Dissertation Report On - Planning Coastal Areas For Tsunami

PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
MASTER OF PLANNING
in
Department of Planning
by
Ravi Shankar.S.
Reg. No: 200461209
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI-25
November 2005
DECLARATION
I declare that this dissertation entitled “PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR

TSUNAMI” is the result of my work and prepared by me under the guidance of Mr.
Pratheep Moses.K, and that it has not formed the basis for the award of any degree,
diploma, associateship or fellowship of any other University or Institution previously.
Due acknowledgement have been made wherever anything has been borrowed from
other sources.
Date: Signature of the Candidate

Name :
Roll no :
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this dissertation forming part of course work TP 152, of III semester,
M.Plan, entitled “PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI”, submitted by Ar.
Ravi Shankar.S, to the School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University for the
award of Masters Degree in Planning is a bonafide record of her under my
supervision.
Certified further that to the best of my Knowledge the work reported herein does not
form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award
was conferred on an earlier occasion for any other candidate.
Dissertation Guide Head of the Department

Mr. Pratheep Moses.K Dr.V.M.Marudachalam,
Lecturer, Department of Planning,
Department of Planning. School of Architecture and Planning,
Anna University.
Dean
Examiner Prof. S.Ravi,
School of Architecture and Planning
Anna University
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A sincere word of thanks to each and every one who has helped me in completing
this dissertation.
I have a great pleasure of extending my heartful gratitude to Prof.S.Ravi, Dean,

School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University, for giving me this opportunity.
I also like to record my sincere thanks to our, Head of the department, Department of
Planning, SAP, and dissertation coordinator, Dr.V.M.Marudhachalam for his spirit
and formulative direction.
I sincerely acknowledge the contribution made by my guide Mr.K.Pradeep Moses for

his continuous and equanimity through out my study.
I also extend my gratitude to the examiner Mr.Soundarajan, Deputy Planner (Retd),

Chennai Metropolitan development Authority for his constructive criticism in the
reviews.
Also I thank Prof. Abdul Razak, Mr.S.R.Masilamani, Mr. J.Narayanaswamy, Prof.

S.P.Sekar, the staff members of Department of Planning for channelising my
thoughts for the completion of this study.
I extend my thanks to the few many who were behind the scenes and encouraged
me in the completion of this study. I express my sincere thanks to my friends and
classmates who have given me the moral support and encouragement, when I
needed it.
Last but not the least I extend my thanks to my parents who always help me to make
my dream reality.
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ABSTRACT
Coastal areas are biologically rich and aesthetically pleasing. It contains the large
majority of world’s population, possesses some of the highest grade agricultural land,
accounts for the lion’s share of tourist trade, and it is the growth pole of expanding
economic activity. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kms. of which the mainland
accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250 million people live within a distance of 50 kms from the
coast. Hence there is a great demand for the use of the coastal land. Especially the
fishing community owing to the nature of their work had depended on the coast for
livelihood and most of the fishing settlements are very near to the coast.
The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal areas
involves more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is vulnerable to
natural disasters. This Review is above all a practical document. However, it is not a
manual. Its Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction
initiatives along the coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points and
how to address them. It has been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a
broad and diverse subject, and there are inevitable gaps and this being a new
phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited.
Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The descriptions and
discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range
and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.
Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable
development, especially in developing countries. The human and economic cost of
disasters is rising, mainly because societies are becoming more vulnerable to
hazards. Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted. The weaker
groups in society suffer most from disasters. Many persistent myths about disasters
should be discarded. Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future
disasters.
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The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and
PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in
both quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies.
In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian
coast the maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast and High
causalities are found in most thickly populated areas , mangroves, forests, sand
dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural barriers against the tsunami.
Validation of the CRZ after the recent Tsunami is to be viewed seriously.
Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow
rebuilding on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and
how to rebuild to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of
technical and management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall
construction and off shore breakers as artificial barriers. Sea walls should be viewed
as an option in areas which are well developed, densely populated, low lying and
very near the coast.(density of coastal area of kerala is 2147 per sq.km., in
pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts from the coast North Chennai high density
and absence of lengthier coast ) . Critical infrastructure facilities which require
foreshore can be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall could never be an option for the
entire coast.
Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural
buffers, were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been
damaged and mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly
planned beachfront hotels. Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably
reduced the impact of tsunami on the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this
tsunami the vegetative cover and CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami
forest to act as buffer. These tsunami forest should be handed over to the local
communities. The rebuilding of the forest could be phased in stages.
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Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements
with better connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads
facilitated immediate relief measures.
Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use
planning can mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be
prevented in high-hazard areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be
prevented, land use intensity, building value, and occupancy should be kept to a
minimum.
In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use
planning measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of
development and uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-
occupancy uses to the greatest degree possible.
Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a
comprehensive tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the
location and vulnerability to damage of existing and planned land uses.
The infrastructure facilities has to be segregated as non critical and critical

infrastructure with respect to Tsunami and compatibility analysis of these infra. with
respect to coast and CRZ.To formulate list of infrastructure to be permitted along the
coast.
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ACRONYMS
A
ADB Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
ADMIN Australian Disaster Management Information Network
ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand
ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Japan
ADRRN Asian Disaster Reduction And Response Network
AEGDM ASEAN Experts Group On Disaster Management
AFEM European Natural Disasters Training Center / Center Européen De Formation Sur Les
Risques, Turkey
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Singapore
APELL Awareness And Preparedness For Emergencies At The Local Level (UNEP)
ARPDM ASEAN Regional Program On Disaster Management
AUDMP Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, ADPC, Thailand
Ausdin Australian Disaster Information Network
B
BCPR Bureau For Crisis Prevention And Recovery, UNDP (Formerly Emergency Response
Division)
Benfieldhrc Benfield Hazard Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom
BICEPP Business And Industry Council For Emergency Planning And Preparedness
C
CAMI Central American Mitigation Initiative
CARDIN Caribbean Disaster Information Network
CBDM Community Based Disaster Management
CCOP Coordinating Committee For Coastal And Offshore Geoscience Programmes In East
And Southeast Asia, Thailand
CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency
CDMP Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project
CDPC Cranfield Disaster Preparedness Center, United Kingdom
CDRN Citizen’s Disaster Response Network, Philippines
CENAPRED National Center For Disaster Prevention, Mexico
CENAT Swiss Natural Hazards Competence Centre
CENDIM Centre For Disaster Management, Bogazici University, Turkey
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CEPT Center For Environmental Planning And Technology, India

CERG European Centre On Geomorphological Hazards/Centre Européen Sur Les Risques
Geomorphologiques, France
CERU European Centre On Urban Risks/Centre Européen Sur Les Risques Urbains,
Portugal
CESE Centre For Environmental Science And Engineering, Indian Institute Of Technology,
India
CEUDIP Central European Disaster Prevention Forum
CHARM Comprehensive Hazard And Risk Management Program (Pacific Island States)
CINDI Center For Integration Of Natural Disaster Information, USA
CNCIDR China National Committee For International Disaster Reduction
CNCNDR China National Center For Natural Disaster Reduction
CNDR Corporate Network For Disaster Reduction
CNHAP Canadian Natural Hazards Assessment Project
CSIR Council For Scientific And Industrial Research, South Africa
CTGC Disaster Management Technical Council, Mozambique
D
DDMC District Disaster Management Committee, Bangladesh
DEWA Division For Early Warning And Assessment, UNEP
DFID Department For International Development, United Kingdom
Dimp Disaster Mitigation For Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University Of Cape Town,
South Africa
DIPECHO Disaster Preparedness, European Community Humanitarian Office
DISMAC Disaster Management Committee At National Divisional And Districts Levels, Fiji
DISMAN Disaster Management Database
DKKV Deutsches Komitee Für Katastrophenvorsorge (German Committee For Disaster
Reduction)
DMB Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), Bangladesh
DMC Drought Monitoring Centres, Zimbabwe And Kenya
DMFC Disaster Mitigation Facility For The Caribbean
DMI Disaster Mitigation Institute, India
DMIS Disaster Management Information System, IFRC
DMISA Disaster Management Institute Of Southern Africa, South Africa
DMMU Disaster Management And Mitigation Unit, Zambia
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DMT Disaster Management Teams

DMTP Disaster Management Training Programme, United Nations
DPCC National Disaster Prevention And Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia
DPCSS Disaster, Post-Conflict And Safety Section, UN-HABITAT
DPPC Disaster Prevention And Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia
DPPI Disaster Preparedness And Prevention Initiative
DRBA Disaster Recovery Business Alliance
DRRP Disaster Reduction And Recovery Programme, UNDP
DRM Disaster Reduction Management, Network Of The World Institute For Disaster Risk
Management
D&SCRN Disaster And Social Crisis Research Network (European Sociological Association)
DWS Disaster Warning System
E
EC European Commission
ECE Economic Commission For Europe, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland
ECILS European Centre For Vulnerability Of Industrial And Lifeline Systems/Centre
Européen Sur
La Vulnérabilité Des Réseaux Et Systèmes Industriels, Skopje (Former Yugoslavia
Republic Of Macedonia)
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ECNTRM European Centre Of New Technologies For The Management Of Major Natural
And
Technological Hazards/Centre Européen Des Nouvelles Technologies Pour La Gestion
Des Risques Naturels Et Technologiques Majeurs, Federation Of Russia
ECPFE European Centre For Prevention And Forecasting Of Earthquakes/Centre Européen
Pour
La Prévention Et La Prévision Des Tremblements De Terre, Greece
ECTR European Inter-Regional Centre For Training Rescue Workers/Centre Européen De
Formation Inter-Régionale Pour Les Sauveteurs, Armenia
EDM Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan
EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA
EHC Earthquake Hazard Centre, New Zealand
EHP/USGS Earthquake Hazards Program Of The United States Geological Survey
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
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ELSA European Laboratory For Structural Assessment – Earthquake Engineering, Ispra,

Italy
EM-DAT Emergency Events Database (CRED, Catholic University Of Louvain)
EMERCOM Emergencies And Natural Disasters Mitigation, Ministry Of Civil Defense,
Russian
Federation
EMPRES Emergency Prevention System
ENDA Environment And Development Action In The Third World, Senegal
EPC Emergency Preparedness Canada
EPOCH European Programme On Climatology And Natural Hazards
EQTAP Earthquake And Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technologies In The Asia-Pacific
Region
EU European Union
EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement Of The Council Of Europe
EWARN Early Warning And Response Network, Southern Sudan
Ewss Early Warning Systems
F
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, Government Of USA
FEMID Fortalecimiento De Estructuras Locales Para La Mitigación De Desastres
(Strengthening Of Local Structures For Disaster Mitigation)
FIVIMS Food Insecurity And Vulnerability Information And Mapping Systems, FAO
FONDEN Fund For Natural Disasters, Mexico
G
GA General Assembly, United Nations
GADR Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction, USA
GAV Vulnerability Analysis Group
GDIN Global Disaster Information Network
GESI Global Earthquake Safety Initiative, Japan
GHHD European Centre On Geodynamical Hazards Of High Dams/Centre Européen Sur
Les
Risques Géodynamiques Liés Aux Grands Barrages, Georgia
GHI Geohazards International, USA
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GLO-DISNET Global Disaster Information Network
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GPS Global Positioning System

GSDMA Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, India
GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program
GSI Geological Survey Of Iran
H
HAZUS Natural Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, FEMA
HDR Human Development Report, UNDP
HMU Hazard Management Unit, World Bank (Formerly DMF, Disaster Management Facility
HNDGDM Hungarian National Directorate General For Disaster Management
HPC-DMP High Powered Committee On Disaster Management Plans, India
HRRC Hazard Reduction And Recovery Center, Texas A &M University, USA
I
IACNDR Inter-American Committee For Natural Disaster Reduction, OAS
ICDRM Institute For Crisis, Disaster And Risk Management, George Washington University,
USA
IDMC Inter-Departmental Disaster Management Committee, South Africa
IDNDR International Decade For Natural Disaster Reduction, 1990-1999
IDRM International Institute For Disaster Risk Management, Philippines
IDRN India Disaster Resource Network
ILO International Labour Organization
IMC Inter-Ministerial Committee For Disaster Management, South Africa
IMD India Meteorological Department
INCEDE International Centre For Disaster Mitigation Engineering, University Of Tokyo
INFRAID Infrastructure Damage Prevention, Assessment And Reconstruction Following A
Disaster
ISDR International Strategy For Disaster Reduction
ISFEREA Information Support For Effective And Rapid External Aid
ISPU Higher Institute Of Emergency Planning/Institut Supérieur De Planification d’Urgence,
Archennes, Belgium
ITIC International Tsunami Information Center, Hawaii
ITT Indian Institute Of Technology, Bombay
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KEERC Korea Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Seoul National University, Korea
KOVERS Compentence Center For Technical Risks, ETH, Switzerland
M
MANDISA Monitoring, Mapping And Analysis Of Disaster Incidents In South Africa
MATE Ministère De l’Aménagement Du Territoire Et De l’Environnement, France (Ministry Of
Land Use Planning And Environment)
MDMR Ministry Of Disaster Management And Relief, Bangladesh
N
NADIMA National Disaster Management Authority, Kenya
Nadiva National Disaster Vulnerability Atlas, South Africa
NANADISK-NET National Natural Disaster Knowledge Network, India
NASA National Aeronautics And Space Administration, USA
NCDM National Center For Disaster Management, India
NCDM National Committee For Disaster Management, Cambodia
NDCC National Disaster Coordinating Council, Philippines
NDMC National Disaster Management Centre, South Africa
NDMO National Disaster Management Office
NDMS National Disaster Mitigation Strategy, Canada
NDRP National Disaster Reduction Plan, People’s Republic Of China
NEDIES Natural And Environmental Disaster Information Exchange System
NEMA National Emergency Management Association, USA
NEMO Network Of State Hazard Mitigation Officers, USA
NHIA Natural Hazard Impact Assessment
NHRC Natural Hazards Research Centre, Australia
NIDP National Institute For Disaster Prevention, Republic Of Korea
NOAA National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration, USA
NPDPM National Policy On Disaster Prevention And Management, Ethiopia
O
OCDS Oxford Center For Disaster Studies
OCIPEP Office Of Critical Infrastructure Protection And Emergency Preparedness, Canada,
ODPEM Office Of Disaster Preparedness And Emergency Management, Jamaica
OFDA/USAID Office For Foreign Disaster Assistance/US Agency For International
Development
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OGP/NOAA Office Of Global Program/ National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration,

USA
OHCHR Office Of The United Nations High Commissioner For Human Rights
OSDMA Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority, India
OSIRIS Operational Solutions For The Management Of Inundation Risks In The Information
Society
P
PDC Pacific Disaster Center
PLANAT National Platform For Natural Hazards, Switzerland
PREANDINO Andean Regional Programme For Risk Prevention And Reduction, Venezuela
PREVIEW Project For Risk Evaluation, Vulnerability, Information And Early Warning
PTWS Pacific Tsunami Warning System
PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, Hawaii, USA
R
RADIUS Risk Assessment Tools For Diagnosis Of Urban Areas Against Seismic Disasters
RCC Regional Consultative Committee On Regional Cooperation In Disaster Management,
Bangkok, Thailand
RDMP Risk Disaster Management Programme, UN-HABITAT
S
SAARC South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation, Nepal
SPDRP South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program
T
TRM Total Disaster Risk Management (RCC Strategy)
U
UNCED United Nations Conference On Environment And Development
UNCHS United Nations Centre For Human Settlements (Now UN-HABITAT)
UNCRD/DMPHO United Nations Center For Regional Development/Disaster Management
Planning
Hyogo Office, Japan
UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment And Coordination Team
UNDHA-SPO United Nations Department Of Humanitarian Affairs-South Pacific Office
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
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UNDP-SPO United Nations Development Programme-South Pacific Office

UNDRO Office Of The United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNEP/DEPI United Nations Environment Programme/Division Of Environmental Policy
Implementation
UNEP/DEWA United Nations Environment Programme/Division Of Early Warning And
Assessment
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees
UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme (Formerly UNCHS)
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNISPACE United Nations Conference On The Exploration And Peaceful Uses Of Outer
Space
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNIFEM United Nations Fund For Women
UNITAR United Nations Institute For Training And Research
UN-OCHA United Nations Office For The Coordination Of Humanitarian Affairs
UNOPS United Nations Office For Project Services
UNRWA United Nations Relief And Works Agency For Palestine Refugees In The Near East
UNSC United Nations Staff College
UNSO Office To Combat Desertification And Drought, UNDP (Now Drylands Development
Centre)
UNU United Nations University
UNU/RTC-HSE United Nations University Research And Training Centre On Human Security
And The
Environment, Bonn, Germany
UNV United Nations Volunteers
V
VAG Vulnerability Analysis Group
VAM Vulnerability Assessment And Mapping, WFP
VAT Vulnerability Assessment And Techniques
VCA Vulnerability And Capacities Assessment
W
WVR World Vulnerability Report, UNDP
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GLOSSARY
ACCEPTABLE RISK :The level of loss a society or community considers acceptable given
existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions.
In engineering terms, acceptable risk is also used to assess structural and non-
structural measures undertaken to reduce possible damage at a level, which does not harm
people, and property, according to codes or "accepted practice" based, among other issues,
on a known probability of hazard.
ASSURANCE INDICATORS : Generic characteristics of ERM that allow the emergency

risk manager to qualitatively assess their degree-of-readiness for catastrophic events.
BUILDING CODES :Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction,

materials, alteration and occupancy of any structure to insure human safety and welfare.
Building codes include both technical and functional standards.
CAPACITY :A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community,
society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.
Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as
skilled personal or collective attributes such as leadership and management. Capacity may
also be described as capability.
CAPACITY BUILDING :Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures

within a community or organization needed to reduce the level of risk.
In extended understanding, capacity building also includes development of
institutional, financial, political and other resources, such as technology at different levels and
sectors of the society.
CLIMATE CHANGE :The climate of a place or region is changed if over an extended period
(typically decades or longer) there is a statistically significant change in measurements of
either the mean state or variability of the climate for that place or region.
Changes in climate may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic
changes in atmosphere or in land use. Note that the definition of climate change used in the
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is more restricted, as it includes

only those changes which are attributable directly or indirectly to human activity.
COPING CAPACITY :The means by which people or organizations use available resources
and abilities to face adverse consequences that could lead to a disaster.
In general, this involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during
crises or adverse conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience
to withstand the effects of natural and human-induced hazards.
CO-ORDINATION :The bringing together of organizations and resources to ensure effective

disaster management.
COMMUNITY :A group of people with a commonality of association, generally defined by

location, shared experience, or function.
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE :A service, facility or a group of services or facilities, the loss

of which will have severe adverse effects on the physical, social, economic or environmental
well being or safety of the community.
CONSEQUENCE :The outcome of a situation or event expressed qualitatively or

quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage or gain. In the ERM context, consequences
are generally described as the effects on persons, stakeholders, communities, the economy
and the environment.
DISASTER :A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of
the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards,
conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential
negative consequences of risk.
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT :The systematic management of administrative decisions,

organization, operational skills and abilities to implement policies, strategies and coping
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capacities of the society or individuals to lessen the impacts of natural and related
environmental and technological hazards.
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION :The systematic development and application of policies,

strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities, hazards and the unfolding of disaster
impacts throughout a society, in the broad context of sustainable development.
EARLY WARNING :The provision of timely and effective information, through identified
institutions, that allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their
risk and prepare for effective response.
EMERGENCY :An event, actual or imminent, which endangers or threatens to endanger life,
property or the environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response. In
the ERM context for critical infrastructure, an event that extends an organization beyond
routine processes.
ENVIRONMENT :Conditions or influences comprising built, physical and social elements,

which surround or interact with stakeholders and communities.
ERM - EMERGENCY RISK MANAGEMENT :A systematic process that produces a range of

risk treatments that reduce the likelihood or consequences of events.
ESSENTIAL SERVICE :An indispensable supply or activity. The various Australian

jurisdictions have various legislative instruments in place to either define or constitute
essential services, their roles and responsibilities. These should be properly researched and
understood as part of ERM.
EXTERNALITY :Influences exerted by others or the environment, either real or perceived, on

an organizations ability to operate.
FORECAST :Definite statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a future event

