Microcontroller Based Highway Speed Sensing and Automatic Breaking System

B.E. Project Report

Submitted in partial fulllment of the requirement of University of Mumbai For the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics Engineering) by Rahul Singh (06EE2012) Pratik Tidke (08EE1047) Tanmay Ghawale (08EE1057) Rakesh Gurudu (08EE1075)

Under the guidance of Prof. S.M. Labde

Department of Electronics Engineering Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology, Sector 7, Nerul , Navi Mumbai (Afliated to University of Mumbai) December 2012

Ramrao Adik Education Societys

Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology

(Afliated to the University of Mumbai) Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyanagar, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400 706.

Certicate
This is to certify that, the project report titled Microcontroller Based Highway Speed Sensing and Automatic Breaking System is a bonade work done by Rahul Singh (06EE2012) Pratik Tidke (08EE1047) Tanmay Ghawale (08EE1057) Rakesh Gurudu (08EE1075) and is submitted in the partial fulllment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics Engineering to the University of Mumbai.

Examiner 1

Examiner 2

Guide

Project Coordinator

Head of Department

Principal

Acknowledgments

With great pleasure, we avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to or guide, Prof. S.M. Labde , for his spirited guidance and inspiration. We have a deep sense of admiration for her innate goodness and inexhaustible enthusiasm. It has helped us to work in right direction to attain desired objective. We are also thankful to our Project Coordinator, Prof. Sharmila Petkar who devoted her valuable time and helped us in all possible ways towards successful completion of this work. We are thankful to Head of Electronics Department, Prof. M.D. Patil because of whom we learnt some practical experience from difculties involved in making this project and greatly value his advice. We are thankful to our Principal Dr. Ramesh Vasappanavara for his support and encouragement. We extend thanks to our friends who have done lots of nice things for us. We thank all those who have contributed directly or indirectly to this work.

Abstract
HIGHWAY SPEED SENSING AND AUTOMATIC BREAKING SYSTEM Nowadays people are driving very fast, accidents are occurred frequently. Hence, the invaluable human life lost, because of the small mistakes while driving. Therefore to avoid such accidents, this project was designed to alert the driver and to control the speed of the vehicle automatically using AT89S52 microcontroller, RF transmitter and RF receiver modules. The objective of this project work is to use 89S52 microcontroller to alert the driver about zone to be crossed and control the speed of vehicle automatically, using RF modules.A speed limit control system involving road monitors and speed limit controls in the vehicle which receive signals from road transmitters installed in illuminated signs such as highway signs, trafc lights, rural signs, shopping mall signs, and residential street signs that can automatically lower and restrain the vehicle to the posted maximum MPH speed limit. Every zone like school, college, pedestrians in high ways or hospitals etc may have transmitter tag to transmit the zone information by RF signals.A receiver module placed in the vehicle receives the zone information, which is to be used to alert the driver with buzzer and to vary the speed of the vehicle. A demo module was developed in the lab using DC motor. Practically the actuator may be used to control the throttle of the vehicle.A road speed control system for preventing motorists from speeding on roads. The road speed control system includes roadside transmitter/receiver members being adapted to be erected along roadsides where speed limits on roads change; and also includes a vehicle speed control assembly being adapted to be disposed in a vehicle; and further includes a monitoring and transmitting assembly for police.

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List of Figures
3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 System Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Receiver Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transmitter Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pin Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 6 8

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Contents
Abstract List of Figures 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Block Diagram 3.1 System Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Receiver Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Transmitter Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 System Description 4.1 Pin Description . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 433 MHz RF Transmitter STT-433 4.3 433 MHz RF Receiver STR-433 . 4.4 HT-12 E Encoder . . . . . . . . . 4.5 HT-12D Decoder . . . . . . . . . iii iv 1 2 4 4 5 5 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

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5 Conclusion 5.1 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 1 Introduction
Every year, we nd more and more road accidents due to increased trafc on the roads, and if you see the statistics, you will nd that the causalities are more every year than that of 1970 Indo -Pak war. Experts say, increased motorist population, long working hours, stressful life, are the major cause. The factors are beyond ones control, but if we could alert the driver on the highway, could save the many precious lives.It will consist of a transmitter and a receiver system. Receiver will be kept in the vehicles and transmitters would be installed on the road. It will not use any speed sensing device, instead four switches. Which could be operated by trafc Cops, limit 80, limit40, limit20 and no horn area, are provided? Whenever these switches are pressed, they will transmit the corresponding alert message to the driver. Receiver section will have a 2X16 LCD, which will display the alert message, and a relay circuit having three relays. One relay to sound alarm to driver. One relay for the auto breaking circuit and one relay to disable horn in the no horn area

