X
B
t
o o
o
sin
) (

= is the conductance of the
TCR block.
Similarly, the root mean square of the n
th
harmonic
current, which runs through the TCR block, can be
calculated as follows:
(

+
+
+
=
n
n
n
n
n
n
X
U
I
L
r
n
o o o
t
sin
cos
) 1 ( 2
) 1 sin(
) 1 ( 2
) 1 sin( 4
(3)
Furthermore, the bigger power of the TCR block
leads to the bigger harmonic power losses. Since the
capacity of the Thai Nguyen substation is 108 MVAr,
the operation of the TCR and the TSC blocks causes
the power loss larger than 4 MW [10]. Because of that,
the amount of losses in the capacitors of the TSC block
is significant. Therefore, a solution for reducing power
losses is to divide the TSC block into three similar
levels in order to adjust capacitors for each level. This
idea can be seen more clearly by a simulation in Matlab
[12] with the structure shown in Fig. 5.
PCC (point of common coupling) in the transmission
network needs to be maintained voltage at constant
value 16 kV, PCC in Fig. 5 is considered as supply
branches, the right PCC in Fig. 5 is a SVC substation.
Assume that the voltage at the PCC changes in
following scenarios:
The 'PreLoadFcn' automatically sets
sample time Ts=50e-6 s
(see 'Model Properties')
TSC1
94 Mvar
TCR
109 Mvar
TSC2
94 Mvar
TSC3
94 MVar
Q
<------
PCC
220 kV
110/22 kV
Discrete,
Ts =5e-005s.
P A B C P A B C P A B C P A B C
Va_Ia
Q(Mvar)
Vmeas Vref
alpha TCR (deg)
nTSC
Signals &
Scopes
A
B
C
a
b
c
Secondary
(16 kV)
Vabc_prim
Vabc_sec
TCR
TSC1
TSC2
TSC3
SVC Controller
SVC
N
A
B
C
Programmable
Voltage Source
A
B
C
a
b
c
Primary
(735 kV)
Vabc_Prim
Vabc_Sec
A
B
C
A
B
C
735kV 6000 MVA
A
B
C
a
b
c
735/16 kV
333 MVA
A B C
200 MW
number of TSCs
alpha TCR (deg)
Va (pu) Ia (pu/100MVA)
Q (Mvar)
Vmeas Vref (pu)

Fig. 5 Simulation structure of SVC substation which
divides TSC into three levels.

t
(s)
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6
(4)
Ur
(pu)
1,000 0,930 1,025 1,000 1,000
Corresponding with above scenarios, SVC will
adjust the reactive power to hold the voltage stability at
value U
*
=16 kV. The simulation results are presented
in Fig. 6a (with voltage values in p.u).
From 0 to 0.4 s: U
PCC
=U
r
, where U
r
is the rated
voltage. At that time the compensation angle of the
TCR block is o =96 and the TSC block compensates
one level;
From 0.4 s to 0.8 s: U
PCC
=1.025 U
r
. At that
time the compensation angle of the TCR block is o =
94 and the TSC block is not working;

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-2
0
2
U
a
(p
u
),
Ia
(
p
u
/
1
0
0
M
V
A
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-200
0
200
400
Q
(
M
V
A
r
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.9
1
1.1
U
f
(
p
u
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
50
100
150
200
a
n
f
a
(
d
e
g
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0
2
4
n
(
T
S
C
)
Time (s)

(a)
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94
-2
-1
0
1
2
V

T
C
R
(
p
u
)
,
I
T
C
R
(
p
u
/
1
0
0
M
V
A
)
time (s)
Uab
Iab

(b)
Fig. 6 Simulation results of SVC operation.
Application of Bidirectional Power Converters to Overcome Some Disadvantages of SVC Substation

2028

From 0.8 s to 1.2 s: U
PCC
=0.93 U
r
. At that time,
the compensation angle of the TCR block is o =120
and the TSC block compensates three levels;
From 1.2 s to 1.6 s: U
PCC
=1.004 U
r
. At that
time, the compensation angle of the TCR block is o =
96 and the TSC compensates one level.
Remark: The flexible control by cutting off TSC
levels contributes to reducing reactive power loss
compared to fixed closing all three TSC filter as in Thai
Nguyen SVC substation. But it has one problem which
has not been overcome. That is the current through
TCR still not sine when angle control o = 90 in Fig.
6b. That is basic disadvantage of SVCs according to
principle 1. So, according to principle 2, the authors
propose one new complex device which is inovated
from a BESS (battery energy storage system) in the
results of research in Refs. [13, 14].
In order to save electric powers and to eliminate all
harmonics that are generated during the reactive power
compensation process following the setting voltage
value, a combination of equipments that develops from
BESS is proposed [3].
3. Research on an Application of the BDPC
According to Ref. [13], BESS is a combination of an
accumulator with an AC/DC/AC BDPC using a
decoupling controller. In this case, if the BDPC is only
used with the reactive compensation function
corresponding to the setting voltage value, it is possible
to ignore the accumulator and replace it by a capacitor
with suitable capability. Furthermore, the priority of
the decoupling controller is given to the regulation of
the i
q
channel. The reference value for the i
d
control
loop is set to zero.
During the operation process of the power network,
the voltage at any bus may change its value since it is
affected by sources and loads. At the PCC in Fig. 7, the
voltage quality will be improved by compensating a
suitable part of the reactive power from the BDPC into
the power network. If the voltage increases, the BDPC
is regulated in order to absorb the reactive power from
2 2
( )
pccd pccq
sqrt u u +
u
u
u
o|
B
u
o
B
u
|