(UNESCO, WMO). This term is used with different meanings in different disciplines.
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GEOLOGICAL HAZARD :Natural earth processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of
life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Geological hazard includes internal earth processes or tectonic origin, such as

earthquakes, geological fault activity, tsunamis, volcanic activity and emissions as well as
external processes such as mass movements: landslides, rockslides, rock falls or
avalanches, surfaces collapses, expansive soils and debris or mud flows. Geological hazards
can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) :A computerized database for the capture,

storage, analysis and display of locationally defined information. Commonly, a GIS portrays a
map on which this information is overlaid.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) : GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system

formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. The satellites are
reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters. By using advanced
forms of GPS, measurements are better than a centimeter. In effect, each square meter on
the planet has a unique address.
HAZARD :A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may
cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation. Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future
threats and can have different origins: natural (geological, hydro meteorological and
biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and technological
hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each
hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency and probability.
HAZARD ASSESSMENT OR HAZARD VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS :The process of

estimating, for defined areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially-damaging
phenomenon of given magnitudes within a specified period of time. A systematic approach
used to analyze the effectiveness of the overall (current or proposed) security and safety
systems at a particular facility. Hazard assessment involves analysis of formal and informal
historical records, and skilled interpretation of existing topographical graphical, geological
geomorphologic, hydrological, and land-use maps. The analysis first determines the
objectives of the facility’s physical protection system. Next, it identifies the physical protection
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elements in place (or proposed) to prevent or mitigate security concerns. Finally, it analyzes
the system design against the objectives in a systematic, quantitative manner in order to
determine if the physical protection system is effective and acceptable for that facility. Similar
Terms Vulnerability Analysis, Risk Assessment, Threat Assessment.
HAZARD MITIGATION :The process of alleviating hazards or reducing the risk of hazards by
the use of proactive measures. (FEMA’s Disaster Mitigation Act) Any sustained action taken
to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.
HUMAN VULNERABILITY : A human condition or process resulting from physical, social,

economic and environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of damage
from the impact of a given hazard.
INTERDEPENDENCY :The essential external organizational, systems or technical

connectivity associated with critical infrastructure operations
LAND-USE PLANNING :Branch of physical and socio-economic planning that determines

the means and assesses the values or limitations of various options in which land is to be
utilized, with the corresponding effects on different segments of the population or interests of
a community taken into account in resulting decisions. Land-use planning involves studies
and mapping, analysis of environmental and hazard data, formulation of alternative land-use
decisions and design of a long-range plan for different geographical and administrative
scales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouraging
high-density settlements and construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, control
of population density and expansion, and in the sitting of service routes for transport, power,
water, sewage and other critical facilities.
LATENT RISK :A risk that is present but not yet apparent.
LIKELIHOOD :Used as a qualitative description of probability and frequency.
MITIGATION :Acts or efforts to lesson the consequences of an event. These may be carried
out before, during or after an event.
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MONITOR :To check, supervise, observe critically, or record the progress of an activity,
action or system on a regular basis in order to identify change.
NATURAL HAZARDS : Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that

may constitute a damaging event.
NATURAL DISASTER :A serious disruption triggered by a natural hazard causing human,

material, economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to
cope.
NATURAL DISASTER, SLOW ONSET :A disaster event that unfolds alongside and within
development processes. The hazard can be felt as an ongoing stress for many days, months
or even years. Drought is a prime example.
NATURAL DISASTER, RAPID ONSET : A disaster that is triggered by an instantaneous

shock. The impact of this disaster may unfold over the medium- or long-term. An earthquake
is a prime example.
PHYSICAL RESOURCE :The process of engaging stakeholders and communities by

analyzing and documenting courses of action and testing them for efficiency and
effectiveness.
PREPAREDNESS :Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of

coping with the effects of emergencies.
PREVENTION :Measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood or consequences of an event.

This also includes reducing the severity or intensity of an event so it does not become an
emergency.
PREPAREDNESS :Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of

coping with the effects of emergencies.
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PLANNING :The analysis of requirements and the development of strategies for resource
utilization.
RECOVERY :Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the

reconstruction or restoration of critical infrastructure, emotional, economic and physical well
being.
RELIEF :A critical control that avoids people over stressing themselves during emergencies.
RESIDUAL RISK :The remaining level of risk after risk treatment measures have been
taken.
RESILIENCE :The ability to maintain function after sustaining loss. Factors contributing to
resilience include existing control measures, duplicated or redundant assets or systems,
knowledge of alternatives and the ability to implement them.
RESPONSE :Measures taken in anticipation of, during and immediately after, emergencies
to ensure the adverse consequences are minimized.
RETROFITTING (OR UPGRADING) :Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant

and resilient to the forces of natural hazards.
Retrofitting involves consideration of changes in the mass, stiffness, damping, load
path and ductility of materials, as well as radical changes such as the introduction of energy
absorbing dampers and base isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includes the
consideration of wind loading to strengthen and minimize the wind force, or in earthquake
prone areas, the strengthening of structures.
RISK :The chance of an event that will have an impact. It is measured in terms of
consequences and likelihood. In ERM - a concept used to describe the likelihood of harmful
consequences arising from the interaction of sources of risks, communities and the
environment.
RISK ACCEPTANCE :An informed decision to accept a particular residual risk.
- 22 -
RISK ANALYSIS :A systematic use of information to determine likelihood and consequences

of events.
RISK AVOIDANCE :An informed decision to completely eliminate the sources of a particular
risk or not become involved in a particular risk.
RISK CONTROL :The implementation of policies, standards, procedures and physical

changes to eliminate or minimize adverse consequences.
RISK EVALUATION :The process used to determine risk management priorities by

evaluating and comparing the level of risk against predetermined standards, targets or other
criteria.
RISK FINANCING :The methods applied to fund risk treatment and financial consequences
of risk.
RISK IDENTIFICATION :The process of determining what can happen, why and how.
RISK LEVEL :The relative measure of risk as defined by the combination of likelihood and
consequence. Usually expressed in terms of extreme, high, moderate and low.
RISK MANAGEMENT :The culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the
effective management of potential opportunities and adverse effects.
RISK REDUCTION :A selective application of techniques to reduce the likelihood or

consequences of risk.
RISK RETENTION :Intentionally or unintentionally retaining the consequences of risk within

the organization.
RISK SHARING :The equitable apportionment of risk among stakeholders and communities.
- 23 -
RISK TREATMENT :Measures that modify the characteristics of organizations, sources of

risks, communities and environments to reduce risk, e.g. prevention, preparedness,
response and recovery.
STRUCTURAL / NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES :Structural measures refer to any

physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, which include
engineering measures and construction of hazard-resistant and protective structures and
infrastructure.
Non-structural measures refer to policies, awareness, knowledge development, public
commitment, and methods and operating practices, including participatory mechanisms and
the provision of information, which can reduce risk and related impacts.
SOURCE OF RISK :A real or perceived event, situation or condition with a real or perceived
potential to cause harm or loss to stakeholders, communities or environment.
TROPICAL CYCLONE :Tropical disturbance in which the maximum of the average wind
speed is estimated to be in the range 64 to 89 knots (118 to 165 km/h, force 12 in the
Beaufort scale).
VULNERABILITY :The susceptibility of stakeholders, communities and environment to

consequences of events.
The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or
processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.
- 24 -
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Context
1.2 Need For The Study
1.3 Scope And Limitations
2. NATURAL HAZARDS AND DEVELOPMENT
2.1 What Is A Natural Hazard?

2.2 Difference Between A Hazard And A Disaster
2.3 Characteristics Of Disaster
2.4 Disaster Vs. Development
2.5 How Can Development Planning Incorporate Disaster Risk?
2.6 Disaster Myths
2.7 Conclusions
3. TSUNAMI CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 What Is A Tsunami?

3.2 How Are Tsunamis Generated?
3.3 How Often Do Tsunamis Occur?
3.4 How Fast Does A Tsunami Travel?
3.5 How Big Is A Tsunami?
3.6 What Does A Tsunami Look Like When It Reaches Shore?

3.7 How Is A Tsunami Different From A Wind-Generated Wave?
- 25 -
4. TSUNAMI RISK IN INDIA AND ITS ASSESSMENT
4.1 Some Historical Tsunamis

4.2 Tsunamis In India
4.3 Exposure To Tsunamis
4.4 Tsunami Risk
4.5 Scenario Tsunami
4.6 Tsunami Hazard Map
4.7 Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment
4.8 Case Studies Of Vulnerability Assessment
4.9 Multi Hazard Mapping
4.10 Conclusions
5. COASTAL REGULATION ZONE
5.1 Need For Coastal Regulation Zone

5.2 Setback Zones
5.3 Conclusions
6. ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL BARRIERS
6.1 Sea Wall And Off Shore Breakers

6.2 Advantages Of Sea Wall Construction
6.3 Dis-Advantages Of Sea Wall Construction:
6.4 Conclusions
6.5 Vegetation Along The Coast
6.6 MANGROVES AS NATURAL BARRIERS
6.7 Conclusions
- 26 -
7. CONNECTIVITY
7.1 Role Of Connectivity During Recent Tsunami

7.2 Conclusions
8. EVACUATION PLAN
8.1 Role Of Evacuation Plan

8.2 Types Of Evacuation
8.3 Evacuation Centres
8.4 Nodal Centres
9. SETTLEMENT PLANNING
9.1 Specific Design Principles For Tsunamis

Know The Tsunami Risk At The Site
9.2 Avoid New Developments In Tsunami Run-Up Areas
9.3 The Role Of Land Use Planning In Reducing Tsunami Risks
9.4 Planning For Post-Tsunami Reconstruction
9.5 Tsunami Resistant Buildings – New Developments
9.6 Protection Of Existing Buildings - Retrofit, Protection Measures
9.7 Special Precautions In Locating And Designing Infrastructure And
Critical Facilities
10. TSUNAMI WARNING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The Present Status Of Tsunami Warnings In India.

International Status Of Tsunami Warning And Communication System
Tsunami Warning System
- 27 -
The Tsunami Warning System

Tsunami Warning Centers
Tsunami Watch And Warning Dissemination
Tsunami Warning Dissemination
10.3 Some Concepts Of Work Plan For The Tsunami Warning System
In India
11. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Introduction
Hierarchy Of Existing Institutional Setup
Local Administrative System Of Governance
Relief Efforts
Central Government
State Government
NGO’s Operations
Observations
Conclusions
12. BOOK REFERENCE
13. WEBSITE REFERENCES
14. APPENDIX 1
- 28 -
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1 RISK DIAGRAM ,SCOURCE :RANDOLPH (2002)
FIGURE 2.2 D. ALEXANDER, PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT (HARPENDEN: TERRA PUBLISHING, 2002)
FIGURE 3.1 STAGES OF TSUNAMI OCCURANCES
FIGURE 3.2 RELATIONSHIP OF TSUNAMI DEPTH ,VELOCITY AND WAVE
LENGTH
FIGURE 3.3 DECEMBER 26 TH TSUNAMI OCCURANCE ON PLATE
TECTONICS
FIGURE 3.4 TSUANMI AFFECTED AREAS ON THE INDIAN COAST,
SOURCE : US AID
FIGURE 4.1 COASTAL PLAINS AND COASTAL TOWNS OF INDIA SOURCE :
WWW.MAPSOFINDIA.COM
FIGURE 4.2 TSUNAMI RUNUP MAP Humboldt And Del Norte Counties
FIGURE 4.3 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP Greece, Crete
FIGURE 4.4 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE
FIGURE 4.5 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP USING GIS,
NORTHEN CALIFORNIA.
FIGURE 4.6 MULTI HAZARD MAP OF INDIA SOURCS :UNDP
FIGURE 5.1 COASTAL LANDFORM SOURCE: SPA,DELHI LANDSCAPE
PRESENTATION ON TSUNAMI
FIGURE 5.2 SETBACKS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES ALONG THE COAST
FIGURE 6.1 VEGETATION FOUND ALONG THE COAST
FIGURE 6.2 MANGROVES AND TSUNAMI
FIGURE 6.3 RECOVERING THE COAST
- 29 -
FIGURE 6.4 MATURING COASTAL FORESTS
FIGURE 7.1 SOTHIKUPPAM,CUDDALORE- FERRY CONNECTIVITY
FIGURE 8.1 VERTICAL EVACUATION
FIGURE 8.2 EVACUATION TOWER IN KISEI-CHO, MIE PREFECTURE, JAPAN
FIGURE 8.3 PHOTO TSUNAMI EVACUATION TERRACE
FIGURE 8.4 ROAD CONNECTIVITY AND EVACUATION ROUTES
FIGURE 9.1 MAP SHOWING THE LAND USE REGULATIONS FOR TSUNAMI
RUN UP AREAS
FIGURE 9.2, 9.3 ANALYSING EXISTING SITUATION, SHELTER AND HABITIAT
DEVELOPMENT IN TSUNAMI AFFECTED COASTAL AREAS OF
TAMIL NADU, UNDP
FIGURE 9.4 SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK
FIGURE 9.5 CASE STUDY, SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK
FIGURE 9.6 CASE STUDY, SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK
FIGURE 9.7 CASE STUDY, TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS
FIGURE 9.8 ,9.9 CASE STUDY, TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS
FIGURE 9.10 CASE STUDY, RETROFIT PLANNING
FIGURE 9.11 COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURE WITH RESPECT TO
COAST
FIGURE 9.12 COMPATIBILITY CHART OF ACTIVITIES WITH RESPECT TO COAST AND
CRZ
- 30 -
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 DEVELOPMENT VS DISASTER
TABLE 2.2 Emergency Assistance, Crisis Management VS Disaster Risk Reduction
Strategies
TABLE 4.1 A GLOBAL LIST OF SOME HISTORICAL TSUNAMI DEATHS
TABLE 4.2 TABLE TSUNAMI HAZARD ZONES DEFINITION (PRELIMINARY)
TABLE 4.3 LIST OF TSUNAMI THAT AFFECTED INDIA
TABLE 4.4 MULTI HAZARD DATA -WEST COAST OF INDIA
TABLE 4.5 MULTI HAZARD DATA -EAST COAST OF INDIA
TABLE 5.1 : VALIDATION OF CRZ AFTER TSUNAMI
TABLE 9.1 CRITICAL AND SPECIAL OCCUPANCY STRUCTURE
TABLE 9.2 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES PERTAINING TO THE
COAST
TABLE 11.1 CASE STUDY, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
- 31 -
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONTEXT
A large tsunami triggered due to an earthquake
Offshore Sumatra at 7:58:53 AM local time on
26 December 2004 created havoc in several
countries of the Indian Ocean, primarily
Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Andaman–
Nicobar (India), East Coast of India, Sri Lanka,
Somalia, Madagascar and several small islands
in this area. It caused maximum loss in terms of
affected area, leaving millions of people
homeless. More than 200,000 human lives are
reported to have been lost and millions have
been injured; thousands are reported missing.
It has affected the citizens of more than 50
countries including tourists from developed
countries. The loss of property is so large that
even UN officials hesitate to make an estimate and
suggest that it may take decades to normalize the
situation in the affected regions .
India has a coastline of about 7,500 km.of which the mainland accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250
million people live within a distance of 50 kms from the coast. The coastal zone is also
endowed with a very wide range of coastal ecosystems like mangroves, coral reefs, sea
grasses, salt marshes, sand dunes, estuaries, lagoons, etc., which are characterized by
distinct biotic and a biotic processes. The coastal areas are assuming greater importance in
recent years, owing to increasing human population, urbanization and accelerated
developmental activities . The recent Tsunami has posed a great challenge among the
planners in refurbishing the coastal community.
- 32 -
1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY:
“While it is agreed that no human interference is possible to control such an event but
Precautionary measures such as coastal area planning for locating coastal
communities in safer areas, protecting and propagating the natural protecting systems
such as mangroves, coral reefs, shelter belt plantations, along with installation of early
warning systems, timely evacuation and relief measures can minimize loss of life and
1
property to a large extent” and the quote from Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh,
Opportunity for strengthening socially and scientifically, our capacity for safeguarding human
and ecological security in coastal areas. It also provides an opportunity for enhancing the
economic well being of the fisher and farm families along the shoreline through an integrated
bio-shield-cum- bio-village programme.
The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal areas involves
more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is vulnerable to natural
disasters.
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This Review is above all a practical document. However, it is not a manual. Its
Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction initiatives along the
coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points and how to address them. It has
been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a broad and diverse subject, and there
are inevitable gaps and this being a new phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to
our conditions is very limited. Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The
descriptions and discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the
range and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.
- 33 -
Chapter 2
NATURAL HAZARDS AND DEVELOPMENT
2.1 WHAT IS A NATURAL HAZARD?
A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the
loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental
degradation. Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can
have different origins: natural (geological, hydro meteorological and biological) or induced by
human processes (environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazards can be
single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its
location, intensity, frequency and probability.
2.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HAZARD AND A DISASTER
“Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a natural disaster, but there are natural hazards,
such as cyclones and earthquakes. The difference between a hazard and a disaster is an
important one. A disaster takes place when a community is affected by a hazard (usually
defined as an event that overwhelms that community’s capacity to cope). In other words, the
impact of the disaster is determined by the extent of a community’s vulnerability to the
hazard. This vulnerability is not natural. It is the human dimension of disasters, the result of
the whole range of economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and even psychological
factors that shape people’s lives and create the environment that they live in.”
2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTER
Some or all of the following characterizes disasters:
¾ They are disruptive to individuals and communities;

¾ They are not part of day-to-day experience and are outside normal life expectations;
¾ They are unpredictable in occurrence and effects;
¾ They require a response for which normal local resources may be inadequate;
- 34 -
¾ They have a wide range of effects and impacts on the human and physical
environment;
¾ There are complex needs in dealing with them;
Relation Between Risk, Vulnerability And Disaster
R = H • Pop • Vul
Where
R is the risk (number of killed people.
H is the hazard, which depends on the frequency and strength of a given hazard
Pop is the population living in a given exposed area
Vul is the vulnerability and depends on the socio-political- economical context of this
population
FIGURE 2.1 RISK DIAGRAM ,SCOURCE :RANDOLPH (2002)
- 35 -
2.4 DISASTER VS. DEVELOPMENT
Disaster limits development?

