Influence of Turbidity, pH, Alkalinity, and NOM on Coagulant Dose in Water Treatment (Case Study : Ciparay WTP PDAM

Tirta Raharja Kabupaten Bandung) Pengaruh Kekeruhan, pH, Alkalinitas dan Zat Organik terhadap Dosis Koagulan pada Pengolahan Air Minum ( Studi Kasus : IPAM Ciparay PDAM Tirta Raharja Kabupaten Bandung)
Muhammad Ridwan1 and James Nobelia I.2 Environmental Engineering Study Program Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung Ganesha Street 10 Bandung 40132 1 d_canopus@yahoo.co.id and 2jnobelia@yahoo.com
Abstract: Upper Citarum River has undergone a change due to human activities. These changes result in changes in the coagulant dose used in Drinking Water Treatment Installation (Ipam) Ciparay use Upper Citarum River as a source of raw water. Studies conducted so-paramter parameters that may affect the determination of coagulant dosage. Parameters studied the turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and NOM (Natural Organic Matters). Data used from the data processing of water and raw water quality Ciparay WTP the period from January 2006 until October 2009.Based on statistical analysis using multiple regression method, turbidity has largest standradized coefficient beta value of 0.206 compared with the other parameters though it is not significant enough. Key words : coagulant, pH, alkalinity, NOM, multiple regression method Abstrak : Air Sungai Citarum Hulu telah mengalami perubahan akibat aktivitas manusia. Perubahan ini mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan pada dosis koagulan yang digunakan pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum (IPAM) Ciparay yang menggunakan Sungai Citarum Hulu sebagai sumber air bakunya. Sehingga dilakukan kajian terhadap parameter-paramater yang mungkin memengaruhi penentuan dosis koagulan. Parameter yang dikaji yaitu kekeruhan, pH, alkalinitas, dan zat organik. Data sekunder yang digunakan berasal dari data pengolahan air dan kualitas air baku IPAM Ciparay dengan rentang waktu sejak Januari 2006 hingga Oktober 2009. Berdasarkan analisa statistik dengan menggunakan metode regresi ganda, kekeruhan memiliki nilai koefisien beta baku terbesar yaitu 0,206 dibandingkan dengan parameter lainnya walaupun nilai kurang signifikan. Kata kunci : koagulan, kekeruhan, pH, alkalinitas, zat organik, metode regresi ganda

INTRODUCTION
Increasing urbanization in the Bandung region, combined effects of untreated domestic sewage, solid waste disposal and industrial wastewater have significantly increased pollution in the Citarum river system. In the upper basin, river water polluted by domestic and industrial waste from Bandung flows into the Saguling Reservoir (Hermawan and Kijima, 2009). In Bandung District, most industrial and domestic wastewater especially from industrial factories not covered by the Government's Clean Rivers Program is not properly treated, and the polluted water has worsened the water quality. A good coagulation process needed to support water treatment to produce clean water that meets the standard, thus study about influence of water quality on water treatment should be done. Coagulation is a process for increasing the tendency of small particles in an aqueous suspension to attach to one another and and to attach to surfaces such as the grains in an filter bed (AWWA, 1999). It is also used to effect the removal of certain soluble materials by
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adsorption or precipitation. The coagulation process typically includes promoting the interaction of particles to form larger aggregates. It is an essential component of conventional water treatment systems in which the processes of coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection are combined to clarify the water and remove and inactivate microbiological contaminants such as viruses, bacteria, and the cysts and oocysts of pathogenic bacteria. Aluminum and ferric iron salts have long been used to remove color caused by NOM. These organic substances are present in all surface waters and in many groundwaters.Yu et al. (2007) found that pH control in the coagulation process using metal coagulant, an important factor in the provision of organic matter (NOM) in water with high alkalinity. Increased alkalinity improves the efficiency of traditional coagulant due to sweep flocculation. Under the higher alkalinity, more coagulant is required to achieve complete charge neutralization (Ye et al., 2007). The optimum pH for coagulation using Alum varies, but generally between range 5.5 to 7.5 (AWWA, 1990). In most situations where NOM is present, it is more important for determining coagulant dosage than turbidity. NOM removal is higher at low pHs for all coagulants. Again, considerable increases in COD removal have been observed for most of these samples only by decreasing 0.5-2 pH value (Vaezi et al., 2005). Based on research done by Abdulkarim, Misau, and Gambo (2009), turbidity in earthen water decreased by use of alum as coagulant, an increasing in coagulant dose results in decreasing of pH of 6 6,5.

