ONE PLANET LIVING

Existing Resource Use What is ecological footprintng?

Ecological Footprinting measures how much biologically productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and wastes it generates.

The British population currently has an ecological footprint of 4% using 5.6 global hectares per capita since 2004 which iss the quivalent of 6 football pitches.

Sustainable Resource Use Key:

Home and Energy 27% Transport 17% Food 23% Goods 14% Services 9% Government 7% Capital Assets 4%

Calculating a sustainable footprint

Total biologically productive land = 11.2 billion hectares Total Population = 6.3 billion peoplle Sustainable footprint per person = 1.8 global hectares This calculation is based on everyone in the world using the same aount of resources per person.

Site Sustainable Capacity

Site Area: 202351683.7242m2 20235.168 hectares Woodland Area: 14870984m2 1487.098 hectares

Water Area: 6179158.3m2 617.915 hectares

Total Non Agriculural Land: 21050130 m 2105.013 hectares Agriculural Land: 181301550 m 18130.155 hectares

ACTUAL SUSTAINABLE CAPACITY

Based on 1.8 hectares per person the defined site has a sustainable capacity of people. Leading to an overspill of 7627.69 people by 2029

BY 2029 the site population will increase by 17,700 people The average yearly increase is expected to be 983.34 people based on the average UK life expectancy is 80 years old.

Lifetime Livestock Consumption per person

36

36

550

Average Life expectancy is 80 years old, which creates an average yearly consumption of 0.1 cows 0.45 sheep

0.45 pigs

6.88 chickens

per person

Total Livestock Requirements per year:

98.334 442.503 442.503 6765.38

2029 Requirements:

1770

7965

7965

121776

LIVESTOCK REQUIREMENTS

Animal Excerise Area/ Animal Yard Area/ Animal

1 Beef Cow

1 Dairy Cow

1 Goat 1 Pig
20 25sq.ft 48 sq.ft

1 Sheep 1 Hen 1 Broiler

20 25sq.ft 3-4 sq.ft 3-4 sq.ft

LIVESTOCK & SPACE REQUIREMENTS

Space requirements for the predicted average increase of people per year (983.34):

75 - 100sq.ft

75 - 100sq.ft 10 sq.ft 50 sq.ft 50 sq.ft

596196.72m2

23318191m2

100 - 125sq.ft

100 - 125sq.ft

47432.01m2
200 sq.ft

43837.2m2

Pasture Area/ Animal

Total Space Required: 24005656.93m2

0.2 - 0.3 acres 0.2 - 0.3 acres

2029 Space Requirements:

11923934m2
12 - 14 sows/acre/rotational pasture

466363820m2

948640.2m2

876744m2

Total Space Required: 480113138.2m2

1 - 2 acres

1 - 2 acres 1 - 2 cows

Family Needs

1 beef animal per family, raise 2 per year to provide cont, supply

2-3 goats

2 pigs

6 sheep

6 hens

24 broilers

WATER SURVEY INFORMATION

8.47

11/11/2011 - 13/11/2011 River Level

Highest Record Highest Recent

BY 2029 the site population will increase by 17,700 people The average yearly increase is expected to be 983.34 people based on the average UK life expectancy is 80 years old.

6.77

5.08

Flooding is Possible

Level in Meters

Total Population and Water Consumption Calculations:

Average Water Usage in 2006 was 150 litres per person per day; leading to a requirement of 54750 litres of water per year. Expected average increase of 983.34 people per year with a total water

3.39

1.69

Typical Range Current Level

21.00 0.300 0.900 18.00 00.00 06.00 15.00 03.00 09.00 15.00 21.00 12.00 00.00 18.00 06.00 12.00

requirement of 53837865 litres (53837.865 kl) per year.

0.00 15.00

Calculations:
Total water required on site per year: 53837865 litres (53837.865 kl) 53.837865 megalitres Site Water Area: Average Site Water Levels: 6179158.3m2 1.74m 617.915 hec Average water volume of the site: 10751735m3 (10751735 kl) 10751.735 megalitres

Time
The graph shows the typical water level of the river for this area ranges between 0.28 and 3.20 metres. This makes the average water level for the site 1.74 metres.