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT More than 200,000 human lives
Destruction of fixed assets. Destruction of health or are reported to have been lost
Loss of production capacity, education infrastructure and millions have been injured;
Damage to transport, and personnel. Death, thousands are reported
communications or energy disablement or missing. The loss of property
infrastructure. Erosion migration of key social is so large that even UN
livelihoods, savings and actors leading to an officials hesitate to make an
physical capital. erosion of social capital estimate and suggest that it
may take decades to
normalize the situation in the
affected regions
Development causes disaster risk?
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT High causalities are found in
Unsustainable development Development paths most thickly populated areas.2
practices that create wealth generating cultural Heavy damage is reported in
for some at the expense of norms that promote areas where sand dunes were
unsafe working or living social isolation or heavily mined (e.g.
conditions for others or political exclusion. nagapatinam & Kolachal) and
degrade the environment. where coastal vegetation was
less.
Development reduces disaster risk?
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Access to adequate drinking Building community One town in Thailand that
water, food, waste cohesion, recognizing survived almost unscathed had
management and a secure excluded individuals or built a sea wall of huge
dwelling increases people ’s social groups and concrete pyramids across their
resiliency. providing opportunities coastline
Investing in financial for greater involvement
mechanisms and social in decision-making,
security can cushion against enhanced educational
vulnerability. and health
capacity increases
resiliency.
TABLE 2.1 DEVELOPMENT VS DISASTER
- 36 -
2.5 HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING INCORPORATE DISASTER RISK?

• Decisions taken today will configure disaster risk in the future
• Population movements are changing the context of disaster risk
• Development processes modify natural hazard
• Risk accumulates before being released in a disaster
• Large disasters are made up of many smaller disasters
DISASTER CYCLE
FIGURE 2.2 D. ALEXANDER, PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT (HARPENDEN: TERRA PUBLISHING, 2002)
MITIGATION
Since the return period of destructive Tsunami are very large , Tsunami mitigation measure
should be considered along with mitigation measure of other natural hazards like tropical
cyclone, coastal flooding, coastal erosion (due strong monsoon and other natural hazards)
etc. However, specific Tsunami protective measures may be undertaken for the vital coastal
installations like important ports, nuclear plants along the coast high value coastal installation
properties
- 37 -
PREPAREDNESS
Specific measures taken before disasters strike, usually to forecast or warn against them,
take precautions when they threaten and arrange for the appropriate response (such as
organizing evacuation and stockpiling food supplies). Preparedness falls within the broader
field of mitigation.
PREVENTION
Activities to ensure that the adverse impact of hazards and related disasters is avoided. As
this is unrealistic in most cases, the term is not widely used nowadays.
RECOVERY
Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the reconstruction or

restoration of critical infrastructure, emotional, economic and physical well being.
Bringing disaster risk reduction and development concerns closer together

requires three steps:
• The collection of basic data on disaster risk and the development of planning tools to
track the changing relationship between development policy and disaster risk levels.
• The collation and dissemination of best practice in development planning and policy
that reduce disaster risk.
• The galvanizing of political will to reorient both the development and disaster
management sectors.
- 38 -
Emergency assistance, crisis Disaster risk reduction strategies

management
1. Primary focus on hazards and disaster 1. Primary focus on vulnerability and risk
events issues
2. Single, event-based scenarios 2. Dynamic, multiple risk issues and
Emphasis
3. Basic responsibility to respond to an development scenarios
event. 3. Fundamental need to assess, monitor and
update exposure to changing conditions
4. Often fixed, location-specific conditions 4. Extended, changing, shared or regional,
5. Responsibility in single authority or local variations
agency 5. Involves multiple authorities, interests,
6. Command and control, directed actors
operations 6. Situation-specific functions, free
7. Established hierarchical relationships association
8. Often focused on hardware and 7. Shifting, fluid and tangential relationships
equipment 8. Dependent on related practices, abilities,
Operations
9. Dependent on specialized expertise and knowledge base

9. Specialized expertise, squared with public
views, priorities
10. Urgent, immediate and short time 10. Comparative, moderate and long time
Horizons
frames outlook, planning, attention, returns frames in outlook, planning, values, returns
Time
11. Rapidly changing, dynamic information 11. Accumulated, historical, layered, updated,
usage, often conflicting or sensitive or comparative use of information
12. Primary, authorized or singular 12. Open or public information, multiple,
Information use and management
information sources, need for definitive diverse or changing sources, differing

facts perspectives, points of view.
13. Directed, 'need to know' basis of 13. Multiple use, shared exchange, inter-
information dissemination, availability sectoral use of information
14. Operational, or public information 14. Matrix, nodal communication
based on 15. Dispersed, lateral flows of information
use of communications
15. In-out or vertical flows of information
16. Relates to matters of public security, 16. Matters of public interest, investment and
Rational
Political
Social,
safety safety
TABLE 2.2 Emergency assistance, crisis management VS Disaster

risk reduction strategies
- 39 -
2.6 DISASTER MYTHS
Myths about disasters are widespread and persistent, despite repeated experience
to the contrary and the findings of social science research. They are often reinforced in the
public mind by media coverage. Disaster myths are a significant problem, because they
influence the way operational agencies think and act. Among the most prominent myths are
the following:
• Disasters are acts of God (which means that nothing can be done about them) or acts of
nature (which means that the problem can be resolved by scientific or technical interventions
alone).
• People are fatalistic about disasters and do not take action to protect themselves against
future events.
• When a disaster strikes, people are helpless, passive, dependent victims incapable of
carrying out even basic tasks. Therefore they rely on help from aid agencies.
• People panic during disasters; they cannot be relied upon to react rationally at times of
great danger.
• The chaos that follows disasters encourages many people to engage in anti-social
behaviors (particularly looting).
• External ‘experts’, with their advanced knowledge and technologies, are the main agents in
risk reduction and disaster response.
• The situation will return to normal within a few months of the disaster, and support for
rehabilitation need only be for the short term.
2.7 CONCLUSIONS
• Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable
development, especially in developing countries.
• The human and economic cost of disasters is rising, mainly because societies
are becoming more vulnerable to hazards.
• Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted.
• The weaker groups in society suffer most from disasters.
• Many persistent myths about disasters should be discarded.
• Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future disasters.
- 40 -
Chapter 3
TSUNAMI CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 WHAT IS A TSUNAMI?
• A tsunami is a series of waves with a long wavelength and period (time between
crests). Time between crests of the wave can vary from a few minutes to over an
hour.
• Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal waves; they have no relation to the daily
ocean tides.
• Tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a Japanese word meaning harbor wave.
• Tsunamis can occur at any time of day or night.
3.2 HOW ARE TSUNAMIS GENERATED?
• Tsunamis are generated by any large, impulsive displacement of the seabed level.
• Earthquakes generate tsunamis by vertical movement of the sea floor. If the sea floor
movement is horizontal, a tsunami is not generated. Earthquakes of M > 6.5 are critical
for tsunami generation.
• Tsunamis are also triggered by landslides into or under the water surface, and can be
generated by volcanic activity and meteorite impacts.
Possible bore
3 As waves approach shore 4 formation on shore
they slow down, the waves
2 Tsunami wave train lengths shorten and become
formation higher
Submarine fault
1 movement, landslide, or
volcanic activity
Wave train of Tsunami
FIGURE 3.1 STAGES OF TSUNAMI OCCURANCES
- 41 -
3.3 HOW OFTEN DO TSUNAMIS OCCUR?
• On the average, there are two tsunamis per year somewhere in the world, which
cause damage near the source.
• Approximately every 15 years a destructive, Pacific-wide tsunami occurs.
• The destructive tsunami on Dec 26th, 2004 on the Indian Coast seems to have
occurred for the first time in the history.
3.4 HOW FAST DOES A TSUNAMI TRAVEL?
• Tsunami velocity is dependent on the depth of water through which it travels

(Velocity equals the square root of water depth h times the gravitational
acceleration g, V =√g h).
• Tsunamis travel approximately 700 kmph in 4000 m depth of seawater. In 10 m of

water depth the velocity drops to about 36 kmph.
• For example, the tsunami from Sumatra coastal earthquake traveled to Tamil
Nadu coast in about two hours.
• Even on shore tsunamis can faster than a person can run.
Error!
- 42 -
FIGURE 3.2 RELATIONSHIP OF TSUNAMI DEPTH ,VELOCITY

AND WAVE LENGTH
FIGURE 3.3 DECEMBER 26 TH TSUNAMI OCCURANCE ON

PLATE TECTONICS
- 43 -
FIGURE 3.4 TSUANMI AFFECTED AREAS ON THE INDIAN COAST

SOURCE : US AID
3.5 HOW BIG IS A TSUNAMI?
• Tsunamis range in size from centimeters to over 30 m height. Most tsunamis are
less than 3 m in height.
• In deep water (greater than 200 m), tsunamis are rarely over 1m high and will not
be noticed by ships due to their long period (time between crests).
• As tsunamis propagate into shallow water, the wave height can increase by over
10 times.
• Tsunami heights can vary greatly along a coast. The waves are amplified by
certain shoreline and bathymetric (sea floor) features.
• A large tsunami can flood land up to more than 1.5 km from the coast.
• The force of some tsunamis is enormous. Large rocks weighing several tons
along with boats and other debris can be moved inland hundreds of feet by
tsunami wave activity. Homes and other buildings are destroyed. All this material
and water move with great force and can kill or injure people.
3.6 WHAT DOES A TSUNAMI LOOK LIKE WHEN IT REACHES SHORE?
• Normally, a tsunami appears as a rapidly advancing or receding tide.
• It some cases a bore (wall of water) or series of breaking waves may form.
• Some times a tsunami causes the water near the shore to recede, exposing the
ocean floor, then the wave crest comes with a high speed.
• Tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the sea.
3.7 HOW IS A TSUNAMI DIFFERENT FROM A WIND-GENERATED WAVE?
• Wind-generated waves usually have periods (time between crests) of 5 to 20

seconds. Tsunami periods are usually between 5 minutes and an hour.
• Wind-generated waves break as they shoal and lose energy offshore. Tsunamis
act more like a flooding wave. A 6 m tsunami is a 6 m rise in sea level.
- 44 -
Chapter 4
TSUNAMI RISK IN INDIA AND ITS ASSESSMENT
4.1 SOME HISTORICAL TSUNAMIS
Prior to the Tsunami of 26 December 2004, the most destructive Pacific-wide

Tsunami of recent history was generated along the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960. No
accurate assessment of the damage and deaths attributable to this Tsunami along the coast
of Chile can be given; however, all coastal towns between the 36th and 44th (latitude)
parallels either were destroyed or heavily damaged by the action of the waves and the
quake. The combined Tsunami and earthquake toll included 2,000 killed, 3000 injured
2,000,000 homeless and $550 million damages. Off Corral, the waves were estimated to be
20.4 meters (67 feet) high. The Tsunami caused 61 deaths in Hawaii, 20 in the Philippines,
and 100 or more in Japan. Estimated damages were $50 million in Japan, $24 million
Hawaii and several millions along the west coast of the United States and Canada. Wave
heights varied from slight oscillations in some areas to range of 12.2 meters (40 feet) at
Pitcairn Islands; 10.7 meters (35 feet) at Hilo, Hawaii and 6.1 meters (20 feet) at various
places in Japan.
The hydrographic survey in Japan after the great Kwato earthquake of September 1, 1923
showed that vertical displacements of the order of 100 meters had occurred over a large
area of sea floor. Tsunamis are very common over the Pacific Ocean because it is
surrounded on all sides by a seismically active belt. In the Hawain Islands, Tsunamis
approach from all directions, namely, from Japan, the Aleutian Islands and from South
America.
4.2 TSUNAMIS IN INDIA
The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in the past. Waves accompanying
earthquake activity have been reported over the North Bay of Bengal. During an earthquake
in 1881 which had its epicenter near the centre of the Bay of Bengal, Tsunamis were
reported. The earthquake of 1941 in Bay of Bengal caused some damage in Andaman
- 45 -
region. This was unusual because most Tsunamis are generated by shocks which occur at
or near the flanks of continental slopes. During the earthquakes of 1819 and 1845 near the
Rann of Kutch, there were rapid movements of water into the sea. There is no mention of
waves resulting from these earthquakes along the coast adjacent to the Arabian sea, and it is
unlikely that Tsunamis were generated. Further west, in the Persian Gulf, the 1945 Mekran
earthquake (magnitude 8.1) generated Tsunami of 12 to 15 metres height. This caused a
huge deluge, with considerable loss of life and property at Ormara and Pasi. The estimated
height of Tsunami at Gulf of Combay was 15m but no report of damage is available. The
estimated height of waves was about 2 metres at Mumbai, where boats were taken away
from their moorings and casualties occurred. A list showing the Tsunami that affected Indian
coast in the past is given in Table-4.2. The information given in the Table is sketchy and
authenticity cannot be confirmed except the Tsunami of 26th December 2004.
Above facts indicate the coastal region of Gujarat is vulnerable to Tsunamis from great
earthquakes in Mekran coast. Earthquake of magnitude 7 or more may be dangerous. It
may be noted that all earthquake do not generate Tsunami. Research is still being
undertaken in this field. For the Indian region, two potential sources have been identified,
namely Mekran coast and Andaman to Sumatra region.
TABLE 4.1 A GLOBAL LIST OF SOME HISTORICAL TSUNAMI
YEAR PLACE NUMBER OF LIVES LOST

1692 Port Royal, Jamaica 3000
1703 Tsunamis in Honshu, Japan following 5000
a large earthquake
1707 38 foot Tsunami, Japan 30,000
1741 Following Volcanic eruptions 30 feet 1400
wave in Japan
1753 Combine effect of an earthquake and 50,000
Tsunami in Lisbon, Portugal
1783 A Tsunami in Italy 30,000
1868 Tsunami Chile and Hawaii More than 25000
- 46 -
1883 Krakatoa Volcanic explosion and 36,000

Tsunami in Indonesia
1896 Tsunami Sanrika , Japan 27,000
1933 Tsunami, Sanrika Japan 3000
1946 32 foot high waves in Hilo, Hawaii 159
May 22, Along the coast of Chille Approx. 2000 (+ 3000
1960 person missing) rendered
homeless.
1946 Honsu, Japan Earthquake Spawan 2000
Tsunami
1964 195 foot waves engulf Kodiak, Alaska 131
after the Good Friday Earthquake
17 August Philippines 8000
1976
19 August Indonesia 189
1977
18 July Indonesia 540
1979
12 New Guinea 100
September
1979
12 Columbia 500
December
1979
26 May Sea of Japan Approx. 100
1983
1998 Papua New Guinea
26 Dec. Earthquake 9.1 in Richter Scale. The Approx. 170000 (+ 130000
2004 Bay of Bengal. Powerful Tsunami missing)
which swept several coastal areas of
South East Asia (Indonesia, India, Sri
lanka, Maldives etc.)
- 47 -
TABLE 4.2 LIST OF TSUNAMI THAT AFFECTED INDIA
DATE REMARKS
326 B.C. Alexander the Great
Between 1st April
Tsunami on the Iranian coast from a local earthquake
and 9th May 1008
Karatoa 1.5 m Tsunami at Madras, 06 am at
August 27th 1883
Nagapattainam, 0.2 m at Arden
Earthquake in the western part of the Bay of Bengal
1884
Tsunamis at Port Blair, Doublet (mouth of Hoogly River)
8.1 quake in the Andaman Sea at 12.90 N,92.5o E
26th June 1941 Tsunamis on the east coast of India with amplitudes from 0.75 to
1.25 m. Some damage from East Coast was reported.
Mekran Earthquake (Magnitude 8.1 ). 12 to 15 M wave height in
Ormara in Pasi (Mekran coast) Considerable damage in Mekran
coast. In Gulf of Cambay of Gujarat wave heights of 15 meter
1945 was estimated. Damage report from Gujarat coast was not
available. The estimated height of waves at Mumbai was about 2
meters, boats were taken away from their moorings and
causality occurred.
8.25 quake 70 km south of
27th November
Karachi at 24.5o N, 63.0o E
1945
Tsunami amplitude at Kutch was 11.0 to 11.5m ?
Earthquake of magnitude 9.1 off north Sumatra coast generated
devastated Tsunami waves affecting several countries in South
th
26 December East Asia. In India Andaman & Nicobar Island, Tamil Nadu,
2004 Pondichery, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Lakshdweep have
been affected about 9700 people lose their lives and about 6000
more reported missing. (Till end January 2005.)
- 48 -
4.3 EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMIS
Coastlines have always been a favored location for human settlements. Because of
the attractiveness of coastal locations and the long gaps between devastating tsunami
events, coastal communities have continued to develop in recent times with new housing,
maritime facilities, and resort developments. As a result, the destructive force of tsunamis
threatens more people and facilities.
Map Showing No Of Settlements Along The Coast
FIGURE 4.1 COASTAL PLAINS AND COASTAL TOWNS OF INDIA

SOURCE : WWW.MAPSOFINDIA.COM
- 49 -
4.4 TSUNAMI RISK
It will be assessed by a deterministic approach according to the following:
TSUNAMI RISK = TSUNAMI HAZARD . EXPOSURE . VULNERABILITY.
(a) For the Tsunami Hazard assessment:

• Preparation of data-base of historical and archival information (newspapers,
archives, anecdotal information, literature survey) of relevant Indian Tsunamis,
with the emphasis clearly on the December 26, 2004 event.
• Analyses of these data, to
-define the scenario Tsunamis from various earthquake sources
-prepare the Tsunami hazard map.
(b) For the Exposure

• List all habitations below 15 m contour level and locate on a map.
• List and locate all vital installations below 15 m contour level (Ports, Harbors,
Schools, Hospitals, Power Plants, Bridges, etc.)
(c) For the VULNERABILITY assessment:

• Based on the earthquake vulnerability assessment, define the vulnerability of
various exposed elements on the coastal, island and reef environments and in
the Ports and Harbors
• Prepare vulnerability charts and matrices.
(d) For the RISK assessment:

• Integrate these hazard and exposure data with vulnerability assessments to
obtain the risk assessment.
4.5 SCENARIO TSUNAMI
- 50 -
The following parameters will need to be defined:

• Tsunami source region:
• Mode of generation:
• Potential wave heights
• Maximum Run-up (maximum height of the water onshore observed/inferred above
the mean sea level. Usually measured at the horizontal inundation limit)
• Tsunami intensity I=0.5 log 2H (Pelinovsky, 1996)
with H = average maximum run-up height >3 m. Imax = 2.5
4.6 TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP
The Tsunami hazard map may be empirically defined using a deterministic approach,
based upon potential maximum wave heights for the scenario tsunamis. The
definition of the tsunami hazard zones, as preliminary estimates, is given in Table.
For the terrestrial environment the hazard may be presented as inundation levels, in
terms of run-up heights at specified land contours. For the marine environment (“ON
WATER”) Harbour, Bay and Reefs – hazard may be given in terms of potential
maximum wave heights.
CHARACTERISTIC TSUNAMI HAZARD ZONE