METHODOLOGY
Statistical analysis flow chart shown in Figure 1. Source of data used in this research is data quality water treatment and raw water from Ciparay WTP PDAM Tirta Raharja Kabupaten Bandung which using the Upper Citarum River as a source of raw water. Data used from January 2006 until October 2009. The parameters that were examined are coagulant dose as dependent variables, and turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and organic substances as the independent variable. Statistical analysis performed using SPSS V.17 software and Microsoft Excel 2007.
Problem identification

Data gathering from PDAM Kabupaten Bandung

Descriptive statistics

Statistics hypothesis

Multiple regression method

Figure 1. Flow chart of statistical analysis

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Descriptive Statistics Recapitulation data obtained from Ciparay WTP shown in Table 1. Range of data used is from January 2006 until October 2009, which represents data obtained from the monthly average of daily data. There are missing coagulant data in March 2008 April 2009 because of changing of coagulant used from Alum Sulfat to Sudfloc. Table 1. Data Recapitulation from Ciparay WTP
Year Month January February March April May 2006 June July August September October November December January February March April May 2007 June July August September October November December 2008 January February May June 2009 July August September October Water flow (L/detik) 170,00 171,56 165,00 171,00 180,00 176,00 172,00 170,00 174,00 175,70 178,30 177,80 172,00 171,00 170,00 165,20 162,00 161,00 163,00 182,00 181,00 181,00 179,00 172,00 174,00 177,00 192,00 195,00 196,00 198,00 196,50 197,00 Coagulant dose (ppm) 46,00 47,00 40,00 46,00 38,00 43,00 44,00 42,41 41,00 41,00 46,00 58,00 50,02 55,24 44,12 16,70 36,58 42,41 44,85 41,95 39,62 45,23 48,58 50,36 41,32 35,47 37,34 34,92 39,69 39,13 40,74 43,26 Turbidity (NTU) 188,3 222,0 163,0 254,0 78,0 65,5 58,1 177,0 39,5 25,5 79,0 76,8 116,0 69,2 148,0 139,0 101,0 257,0 81,9 74,2 26,4 69,1 277,0 118,0 65,1 74,8 59,9 88,7 94,4 50,0 77,3 47,2 pH 7,50 7,40 7,50 7,50 7,40 7,40 7,50 7,50 7,40 7,40 7,50 7,30 7,50 7,50 7,50 7,40 7,40 7,40 7,40 7,40 7,40 7,50 7,40 7,30 7,20 7,30 7,50 8,03 7,40 7,79 7,24 7,85 Alkalinity (mg/L) 47,0 42,0 62,0 58,0 51,0 62,0 77,0 60,0 52,0 97,0 79,0 91,0 90,0 63,0 70,0 91,0 75,0 82,0 82,0 77,0 100,0 98,0 105,0 81,0 64,0 81,0 84,0 56,0 68,0 59,2 61,7 63,4 NOM (mg/L) 22,6 28,2 21,7 20,8 5,5 6,7 10,7 9,2 6,7 7,4 12,8 12,8 12,5 13,2 14,7 19,0 13,2 14,7 14,7 6,4 9,5 9,7 10,4 9,7 13,1 17,4 21,7 23,1 2,5 8,7 4,9 6,6

(Source : PDAM Tirta Raharja Kabupaten Bandung)