Year 1 Excess Water 10697898kl (10697.90megalitres) 2029 Water Consumption: 952968megalitres 2029 Water Shortage of 942216.26 mega litres

ENERGY STATISTICS
By 2029 the site population will increase by 17,700 people The average yearly increase is expected to be 983.34 people based on the average UK life expectancy is 80 years old.

Total Population and Energy Consumption Statistics:

The average energy use per person per day is 125 kWh this includes energy for transport, heating, manufacturing, and electricity. This leads to an average energy requirement of 45625kWh (0.045625gwh) per person year. This leads to an average increase of energy requirement per year of 44864887kWh (44.86gWH). Lower Lune Valley current population: 4,374 Energy Usage Total per Year: 199563750kWh Upper Lune Valley current population: 2,272 Energy Usage Total per Year: 103660000kWh

Caton Moor Windfarm Output

The Caton Moor windfarm has an estimated annual production of 80 GW.h (for an equivalent of 2500 hours of full load/year)

2029 Energy Requirement:

Based on the above calculations the sites energy requirement in 2029 will be 807.56gwh. Leading to an energy shortage of 727.56 gwh

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STRATEGY DIAGRAM: Accomodating a Growing Population

GROWTH OF A CITY &

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SPRAWL
There are three distinct time periods that shaped the way the city has been developed.

URBAN SPRAWL
This is a result of designing for the car and single use development which is a result of this. One of the main characteristics of urban sprawl is the lack of public community space. The scale of these developments has discouraged a population from walking and other physical activities allowing cities to lose their sense of community, human scale and nature.

STAGE 1: Walled City no more than 5 kilometres from one end to another. Everything within walking distance.

STAGE 2: Development of passenger trains and trams. Generated sub centres with the train station at the heart of pedestrian pockets. A linear grid base devlopment up to 20 - 30 kilometres.

STAGE 3: Development of the automobile allowing uncontrolled development in any direction. Allowing development of up to 50 kilometres.

STAGE 4: Complete development of the city allowed uncontrolled growth in any direction creating low density living as transport has allowed the seperation of the home from the workplace.

THE ALTERNATIVE
The aim is to design for the community and the individual, taking inspiration from The Compact City Model and One Planet Living guide, to create a system that helps support the needs of a high density population at a local scale. This will allow everything to be contained on site which will create social, economical and environmental benefits.

Work Space Required: 72846606.14 m2

Living Space Required: 623040 m2

Energy Area Required: 42332.95 m2

Livestock Space Required: 480989882.2 m2

Crop Space Required: 5166 m2 Reedbed Space Required: 48675 m2 Water Required: 12715517 m2

2029 POPULATION REQUIREMENTS

Site Area: 202351683.7242 m2

QUARRIES FORM SCARS ON LANDSCAPE MAN - MADE FIELD BOUNDARIES DIVIDE SPACE

WIND TURBINES CREATE A NEW SKYLINE MAN - MADE PLANTATION LIMITS BIODIVERSITY

EXISTING LANDSCAPE
The image above features a view of the north facing slope in the selected area. It highlights the effect of man shaping its aesthetic through exploiting its potential.

Sample Site:

Sample area is 7.9946% of the whole site area. Area: 16177371.3969 m2 1617.737 hectares Sutainable Population: 898.74 people Site needs to support the 7.9946% of the total population, the sample area needs to support 1415.94 people.

Occupying Space:

Growth will focus on existing settlements during construction of the initial terraces. Once complete the increasing population will start to occupy the new space.

Terracing as a Solution:

By creating an additional surface and multifunctional spaces through terracing. It will create the additional 930 hectares required to support 1415.94 people.

1:5000 SAMPLE POPULATION

Exposed:

The sample area is largely exposed to winds from the west with an average speed of 4.5m/s across the site. This suggests protection may be required.

Aspect & Altitude:

The majority of the sample area is on a north facing slope suggesting some interventions may need to be implemented to maximise productivity. Temperature also decreases by 0.65C for every 100 metre incline.

Water & Quarry:

Large water bodies create a flooding problem. This suggests potential for water channelling and collection which could be utilised for Hydroelectric Power, habitat creation and grey water recycling.

ANALYSIS & ACTION

1.

2.

3.

Utilising waste to maximise the amount of productive space.

Collect biogas to fuel homes and cars.