HI MED LO
ON LAND
INUNDATION LEVEL-MAXIMUM (m CONTOUR ) 5 3 1
RUN-UP HEIGHT –AVERAGE (m) >3 1-3 0-1
TSUNAMI INTENSITY (I) >2 1-2 0
LIKLIHOOD OF TSUNAMI Yes Yes Possible
DAMAGE OBSERVED IN EARLIER TSUNAMI Severe Minor None
COAST ADJACENT TO TSUNAMI GENIC SOURCE Yes Yes No
ON WATER
WAVE HEIGHTS (m) >2 1-2 <1
REEF DAMAGE Severe Minor None
TABLE 4.3 TABLE TSUNAMI HAZARD ZONES DEFINITION
- 51 -
4.7 TSUNAMI VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
The exposure inventory with vulnerability to tsunami impact for both the built and
natural environments will need to be developed for shores and Harbours. Potential
damage is related to the hydrological controls of wave action (surging), flooding and
debris deposition, and consequent geotechnical controls to damage by liquefaction,
cracking and slumping. These result in structural damage to buildings, water
damage to contents, flooding damage to infrastructure (roads, bridges, water supply,
sewerage, wharves, sea-walls), damage to navigational aids and reef damage.
There is the potential for “seiching” in the shallow harbour areas where, alternately
(from the tsunami waves), water is drained from the harbour and then flooded to
depths greater than high tide levels. This has the potential for threat to human life
(death and injury) from people collecting fish from the harbour seafloor. In the
Harbour, waves are a threat to shipping (sinking, striking wharves) and fishermen
(drowning).
The vulnerability assessment is expressed as details of elements of the built, natural and
human environments vulnerable to potential tsunami-related damage. These need to be
considered in terms of the Tsunami Hazard Zones for the terrestrial environments around the
shores and the marine environments.
Tsunami Risk Assessment
By integrating the hazard and vulnerability assessments, the tsunami risk assessment is to
be developed in terms of zonation and inundation maps and associated affects.
Practical Applications
The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and
PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in
- 52 -
both quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies
for the terrestrial and marine environments include
4.8 CASE STUDIES OF VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
Case Study 1: Planning Scenario for Humboldt and Del Norte Counties
In 1995, the California Division of Mines and Geology published Special Publication 115,
entitled Planning Scenario in Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California for a Great
Earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone.
This report includes a description
with supporting maps of the
potential effects of a tsunami on the
cities of Eureka (Humboldt County)
and Crescent City (Del Norte
County). This report is an example
of local hazard and risk information
that can be used to support
mitigation efforts. The scenario
earthquake is assumed to generate
a local tsunami that would arrive
minutes after the earthquake. The
maps depict potential structure and
infrastructure damage and show
locations likely to be flooded by a
FIGURE 4.2 TSUNAMI RUNUP MAP
HUMBOLDT
tsunami caused by a potential great earthquake AND DEL8.4)
(magnitude NORTE COUNTRIES
occurring offshore on the
Gorda segment of the Cascadia Sub duction Zone.The planning scenario includes damage
probability and assessments for a variety of facilities, infrastructure, and services including:
schools and colleges, hospitals, highways, airports, marine facilities, railroads, and facilities
for electric power, natural gas, petroleum products, water supply, and wastewater. These
assessments are intended to assist localities in planning for emergency response efforts and
pre-disaster retrofitting and other risk
Mitigation efforts.
- 53 -
Case Study 2: Assessing tsunami vulnerability, example Greece, Crete:
S•1 Identification of field site

S•2 Estimation of worst case
scenario
The worse case scenario has a
H(m)max of c.+5 m and correlates
with a tsunami int. of Ko IV.
S•3 Parameters for vulnerability
Built environment (one floor / two
floor)
Building materials ,age, design
Population density (day/ night)
Land use
FIGURE 4.3 STUDY AREA OF TSUNAMI
Land cover/ barriers VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE
Other indicators
S•4 GIS base map and generation of database
Spatial data (aerial photo & topo map)1:5000
Attribute data (for parameters)
S•5 Results
Disaster Planners, Local Authorities, Insurance Co
FIGURE 4.4 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP

P•4 vulnerability map GREECE, CRETE
- 54 -
Case Study 3: Assessing tsunami vulnerability using GIS Northern California

FIGURE 4.5 TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP USING GIS,
NORTHEN CALIFORNIA.
- 55 -
4.9 MULTI HAZARD MAPPING
The following hazards are seen to occur in the coastal areas:

1. Earthquakes
2. Cyclonic wind
3. Storm surge in cyclones
4. Flooding by incessant rain
5. Tsunami
Fire is also known to occur quite frequently in many such areas. The situation on the west
and east coast of India is given in Table respectively.
FIGURE 4.6 MULTI HAZARD MAP OF INDIA SOURCS :UNDP
- 56 -
TABLE 4.4 MULTI HAZARD DATA -WEST COAST OF INDIA
Cyclonic Storm Astronomic Tsunami

Name of EQ. Flood
Wind Surge al High Tide Prone-
coastal State Hazard Proneness
(m/s) (m) (m) ness (m)
In 5 coastal 10 – 12
Gujarat V, IV, III 50 & 47 2.5 – 5.0 1.1 – 5.3
districts (1945 Eq.)
Dadra & Nagar +
III 44 5.0 1.1 – 5.3
Haveli -
+
Daman & Diu III 50 & 44 5.0 1.1 – 5.3 -
+
Maharashtra IV & III 44 & 39 2.9 –4.2 * -
+
Goa III & II 39 3.4 * -
+
Karnataka III & II 39 3.2 – 3.7 * -
In 9 coast
Kerala III 39 2.3 –3.5 * 3–5
Districts
+
Lakshadweep III 39 ** -
*
* To be obtained from survey of India

* * To be obtained from IMD
+ To be estimated
- 57 -
TABLE 4.5 MULTI HAZARD DATA -EAST COAST OF INDIA
Astronomic Tsunami
Name of EQ. Cyclonic Storm Flood
al High Tide Prone-
coastal State Hazard Wind (m/s) Surge (m) Proneness
(m) ness (m)
50,47,39
Tamil Nadu III & II 2.7 –11 * - 7 – 10
(PMWS- 64)
50,47,39
In 1 coast 10 (in 1
Pondicherry III (PMWS- 64- 3.0 –4.5 *
districts district)
78)
Andhra 50 In 8 coast
III & II 3–6 * +
Pradesh (PMWS – 78) districts
50 & 44 In 3 coast
Orissa III & II 2.7 –9.8 1.15-1.60 +
(PMWS – 78) districts
50 In 3 coast
West Bengal IV & III 12.0 -12.5 * +
PMWS- 78 districts
Andaman &
V 44 ** * _ 3–6
Nicobar
* To be obtained from survey of India

* * To be obtained from IMD
+ To be estimated
- 58 -
4.10 Conclusions
Strategies for Applying Hazard Information to Reducing Future Losses
Strategy 1: Incorporate Hazard Information into Short- and Long-Term Planning

Processes
One of the best ways to prevent future losses from natural hazards is to
ensure the subject is ad-dressed along with all other issues in short- and long-term
comprehensive planning programs and project reviews.
Strategy2: Use Hazard Information to Build Public and Political Support for
Mitigation Measures
Hazard information, loss estimates, and planning scenarios are powerful tools
to create understanding and commitment to mitigation.
Strategy 3: Estimate Reduced Future Losses by Evaluating the Effectiveness of

Loss-Prevention Measures
One of the biggest challenges in preventing losses from rare events such as
tsunamis is to show that mitigation measures would be effective. At the community
level, the value of mitigation investments can be estimated by using scenarios and
maps to evaluate actions taken to reduce vulnerability and exposure to tsunami
hazards.
Strategy 4: Periodically Re-evaluate Community Vulnerability and Exposure

The tsunami hazard is unlikely to change over time, but communities are
changing constantly. This dynamic process leads to changes in vulnerability and
exposure.
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Chapter 5
COASTAL REGULATION ZONE
5.1 NEED FOR COASTAL REGULATION ZONE
The general functioning of the coast as such requires Sufficient spaces .The entire coast has
different varieties of ecosystems of which few are sensitive and the needs protection. CRZ
can help to reduce risk arising due to cyclone, flooding, erosion and other
geomorphologic/geological events such as tsunamis. Public access and preservation of the
natural beauty of the shoreline.
LANDFORMS
9999999999999999
OCEAN BEACH PRIMARY TROUGH SECONDARY BACK DUNE BAY
DUNE DUNE SHORE
Tolerant Tolerant Intolerant Tolerant
Intolerant Intolerant Intolerant
Intensive No passage, Most suitable
Recreation No passage, breaching or No passage, for No filling
breaching or building breaching or development
building building
Dune profiles - Primary dune is established and the Secondary dune is stabilized
DUNE STRUCTURE:
FORE DUNE OR PRIMARY DUNES ESTABLISHED FORE DUNES
Newly developed dunes. Initiated by wind Develop from incipient fore dune by steadily
blown sand trapped by vegetation. growing with sand accretion on the sea ward
Sand binding vegetation thrives in this area. size.
They are well adapted to this highly variable Leeward side becomes more stable and
environment. protected from salt spray and salt deposition.
FIGURE 5.1 COASTAL LANDFORM SOURCE: SPA,DELHI

LANDSCAPE PRESENTATION ON TSUNAMI
- 60 -
5.2 SETBACK ZONES
According to shoreline setbacks or exclusion zones, certain uses are restricted within
a specified distance.
Different set back zones for different activities on their impacts:
e.g. Housing 20 m-200 mts
Tourism 50 m-200 mts
Non-polluting Industries 300 m-500 mts
Polluting Industries more than 1000 m
Different Setback Zones in different areas based on their importance:

e.g. Critical Habitats 1000 m
Infrastructure developed areas 200 m
Under developed areas 500 m
Different Setback Zones in different areas based on their risk

Based on geomorphic events such as erosion and natural hazards such as earthquakes,
cyclones, etc., the coast could be classified into the following zones and setback distances
are determined accordingly.
e.g. High Risk Zone
Low Risk Zone
No Risk Zone
Different Setback Zones in different areas based on geomorphology/geology

Based on geomorphology of the coast such as rocky cliff, muddy coast or sandy coast,
the setback zones could be decided.
Different Governments have adopted, different setback zone based on developed

activities, geomorphology, ecosystems etc. The setback zones adopted by different
countries/States are as given below:
- 61 -
COUNTRIES SETBACK ZONE
FIGURE 5.2 SETBACKS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES ALONG THE COAST
5.3 CONCLUSIONS
In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian
coast, the following preliminary observations are made:
a) The maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast.
b) High causalities are found in most thickly populated areas.
c) The mangroves, forests, sand dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural
barriers against the tsunami.
d) Heavy damage is reported in areas where sand dunes were heavily mined (eg.
Nagapatinam & Kolachal) and where coastal vegetation was less.
- 62 -
Validation of CRZ after tsunami

Type of activity Clauses of the CRZ Interpretation / Comments
Notification
Construction of Para 6(2) CRZ –I, II, III A lawyer in the Madras High Court, Mr. T.Mohan states
permanent ‘there is a difference in the interpretation of the words ‘no
houses. construction’, ‘no new construction’ and ‘no reconstruction’.
The term ‘new construction’ need not apply to the
reconstruction of an earlier authorised structure that was
demolished or destroyed by the tsunami, if it is being
reconstructed (as part of rehabilitation measures) provided
the reconstructed structure is as per the same
specifications, style and design as the earlier construction.
There should be no increase in the area occupied or in the
height of the construction as earlier’.
However it is not really clear if such reconstruction is
permitted within the CRZ – I, though the notification does not
explicitly prohibit it.
Applying the above interpretation, reconstruction of
structures that were demolished in the CRZ –I areas
Construction of No specific mention in The Notification does not explicitly state its position on
temporary shelters. the Notification. temporary shelters.
Construction of Para 6(2) CRZ –I No There is no specific mention of cyclone shelters/tsunami
cyclone relief new construction is shelters in CRZ
shelters. permitted. It would seem logical that cyclone relief shelters would have
Para 3(1) of the to be located in areas close to existing settlements and work
notification states that area.
clearance shall be given
for any activity within the
Coastal Regulation Zone
only if it requires
waterfront and foreshore
facilities.
Construction of fish No specific mention in Fishing related constructions that could be considered
drying and the notification. permissible only if the activity requires foreshore or
storage yards. Para 6(2) CRZ –I No waterfront facilities.
new construction is For e.g fish washing and sun drying on
permitted. the beach requires the foreshore and waterfront and is not
Para 3(1) of the prohibited in the notification.
notification states that There are several fishing related
clearance shall given for activities that do not require the waterfront or foreshore area
any activity within the like the storage or desiccation of fish products in permanent
Coastal Regulation Zone constructions does not require the foreshore or waterfront
only if it requires and even today takes place at distances beyond 500 m.
waterfront and foreshore Constructions of the latter category cannot be permitted in
facilities. the CRZ.
Construction of No specific mention in No new constructions would be permitted in CRZ –I areas.
sheds for the notification. For the reconstruction of destroyed sheds in the CRZ –I
repair work. Para 6(2) CRZ –I No areas,a clarification from the MoEF and Tamil Nadu SCZMA
new construction is will have to the sought.
permitted.
Para 3(1) of the Only those constructions that require the foreshore and
notification states that waterfront maybe permitted.
clearance shall be
given for any activity Sheds could be considered as permissible and requiring the
within the Coastal foreshore area, only if they catering to beach landing crafts
Regulation Zone that cannot be hauled further inland and if these sheds are
only if it requires meant for petty repairs.
waterfront and foreshore Large boat making yards would not be permitted in the 500
facilities. m area unless these require docks..
- 63 -
Chapter 6
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL BARRIERS
6.1 SEA WALL AND OFF SHORE BREAKERS
Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding on
the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild to
minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and management
options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and off shore breakers
as artificial barriers.
6.2 ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION
One town in Thailand that survived almost unscathed had built a sea wall of huge concrete
pyramids across their coastline. A new-type seawall constructed in Japan. This seawall has a
buffer zone to prevent coastal inundation due to overtopping waves. The waves overtopped
the front face of the seawall can permeate a buffer zone installed in front of the original
seawall
6.3 DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION:
"Sea walls are like fortification on the shoreline. They are effective against small
waves but not when it comes to a Tsunami,” Sea walls also give a false sense of security
and delay swift action. "Bio-shield" or planting vegetation is a better option as it acts as an
environment-friendly barrier against the water current.
The United Nations Country Programme Team when received requests from State and
district governments about the need to build sea defenses along the Tamil Nadu coast they
came out saying,
It is clear that the construction of a 600 km long seawall along the Coromandel Coast is an
extremely costly measure which could generate more problems than it solves.
Among the major disadvantages are the high cost of building these structures, particularly off
shore breakwaters and seawalls. Maintaining these structures is expensive. Most of these
- 64 -
structural coastal defenses also have a high impact on shoreline sediment transport, coastal
ecosystems and environmental assets such as scenic beaches. Encroachment of structures
on sea access by local communities can also impact livelihoods.
6.4 CONCLUSIONS
Sea walls should be viewed as an option in areas which are well developed, densely
populated, low lying and very near the coast.(density of coastal area of kerala is 2147 per
sq.km., in pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts from the coast North Chennai high density
and absence of lengthier coast ) . Critical infrastructure facilities which require foreshore can
be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall could never be an option for the entire coast.
Technological advancement is must for sea wall construction.
6.5 VEGETATION ALONG THE COAST
A coastal landscape is generally comprised of combination of landforms, coastal water

surfaces, vegetation and other significant visual elements.
Landscape values and the presence of distinctive natural features are among the qualities
which go to make up the natural character of particular coastal areas. Distinctive natural
features within or immediately adjacent to the coastal marine area can include beaches,
sand spits, islands, and reefs.
FIGURE 6.1 VEGETATION FOUND ALONG THE COAST

VEGETATION FOUND ALONG TAMIL NADU COAST
NO VEGETATION GROUND COVER - IPOMEA

FORE DUNE
LOW MESIC THICKET
HIGH MESIC THICKET
CASUARINA,
6.6 MANGROVES AS NATURAL BARRIERS COCONUT PALM
- 65 -
“Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural buffers,
were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been damaged and
mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly planned beach front hotels.”
TSUNAMI
WAVES /
CYCLON
ES
Second layer of black mangroves The first layer of red mangroves with flexible
protect the inland like a wall from branches & tangled roots hanging in water
sea’s fury absorb the first shock waves
FIGURE 6.2 MANGROVES AND TSUNAMI
Similar observations were made by Indian scientists when a super-cyclone hit Orissa on
India’s east coast October killing at least In certain areas along the coastal line of these
lagoons, mangroves acted as barriers and safeguarded the effect of Tsunami
10,000 people and living 7.5 million homeless. Mangrove forests reduced the impact of
cyclone. If Mangrove ecosystem or Wet lands had found in these areas the impact would
have reduced as mangrove ecosystem would have acted as buffer zones People living
along the coastal zones must be encouraged to organize afforest ration programme of
mangrove for preventing future impact of tsunami in the coastal zones. While there is no
guarantee that replanting mangroves will prevent another tsunami tragedy, coastal
communities need many more life-saving belts to help filter the energy of strong winds and
tidal waves. Until recently, mangrove forests have been recognized mainly for their direct-use
values.
- 66 -
6.7 CONCLUSIONS
Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami on
the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and
CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. These
tsunami forest should be handed over to the local communities. The rebuilding
could be phased in three stages,
PHASE I [0-2 YEARS] : RECOVERING THE COAST
• community projects may include the planting that will provide a vegetative buffer.
• Along with the extensive mangrove reforestation, planting of a variety of other coastal
species that have been lost, such as Cocos nucifera and Casuarina equisetifolia to be
promoted.
• Intercrops to be planted and harvested between trees to stabilize and protect the soil. The
species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion after tsunami would still be
present in the soil and ground water.
and protect the soil. The species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion
after tsunami would still be present in the soil and ground water.
FIGURE 6.3 RECOVERING THE COAST
- 67 -
PHASE II [2-5 YEARS] : ESTABLISHING YOUNG COASTAL FORESTS
• Forest biomass increases as plants and tree species mature.

• The salt content in the soil and aquifers may go down due to leeching and other natural
phenomena.
• planting of mesophytic vegetation as an inter crop to the existing salt resistant trees.
PHASE III [5-10 YEARS] : MATURING COASTAL FORESTS
• Trees like coconut, casuarinas etc are ready to harvest.

• the new trees to be planted on the leeward side.
• Slowly, the salt resistant varieties to be phased out.
• commercially & ecologically beneficial species to be planted
WITHIN C R Z LIMIT
FIGURE 6.4 MATURING COASTAL FORESTS
- 68 -
Chapter 7
CONNECTIVITY
7.1 ROLE OF CONNECTIVITY DURING RECENT TSUNAMI
During the recent tsunami the devastation wasn’t uniform throughout the coastal area. There
were several issues and reasons that determined the devastation. One such reason
identified was the connectivity,
case1 :SOTTHIKUPPAM: The entire

settlement is located in a level higher than the
mean sea level. And it also had a fantastic tree
belt in front of their residence . generally all
these features should have saved the
settlement. But the death toll for these
settlements is 23.
FIGURE 7.1 SOTHIKUPPAM,CUDDALORE-

FERRY CONNECTIVITY
FIGURE 7.2
SING
GARATHOPPU,CUDDALORE- BRIDGE
CONNECTIVITY
case 2 :SINGARATHOPPU: This was a low lying

area, flat terrain, with not much
Vegetation in the front. and the settlement was more
like an island. The tsunami water inundation was
high in this place. it lies under a risk zone. But the
death toll for this place happened to be nothing.
- 69 -
The reason for such kind of irony is CONNECTIVITY Soththikuppam, is almost like an island.
The only means of connectivity was by FERRY, that too stops by night. In order to take the
road route, one have to travel another 6km via nochchikadu. During the recent tsunami
people rushed to the nearest ferry dock in the back waters and were washed away by the
wave. In Singarathoppu, though water surrounded them from all sides, people ran up the
bridge and guarded themselves,
Thus connectivity holds an important role, not only in saving lives and property, but also in
easing the rescue operations and rehabilitation measures.
7.2 CONCLUSIONS
Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements with better
connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads facilitated immediate
relief measures. Movement assessment: the movement during Tsunami was mostly away
from the sea.That is a horizontal movement perpendicular to the coast.
- 70 -
Chapter 8
EVACUATION PLAN
8.1 ROLE OF EVACUATION PLAN
Evacuating people can save lives and reduce injuries, but it will have little, if any, effect on
reducing property and economic losses.
In coastal areas where building and population densities are high, where roads, bridges, and
other horizontal evacuation methods are limited, or where warning time may be insufficient,
vertical evacuation may be needed as an alternative to horizontal evacuation. Vertical
evacuation, while dependent on structures for its success, is primarily an emergency
preparedness and response measure.
8.2 TYPES OF EVACUATION
vertical evacuation—moving people to higher floors in buildings
horizontal evacuation—moving people to more distant locations or higher ground.
Dense areas require vertical evacuation

Best possible routes has to be found and
escape route mapping has to be done
FIGURE 8.1 VERTICAL EVACUATION
- 71 -
8.3 EVACUATION CENTRES
Immediate evacuation centers in each settlement within reachable distance, at the same time
at a safer distance. These are high raised structures or structures present in a highly
elevated land. Existing structures like school or a community hall is identified for the purpose.
CASE STUDY EVACUATION TOWER AND BUILDING
Photo shows an evacuation tower in Japan. This tower is 5 stories high and has about 220m
2 in area above the ground floor. It can admit 500 people. It is placed in the area difficult to
evacuation by the existence of a river. It is also important to use existing high and rigid
buildings for evacuation shelters.
FIGURE 8.2 EVACUATION TOWER IN KISEI-CHO,

MIE PREFECTURE, JAPAN
CASE STUDY EVACUATION TERRACE
Okushiri Island suffered severe damage by the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-oki Earthquake
Tsunami. The tsunami of 10m high attacked the south part of the island. After the
tsunami, high seawalls were constructed along the coast to protect coastal low-lying
areas. However, a fishery port was out of the seawalls to keep its fishery function. For
evacuation of the persons working at the port from tsunamis, a new terrace was
constructed as a tsunami shelter. The terrace was usually used for fishery activities.
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FIGURE 8.3 PHOTO TSUNAMI EVACUATION TERRACE
8.4 NODAL CENTRES
Higher order of an evacuation center is the nodal centers. All coastal settlement
should have a evacuation center and out of which few settlements are identified as
NODAL CENTRES based on the following parameters :
a, Population size
b. Degree of Connectivity
c. Facilities available.
d. Location Advantage
e. Safety factor.
These are the rehabilitation centers at next higher order.