Fig. 7 The control structure with BDPC.

the network. Conversely, if the voltage decreases, the
BDPC is regulated in order to generate the reactive
power to the network.
The control structure of BDPC in Fig. 7 is designed
based on maths descriptions:
Write the balanced voltage equations at the PCC in
the a b c coordinate:

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
PCCc
Bc
B Bc B Bc
PCCb
Bb
B Bb B Bb
PCCa
Ba
B Ba B Ba
U
dt
di
L i R U
U
dt
di
L i R U
U
dt
di
L i R U
.
.
.
(5)
Eq. (5) can be rewritten in the d
q
coordinate aligned
with the voltage at the network terminal:

+ + + =
+ + =
Bd B PCCq
Bq
B Bq B Bq
Bq B PCCd
Bd
B Bd B Bd
i L U
dt
di
L i R U
i L U
dt
di
L i R U
. . .
. . .
e
e
(6)
In the state space representation, Eq. (6) has the
following form:

+ =
+ + =
) (
1
.
) (
1
.
PCCq Bq
B
Bd Bq
B
B
Bq
PCCd Bd
B
Bd Bd
B
B Bd
U U
L
i i
L
R
dt
di
U U
L
i i
L
R
dt
di
e
e
(7)
Note that, in the settle state, the left hand side of Eq.
(7) equals to zero. Hence:
Application of Bidirectional Power Converters to Overcome Some Disadvantages of SVC Substation

2029

+ =
+ + =
) (
1
. 0
) (
1
. 0
PCCq Bq
B
Bd Bq
B
B
PCCd Bd
B
Bq Bd
B
B
U U
L
i i
L
R
U U
L
i i
L
R
e
e
(8)
Let i
Bd
=0 or any value. From Eq. (8), i
Bq
can be
caculated as follows:
2 2
PCCq PCCd PCC
U U U + =
2 2
) . ( ) . . (
Bq B PCCq Bq B PCCd
i R U i L U + + = e (9)
According to Refs. [11, 13], from Figs. 7 and Eq. (9),
it will be calculated value of the voltage U* for the
current control loop i
q
which the BDPC will adjust
absorbability or generating a suitable amount of the
reactive power. In this configuration, the advantages of
the BDPC are highly appreciated at the following main
points:
(1) The dynamic characteristic of the system is high
and it ensures fast responses below 10 ms;
(2) During the reactive compensation process, the
BDPC does not generate harmonics because of the
existence of the generative impulse block based on the
space vector modulation techique SVM (space vector
modulation) [11], and vector modulation form is
simulated in Fig. 8.
Function of the BDPC can be tested by simulation in
Matlab. Simulation structure is shown in Fig. 9.
Assume that the voltage at the PCC is changed with
the same scenarios as in Eq. (4). The simulation results
which are shown in Fig. 10 are similar to the results
shown in Fig. 6.
From 0.4 s to 0.8 s: the BDPC absorbs reactive
power (-Q);
From 0.8 s to 1.2 s: the BDPC generates reactive
power (+Q).
On the other hand, current which runs through
inductance always has full sinusoidal form by a
controller with generated pulse vector block type SVM.
Furthermore, when voltage network changes by U
*

value at the time 0.8 s, the BDPC reserves the direction
to compensate reactive power from absorbability to
generation. It is also clarified that the phase angle of
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27
0
0.5
1
Time (s)
S
V
M

Fig. 8 Vector modulation form SVM.

PCC
Load
BDPC
BDPC
Continuous
abc
measure rms4
abc
measure rms1
Q_BDPC
ToWorkspace3
P
ToWorkspace2
VI
ToWorkspace1
Gate
a
b
c
A
B
C
a
b
c
A B C
N
A
B
C
Programmable
Voltage Source1
A
B
C
a
b
c
Load
-K-
Gain2
-K-
Iabc_BDPC
Vpcc gates
CONTROLLER1
A B C
a b c
Vabc
Iabc
PQ
A
B
C
A
B
C
16kV300 MVA

Fig. 9 Simulation structure of the BDPC.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
-2
0
2
4
x10
7
Time (s)
Q

(

V
A
r

)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
x10
4
Time (s)
U
p
c
c

(

V

)

Fig. 10 Simulation results of reactive power compenstion of
the BDPC.

the current move from lag the voltage of 90 to lead
the voltage of 90. The simulation results are shown in
Fig. 11.
4. Main Parameters Used in the Simulation
of the BDPC
U
dc
=31 kV, C
1
: 1,500 F/31 kV, L: 15 mH
V =K
p
, d =1 T/Ti, where T is sampling cycle of PI.
Current controller (R
iq
): V =0.25, d =0.99, T =200 s.
Voltage controller at the PCC (Ru
pcc
): V =0.3, d =
0.6, T =800 s.
PLL block: V =1.4, d =0.99, T =200 s.
Application of Bidirectional Power Converters to Overcome Some Disadvantages of SVC Substation

2030
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94
-2
-1
0
1
2
x 10
4
Time (s)
U
,

I


B
D
P
C

U I

Fig. 11 The change phase process of current and voltage
when BDPC reverses reactive power compensation.
5. Conclusions
The research on the application of the BDPC with a
decoupling controller shows that the BDPC can
completely applied for a SVC substation with the
following outstanding features:
The BDPC maintains the voltage value at the PCC
in the power network through the capability to
compensate the reactive power continously;
Compensated current always has full sinusoidal
form, does not generate harmonics which affects to
power quality and other devices in the power network;
Reduce the number of devices in this substation
(ignore TSC harmonic filters), reduce less active power
loss in devices of the particular substation and in the
other devices in the power network in general.
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