Leachate collection system directs leachate to irrigate short rotation willow crops increasing yields and income generated. 6.

4.

5.

Create a windbreak to improve the microclimate and increase productivity and biodiversity. 7.

Introduce cover crops to improve soil quality.

Increase composting to reduce landfill waste and utilise output to fertilise crops which improves productivity. 9.

8.

Minimise run - off to decrease the possibility of flooding.

Redirecting the run - off and grey water into reedbed channels to clean water so that it can be utilised on site.

Flooding of selected areas to reflect sunlight onto north facing slope and to increase biodiverity and areas for leisure activities.

PROPOSED PROCESSES

STAGE 4: MATURITY

STAGE 3: REFILL AND PLANT

STAGE 2: INPUT LANDFILL INFRASTRUCTURE

STAGE 1: EXCAVATE EXISTING

DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION
The terraces will be implemented from the highest point to lowest point on site working from the windward to the leeward sides, in this case west to east in 40 metre sections. Constructing the terraces from top to bottom allows the infrastructure to be installed and removed in stages as each section is complete. Implementing in 40 metre sections creates a more managable area to implement the landfill infrastructure.

Site Axonometric

Windbreak Succession:
Stage 1:

CATON MOOR WINDFARM Elevation - 137m Annual Windspeed - 4.5m/s

HAUGHTON PARK FARMHOUSE Elevation - 137m Annual Windspeed - 4.5m/s

Annual and perennial plants and grasses. Introduce shrubs.

Stage 2: CROOK O LUNE Elevation - 15m Annual Windspeed - 4.5m/s

Shrubs start establishing and tree transplants are introduced. Stage 3:

CLAUGHTON Elevation - 137m Annual Windspeed - 4.5m/s

AUGHTON Elevation - 123m Annual Windspeed - 4.5m/s Softwood and Pioneer trees (Larix decidua and Pinus sylvestris) will protect slower growing trees. Stage 4:

Established windbreak.

WINDBREAK IMPLEMENTATION
Due to the exposed nature of the site, the windbreak design and inplementation has been inspired by woodland succession, this allows younger plants to grow and adjust to the exposed conditions which will generate a successful windbreak.

PLANTING SCHEDULE: Windbreak

Abbrev Name Girth Heightcm Root Zone Specification / Dia. cm Qty UnitCost Total Cost

Process of Thinning a Windbreak

1. 2. 80 - 100 80 -100 80 -100 B B B 1+1: Transplant 1+1: Transplant 1+1: Transplant 20 26 20 0.62 0.60 0.46 12.40 15.60 9.20 5. 80 -100 B 0/1: Cutting 8 0.32 2.56 6. 40 - 60 60 - 80 B B 1+1: Transplant 2+2: Transplant 5 3 0.75 0.60 3.75 1.80 3. 4.

Co - dominant Species A gl B pe Fe Alnus glutinosa Betula pendula Fraxinus excelsior

Dominant Species P al Populus alba

Nurse Species
L d P sy Larix decidua Pinus sylvestris

Leeward Shrubs
A can Rr Amelanchier canadensis Rosa rubiginosa 80 -100 40 - 60 B B 1+1: Transplant 1+1: Branched: 3 brks 24 37 11.75 0.38 282 14.06 1. 1M SPACING: As planted 2. CLOSED CROWNS: As trees grow, crowns eventually close. 3. 2M SPACING (THINNED): Remove every second tree 4. CLOSED CROWNS: As trees grow, crowns eventually close. 5. 4M SPACING (THINNED): Remove every second tree. 6. CLOSED CROWNS: As trees grow, crowns eventually close. This could be the final spacing.