Each of such settlement takes charge of few other hamlets, within the given distance.
These centers take care of :

Road connectivity
Economic connectivity
Socio-cultural connectivity and
Communication facilities
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CASE STUDY ROAD RE – ALIGNMENT PROPOSAL

The East Coast Road is either directly or indirectly connected to each settlement. The linking
distance varies from1 km to 6 km. the higher order road, did had a role to perform during a
disaster. And since horizontality is followed in connectivity settlement, there should be a
vertical road, parallel to the coast, connecting all these which would lead to CUDDALORE or
CHIDAMBARAM.
FIGURE 8.4 ROAD CONNECTIVITY AND EVACUATION ROUTES
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Chapter 9
SETTLEMENT PLANNING
9.1 SPECIFIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR TSUNAMIS
9.1.1 KNOW THE TSUNAMI RISK AT THE SITE
Using the tsunami run up map each settlement has to decide safe zone and no safe
zone for habitations. This can be included as part of the land use planning for
building permissions. Other parameters to be considered are,
• Elevation of settlement from coast

• Distance of proposed /existing settlement from the coast.
• Type of the settlement
• Coastal bathymetry in front of the settlement
• Percentage of vegetation in front of the settlement
• Percentage of sand dunes in front of the settlement.
• Presence of backwaters
9.2 AVOID NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN TSUNAMI RUN-UP AREAS
Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use planning can
mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be prevented in high-hazard
areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be prevented, land use intensity,
building value, and occupancy should be kept to a minimum.
In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use planning
measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of development and
uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-occupancy uses to the
greatest degree possible.
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Strategy 1: Designate Tsunami Hazard Areas for Open-Space Uses
The designation and zoning of tsunami hazard areas for such open-space uses as
agriculture, parks and recreation, or natural hazard areas is recommended as the first land
use planning strategy to consider. This strategy is designed to keep development at a
minimum in hazard areas. It is particularly effective
in areas that have not yet experienced development pressure. It is obviously more difficult in
areas that are already partially developed or that have strong development pressures.
Strategy 2: Acquire Tsunami Hazard Areas for Open-Space Uses
Open-space acquisition has several advantages over strictly regulatory approaches such as
zoning. Acquisition ensures that the land will be controlled by a public agency or nonprofit
entity, and it removes any question about a regulatory taking. The primary disadvantage to
acquisition is cost.
Strategy 3: Restrict Development through Land Use Regulations
In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use planning
measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of development and
uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-occupancy uses to the
greatest degree possible.
FIGURE 9.1 MAP SHOWING THE LAND USE REGULATIONS FOR

TSUNAMI UN UP AREAS
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9.3 THE ROLE OF LAND USE PLANNING IN REDUCING TSUNAMI RISKS
Land use planning in communities guides the location, type, and intensity of development
and can, therefore, be used to reduce the community’s exposure to tsunami hazards.
Understand Locational Context
Opportunities for reducing tsunami risk differ depending on local circumstances, so a one-
size fits- all approach cannot be used. The presence or absence of development within
tsunami hazard areas will determine the type of planning approach that is feasible.
Understand Trade-Offs
Mitigation often means making trade-offs between or among competing goals when dealing
with land use planning issues and tsunami hazards.
Review and Update Existing Zoning, Subdivision, and Other Regulations
Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a comprehensive
tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the location and vulnerability to
damage of existing and planned land uses in the community, including the following:
• residential
• commercial/visitor-serving
• industrial (general)
• industrial (hazardous materials)
• public facilities (transportation and water systems)
• critical facilities and systems (communication, emergency response, electrical power, water
supply, and natural gas systems)
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9.4 PLANNING FOR POST-TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION
Disasters create the opportunity to eliminate nonconforming uses and reshape existing
patterns of development to minimize future losses. On the other hand, they can also create
enormous pressure to rebuild the community quickly and exactly as it was before the
disaster. These rebuilding issues should be addressed through the land use planning
process before a disaster strikes so that a community is prepared to deal with rebuilding
issues in the event of a disaster.
CASE STUDY : SHELTER AND HABITIAT DEVELOPMENT IN TSUNAMI AFFECTED

COASTAL AREAS OF TAMIL NADU, UNDP
OBJECTIVE
· To undertake an in-depth study of a few villages worst- affected in the tsunami and make
observations, both from the specialists’ viewpoint as well as through interactions with the
various stakeholders, mainly the community;
· To analyse the scenario prior to the tsunami, the damages brought about by the tsunami
and views about the possible rehabilitation measures that can be undertaken;
· To prepare a model recovery plan and evolve
long-term rehabilitation strategies along with
community participation with special focus on
resettlement/ in-situ redevelopment and housing
reconstruction and livelihoods restoration;
· To indicate areas wherein UNDP and other UN
agencies could possibly play a role in the entire
rehabilitation process.
FIGURE 9.2, 9.3 ANALYSING EXISTING SITUATION, SHELTER AND HABITIAT

DEVELOPMENT IN TSUNAMI AFFECTED COASTAL AREAS OF TAMIL NADU, UNDP
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RESETTLEMENT PLANNING
1. While planning a new settlement, an in-depth study of the existing settlement pattern is
necessary so as to recreate layouts and common spaces, which have evolved over time and
are culturally sensitive.
2. However the above traditional layout pattern must necessarily be integrated with disaster
mitigation aspects, so that risks are not again recreated.
3. Size and layouts of homesteads should provide space for carrying out the daily activities a
fishermen household in coastal Tamil Nadu practice and should provide allowance for lateral
and vertical growth.
4. Provisions for adequate lifeline infrastructure and common amenities like drinking water,
sanitation, electricity, proper approach roads, school cum multi-hazard resistant shelters, etc.
as appropriate depending upon the population have to be made.
5. Shore protection works –naturally e.g. through sand dunes, coastal plantations like
casuarinas, mangroves, etc. and artificially e.g. through tripods and tetra pods may have to
be introduced specially in case of redevelopment for existing settlements.
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9.5 SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK

S•1: Avoiding
Avoiding a tsunami hazard area is, of course, the most effective mitigation method. At the
site planning level, this can include siting buildings and infrastructure on the high side of a lot
or raising structures above tsunami inundation levels
S•2 Slowing
Slowing techniques involve creating friction that reduces the destructive power of waves.
Specially designed forests, ditches, slopes can slow and strain debris from waves.
S•3 Steering
Steering techniques guide the force of tsunamis away from vulnerable structures and people
by strategically spacing structures, using angled walls and ditches, and using paved surfaces
that create a low-friction path for water to follow.
S•4 Blocking
Hardened structures such as walls, compacted terraces and berms, parking structures, and
other rigid construction can block the force of waves.
FIGURE 9 4 SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK
S•1: Avoiding S•2 Slowing
S•3 Steering S•4 Blocking
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CASE STUDY: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR TSUANMI AFFECTED

COASTAL AREAS OF CUDDALORE, PLANNING PROJECT,M.PLAN 2004-06’ BATCH
After doing a detailed study on the coastal stretch of cuddalore district one
settlement was taken for the detailed planning and the following proposals are given
• Site should be located preferably at high lands either at 350M from the HTL or+3M
• It should be placed away from the CRZ zone -500M.
• Settlement pattern should be perpendicular to the coast line.
• Orientation of houses should be across the coast.
• Restriction of kutcha houses near the coast.
• Artificial barriers to be created along the coast.
• Casuarinas should be planted as it could reduce the wave intensity.
• An elevated work space about 10’ high which could with stand the wave erosion.
• Can be used for net knitting, drying fish and other purposes.
• Boats docked under the stills.
• Strong concrete Catch poles for holding in case of tsunami.
• Creepers spread over the sand stretch as to provide grip for the sand.
• Creation of vegetation and sand dunes as the natural barriers.
• Gravels dumped through out the stretch as barriers.
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FIGURE 9.5 CASE STUDY, SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE

TSUNAMI RISK
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FIGURE 9.6 CASE STUDY, SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE

TSUNAMI RISK
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9.5 TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS – NEW DEVELOPMENTS
• Locally applicable Tsunami Hazard Information on Design Intensities

• Mandatory use of building Codes – Design Criteria
• Safety under Multi-hazard environment
• Qualified Engineers and Architects - knowledge about Earthquake, Wind and
Tsunami resistant planning and design
• Ensure quality construction
FIGURE 9.7 CASE STUDY, TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS
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FIGURE 9.8 ,9.9 CASE STUDY, TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS
- 85 -
9.6 PROTECTION OF EXISTING BUILDINGS - RETROFIT, PROTECTION

MEASURES
• Inventory of existing assets

• Assessment of Vulnerability and deficiencies to be taken care of through retrofitting
• Methods of retrofitting and use in design
• External protection methods from the onslaught of tsunami
CASE STUDY
• The Hilo Downtown Development Plan was adopted in 1974 to guide efforts to
revitalize the downtown core of Hilo, Hawaii.
• The Plan established a Safety District based on the 1946 and 1960 tsunami
inundation lines.
• All redevelopment in the Safety District was subject to urban design and building
design standards. Any structure below the 20-foot elevation contour line was required
to design to withstand the force of a major tsunami.
• A Parking District was also designated in the Plan to provide parking for downtown
businesses and to use parking structures as a protective barrier from a tsunami for
inland structures.
FIGURE 9.10 CASE STUDY, RETROFIT PLANNING
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9.7 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS IN LOCATING AND DESIGNING

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL FACILITIES
The average coastal population density is 432 persons per sq. km as against 256 persons for
the entire country. Apart from protecting the community and resources, there is a need for
providing necessary infrastructure facilities for the communities to maintain a better standard
of living and their economic development.
To segregate non critical and critical infrastructure with respect to Tsunami

To have compatibility analysis of these infra. with respect to coast and CRZ
To formulate list of infrastructure to be permitted along the coast.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Transportation Systems
• Roads, highways, bridges, parking lots and structures, and traffic control
systems
• Railroads track beds, bridges, and rail and switching yards for freight and
passengers
• Transit systems , storage and maintenance facilities, power systems and
substations, control systems, bridges
• Airports and control towers
CRITICAL FACILITIES SPECIAL OCCUPANCY STRUCTURES
• Police stations • Schools

• Firehouses • Universities and colleges
• Hospitals with surgery, acute care, or • Residential treatment centers
emergency rooms • Large-occupancy structures
• Emergency operations and • Power-generating stations and other
communications facilities and equipment utility facilities needed for continuous
• Garages and shelters for emergency operations
vehicles and aircraft
TABLE 9.1 CRITICAL AND SPECIAL OCCUPANCY STRUCTURE
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Compatibility analysis of infrastructure with respect to coast and CRZ
FIGURE 9.11 COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS OF INFRASTRUCTURE WITH

RESPECT TO COAST
Locate New Infrastructure and Critical Facilities Outside the Tsunami Hazard Area or Design
to Resist Tsunami Forces. Examine plans for infrastructure and critical facilities to see if
other, equally efficient alternative locations, alignments, and routes can be used. Reserve
sites for infrastructure and critical facilities either outside the tsunami hazard area or in areas
where the risk can be reduced through feasible measures.
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FIGURE 9.12 COMPATIBILITY CHATR OF ACTIVITIES WITH RESPECT TO

COAST AND CRZ
Prohibit new critical facilities in tsunami hazard areas unless:
1. They are waterfront dependent and the design can mitigate the vulnerability to such
an extent that the resulting facility will perform as needed;
2. Risk is reduced through mitigation and emergency planning measures;
3. The need for the facility outweighs the consequences of its loss during a tsunami
(e.g., a small hospital in a remote, tsunami-prone area may be justified because it
needs to be close to the population for routine emergencies).
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Author statement Issues/remarks

TSUNAMI: WILL WE BE Local authorities can try to ensure that Should we place
READY FOR THE NEXT all critical infrastructure, such as water infrastucture facilities which
ONE? plants and hospitals, are located does not require foreshore
15 January 2005 NEW outside the tsunami danger zone. This near the coast?
SCIENTIST would avoid problems like those in
Kalpakkam in India, where a nuclear
power plant was closed down for
days after the tsunami sent salt
water gushing into its pumping
station..
Seawalls, dykes and so on may reduce Expensive options
the damage, but they are very
expensive and may adversely affect the
environment.
Protective measures such as these
may be used in areas that contain
essential infrastructure, such as the
Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant in
Tamil Nadu, India.
SAMUDRA Report No. 40 Not just four walls and a roof Special Are these critical
March 2005 Benny structures such as hospitals and infrastructure the life line
Kuriakose shelters that come very close to the sea during a disaster?
(bennykuriakose@vsnl.com can be built up to a height of three
), story’s. Building standards for common
Chennai, India facilities such as hospitals, schools and
community centers should be made
very stringent, to resist even the worst
of tsunamis.
The Tsunami Disaster A The DAE and the Indian If the Koodankulam nuclear
Perspective from government are building another power site is this vulnerable,
Koodankulam nuclear power plant at Koodankulam should we go ahead with
www.tsunami.org (near the southernmost tip of India) the construction of this
that also sits on the Bay of Bengal mega-nuclear site?
badly affected by the tsunami.
Neighboring coastal villages such as
Idinthakarai, Kooduthazhai,
Koothankuzhi, Uvari, Koottapuli have
all been damaged by the tidal waves.
TABLE 9.2 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES PERTAINING TO THE COAST
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Chapter 10
TSUNAMI WARNING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
10.1 THE PRESENT STATUS OF TSUNAMI WARNINGS IN INDIA.
Tsunami is least probability event in India. As such, there is no codal provisions of Tsunami
warnings in India as yet though, there is a good seismological network in India to record any
earthquake within the country and its neighborhood. The need of a Tsunami Warning
Centre (TWC) in India is now being conceptualized at the Government of India level.
The Department of Ocean Development in Cooperation with Departments of Space and

Science and Technology is evolving a plan of tsunami warning system in the Bay of Bengal
and the Arabian Sea. The data from observing points to Warning Centre(s) will be sent
through satellite links, Specific systems called Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of
Tsunamis (DART) using Bottom Pressure Recorder, acoustic modem, acoustic release
system, battery pack bolted to platform and float action and recovery aids will be deployed.
10.2 INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF TSUNAMI WARNING AND

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Present techniques of Tsunami prediction are severely limited. The only way to determine,
with certainty, if an earthquake is accompanies by a Tsunami, is to note the occurrence and
epicenter of the earthquake and then detect the arrival of the Tsunami at a network of tide
stations. While it is possible to predict when a Tsunami will arrive at coastal locations, it is
not yet possible to predict the wave height, number of waves, duration of hazard, or the
forces to be expected from such waves at specific locations.
Tsunami Warning System is based on the concept that Tsunamis travel at much slower
velocity (500 to 700 km per hour or 0.20 km/sec) as compared to seismic waves (6 to 8 km
per second). That is seismic waves move 30 to 40 times faster than Tsunami waves. Thus,
after the occurrence of a damaging earthquake and quick determination of epicenter,
warning time of a few minutes to 2 to 3 hours is available depending upon the distance from
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the epicenter to the coast line. This time can be utilized for warning the coastal community if
quick detection and rapid communication systems are established.
10.2.1Tsunami Warning System
Following most common methods of detection is in use:-
• Japan has a network of land/sea sensors that records seismic activity and feeds
information to a national agency able to issue evacuation warnings within a minute
of occurrence of any earthquake. Earthquake warning issued by Japan
Meteorological Agency are relayed via satellite to the Municipal offices and
automatically broadcast from several sets of loudspeakers.
• Pacific Ocean issues warnings of tidal waves heading in a particular direction.
• Presently land and sea based sensors connected to satellite based link are
available.
• Satellite telemetry is used for data collection and dissemination; receive and display
of Tsunami warning utilizing existing Geostationary operational Environmental
Satellite (GOES) and Data Collection Interrogation System (DCIS). An earthquake
activates seismic instrument, which transmits signal to the GOES platform which
responds automatically transmitting an alert code to an active device at warning
site.
• Developing Tsunami and earthquake data base verification, Tsunami model,

preparation of hazard assessment maps for the coast line combing historical and
modeling result, establishment of seismic and tidal sensors using satellite telemetry
to provide early warning information.
• Extensive network of seismic and tidal station, as well as communication systems,

to ensure that the warning information is prompt and accurate.
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System performs with detection of an earthquake, which has required magnitude to trigger
the alarm attached to the seismograph. The alarm thresholds are set so that ground
vibrations of the amplitude and duration associated with an earthquake of approximate
amplitude 6.5 or greater or Richter scale anywhere in Pacific will cause them to sound.
10.2.2 The Tsunami Warning System
Tsunami Warning System (TWS) in the Pacific, comprised of 28 participating international