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Table 2, which shows the descriptive analysis, obtained by calculations using SPSS v.17. Five parameters that were examined (coagulant dosage, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and organic matter) has a number of data (n) greater than 30, so that it can be assumed to be normally distributed. Tabel 2. Descriptive Statistics
Coagulant N Valid Missing Mean Std. Error of Mean Median Mode Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Std. Error of Skewness Kurtosis Std. Error of Kurtosis Range Minimum Maximum Sum Percentiles 25 50 75 32 0 42.4981 1.24235 42.4100 46.00 7.02777 49.390 -1.121 .414 5.431 .809 41.30 16.70 58.00 1359.94 39.6375 42.4100 46.0000 Turbidity 32 0 108.1531 12.12786 78.5000 25.50
a

pH 32 0 7.4441 .03246 7.4000 7.40 .18360 .034 1.059 .414 3.749 .809 1.03 7.00 8.03 238.21 7.4000 7.4000 7.5000

Alkalinity 32 0 72.7906 2.92460 72.5000 62.00

a

NOM 32 0 12.8375 1.10325 12.6500 14.70 6.24090 38.949 .638 .414 -.211 .809 25.70 2.50 28.20 410.80 7.7250 12.6500 16.7250

68.60552 4706.717 1.194 .414 .519 .809 251.50 25.50 277.00 3460.90 65.2000 78.5000 145.7500

16.54406 273.706 .157 .414 -.843 .809 63.00 42.00 105.00 2329.30 60.4250 72.5000 83.5000

Graph showing the relationship between coagulant dose, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and organic matter with time shown in Figure 2. Coagulant dose, turbidity, pH, tends to decrease (Fig. 2a 2b, and 2c). As for alkalinity, and organic matters slightly tends to increase (Fig. 2d and 2e).

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pH 8,2 8 7,8 7,6 7,4 7,2 7 6,8 6,6 6,4 6,2

Coagulant dose (mg/L) 70,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00

(c)

(a)

NOM (mg/L) 35,00 30,00 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00

January May September January May September January May September January May September January May September January May September January May September January May September

(e)

Figure 2. Relations between time and (a) coagulant dose, (b) turbidity, (c) pH, (d) alkalinity, and (e) organic matters

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Alkalinity (mg/L) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

Turbidity (NTU) 100 50 150 200 250 300

January May September January May September January May September January May September

(d)

(b)

January May September January May September January May September January May September

January May September January May September January May September January May September

Figure 3 gives some rough expectation about correlation between coagulant dose with another parameters. We can see that turbidity, and alkalinity have slightly positive correlation with coagulant dose, means an increasing in turbidity or alkalinity gives an increasing in coagulant dose. Meanwhile, pH and NOM has negative correlation with coagulant dose, means that an increasing in pH or NOM will result in a decreasing in coagulant dose

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3. Relations between coagulant with (a) turbidity, (b) pH, (c) alkalinity, and (d) NOM.

Multiple Regression Multiple regression is used to explain (predict) variant on the interval bound, based on a linear combination of interval, dichotomous, or dummy variables are bound. Multiple regression can establish that a set of independent variables explaining variance in the proportion of bound variables significant level (through testing R 2), and can make predictions relative importance of independent variables (by comparing the beta weights). Table 3 shows the correlation antarparameter analyzed. According to the table, note that the increase in turbidity or alkalinity will cause an increase in coagulant dose, because the turbidity and alkalinity has a positive correlation with coagulant dose. In contrast, pH and organic matter has a negative correlation with coagulant dose, thus increasing the pH or organic
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matter will cause a decrease in coagulant dose. Correlations in Table 3 only shows the relationship between coagulant dose with one of the other parameters, not correlation between the dose of coagulant with all parameters. In fact coagulant dose is not determined by just one parameter, so that further analysis needs to be done to determine the relationship between coagulant dose with other parameters . In addition, the significance of the correlation antarparameter in Table 3 is less significant because the value of Sig. (1-tailed) is greater than 5% (0.05). This indicates that changes in turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and organic substances, not always cause a change in coagulant dose. Table 3. Parameters correlations
Coagulant Pearson Correlation Coagulant Turbidity pH Alkalinity NOM Sig. (1-tailed) Coagulant Turbidity pH Alkalinity NOM N Coagulant Turbidity pH Alkalinity NOM 1.000 .121 -.118 .007 -.101 . .254 .260 .485 .291 32 32 32 32 32 Turbidity .121 1.000 .002 -.106 .471 .254 . .495 .283 .003 32 32 32 32 32 pH -.118 .002 1.000 -.249 .198 .260 .495 . .085 .139 32 32 32 32 32 Alkalinity .007 -.106 -.249 1.000 -.198 .485 .283 .085 . .139 32 32 32 32 32 NOM -.101 .471 .198 -.198 1.000 .291 .003 .139 .139 . 32 32 32 32 32