Windward Shrubs
C san C mon Cornus sanguinea Crataegus monogyna 40 - 60 80 - 100 3L B Branched: 4 brks 1+2: Transplant TOTALS 43 61 247 2.25 0.44 96.75 26.84 464.96

Key:

B = Bare-rooted and bagged RB = Root-balled M = Matting (Sedum) C = Container in litres L = Container in litres RT = Root Trainer in cubic centimetres cc = Root volume in cubic centimetres cs = Clear stem height in centimetres brks = Minimum no. of breaks or shoots

RC = Root Collar (minimum) diameter in millimetres 1+2 = 3 year seedling transplanted after year 1 0/2 = 2 year cutting not transplanted X/2/0 = 2 year graft not transplanted 2x = 2 times transplanted ELS = Extra Light Standard LS = Light Standard Std = Standard

SS = Selected Standard EHS = Extra Heavy Standard HS = Heavy Standard

PLANTNG AND MAINTENANCE

HOUSING THE POPULATION

The selected site has an area of 1617737.3969m2 1617.737 hectares. This site needs to support 7.9946% of the total predicted population of 17,700 people. This sample are need to support 1415.94 people by 2029 sustainably. An average living space of living space of 35.2m2 per person is required. By 2029 the living space required for 1415.94 people is 49808m2

12. 11. 10. 9.

Quarry Potential
The sample area has a large number of existing quarries that will become obsolete in the next few years, as this area has already being excavated it provides an opportunity to house a large population sunken into the hillside, as not to disrupt the existing skyline.

Existing Quarry Area Available:

Quarry 1: 134774.582m2 Quarry 2: 1635.097m2 Quarry 3: 2589.61m2 Quarry 4: 11695.075m2 Quarry 5: 2795.924m2 Quarry 6: 34963.547m2 Quarry 7: 5211.064m2 Quarry 8: 7483.467m2 Quarry 9: 4226.973m2 Quarry 1o: 2690.343m2 Quarry 11: 1748.755m2 Quarry 12: 6486.433m2

1. 5. 6. 3. 2.

7. 8.

4.

QUARRY EXPANSION
In order to accommodate 1515 (7.9946%) of the total population some of the quarries require expansion. This expansion will provide better and less dense accommodation, all excavated removed will be utilised on site for construction of the settlement and landform remodelling.

1.

LAYERED COMPACTED TIP

2. 3. 4.
The excavation will involve the creation of a layered compacted tip which are more stable than open ended tips. The tipped material is compacted into layers by the earth moving machinery and rollers (machinery selected must be suitable for this purpose). The maximum height for each bench and the extent of the tip is to be decided through consultation with the engineer to insure everything is fit for purpose and proper drainage can be installed.

1. Face Heights

Must be stable and be in reach of the equipment that is being to load from them.

2. Tips & Stockpiles

Operators need to be away because of the way in which they have been built they have inherent planes where sliding can occur.

3. Tipping Near Tip & Excavation Edges

All operators require a clear understanding of the set distance that vehicles can approach edges. Position of edge protection must be clearly stated in the health and safety document and decided by the engineer. As tip edges can collapse in the day or overnight leading to maintenance and testing being crucial.

4. Tipping & Excavating the same stockpile

This is one of the most hazardous operations as when vehicles approach the edge of the tips and excavations operator is required to ensure that the material will not fail under the vehicles wait. The loading machine may also undercut the quarry face and cause additional failure. NOTE: As the quarries have been previously been mined; the work can be sourced locally as their will be an existing labour force with the skills required.

URBAN DENSITIES
9. The population is going to be housed in the existing clay pit (Quarry 1) in a mixture of housing coverages to create a multi functional space. Quarry 1 can accommodate the living space required for 1415 people without further expansion. In response to this there is a need to deal with the waste water produced, this will be done through a series of reed bed cleaning systems contained in the remaining quarries. To accommodate for the scale of reed beds required some of the smaller quarries are going to be excavated to form on large quarry.
High rise - Low coverage

8.

10.

7.

Extended Quarry Areas:

Quarry 1: 134774.582m2 Quarry 2: 9818.452m2 Quarry 3: 18024.254m2 Quarry 4: 34983.547m2 Quarry 5: 5211.064m2 Quarry 5: 7483.467m2 Quarry 7: 10733.37m2 Quarry 8: 11986.546m2 Quarry 9: 6486.433m2 Larger quarries provide greater opportunity for expansion of the reed bed system and can support more vegetation to increase biodiversity.
Low rise - High coverage

4. 1.

2. 5. 6. 4. 3.

Medium rise - Medium coverage

100

100

(Above) Same density living in different forms

REED BEDS REQUIRED:

The average square metre of a reed bed required per person is 2.75sqm.
Polishing Lagoon

2029: Population of the 1.5000 site is predicted to be 1415 people. This population will require a reed bed area of 3891.25 square metres.