Chapter 2 Objective
Our objective is to build a road speed control system comprising: A roadside transmitter/receiver members for positioning along roadside where speed limits on roads change A vehicle speed control assembly for disposing in a vehicle A monitoring and transmitting assembly for police Wherein each of said roadside transmitter/receiver members emits a radio wave signal upon a road, said radio wave signal indicating a maximum speed for that particular road, each of said roadside transmitter/receiver members including means for directing a respective said radio wave signal upon a portion of the road where the speed limit changes depending upon direction of the vehicle, each of said roadside transmitter/receiver members including means for receiving signals as to a speed of the vehicle. A method of using a road speed control system includes the steps of: Providing roadside transmitting/receiving members along roadside, and also providing front and rear receiver units, and a microprocessor units, and a road speed sensor Detecting signal by said front and rear receiver units from said roadside transmitting/receiving members as to speed limit Detecting speed of the vehicle by said road speed sensor Comparing the signal as to speed limit with the speed of the vehicle by said microprocessor unit 2

 Reducing the speed of the vehicle by said throttle control module to that of the speed limit as identied by the signal.

Chapter 3 Block Diagram

3.1 System Block Diagram

Figure 3.1: System Block Diagram

3.2 Receiver Block Diagram

Receiver consists of a microcontroller ic2 and 216 LCD device for display purpose. Capacitor c3 and r2 gives the required reset pulse to the reset pin1 of the microcontroller. Alternatively a reset switch is also provided to manually reset the microcontroller. Capacitor c4, c5 along with the crystal x1 gives the clock pulses to microcontroller; this serially received data is displayed on the LCD.

Figure 3.2: Receiver Block diagram

3.3 Transmitter Block Diagram

Transmitter consists of a microcontroller and 433mhz transmitter module .capacitor c1 and r2 gives the reset pulse to microcontroller reset pinX1 along with two 33 pf capacitor gives required the clock pulse to microcontroller.

Figure 3.3: Transmitter Block Diagram

Chapter 4 System Description

4.1 Pin Description
Alarm switch connected to p1.0 pin 13 will Data transmitted from the transmitter is received by the 433mhz receiver and output from this receiver is connected to pin 2 of the microcontroller IC 2.this serially received data is displayed on the LCD. Alarm switch connected to p1.0 pin 13 will switch off the alarm relay. Pin 7,8 and 9 of the microcontroller controls the operation of the relay.These three relays are alarm relay, break relay and no horn relay. Transistor Q4 and Q5 are drivers for relay K3, a break relay. Whenever speed limit is above 80 km/hour break relay will be operated and break relay will operate and break will be applied. Whenever the vehicle is in no horn zone, no horn normally close contact will open and driver will be prohibited to sound horn. Whenever vehicle receives any warning signal on his LCD an alarm will also sound which will be operated by the sound relay. Driver has an option to switch off the alarm after he sees the alarm message on the LCD. Limit 80, Limit 40, Limit 20 and No horn are the four keys connected to microcontroller pin 67, 8, 9. One side of the keys is connected to ground, so whenever any key is pressed, that particular pin of the microcontroller will become low and microcontroller will detect key press. If no key is pressed all these pins will stay high. Corresponding messages are stored into microcontroller rom area. Microcontroller will read the corresponding message from the area and shift out serially from the pin number 3 of the microcontroller. Data shifted out serially at the rate of 300bits per second. Output data from the pin 3 of the microcontroller is connected to the data in pin 2 of the 433mhz transmitter. The transmitter will transmit this data to air. Entire circuit is driven by 9V battery IC 1 is 7

Figure 4.1: Pin Diagram

5V regulator which gives regulated 5V dc required for microcontroller and 433mhz transmitter module. LCD 1 gives the visual indication whenever any key is pressed.

4.2 433 MHz RF Transmitter STT-433

It is low cost RF transmitter, and operates from 1.5 to 12V supply. The transmitter employs a SAW- stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate frequency control for best range performance. Small in size consumes 11mA at 3V. Its minimum data rate 200BPS and maximum is 3KBPS. It has good temperature adaptability (from -20C to +60C). OOK (on off keying) modulation is a binary form of amplitude modulation. When a logical 0 (Data line low) is being sent, the transmitter is off, fully suppressing the carrier. In this state, the transmitter current is very low, 8

less than 1 mA. When alogical 1 is being sent, the carrier is fully on. In this state, the module current consumption is at its highest, about 11mA with a 3V power supply. OOK is the modulation method needs no power when it transmits a 0, and requires better power consumption than FSK transmitters for transmitting 1. OOK data rate is limited by the startup time of the oscillator. High Q oscillators which have very stable center frequency take longer to startup than low Q oscillators. The startup time of the oscillator determines the maximum data rate that the transmitter can send. Data rate could be controlled by the oscillator startup time. In the transmitter SAW stabilized oscillator is used, basically the transmitter is a negative resistance LC oscillator, whose center frequency is tightly controlled by a SAW resonator. SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) resonators are fundamental frequency devices that resonate at frequencies much higher than the crystals.

