CLT ( known) : Underlying population normal or n 30 ( unknown) : Underlying population normal or n 30 IQ scores are normally distributed so CLT OK,

OK, = 15 Underlying normal distribution, so CLT OK. If is unknown, use T table. Degrees of Freedom One Sample test of means: n-1 Two samples 1, 2 is unknown assume equal: n1 + n2 -2 Two samples 1, 2 is unknown assume unequal: long equation Smaller df is more conservative, CI becomes wider More Conservative assume unequal variances P-Value 2 P(Z > z) 2 P(T > t) two-tailed Direction of < or > follows Ha Confidence Interval We are 95% confident that the true population mean 90% Confidence means: If new samples are repeatedly taken, then 90% of the time the CI would capture the true difference in population proportions, and 10% of the time it would not catch the true population proportion difference, due to sampling error. Rejection Region What is the smallest or minimum average/largest average in order to accept the claim? Z = ( rej - o) / (/sqrt(n)) Z = ( rej a) / (/sqrt(n)) Power = follow Ha < without subtracting from 1 Point estimate of the population mean is called the sample average , p, p1 - p2 +/- ME

CLT p: np 5 and n(1- p) 5 p1,p2: np1 > 5 and n(1- p1) 5 A D np2 > 5 and n(1- p2) > 5 If NOT ok, non-parametic methods IQ scores are normally distributed so CLT OK, = 15 Underlying normal distribution, so CLT OK. Confidence Interval Higher confidence means that we are more confident that the population mean has been captured by the CI. We are 95% confident that the true population proportion Use Z table Proportion of blank is from % less to % greater than the proportion of blank. Hypothesis Test At a 5% level of significance, we have or do not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. If p is unknown, assume worst case scenario of p = .5 Two samples: ( , n, p) Power , , Power if n held constant n , , Power if held constant, more precise estimate of the population mean Ho centered: Z alpha Ha centered: Z beta Width = 2E E = Margin of Error E = (CIu - CIl)/2 E =Z /2 (/sqrt(n)) E= Z /2 (sqrt(p(1- p)/n)) E =T df (s/sqrt(n)) T df =( - ) / (s/sqrt(n) CI Characteristics As n increases, the width of CI decreases As SD (i.e., s or ) increases, the width of CI increases As (1-) increases, the width of CI increases Rejection Region Z = (prej p0) / sqrt(p0(1-p0)/n) Z = (prej pa) / sqrt(pa(1-pa)/n) Power = follow Ha < without subtracting from 1 Error Type 1 Error: The event of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternative. Type II Error: The event in wrongly not rejecting the null hypothesis when the alternative is true. Probability of Type I error: () the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null is true. False Positive. Probability of Type II error: () the probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis when the alternative is true. False Negative. Level of Significance: () the pre-selected probability of Type I error Power: Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the alternative is true. Clinically Significant and Statistically Significant go hand in hand