Table 4. Model summary

Model 1 R .233a R Square .054 Adjusted R Square -.086 Std. Error of the Estimate 7.32328

Table 5. ANOVA
Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares df Mean Square F 83.054 4 1448.023 27 1531.077 31 53.630 Sig. 20.763 .387 .816a

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Table 6. Coefficient Beta

Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients Model 1 (Constant) Turbidity pH Alkalinity NOM B 69.243 .021 -3.411 -.013 -.210 Std. Error 57.540 .022 7.535 .083 .247 Beta t Sig. 1.203 .239 .206 .966 .343 -.089 -.453 .654 -.030 -.154 .878 -.187 -.852 .402

Adjusted R Square value of -0.86, so the model value is less significant (Table 4). The results of ANOVA calculations (Table 5) shows that the model has a significance value (Sig.) of 0.816. This value is greater than 0.05, so that the model is less significant. Standardized Beta Coefficient is used in the determination of the independent variables (turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and NOM) which are most influential on the dependent variable (coagulant dose). Turbidity has standardized coefficient beta value of 0.206, largest compared with the other independent variables (Table 6) so that turbidity has the greatest influence in the determination of coagulant dosage compared with pH, alkalinity, and organic substances. However, it should be noted that the four independent variables tested have significance value (Sig.) greater than 0.05, so that the four variables are less significant to dose coagulant.

CONCLUSION
In Ciparay WTP, coagulant dose is determined by more than one parameter. Turbidity has the greatest influence in the determination of coagulant dose between pH, alkalinity and organic matter. Turbidity has a positive correlation on coagulant dose, while pH, alkalinity, and organic substances have a negative correlation. Although turbidity, pH, alkalinity and organic substances have an influence on the determination of coagulant dose, the four parameters are less significant that it needs to be advanced study to the other parameters that may affect the dose of coagulant addition to turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and organic substances. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research is partially funded by PHKI. REFERENCES Abdulkarim, M., A.B. Misau and B. Gambo. 2009. Effects of Coagulants as Mitigation Measure on Clay Turbidity in Earthen Pond Water. EJEAFChe, 8 (4), [256-262]. AWWA. 1990. Water Treatment Plant Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. AWWA. 1999. Water Quality and Treatment A Handbook of Community Water Supplies. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Hermawan, P. and Kijima, K. 2009. Conflict Analysis of Citarum River Basin Pollution in Indonesia: A Drama-theoretic Model. J Syst Sci Syst Eng (Mar 2009) 18(1): 016-037. Vaezi, F., Mohagheghian, A., Nouri J., Eshraghian, M.R. and Ghasri, A. 2005. Improvement of NOM Removal from Water Resources by Modifying the Coagulation Process. Iranian J Env Health Sci Eng, 2005, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 43-49.
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Ye, C., Wang, D.S., Shi, B., Yu, J.F., Qu, J., Edwards, M. and Tang, H. 2007. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. Volume 294, Issues 1-3, 15 February 2007, Pages 163-173. Yu, J.F., Wang, D.S., Yan, M.Q., Ye, C., Yang, M. and Ge, X. 2007. Optimized Coagulation of High Alkalinity, Low Temperature and Particle Water: pH Adjustment and Polyelectrolytes as Coagulant Aids. Environ Monit Assess (2007) 131:377386.

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