4.3 433 MHz RF Receiver STR-433

The receiver module requires no external RF components except for the antenna. It generates virtually no emission. It is low cost, operating voltage is 5V and the operating current is typically 3.5mA and requires no external parts. Receiver frequency is about 433.92MHz, whose sensitivity is -105dBm. Data rate of the receiver is 3 Kbits/s. The STR - 433 [8] uses a super - regenerative AM detector to demodulate the incoming AM carrier. A super regenerative detector is a gain stage with positive feedback greater than unity so that it oscillates. An RC time constant is included in the gain stage so that when the gain stage oscillates, the gain will be lowered over time proportional to the RC time constant until the oscillation eventually dies. When the oscillation dies, the current draw of the gain stage decreases, charging the RC circuit, increasing the gain, and ultimately the oscillation starts again. In this way, the oscillation of the gain stage is turned on and off at a rate set by the RC time constant. This rate is chosen to be super audible but much lower than the main oscillation rate. Detection is accomplished by measuring the emitter current of the gain stage. Any RF input signal at the frequency of the main oscillation will aid the main oscillation in restarting. If the amplitude of the RF input increases, the main oscillation will stay on for a longer period of the time, and the emitter current will be higher. Therefore, we can detect the original base-band signal by simply low pass ltering the emitter current. The average emitter current is not very linear as a function of the RF input level. It exhibits a 1/ln response because of the exponentially rising nature of oscillator start-up.

The steep slope of algorithm near zero results in high sensitivity to small input signals. Another important block in the receiver is Data slicer, which converts the base band analog signal from the super-regenerative detector to a CMOS/TTL compatible output. Because the data slicer is AC coupled to the audio output, there is a minimum data rate. AC coupling also limits the minimum and maximum pulse width. Typically data is encoded on the transmit side using pulse width modulation (PWM) or non return to zero (NRZ). The most common source for NRZ data is from a UART 89S52 Microcontroller based Speed Control 5 embedded in a microcontroller. Applications that use NRZ data encoding typically involve microcontrollers. Data is sent as a constant rate square wave. The Duty cycle of that square wave will generally be either 33 percent (a zero) or 88 percent (a one). The data slicer on the STR-433 is optimized for use with PEM encoded data, though it will work with NRZ data if certain encoding rules are followed. Power supply is another important factor to work with any passive components. The STR-433 is designed to operate from a 5V power supply. It is crucial that this power supply be very quiet. The power supply should be bypassed using 0.1microF low - ESR ceramic capacitor and a 4.7microF tantalum capacitor. These capacitor should be placed as close to the power pins as possible. The STR-433 is designed for continuous duty operation. From the time power is applied, it can take up to 750 ms for the data output become valid. STR-433 support most antenna type, including printed antennas integrated directly on to the PCB and simple single core wire of about 17cm. the performance of the different antennas varies. Any time a trace is longer than 1/8th the wave length of the frequency it is carrying, it should be a 50 Ohm microchip.

4.4 HT-12 E Encoder

HT-12E is the encoder [9] capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12- N data bits. Each address/ data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. Its operating voltage is 2.4V - 12V. it is fabricated using CMOS technology, housed in 18 pin DIP. Other features are listed as follows: Low standby current 0.1microA at VDD=5V Minimum transmission is four words

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 Built in oscillator needs only 5 Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components

4.5 HT-12D Decoder

HT-12D decoders [9] receive serial addresses and data programmed series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses, if no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin indicates the status of transmission, when it is high means, it is valid transmission. This decoder is capable of decoding information that consists of N bits of address and 12-N bits of data. For proper operation a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen.

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Chapter 5 Conclusion
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of road speed limiter now present in the prior art, the present invention provides a new road speed control system construction wherein the same can be utilized for preventing motorists from speeding on roads. The general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new road speed control system which has many of the advantages of the road speed limiter mentioned heretofore and many novel features that result in a new road speed control system which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the prior art road speed limiter, either alone or in any combination thereof. To attain this, the present invention generally comprises roadside transmitter/receiver members being adapted to be erected along roadside where speed limits on roads change; and also includes a vehicle speed control assembly being adapted to be disposed in a vehicle; and further includes a monitoring and transmitting assembly for police. There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology 12

employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

5.1 Future Scope

Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to dene the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new road speed control system which has many of the advantages of the road speed limiter mentioned heretofore and many novel features that result in a new road speed control system which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the prior art road speed limiter, either alone or in any combination thereof. It is another object of the present invention to provide a new road speed control system which may be easily and efciently manufactured and marketed. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new road speed control system which is of a durable and reliable construction. An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new road speed control system which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such road speed control system economically available to the buying public. Advantages As all operation is controlled through software human interfacing is minimized. As human interfacing is minimized maintenance is lowered. Gives more accuracy, works continuously and gives consistency. It is an Autonomous device. The system used is microcontroller based. Too little space is required for it to set for any operation at any location.

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 LCD display which makes very easy to understand the operation taking place. Reset button is available for resetting the system. There is also facility of changing password card. Simple circuit which can easily be understood. Moderate price. Limitations It only works on programming. It has a limited range.

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Bibliography

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