Member States, has the functions of monitoring seismological and tidal stations throughout
the Pacific Basin to evaluate potentially Tsunamigenic earthquake and disseminating
Tsunami warning information. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) is the
operational center of the Pacific TWS. Located near Honolulu, Hawaii, PTWC provides
Tsunami warning information to national authorities in the Pacific Basin.
10.2.3 Tsunami Warning Centers
As part of an international cooperative effort to save lives and protect property, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service operates two
Tsunami warning centres. The Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (ATWC) IN Palmer, Alaska,
serves as the regional Tsunami Warning Center for Alaska, British Columbia, Washington,
Oregon, and California.
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Ewa Beach, Hawaii, serves as the regional Tsunami
Warning Centre for Hawaii and as a national/international warning center for Tsunamis that
pose a Pacific-wide threat. This international warning effort become a formal arrangement in
1965 when PTWC assumed the international warning responsibilities of the Pacific Tsunami
Warning System (PTWS). The PTWS is composed of 26 international Member States that
are organized as the International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in
the Pacific.
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10.2.4 Tsunami Watch and Warning Dissemination
The objective of the PTWS is to detect, locate, and determine the magnitude of potentially
Tsunamigenic earthquake occurring in the Pacific Basin or its immediate margins.
Earthquake information is provided by seismic stations operated by PTWC, ATWC, the U.S.
Geological Survey’s National Earthquake Information Centre and international sources. If
the location and magnitude of an earthquake meet the known criteria for generation of a
Tsunami, a Tsunami warning is issued to warm of an imminent Tsunami hazard. The
warning includes predicted Tsunami arrival times at selected coastal communities within the
geographic area defined by the maximum distance the Tsunami could travel in a few hours.
A Tsunami watch with additional predicted Tsunami arrival times is issued for a geographic
area defined by the distance the Tsunami could travel in a subsequent time period. If a
significant Tsunami is detected by sea-level monitoring instrumentation, the Tsunami warning
is extended to the entire Pacific Basin. Seal level (or tidal) information is provided by
NOAA’s National Ocean Service, PTWC, ATWC, university monitoring networks and other
participating nations of the PTWS. The International Tsunami Information Center, part of the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, monitors and evaluates the performance
and effectiveness of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System. This effort encourages the most
effective data collection, data analysis, Tsunami impact assessment and warning
dissemination to all TWS participants.
10.2.5 Tsunami Warning Dissemination
Tsunami watch, warning and information bulletins are disseminated to appropriate

emergency officials and the general public by a variety of communication methods.
-Tsunami watch, warning and information bulletins issued by PTWC and Atlantic Tsunami
Warning Centre (ATWC) are disseminated to local, state, national and international users as
well as the media. These users, in turns, disseminate the Tsunami information to the public,
generally over commercial radio and television channels.
-The NOAA Weather Radio System, based on a large number of VHF transmitter sites,
provides direct broadcast of Tsunami information to the public.
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-The US Coast Guard also broadcasts urgent marine warnings and related Tsunami
information to coastal users equipped with medium frequency (MF) and very high frequency
(VHF) marine radios.
-Local authorities and emergency managers are responsible for formulating and executing
evacuation plans for areas under a Tsunami warning. The public is advised to stay-turned to
the local media for evacuation orders and latest Tsunami warnings. People are advised not
to return to low lying coastal areas until all clear signals are issued from the Warning Centre.
10.3 SOME CONCEPTS OF WORK PLAN FOR THE TSUNAMI WARNING

SYSTEM IN INDIA
• Assumption: Least probability event. Return period once after several hundred years. No
parallel in recorded history like Tsunami of 26 December 2004. Proposed system should be
sustainable and cost - effective.
• Observational system should be of multi use type (Oceanography, Meteorology,

Geophysics)
• Policy decision: Codal Provision to issue Tsunami warning.
• Identification/Establishment of Nodal Department
• Identification of Vulnerable area
• Fixation of critical value for the issuance of Tsunami warnings (Magnitude 7.0 or above in
Richter Scale )
• Cost effective and sustainable communication system (Radio and Satellite based
communication)
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Chapter 11
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
11.1 INTRODUCTION
An organizational network is made up of agencies whose activities are determined by human

settlements. The organizational system is the way in which the government connects
agencies so that specific decisions will be carried out and specific objectives attained. In any
governmental organization, two types of system are present. One is the vertical authority
where instructions are passed down from the upper levels for implementation to lower levels
and the other is the horizontal authority in which units from sector rely on the operation of
units in the other sector for successful implementation. For developmental initiatives at any
spatial level, the following Institutional agencies are involved,
For developmental initiatives at any spatial level, the following Institutional agencies are
involved
• GOVERNMENT
• CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
• STATE GOVERNMENT
• LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
• ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT
• SECTORAL DEPARTMENT
• NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGO'S)
• COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS (CBO'S)
• PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS
11.2 HIERARCHY OF EXISTING INSTITUIONAL SETUP
District Planning Committee consolidates plans prepared by the panchayats and

municipalities in the district and prepares a draft development plan for the district as a whole.
It is a statutory body and serves as an excellent tool to integrate the plans of urban areas
and rural areas. It provides a platform for conflict reservations in the matter of common
resources and control of transitional areas. Collector is responsible for a very vast area and
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has considerable scope for exercising control, power, influence and authority. The district
collector is the Inspector of the Panchayats. Out of three- tier
panchayats the village panchayats are being empowered to undertake works relating to any
developmental activity, maintenance and electrical. However, the panchayats are advised to
obtain administrative and technical sanction from the competent authorities. The government
has stipulated that the administrative sanction of the collector/inspector is required for
particular scheme or particular fund above a particular limit. The Block Development Officers
(BD0s) are the controlling mechanism below the district level.
11.3 LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE
Local Government is the lowest in the scheme and also the smallest in jurisdiction. Local
Government is described as that under which the people of the locality possess a certain
responsibility and choice in administration of local public affairs and in raising of required
finance to meet their expenses. Local Self Government freely elected, which, while subject to
supremacy of the National Government, are endowed in some respects with some power,
discretion and responsibility and which they can exercise without control over their decisions
by higher authority.
11.4 RELEIF EFFORTS
Local Government is the lowest in the scheme and also the smallest in jurisdiction. Local
Government is described as that under which the people of the locality possess a certain
responsibility and choice in administration of local public affairs and in raising of required
finance to meet their expenses. Local Self Government freely elected, which, while subject to
supremacy of the National Government, are endowed in some respects with some power,
discretion and responsibility and which they can exercise without control over their decisions
by higher authority. Although the GOI and the State Government
Administration were caught unawares by the Tsunami, they responded quickly.
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11.4.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India was designated as
the Nodal Agency for coordinating relief in the affected areas.
• A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) was established under the
Cabinet Secretary to draw up an emergency relief plan and to review those efforts.
• Funds were allocated to the affected areas from the National Calamity Contingency
Fund.
11.4.2 STATE GOVERNMENT
• Revenue Department under the Relief Commissioner coordinated rescue and relief efforts
through relevant district collectors with assistance from the police force, fire and rescue
services, medical and health services and all other associated
departments.
• The district administration along with Local Self Government coordinated relief works at the
local level.
CATEGORIZATION OF RELEIF MEASURES
The Relief Measures are categorized into three...

• Immediate short term
• Medium term
• Long term
IMMEDIATE SHORT TERM MEASURES
• Disposed dead bodies, moved obstacles and rescued People.

• Moved People to safer locations.
• Prevention of outbreak of epidemics.
• Construction of temporary Rehabilitation Shelters and toilets.
• Distribution of Food and Medicine to the affected populace.
• Restoration of crucial communication and infrastructure, power and water supply.
• Medical teams with paramedical staff working in the affected areas.
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Chief Minister announced a relief of one lakh for every diseased person and to be paid to the
next kin of the family.
MEDIUM TERM MEASURES
• Commencement of the Trauma Management.

• Rehabilitation shelter and their associated infrastructures.
• Restoration of the Economic Activity.
• Reestablish the productivity of affected areas.
• Effective waste management and natural resource use.
LONG TERM MEASURES
• Permanent reconstruction and rehabilitation for the affected populace.

• Sustainable strategies for long term ecological management and human welfare.
• Reestablish the productivity of affected areas.
• Effective waste management and natural resource use.
NON - GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION/ CBO's
• Non-Governmental organizations across India and abroad responded immediately to the

affected areas.
• They lived with one another to adopt entire settlement and people in their recovery process.
• They operated in sectors ranging from health, psycho social counseling, shelter, education,
livelihood and environment.
• Community based networks and social hierarchies were already in existence in the affected
areas were helpful during the calamity.
• Relief and Rescue operations were initialized and did not wait for the arrival of the outside
help.
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11.5 NGO’s OPERATIONS
The disasters local area specific dimension has more relevance to the NGO's. This is due to
the fact that the grass root feel and the close contact they have with the lifestyle and ethos,
of the affected lot. They initiated the following:
• Immediate Rescue operations initialized.
• Provision of Food, Clothing, Medicines and other basic amenities.
• Aiding the construction of Temporary Rehabilitation Shelters.
• Relocation of the affected populace in their own short stay homes/orphanages.
• Psychological counseling to the affected lot.
• Training SHG's to aid in the affected areas.
11.6 OBSERVATIONS
• Relief measures were effective in the immediate short term ones.

• For the Medium and Long term measures, priority Action Plans were not crystallized
• Rapid Assessments and ongoing monitoring were not duly addressed during recovery
phase.
• Identification of priorities and opportunities for environmental restoration and improved
management of the coastal eco system to generate multiple benefits for different natural
resource, user groups were not initiated yet.
• The performance of the municipality was moderately fair .
11.7 CONCLUSIONS
• Lack of ascertained networks and institutional setup for the immediate relief and rescue
operations.
• Distribution of immediate relief measures was not equitable along the stretch and even
within the settlements.
• Institutional Networks for Planning, Execution and Management and Implementation for
long term needs are to be identified.
- 100 -
Case study: proposed institutional frame work ,sustainable development plan for
tsuanmi affected coastal areas of cuddalore, planning project,m.plan 2004-06’
RELIEF LOCAL DISTRICT STATE CENTRAL

MEASURES NGO's
LEVEL LEVEL GOVT. GOVT.
IMMEDIATE SHORT TERM MEAUSRES

Pre
1. Removal of Dead Village
identified
bodies. Volunteers
NGO
Pre
2. Moving people to # Village # Chief-Fire
identified
safer location Volunteers Service
NGO
3. Prevention of Pre # Chief
outbreak of identified Medical
epidemics NGO Officer
Pre # Relief
#NSS, NCC
4. Food & Clothing identified Commissio
volunteers
NGO ner
MEDIUM TERM MEAUSRES
1. Counselling & # NGO-
# Health
Trauma Social
Officer
Mangaement workers
#
2.Temporary #Village
Developme
Rehabilitation Admn.
nt
Centres Officer
Officer
3. Restoration of #
Communication & # Sanitary Developme
Infrastructure Inspector nt
Network Officer
LONG TERM MEAUSRES
#
1. Permanent # Housing
# Revenue Developme # Ministry of
Relocation center Board,
Inspector nt Housing
with Infrastructure PWD
Officer
# Rural # Ministry of
2.Restoration of Developme Rural
# Collector
Livelihoods nt
Officer Development
# Dept. of # Dept. of
3. Reestablish the
Agriculture Agri.
productivity # Collector
& &
of the affected area
Horticulture Horticulture
4. Sustainable # Ministry of # Ministry of
strategies for long Human Human
term eco. manga. Welfare Welfare
# Ministry of
5. Efficient use of # Chief
Home
Natural Resources Secretary
Affairs
TABLE 11.1 CASE STUDY, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
- 101 -
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Alcira Kreimer, Margaret Arnold and Anne Carlin, Building Safer Cities, The Future Of
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Julio Kuroiwa, Disaster Reduction: Living In Harmony With Nature, Julio Kuroiwa, 2004
Roy Gilbert, Doing More for Those Made Homeless by Natural Disasters: Disaster Risk
Management series, no. 1, The World Bank, 2001
Jochen Zschau and Andreas N. Küppers, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster
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Practice Review 9: Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation and preparedness in development
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- 102 -
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Affairs National Disaster Management Division, Government of India
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M.S.SWAMINATHAN to review CRZ notification 1991.
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Assessment,Asian Development Bank, United Nations and World Bank New Delhi, India
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Dudley, Walter C. and Min Lee. Tsunami! Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press,
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Guidelines, 1998 ed. Sacramento, 1998.
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Tsunami Hazard Areas. 1982.
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Comprehensive Planning for Tsunami Hazard Areas. 1988.
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Poverty Analysis ,Colombo 7, Sri Lanka 01 March 2005
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System Sciences (2003) 3: 377–389, Assessing tsunami vulnerability, an example from
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Sciences
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Anindya Kumar Sarkar,Ramachandra Panda,Manoranjan Sahoo, Dr. Reuben Samuel,

Evolving Strategies For Long-Term Rehabilitation On Shelter & Habitat Development
In The Tsunami Affected Areas Of Tamil Nadu ,United Nations Development Programme,
ADB. 2003. Islands and Climate Change [DVD]. Asian Development Bank,
Philippines.
Akhand, M.H. 1998. “Disaster Management and Cyclone Warning System in
Bangladesh”.Abstract at EWCII – Second International Conference on Early Warning,
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Disaster Preparedness Center), Bangkok,Thailand.
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Disasters: Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015.” Draft programme outcome
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Community Based Disaster Management Course Participants Workbook, Partnerships for

Disaster Reduction-South East Asia Program Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation
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Heijmans, Annelies . & Lorna Victoria (2001). CBDO-DR: Experiences and Practices in
Disaster Management of the Citizens’ Disaster Response Network in the Philippines.
Quezon City
Masagca, Esteban (April 1999). “The Mt. Pinatubo Experience: An NGO response to Mt.
Pinatubo disaster”, session hand-out during the Training of UNCRD Disaster Management
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international workshop on earthquake safer world in the 21st century, Kobe, Japan,
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UNCRD Disaster Management planning Hyogo office; Sustainable Community Based

Disaster Management (CBDM) practices in Asia, A Users guide, Kobe Japan, December
2004.
R. Shaw, N Britton, M Gupta (eds); January 2003, Towards Sustainable Community

Recovery, UNCRD, Kobe Japan,
UNCRD Disaster Management planning Hyogo office; December 2004, Defining The Past
And Building The Future Of CBDM, UNCRD tapestry, Kobe Japan,
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); World Bank,
(2003),Handbook for estimating the socio-economic and environmental effects of E,
Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR),

(2005),Know Risk, UN/ISDR.

(2004).living with Risk, A global review of disaster reduction initiatives, UN/ISDR,
Greg Bankoff, George Frerks and Dorothea Hilhorst, (2004), Mapping Vulnerability:
Disasters, Development and People, Earthscan Publications.
Girish K. Misra and G. C. Mathur,(1993), Natural Disaster Reduction, Reliance Publishing

House and The Indian Institute of Public Administration.
Kevin Ronan and David Moore Johnston(2005), Promoting Community Resilience in

Disasters, The Role for Schools, Youth, and Families, Springer.
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)( 2004), Reducing Disaster Risk, A Challenge for Development: A Global Report,
UNDP.
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Alois Kohler, Sebastian Jülich and Lena Bloemertz; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH(2004), Risk analysis, a basis for disaster risk
management: Guidelines, GTZ,
Robert Shangle(2005), Southeast Asia Tsunami: One of the World's Greatest Natural
Disasters in Modern Times, Amer Products Corp.
Rajib Shaw and Kenji Okazaki (2004); The United Nations Centre for Regional Development
(UNCRD) Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office, Sustainable Community Based
Disaster Management (CBDM) Practices in Asia: a Users Guide, UNCRD Publication.
Gordon McGranahan, Pedro Jacobi, Jacob Songsor, Charles Surjadi and Marianne Kjellen
(2001), The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities, Earthscan
Publications.
Debarati Guha-Sapir, David Hargitt and Philippe Hoyois(2004) Thirty Years of Natural
Disasters 1974-2003: The Numbers, Presses universitaires de Louvain.
Walter C. Dudley and Min Lee (1998) , Tsunami!, University of Hawaii Press.
International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC); Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission (Of UNESCO); International Co-Ordination Group For The Tsunami Warning
System In The Pacific (ICG/ITSU)(2005), Tsunami Glossary, ITIC,
Gerald T. Hebenstreit, (2002), Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade: Series
Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, Vol. 18, Springer.
U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA); National Weather Service (NWS); Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission (IOC); International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC),( 2005)
Tsunami: the Great Waves, IOC, Revised.

World Conference on Disaster Reduction, 18-22 January 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan:
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Proceedings of the Conference, Building Resilience of Nations and Communities to

Disasters, United Nations, 2005.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)(2004) , World
Disaster Report 2004, IFRC,
JOURNALS
A+D,,A JOUNAL ON INDIAN ARCHITECTURE,TRAILS OF TSUNAMI, VOL:XXII, NO:6,

JUNE 2005.
SDR,VOL:12,NO.1 JAN-FEB 05,TSUNAMI
- 107 -
WEBSITES
1. http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/intro.html
University of Washington Geophysics Program - many links to other tsunami sites.
2. http://www.fema.gov/library/tsunamif.htm
FEMA tsunami fact sheet and links.
3. www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/
Emergency Management Institute Independent Study Program
4. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/
NOAA/PMEL Web site, with links to inundation mapping, modeling, events, forecasting
and the National Tsunami Hazards Mitigation Program sites.
5. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/links.html
Important links to major tsunami sites.
6. http://www.redcross.org/disaster/safety/guide/tsunami.html
Red Cross tsunami site, with overview, discussion of warning systems, and good
preparedness information.
7. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/1029/
The Tsunami Page of Dr. George P.C. (Pararas-Carayannis) Just about everything you'd
need to know about tsunamis!
8. http://www.fema.gov/mit/handbook
Property Acquisition Handbook for Local Communities (FEMA 317).
9. http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/disasters/
Disaster preparedness and response
10. www.adpc.net
ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand
11. www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
12. http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-index.htm
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ,Library
13. www.unep-wcmc.org/geo/geo3/
Global Environment Outlook 3: Past, Present and Future Perspectives (GEO-3)
14. http://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/observ1.php
SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS Earthquake Virtual Clearinghouse – Observations
15. http://www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/tsunami/index.htm
- 108 -
UNDP -risk reduction into recovery and reconstruction programmes in the Asian tsunami
aftermath
16. http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files2.php
The International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific
(ICG/ITSU)
17. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/library/
The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center (NHRAIC)
18. http://www.cidi.org/
Center for international disaster information
- 109 -
APPENDIX 1
TSUNAMI INFORMATION RESOUCES