Anaerobic System

TWO REED BED SYSTEMS:

The system has been designed with two identical systems working parallel, this increases efficiency as if there is a blockage the water can be diverted else where, thus making maintenance and management easier. Two systems will also increase biodiversity in more areas.

Facultative Pond

BIOGAS POTENTIAL:
An algae treatment forms the second stage of cleaning process; it is at this point that any excess can removed and used for biogas. An additional facility is to be constructed along the remaining dismantled railway the clean water is then used within the settlement.

HYDRO - ELECTRIC POWER POTENTIAL:

Settlement Anaerobic System Preliminary Treatment Anaerobic System Polishing Lagoon Facultative Pond

The slope of the land lends itself to hydro electric power. Hydro Electric Power can be generated in the falls as the water is transported between quarries. The energy generated will be used to pump water where required, additional energy will be fed into the settlement.

QUARRY USE & ARRANGEMENT

STAGE 1: Anaerobic System (Horizontal Flow)

Inflow providing even distribution of eluents across the width of the cell

Dense leaf litter

STAGE 2: Facultative Pond (Combination of Anaerobic & Aerobic Systems)

STAGE 3: Aerobic System (Vertical Flow)

Aeration pipe (110mm placed every 4m2)

Soil/gravel in subsurface system Bed slope 0.17% Gravel

STAGE 4: Polishing Lagoon

Oxygen

Algae 1.25m Sludge

Solid pipe 25cm 8cm 15cm 10cm 15cm 1. 2. 3. 4. 1% slope large stones Reeds planted around inflow to continue habitat through from cell. Free draining pipe Outflow Band of emergents around the outflow to trap sediments.

Perforated pipe (110mm for aeration)

1. Sharp sand 2. 6mm washed pea gravel 3. 12mm round washed gravel 4. 30 - 60mm round washed gravel

THE REED BED CLEANING SYSTEM

LATE SUCCESSION
SCRUB

EARLY SUCCESSION

INTENTION
The reed bed cleaning system takes place in a series of quarries, finishing in the polishing lagoon. Throughout the process each quarry has its own character defined but it is staged within the system. The lagoon is the most interactive space with a variety of habitats which will improve the sites current biodiversity. The site is constructed and developed through a variety of different process, which needs to be represented within the planting selection. All planting selected is chosen for its performance in purifying water and its value for biodiversity, additional planting will be brought onto site via birds and other animals. Any invasive plants should be removed immediately , these include: - Rhododendron ponticum - Heracleum mantegazzianum - Impatiens glandulifera - Fallopia japonica

OLD DRY REED BED

YOUNG WET REED BED

OPEN WATER DITCH SEASONALLY FLOODED AREAS

Low Low Low High High High Low PRECEDENT

Distance to Scrub Standing Water Litter Saturation Litter Depth Plant Diversity Dead Reed Stems Reed Stem Diameter

High High High Low Low Low High

Low Barns Reserve DWT

Far Fen lake, Fen Drayton

Minsmere RSPB reserve

DESIGN INTENTION

PLANTING PLAN

PLANTING PALETTE Phragmites australis

Removes nitrate to less than 5mg/L within 4 days.

Sparganium eurycarpum

Reduces nitrates and prevents encroachment of Typha latifolia.

Iris pseudacorus

Reduces nitrate to comparable levels after 8 days.

Juncus effusus

10% reduction in ammonium which can increase to 80% if nitrate levels are decreased.

10000

Typha latifolia

Removes nitrate to less than 5mg/L within 4 days.

Filipendula ulmaria

Biodiversity as it is an important nectar source for bees and other insects.

1000

Iris versicolor

1000

Reduces nitrate to comparable levels after 8 days.

15000

PLANTING SCHEDULE Abbrev Name Marginal

Fu Ip Iv Je P au S eu Tl Filipendula ulmaria Iris pseudacorus Iris versicolor Juncus effiusus Phragmites australis Sparganium eurycarpum Typha latifolia

Root Zone
50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min.