Report & Assessments
Asia
Protected Areas potentially affected by the Asia Tsunami (excel 911kb)
Silvio Olivieri, IUCN - World Commission of Protected Areas
January, 2005
Assessment of the damages to the ecosystems and to prioritize actions needed
Fish Bombing and Tsunami Effects (PDF 8.88kb)
Bert Hoeksema,National Museum of Natural History Naturalist
18 January, 2005
IUCN’s Response to The Indian Ocean Tsunami
Full Statement (PDF 12.7kb)
SUMMARY OF UPDATES ON TSUNAMI DISASTER (PDF 13.3kb)
World Wildlife Fund
12 January 2005
Press Release: "Green reconstruction" vital in the aftermath of the tsunami (PDF 24.3kb)
WWF
10 January 2005
Update Q and A for the network in response to and for responding to media questions on the tsunami
- WWF (PDF 28.7kb)
WWF
DRAFT Strategy for Rapid Assessment of Environmental Impact (PDF 15.9kb)
IUCN and CORDIO South Asia
January 2005
NB The methodology described below is still under development and will be modified according to need.
Brief Summary of Indian Ocean Reefs relative to the 26 December 2004 Tsunami (PDF 15.8kb)
UN Task Force
06 January 2005
First preliminary report of the damage to coral reefs and related ecosystems of the western and
central Indian Ocean caused by the Tsunami of December 26 (PDF 16.8kb)
CORDIO
CORDIO is a project to study the status of coral reefs in the central and western Indian Ocean. CORDIO was
initiated after the massive coral bleaching in 1997/98 and has contributed to collection and compilation of
monitoring data from coral reefs in 11 countries in the region. A substantial part of the work is focusing on
developing alternative livelihoods for people affected by degraded coastal ecosystems. In the planning and
implementation of its program, CORDIO is collaborating closely with IUCN (The World Conservation Union)
in the South Asian region. The following is an account of observations by experts in the CORDIO/IUCN
network in Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Seychelles and Kenya during the first 10 days following the Tsunami.
Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihood (PDF 348kb)
NACA/FAO/SEAFDEC/BOBP-IGO
7 January, 2005
The information in here are from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka Thailand, and the Maldives.
Tsunami media update
10 January, 2005
Note: This is a daily summary of media reports concerning damage to aquaculture, aquatic livelihoods of
coastal communities and related issues, gathered for the purpose of preparing a regional assessment to aid
medium- to long-term rehabilitation of affected areas. It is not intended as a comprehensive summary of
media reports, nor is it a summary of general damage. The content does not necessarily reflect the views of
the NACA organization. Full Document (PDF 29.9kb)
- 110 -
Brief Summary of Indian Ocean Reefs relative to the 26 December 2004 Tsunami
5 January, 2005
General summary – many coral reef people associated with the GCRMN consider that the tsunami surges
will have caused little to moderate damage to the corals, but that the backwash with large amounts of
sediment and debris will be the major damaging factor. The large amounts of cloth (towels, clothing, sheets,
curtains) will remain on the reefs for months causing major reef loss. Schooling fish were probably lifted onto
the land and there are reports of fish inside rice paddies; the loss of coral habitat will be the long-term
concern for target fish of fishing communities
Full Statement (PDF 14.6kb)
ICRI/ICRAN roles and priorities after the December 26 tsunami (PDF 10.4kb)
From: Richard Kenchington
1 January, 2005
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka 2005 Post-Tsunami Recovery Program
the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Japan Bank for International Cooperation
January 10-28, 2005
The main body of the report is contained in three parts:
<<slnafull.1.pdf>><<slnafull.2.pdf>><<slnafull.3.pdf>>
In addition to the main report, there are 15 sectoral or topical annexes. Each Annex provides background
information, short- and medium-term needs and a budget for meeting those needs:
<<Annex 01 Social Impacts.pdf>> <<Annex 02 Environment.pdf>>
<<Annex 03 Economic Assessment.pdf>> <<Annex 07 Agriculture and Livestock.pdf>>
<<Annex 08 Livelihoods.pdf>> <<Annex 10 Water Supply and Sanitation.pdf>>
<<Annex 13 Fisheries.pdf>> <<Annex 14 Tourism.pdf>>
<<Annex 15 Hazard Risk Management.pdf>>
The rest of the Annexes can be found on http://www.worldbank.org
Get off the beach--now! (PDF 237kb)
Nature Vol 433
27 January, 2005
the danger and initial effort to clear the beaches in Sri Lanka from Chris Chapman, Schlumberger Cambridge
Research in Britain
On the trail of destruction (PDF 1.61mb)
Nature Vol 433
27 January, 2005
Report: Where the wave hit hardest in Sri Lanka
Status and Progress Report, IUCN Asia’s Response to the Tsunami
IUCN
8 January 2005
This report gives a brief overview of achievements so far and immediate priorities and needs. It focuses
primarily on the assessment of environmental damages caused by the tsunami and the consequences
thereof in the region concerned, at this point in time with a slight bias towards South Asia and Sri Lanka. The
response of the organization as a whole has been detailed elsewhere. Additional information and
clarifications are available on request. Full Statement (PDF 22.2kb)
India
A ssessment of the Needs and Rehabilitation Programme
Centre for Environment Education (CEE) Offices in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
6 January, 2005
Indonesia —
Tsunami Relief and Reconstruction Operations in Ache and their Implications fpr Leuser
Ecosystem and Local Community
Steven Galster and Mark Bowman of WildAid
20 January, 2005
- 111 -
Spatial plan for coastal cities proposed

The Jakarta Post: from Zakki P. Hakim
6 January, 2005
http://www.thejakartapost.com/Archives/ArchivesDet2.asp?FileID=20050106.A06
Spatial plan for coastal cities proposed
The Jakarta Post: from Zakki P. Hakim
6 January, 2005
http://www.thejakartapost.com/Archives/ArchivesDet2.asp?FileID=20050106.A06
Thailand —
WWF Thailand Update (PDF 7.75kb)
WWF
Haiti —
Disaster Mitigation, Flood and Erosion Control in Haiti (PDF 30.3kb)
From Mike D.Benge
07 January 2005
General
Beyond the Tsunami: Scientists and International Organizations Agree on Principles for Mitigation of
Natural Disasters
Ramsar Convention Secretariat
Wetland scientists and nine intergovernmental organizations put forward a set of recommendations on how to
improve the management of natural ecosystems to mitigate natural disasters. See the attached Press
Release for more information.
<WWD Press Release (FR).pdf>(36kb) <WWD Press release.pdf>(34kb) <International
Declaration.pdf>(31kb)
First preliminary report of the damage to coral reefs and related ecosystems of the western and
central Indian Ocean caused by the tsunami of December 26
CORDIO-IUCN Report
12 January 2005

Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami December 2004 (PDF91.6kb)
IUCN
12 January 2005

Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami December 2004 (PDF 68.8kb)
IUCN
10 January 2005
The Mega Tsunami of 26 December 2004: Recognizing Ecological Lessons from a Large- Scale
Natural Disaster
Gilberto Cintrón (USFWS) and Yara Schaeffer-Novelli (USP-Brasil)
Statement (PDF 45.7kb)
disclaimer: Use this as you see fit but make sure people are aware that this is not an official document and is
only intended to elicit a dialogue, not to suggest policy or make any statement about issues related to the
tsunami.
- 112 -
Remote Sensing Information

UNOSAT
http://unosat.web.cern.ch/unosat/
the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
http://www.usgs.gov/ (USGS)
http://edc.usgs.gov/ (EROS Data Center)
The USGS National Center for Earth Resources Observation and Sciences (EROS) is providing pre- and
post-tsunami satellite images and other vital information.
Pacific Disaster Center (PDC)
http://www.pdc.org/
PDC news and updates, and other information products including preliminary damage maps for India,
Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Somalia.....
DigitalGlobe: photos from Indonesia, Sri Lanka
http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami
Images of Aceh City
<http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami/Banda_Aceh_Tsunami_Damage.pd>
Images of Melabouh (small town on the west coast)
<http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami/Meulaboh_Tsunami_Damage.pdf>
Images of Gleebruk
<http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami/Gleebruk_Tsunami_Damage_Jan2>
List of Web Address for Images Relevant to the Southeast Tsunami Disaster (Word 35.0kb)
14 January 2005
Nicobar Island Images from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
"Tsunami - 2004 NICOBAR ISLAND"(Power Point 492kb)
ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer)
http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/
International Charter “Space and Major Disasters”
Indonesia and Thailand: http://www.disasterscharter.org/disasters/CALLID_079_e.html
Sri Lanka: http://www.disasterscharter.org/disasters/CALLID_078_e.html
Southern Asia: http://www.disasterscharter.org/disasters/CALLID_077_e.html
CRISP, National University of Singapore
http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/tsunami/tsunami.html
TERRA Modis image © NASA 2004
http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Dartmouth Flood Observatory
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/2004193.html
DigitalGlobe
http://www.digitalglobe.com/images/tsunami
DLR: Center for Satellite Based Crisis Information: Emergency Mapping and Disaster Monitoring
http://www.zki.caf.dlr.de/applications/2004/indian_ocean/indian_ocean_2004_en.html
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
http://www.nrsa.gov.in/
Service Regional de Traitement D’Image et de Teledetection (SERTIT)
http://sertit.u-strasbg.fr/documents/asie/asia_en.html
USGS disaster response
http://gisdata.usgs.gov/website/Disaster_Response
- 113 -
http://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/observ1.php
SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS Earthquake
Virtual Clearinghouse – Observations
The virtual clearinghouse attempts to accumulate earthquake data quickly. Therefore, the information in this
clearinghouse is meant to be preliminary and reflects the authors' opinions at the time of writing, which may
change over time.
EERI Reconnaissance Team Preliminary Reports

EERI March 2005 Newsletter Preliminary Reconnaissance Reports on Northern Sumatra, Indonesia and
Southeast Indian Coast - Borrero, Yeh, Peterson, Chadha, Latha, & Katada
EERI April 2005 Newsletter Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Mainland India and the Andaman-
Nicobar Islands - Jain, Murty, Rai, Malik, Sheth, Jaiswal, Sanyal, Kaushik, Gandhi, Mondal, Dash, Sodhi,
& Santosh
EERI May 2005 Newsletter Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Societal Impacts in India and Sri
Lanka - Rodriguez, Trainor, Wachtendorf, Kendra, Subramanian, & Alagan
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Sumatra, Indonesia - by Dr. Jose Borrero, member of the
EERI reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on the South-East Indian Coast - by Yeh, Peterson, Chadha,
Latha and Katada, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in India - by Rodriguez,

Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Subramanian, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in Sri Lanka - by Rodriguez,
Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Alagan, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
General info
Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) Tsunami Reconnaissance Report - British
earthquake engineers, architects and academics from the Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE)
Tsunami Report with Engineering News Record and Architectural Record Articles - McGraw Hill Construction
The South-East Asia Earthquake and Tsunami Blog - up-to-date articles
Japanese Clearinghouse - Kyoto University (English and Japanese)
IRI/Columbia University - Lareef Zubair
Asia Earthquake and Tsunami: Overview and Comparison to the Cascadia Subduction Zone Presentation
- ASCE/TCLEE Reconnaissance Team, Curtis Edwards (team leader)
01/26/05 Discussion on the Tsunami Warning Upgrade Plan - House Committee On Science, United States
Congress
PDC News, Information on the Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami
News Links from Google
Wikipedia.com
- 114 -
Seismology
Sumatran Plate Boundary Project: Aimed at understanding the nature of large earthquakes in subduction
zones. - by California Institute of Technology
Sumatra Earthquake Three Times Larger Than Originally Thought with M = 9.3 - by Seth Stein and Emile
Okal at Northwestern University
USGS Official Measurements of the Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake that caused the Indian Ocean
Tsunami
Computer Simulation of Earth Movement that Spawned the Tsunami - Earth Observatory NASA
Seismometer recordings of the Sumatran earthquake and a M7.1 aftershock for comparison
Physics of Tsunamis
USC Tsunami Research Center - University of Southern California
Tsunami Hazards Associated with the Catalina Fault in Southern California by Legg, Borrero and Synolakis -
EERI Earthquake Spectra--August 2004 --Volume 20, Issue 3, pp. 917-950
Navy Releases Tsunami Images: UK scientists have released images of the ocean floor near the epicentre -
BBC News Website
Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) - Tsunami Center Website
WSSPC - List of tsunami publications
Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources' tsunami publications
International Centre for Geohazards in Oslo
Tsunami Animation - by Kenji Satake, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
Japan
Tsunami Travel Time and Wave Heights - Earth Observatory NASA
Images/Video
Collection of Amateur Videos
Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - From DigitalGlobe
DigitalGlobe Tsunami Gallery
Photo gallery of survivors searching for missing relatives and rescue workers recovering more and more
bodies. - Washington Post (THESE PHOTOS ARE EXPLICIT)
Video downloads - National Nine News (Australian)
Taiwanese FORMOSAT-2 Images
Information by Country
India
Short Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on India - by Alex Tang, team leader of the ASCE
reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in India - by Rodriguez,

Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Subramanian, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on the South-East Indian Coast - by Yeh, Peterson, Chadha,
Latha and Katada, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
Preliminary Data from EERI India Tsnami Reconnaissance Team, Harry Yeh (team leader) - including maps,
images, tabulated data, etc.
Preliminary Survey Results - EERI India Team
Quick Report from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Reconnaissance Team - Jan 19, 2005, includes
text and images
- 115 -
Chenai, India Images - Earth Observatory NASA

Indonesia
Overview of Effects in Sumatra, Indonesia - by Teddy Boen, member of the EERI/WSSI regional team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Sumatra, Indonesia - by Dr. Jose Borrero, member of the
EERI reconnaisance team
USC Tsunami Research Center: Sumatra Reconniassance - Dr. Jose Borrero of the University of Southern
California and the EERI Team Member
Two PDFS comparing Cascadia to Indonesia - Professor Lori Dengler, Humbolt State University,
Department of Geology
Flash Report on Field Survey of the Dec. 26, 2004 Tsunami Disaster in Indian Ocean - Asian Disaster
Reduction Center (ADRC)
Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - DigitalGlobe
Maldives
Georgia Tech Tsunami Site with images by Hermann Fritz (GT) and Costas Synolakis (USC) - including
maps and images
The National Disaster Management Center website includes several lifeline-related reports
Singapore
Far Field Response of Singapore - by EERI member T.C. Pan, Nanyang Tech University
Response of Republic Plaza - by EERI member T.C. Pan, Nanyang Tech University
Sri Lanka
www.geolanka.net - Post-tsunami relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, resources, meeting point
Initial Findings on Tsunami Sand Deposits, Damage, and Inundation in Sri Lanka, January 9-15, 2005 - by
members of the EERI reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in Sri Lanka - by Rodriguez,
Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Alagan, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
Georgia Tech Tsunami Site with images by Hermann Fritz (GT) and Costas Synolakis (USC) - including
maps and images
Cornell University Internet Map Server for Sri Lanka Reconnaissance
News articles on EERI Reconnaissance Team in Sri Lanka
- On the Trail of Destruction - News Article by Nature Publishing Group

- Tsunami experts examine waves' debris: Sri Lanka warns of land mines, kidnappers - News Article in the
Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom Paulson
- Tsunami detectives hunt for hidden clues: Scientists from U.S., around the world scramble into area -
News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom Paulson
- Sri Lanka may hold more answers about tsunamis - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom
Paulson
- Studying the killer wave for clues that can save lives - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by
Tom Paulson
- Tsunami expert had tough case to prove - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Tom Paulson
- Secrets of tsunamis not easily revealed - News Article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by
Effects of the Latest Earthquake/Tsnami in Sri Lanka, - Prepared by Chandra Godavitame, for EERI
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DigitalGlobe: Analysis of Sri Lanka tsunami images (For reference only. PDF 412KB)
Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - DigitalGlobe
Thailand
Short Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Thailand - by Curt Edwards and Yumei Wang, members of
the ASCE reconnaisance team
Preliminary observations: Two Days of Reconnaissance in Phuket Island - by EERI member and engineer,
Chitr Lilavivat
Preliminary observations: Observation of the Tsunami that hit Phuket Island in Thailand - by EERI member
and engineer, Chitr Lilavivat
Database of Structural Damage due to the Asian Tsunami in Thailand
Emergency Planning/Mitigation
During earthquakes and aftershocks: Drop, cover, and hold on.
Emergency Planning Guidance For Local Government - by California's Office of Emergency Services
Local Planning Guidance on Tsunami Response - by California's Office of Emergency Services
Local Planning Guidance on Tsunami Response - by California's Office of Emergency Services
* This virtual clearinghouse contains information contributed by various earthquake engineering professionals
around the world. All opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations expressed herein are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute or the authors'
affiliate organizations.
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http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files2.php
>>What to do?
How the Smart Family Survived a Tsunami
Author: Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division, Washington, USA Version: PDF
(5.38 MB) Date: 24/03/05
Designing for Tsunamis: Seven Principles for Planning and Designing for Tsunami Hazards
Author: Richard Eisner and others, 2001. US National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. Version: PDF
(532 KB) Date: 24/03/05
Tsunami Hazard Mapping of Alaska Coastal Communities
Author: E.N. Suleimani and others, 2002. Alaska GeoSurvey News, Vol. 6 No. 2 Version: PDF (725 KB)
Date: 24/03/05
Tsunami Warning Systems and Procedures : Guidance for Local Officials
Author: Oregon Emergency Management and Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 2001
Version: PDF (1.51 MB) Date: 24/03/05
>>What to do? >> Safety rules

Tsunami Safety Rules
Author: ITIC Version: PDF (8.86 KB) Date: 22/03/05
>>What to do? >> After a Tsunami

Manuales y Guías 30: Guía de Campo Para Levantamientos (Spanish)
Author: Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental Version: PDF (232 KB) Date: 24/03/05
Manuels et guides 37: Guide Pour Les Études de Terrain Consécutives aux Tsunamis (French)
Author: Commission oceanographique intergouvernementale Version: PDF (2.11 MB) Date: 24/03/05
>>IOC\'s tsunami programme >> What is the ICG/ITSU?

Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific Brochure
Author: ITIC Version: PDF (1.18 MB) Date: 23/03/05
>>IOC\'s tsunami programme >> What is ITIC?

Bus Route (19 & 20) Map
International Tsunami Information Center Brochure
For the media
March 31, 2005 - News Release: Hawaii Tsunami Warning Exercise
Author: NOAA - Delores Clark Version: PDF (33.4 KB) Date: 01/04/05
2005 Hawaii Tsunami Awareness Month Calendar of Events
Author: NOAA Version: PDF (13.4 KB) Date: 01/04/05
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>>For the media >> Factsheets

Major World-Wide Tsunamis
Author: NOAA, PMEL Version: PDF (12 KB) Date: 22/03/05
Destructive Pacific-Wide Tsunamis Since 1800
Destructive Local or Regional Tsunamis Since 1975
Deadly or Destructive Tsunamis in Hawaiì
Author: ITIC - Reference Cox, Tsunami Casualities and Mortality in Hawaiì. Version: PDF (13.4 KB) Date:
22/03/05
Reported & Confirmed Locally-generated Tsunamis in Hawaiì
Author: ITIC - Reference Lander and Lockridge (1989). Version: PDF (11 KB) Date: 22/03/05
Hawaiì\'s Worst Natural Disasters (dates / cost / fatalities)
Author: NOAA\'s National Weather Service Honolulu Forecast Office Version: PDF (6.05 KB) Date: 22/03/05
Fatalities in Hawaiì from Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Hurricanes & Tsunamis
Tsunami Buoy Article
Author: L. Kong Version: PDF (899 KB) Date: 22/03/05
>>About tsunamis >> The Great Waves

Tsunami: Les Grandes Vagues (French)
Author: IOC - ITIC - LDG - NOAA Version: PDF (2.17 MB) Date: 17/03/05
Tsunamis: Las Grandes Olas (Spanish)
Author: IOC - ITIC - LDG - NOAA Version: PDF (3.33 MB) - Revised August 2003 Date: 17/03/05
>>About tsunamis >> Reading List

Tsunami Reading List
Author: ITIC Version: PDF 32 (KB) Date: 16/03/05
NOAA: Backgrounder: Tsunamis
Author: NOAA Version: PDF (44 KB) Date: 17/03/05
Big Waves: Tracking Deadly Tsunamis
Author: Dr. Laura Kong Version: PDF (5.48 MB) Date: 17/03/05
Como Sobrevivir a un Maremoto
Author: Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (999 KB) Date: 17/03/05
>>About tsunamis >> Learn more: Tsunami Glossary

Tsunami Glossary (English)
Author: IOC Version: PDF (4.15 MB) - Revised 2005 Date: 18/03/05
Glosario de tsunamis (Spanish)
Author: IOC/ Chile Version: PDF (3.61 MB) Date: 23/03/05
>>About tsunamis >>Education/classroom >> Tsunami Textbooks

Pre-Elementary School Student Textbook (English)
Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (1.38 MB) Date: 16/03/05
2nd to 4th Grade Student Textbook (English)
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5th to 8th Grade Student Textbook (English)