Specification
Plug: Established root 2 - 3 months min.: Sept to April planting: Native British Origin. Plug: Established root 2 - 3 months min.: Sept to April planting: Native British Origin. Plug: Established root 2 - 3 months min.: Sept to April planting Plug: Established root Plug: Established root 2 - 3 months min.: June to Sept planting: Native British Origin Plug: Established root Plug: Established root

No./m2
8.2 6.2 6.2 4.9 6.9 5 4

Qty
40 91 120 73 96 57 86

Unit Cost ()
0.66 0.74 0.74 0.40 0.65 0.65 0.65

Total ()
26.4 67.34 88.8 29.2 62.4 37.05 55.9

Totals Key
cc= Root volume in cubic centimetres.

563

367.09

PLANTING PLAN & SCHEDULE

Year 1

Habitat Mix

Plugs are planted and a mesh is laid across to prevent animals from grazing.

Open Water: 50% Reed bed: 40% Wet Reed bed 30%

Year 4

Habitat Mix

Sediment begins to build up allowing areas to become dryer and new plants to take root. Beginning the next stage in succession.

Open Water: 20% Reed bed: 50% Wet Reed bed: 30%

Year 5

Habitat Mix

The area is flooded to kill off any unwanted smaller plants and weeds. The flooding of the quarry will also improve soil quality through deposition of minerals carried in the water.

Open Water: 60% Reed bed: 40%

LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT

Year 6

Habitat Mix

Dredging sediment from the lagoon. The sediment is then used to build banks and mounds encouraging pooling and succession in selected areas. Increasing the range of habitats and improving biodiversity. The landform gradient between each habitat zone should be approximately 1 in 40. Connectivity between water bodies should be maintained. Excess sediment and leaf litter is to be removed and utilised in the windrow composting system.

Open Water: 30% Reed bed: 40% Wet Reed bed 20% Scrub: 10%

Year 7

Habitat Mix

10% of Reed bed is cut on a 7 year rotation, Cattle are brought in to maintain the site through grazing. Mild trampling can become a major asset in maintaining a high quality berm at the ditch margins. Birds and animals bring in seeds and eggs increasing biodiversity.

Open Water: 50% Reed bed: 30% Wet Reed bed 20% Scrub: 10%

Maturity

The mature lagoon with have a variety of habitats, maintained at different levels of succession representing different habitats improving biodiversity within the area.

Final Habitat Mix

Negative Indicators
These conditions need to be observed, so the correct action is taken: - Levels of negative indicators such as Galium aparine, Impatiens glandulifera and Urtica dioica are to be maintained at low levels. - Scrub willow is to be maintained at less than 10%.

Favourable Conditions to Maintain

- Phragmites australis is abundant and widespread throughout. - No more than 20% of the total area wetland shows transition to fen/carr vegetation. - 50% of the reed bed has a water table of 0.1 - 0.3m above ground level during the summer. - No more than 20% dry reed bed habitat in the summer. - 10% of the reed bed is cut on a 7 year rotation preventing the build up litter. Coppiced reed is used for thatching and excess leaf litter is composted. Open Water: 30% Reed bed: 40% Wet Reed: 25% Dry Reed & Scrub: 5%

Visual

SUSTAINABILITY AUDIT
A low carbon footprint is maintained through use of sustainable on site resources.

KEY
local livestock: a source of food and income, manure is used to generate biofuel. Grazing helps manage the vegetation structure. settlement structures: are constructed with excavated materials sourced on site. maintainence and construction: local skilled labour is employed. horizontal reed bed: natural water cleaning system, increases biodiversity and generates local jobs. algae: used to clean water, excess is removed and used to create biofuel; (required infrastructure is built around the existing dismantled railway. vertical flow reed beds: continue to clean grey water, increase biodiversity and generate jobs and income. hydro-electric power: potential of the lands gradient is exploited through the use of HEP, energy is supplied back to the settlement. polishing lagoon: increases biodiversity, coppiced reed can be used for thatching, continued grey water cleaning. Generates a need for skilled labour to manage the landscape. windbreak: improves microclimate, increases productivity. Thinned wood is used as construction materials elsewhere on site. Generates skilled jobs within the area.

Reed bed Planting Seasonal Change

Phragmites australis

Polishing Lagoon Additional Planting Seasonal Change

Iris pseudacorus

Typha latifolia

Iris versicolor

Sparganium eurycarpum

Juncus effusus

Filipendula ulmaria

SOFT LANDSCAPE MATERIALITY