High School Student Textbook Chapter 1 (English)
Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF (918 KB) Date: 16/03/05
Pre-Elementary Teacher Guidebook (English)
Author: Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico de la Armada de Chile Version: PDF 673 KB Date: 16/03/05
2nd to 4th Grade Teacher Guidebook (English)
5th to 8th Grade Teacher Guidebook (English)
High School Teacher Guidebook (English)
Pre-Básica - Texto Para Alumno (Spanish)
2º a 4º año básico - Texto Para Alumno (Spanish)
5º a 8º año básico - Texto Para Alumno (Spanish)
Educación Media - Texto Para Alumno (Spanish)
Pre-Básica - Texto Guia Para Profesor (Spanish)
2º a 4º año básico - Texto Guia Para Profesor (Spanish)
5º a 8º año básico - Texto Guia Para Profesor (Spanish)
Educación Media - Texto Guia Para Profesor (Spanish)
>>About tsunamis >>Education/classroom >> K-12 Tsunami Curriculum

Grades K-6 Tsunami Curriculum (English)
Author: Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division Version: PDF 2.96 MB Date:
16/03/05
Grades 7-12 Tsunami Curriculum (English)
Author: Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division Version: PDF 6.85 MB Date:
16/03/05
>>About tsunamis >>Photo gallery >> Tsunami Waves
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1946 Aleutian Island Tsunami

Author: ITIC - Photo credit: NOAA Version: PDF (807 KB) Date: 22/03/05
1960 Chile Tsunami
Author: ITIC - Photo credit: Honolulu Star Bulletin Version: PDF (667 KB) Date: 22/03/05
1983 Japan Sea Tsunami
Author: ITIC - Photo credits: Tokai Univesity Version: PDF (901 KB) Date: 22/03/05
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http://www-wds.worldbank.org/
The World Bank works to bridge this divide and turn rich country resources into poor
country growth. One of the world’s largest sources of development assistance, the
World Bank supports the efforts of developing country governments to build schools
and health centers, provide water and electricity, fight disease, and protect the
environment.
Documents & Reports

Your search for tsunami returned 10 records. (Results 1 - 10 of 10)
No. Document Title Date Report No Document Type
Sri Lanka - Development Forum : The economy, the Tsunami, and

1 2005/04/28 32221 Economic Report
poverty reduction Vol. 1 of 1 (English)
India - Proposed Trust Fund for Tsunami Disaster Recovery Vol. 1

2 2005/04/26 32212 Board Report
of 1 (English)
Update on the World Bank response to the Tsunami disaster Vol. 1

3 2005/04/22 32242 Board Report
of 1 (English)
President ' s note to the Development Committee Vol. 1 of 1

4 2005/04/12 32383 Board Report
(English)
Learning lessons from disaster recovery : the case of Bangladesh Working Paper
5 2005/04/01 32197
Vol. 1 of 1 (English) (Numbered Series)
Indonesia - Tsunami Emergency Recovery Support Package -

6 Proposed Restructuring of Three Ongoing Projects in Response to 2005/03/31 31949 Board Report
the Late-2004 Natural Disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English)
7 World Bank response to the Tsunami disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/02/02 32154 Working Paper
Indonesia : preliminary notes on reconstruction - The December

8 2005/01/19 31381 Working Paper
26, 2004 natural disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English)
Indonesia: preliminary damage and loss assessment - The

9 2005/01/19 31380 Working Paper
December 26, 2004 natural disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English)
Sri Lanka - 2005 Post-Tsunami Recovery Program Preliminary

10 Damage and needs assessment Vol. 1 of 1 / Sri Lanka - 2005 2005/01/10 31507 Board Report
Post-Tsunami Recovery Program (English)
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http://www.lonelyplanet.com/tsunami/
Complete Tsunami & Earthquake Coverage

Lonely Planet is providing complete coverage of countries affected by the Dec 26 Indian Ocean tsunami and
subsequent Indonesian earthquakes. Many damaged parts of the affected countries are back on their feet and
welcoming travellers. For other areas, however, the recovery process will take years. And throughout the region
there are challenging issues large and small.
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http://www.servicelearning.org/nslc/tsunami/index.php
South Asia Tsunami Resources and Tools

The National Service-Learning Clearinghouse has collected resources and tools to help students and teachers
develop a service-learning or community service project to assist with the tsunami relief effort. Below are
organizations to join; lesson plans on fundraising, tsunamis, and the culture of the areas affected; and stories of
what students around the world are doing to help. An opportunity to submit ideas and stories regarding the relief
effort is also included.
Tsunami Relief Efforts

Service-Learning and Tsunami Relief: A Long-Term Response
The National Youth Leadership Council is encouraging teachers to find service-learning projects that will
contribute to the on-going relief effort. A list of resources and agencies is provided.
Quarters From Kids
A grassroots effort to tap the power of youth in America as well as the people that work with them, this
organization strives not only to collect donations for the relief effort, but also have the youth involved learn
through their service and support. Download these two lesson plans: K-5th Grades (47K pdf) and 6th-12th
Grades (56K pdf).
Do Something: Kids Tsunami Relief Fund
Encouraging youth to get involved in the tsunami relief effort, Do Something gives ideas on how youth can
raise money and how to donate that money to the relief effort. It also includes a flyer for youth to use in
schools and resources for teachers (discussion questions, population comparisons, ways to help, and
information on water and people).
UNICEF Youth Action Tsunami Relief
This site provides ways for youth to raise or donate money for tsunami relief. Included are steps on how to
organize a fund raiser, a link to donate online, and an address to donate by mail.
USA Freedom Corps
Provides the latest information on tsunami relief efforts including how to help and a link to make donations.
What students are doing to help

January 19, 2005, University of Texas at Austin News
Coordinated fundraising effort for tsunami disaster victims begins at The University of Texas at Austin
The University's Volunteer and Service Learning Center has started a student fundraising effort. Volunteers
are operating a donation station in town with the donations to be sent to UNICEF and the American Red
Cross.
January 19, 2005, Education Week (free registration required)
Tsunami-Relief Groups Advise K-12
As American schools pitch in with an array of charitable projects in response to the tsunami in South Asia,
experts say educators and students should consider carefully how they can most effectively support relief
groups, avoid fund-raising scams, and incorporate their efforts into service-learning programs.
January 14, 2005, The Online Rocket
Fund drive to aid Tsunami victims
The Institute for Community, Service Learning and Nonprofit Leadership at Slippery Rock University is
holding a drive throughout the month to raise money for the victims of the tsunami.
January 12, 2005, edweek.org (free registration required)
U.S. Schools Find Lessons in Tsunami
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The earthquake and resulting tsunami that wracked coastlines along the Indian Ocean and killed an
estimated 150,000 people or more prompted generosity and classroom lessons in U.S. schools last week.
More stories about what students are doing to help
South Asia Tsunami Lesson Plans and Curricula

Tsunami Disaster in South Asia:
What can we do to help the victims and their families of the Asian Tsunamis? Includes activity directions and
links to websites containing tsunami information.
Tsunami Disaster Relief and Information:
How Your Classroom Can Make a Positive Difference. A list of web resources that provide information on
tsunamis and earthquakes including pictures, articles, and assistance information.
Tsunami: The Big Wave is a tsunami teacher's guide by NASA's Observatorium. It provides a lesson plan
(relevant topics and websites, questions, facts, activities), an article on tsunamis, and a quiz. The plan is
intended for junior and senior high school students.
Surf Report: Natural Disasters
This March 2005 issue of Surf Report, published by the Educational Communications Board of Wisconsin,
provides information on nature's more violent tendencies. Information and links on tsumanis, floods, and
earthquakes are included.
Local Culture of Affected Areas

Indonesia
Traditional games played by Indonesian children. These include versions of marbles, jacks, and
paper/scissors/rock.
Child's guide to Indonesia offers an interactive website that gives information in small amounts so children
can follow along. Includes games, quizzes, photos, facts, activities, and a website for teachers with resources
and curriculum guides.
Indonesian Life Style is a website that has information on life in Indonesia including the water system,
transportation, food, and entertainment.
Sri Lanka
Angelina Jolie’s journal (focusing on children) from her visit to Sri Lanka as a UNHCR representative. (450k
PDF) The journal covers April 14-15, 2003.
Thailand
Online diary/culture guide written by a Thai student. An online magazine about the life of a Thai teenager in
Thailand (published by the teenager). A new story has been added roughly each week for seven years.
Pictures of Thai children
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http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/index.htm
The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program

A program designed to reduce the impact of tsunamis
A handy resource that can be printed out and made into kits for use when answering media requests.
Tsunami Questions and Answers with Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher, Administrator, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, on the "Ask the White House" page January 14, 2005
Tsunami Hazard Awareness Handout with web address
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigtion Program brochure (prints on 8-1/2 x 14" paper)
NOAA Tsunami Backgrounder
NOAA Weather Radio
Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (brochure) (8-1/2 X 11")

International Tsunami Information Center Media Resources
If An Earthquake Occurs (Handout)
Tsunami Trivia Game (download, print, and play!)
1997-1999 Activities of the Tsunami Mitigation Subcommittee

Surviving a Tsunami--Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan contains true stories that illustrate how to
survive a tsunami and how not to survive a tsunami. The booklet is an educational tool meant for those who
live and work or who visit coastlines that tsunamis may strike. Copies of the booklet can be obtained from
USGS Information Services, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225, by calling 888-ASK-USGS.

International Tsunami Information Center
ITIC Tsunami Newsletter
Background Information and Photographs
NGDC Tsunami Slide Sets
Tsunami Animations
NOAA Animation of December 26, 2004, Indonesian Tsunami
Animation - Deep-Ocean Assessment and Report of Tsunamis Mooring System (DART)
Tsunami Propagation Animation - Andreanov
Inundation of Aonae during Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Tsunami
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Tsunami Inundation Animation - Aonae, Japan
Modeling & Forecasting

Indonesia Tsunami 2004.12.26
Model Simulation Results
Global Tsunami Propagation* 2.8 MB (2005.01.13)
Maximum Computed Tsunami Heights around the Globe *
Computed Tsunami Arrival Time from the global tsunami propagation model*
Observed wave arrival times (Source: WC/ATWC, India National Institute of Oceanography)*
Comparison of observed wave arrival times with modeled simulations*
Tsunami Propagation in the Indian Ocean* 1.4 MB (2005.01.12)
Maximum Computed Tsunami Heights in the Indian Ocean *
Computed Tsunami Arrival Times in the Indian Ocean *
DART - Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
For early detection and real-time reporting of tsunamis in the open ocean.
Animation w/earthquake*
Mooring System & Deployment Animation*
Other Sources of Information:
Compilation of Web-Links by Type of Data
NOAA REACTS QUICKLY TO INDONESIAN TSUNAMI - NOAA NEWS
NOAA SCIENTISTS ABLE TO MEASURE TSUNAMI HEIGHT FROM SPACE - NOAA NEWS
Worldwide Earthquake Activity in the Last Seven Days – USGS
Tsunami Media Gallery – DigitalGlobe
Tsunami Laboratory - Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program
International Tsunami Information Center
International Coordination Group the Tsunami Warning System Pacific
More Tsunami Links
* When using information, please credit NOAA
MOST Model - Method of Splitting Tsunami

Mofjeld, H.O., V.V. Titov, F.I. Gonzalez and J.C. Newman (1999):
Tsunami Wave Scattering in the North Pacific
IUGG 99 Abstracts (B), 132-133.
Mofjeld, H.O., V.V. Titov, F.I. Gonzalez, and J.C. Newman (2000):
Analytic theory of tsunami wave scattering in the open ocean with application to the North Pacific Ocean
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-116 38 pp.
Titov, V.V., H.O. Mofjeld, F.I. Gonzalez, and J.C. Newman (1999):
Offshore forecasting of Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone tsunamis in Hawaii.
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-114, 22 pp.
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Tsunami Propagation Animation - Andreanov

Titov, V.V., and F.I. Gonzalez (1997):
Implementation and testing of the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST) model
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-112, 11 pp..

Inundation of Aonae during Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Tsunami
Tsunami Inundation Animation - Aonae, Japan
Titov, T.V., C.E. Synolakis (1997):
Extreme Inundation Flows During the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Tsunami.
In Geophysical Research Letters, 24(11), 1315-1318.
S. Koshimura and H. O. Mofjeld:
Puget Sound Tsunamis - A New Partnership to Model and Map the Hazard
USGS/Project Impact Meeting, November 29, 2000
Short-Term Forecasts - 1994 Shikotan Tsunami
Mofjeld, H.O., F.I. Gonzalez, and J.C. Newman (1997):
Short-term forecasts of inundation during teletsunamis in the eastern North Pacific Ocean.
In Perspectives on Tsunami Hazard Reduction,
G. Hebenstreit, ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 145-155.
1992 Cape Mendocino Tsunami
Gonzalez, F.I., K. Satake, E.F. Boss, and H.O. Mofjeld (1995):
Edge wave and non-trapped modes of the 25 April 1992 Cape Mendocino tsunami.
Pure and Appl. Geophys., 144(3/4), 409-426.
References
Gonzalez, F.I., H.M. Milburn, E.N. Bernard and J.C. Newman(1998):
Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART): Brief Overview and Status Report. In
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Tsunami Disaster Mitigation, 19-22 January 1998, Tokyo,
Japan. version
Tsunami Detection Algorithm, H.M.Mofjeld
Milburn, H.B., A.I. Nakamura, and F.I. Gonzalez (1996):
Real-time tsunami reporting from the deep ocean. Proceedings of the Oceans 96 MTS/IEEE Conference, 23-
26 September 1996, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 390-394.
Eble, M.C., and F.I. Gonzalez (1991):
Deep-ocean bottom pressure measurements in the northeast Pacific.
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 8(2), 221-233.
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http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/tsunami_other.html
Tsunami Materials
These materials and URLs were submitted by faculty in response to a request we sent out viw the web and the
Geo-Ed listserv.
Clearinghouse Sites
Tsunami!: This site is done by the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Washington. It
provides a wide array of information about tsunamis. Areas addressed include:
- The Physics of Tsunamis
- Tsunami Warning Systems
- Tsunami Hazard Mitigation
Windows on the Universe (more info) : Windows on the Universe is a very large Earth and Space Science
website serving the educational community and the general public. They have a series of pages on tsunamis
that starts at
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/headline_universe/earth_science/stories_2004/tsunami_news.html.
SpiNet: This site contains seismograms from school-based stations, articles and contributions from teachers
who operate seismic stations in the classrooms, as well as links and other information.
Wikipedia: 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake: This page at Wikipedia is a community-developed
clearinghouse for very extensive information on the earthquake and tsunami. There are tons of links, both
internal and external to Wikipedia. They also provide access to news reports, pictures, videos, animations,
scientific and government reports, as well as aid group sites.
Scientific and Educational Information on Indonesian Tsunami 2004: This page of Dr. C's Remarkable
Ocean World contains link to information ranging from background articles and science papers to tsunami
data and blogs and news articles. There are also several other types of resources that are linked from this
page.
Audio/Visual
Tsunami Computer Movies: This is a collection of tsunami animations by Dr. Charles L. Mader performed
using the SWAN code described in the monograph "Numerical Modeling of Water Waves," published in 1988
by University of California Press. There are a sizeable number of movies available on this page ranging from
models of the 1755 Lisbon Tsunami to the 1960 Chile Tsunami and its effects throughout the Pacific Ocean
region. The animations have to be downloaded as a zip file and unpacked before they can be viewed.
Amateur Tsunami Video Footage: This site holds a large collection of video footage shot by amateur
videographers during the 12/26/04 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
The Earth: A Living Planet - Tsunami: This page from the Seed Project contains information on the Indian
Ocean Tsunami as well as 2 new visualizations. THe first shows the main wave's progress across the ocean
in hour increments. The second shows a hypothetical tsunami in profile as it travels across open water and
then encounters a land mass. (Both of these links are images on the right hand side of the page.)
Cheese and Crackers: Tsunami Videos: This weblog has an extensive collection of video from the tsunami.
Asias Deadly Waves: This interactive multimedia site was done by the New York Times. There are pictures,
animations and close-ups of the effects of the tsunami. This site is Flash driven.
NBC10 FeedRoom: This news station site has a collection of video clips that were shot by amateur
photgraphers. The site requires Windows (98, NT, 2000, XP, or ME), Internet Explorer, and Flash (5.0) or
Windows Media Player (7.1). After clicking on the link, click on "Deadly Tsunamis" in the upper-left part of the
page and then select one of the video clips in the side bars to start watching the collection of clips.
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Wave of Destruction: This site has extensive photo and video footage of the tsunami, most of it from
amateur photographers in the affected areas at the time.
Landsat 7 Images Show Scale of Tsunami Damage: This NASA page shows before and after pictures
taken by Landsat 7's Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) instrument of a part of the coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia. The images show that the scale of the tsunami's impact can be seen from space.
Spot Image - Asia Tsunami: This site provides satellite imagry of some of the affected areas, highlighting
the effects of the tsunami.
Banda Aceh Pictures: This is a page of images of the devestation in Banda Aceh taken by two medical
doctors in the region helping with the relief effort (Dr. Eric Rasmussen, MD, US Navy and Dr. Dave Warner,
MD, Ph.D.). Most of the pictures were taken a mile or more from the coast.
Earthquake and Tsunami in Southern Asia: This page is part of the International Charter on Space and
Major Disasters. They are providing before and after satellite imagry of affected areas.
Satellite Images of Tsunami Affected Areas: The satellite images of the Tsunami affected areas in this
web page were acquired by the Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing at the National
University of Singapore. They show the effects of the tsunamis on the affected areas in Indonesia, Thailand
and island of India.
Environcast Media: This site provide high-resolution images of coastal areas in Thailand that were affected
by the tsunami.
Class Pages and Educational Materials

Introduction to Oceanography: This class schedule, submitted by Dr. Robert Stewart of Texas A & M
University, lays out the topics of discussion by day of class. One of the first days is devoted to a problem-
based learning module where the students download information about the 12/26/04 tsunami from the web
and forming opinions about what happened and why. The next day is devoted to the relationships between
earthquakes, geologic setting and tsunamis as well as early warning systems.
Continuity and Catastrophy: This page is part of a site for the class The Story of Evolution and the
Evolution of Stories: Exploring the Significance of Diversity taught by Paul Grobstein at Bryn Mawr College in
Pennsylvania. In one section of the class, Dr. Grobstein uses the 12/26/04 tsunami as a take off point for a
broad consideration of how humans make sense of "catastrophes" and how ways of doing so have changed
over time. The page includes notes for the section and links to information that the students will need.
Earth Science Webshare: This is a forum for K12 educators to share their educational materials and favorite
links on earth science topics. They have several posts related to the Tsunami in their different categories.
GSC 350: Natural Disasters: This page contains lecture notes from Dr. Jeff Marshall in the Geological
Science Department at Cal Poly Pomona University. This subset of his classnotes for the Natural Disasters
class deals with the Indian Ocean earthquake, tsunami and the aftermath of the disaster. The page also
includes links that he has collected to items of interest.
Earth Science-Tsunami Tracker: This page was put together by Middle School Earth Science teacher
Laurie Haddock as a tool for her students to conduct interactive web research to learn about tsunamis. This
page is a part of the TrackStar site.
2004 Asian Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Project: This class activity by High School teacher Char
Bezanson is a Project-Based-Learning unit that involves a research jigsaw. The scenario is that students are
employees of a unit of the United Nations that will be helping with tsunami relief. The expert groups research
the tsunami from various perspectives (geology, medicine, politics, economics), share what they find, and
then are reassigned to groups based on an affected country.
Outreach Activities
Surviving A Tsunami - Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan: This US Geological Survey circular was
compiled in 1999. There are many still photos from the 1960 tsunami that hit Chile, Hawaii, and Japan. The
object of the circular is to disseminate lessons learned for surviving an earthquake and tsunami. There is also
a PDF of the report (15.7 Mb).
International Tsunami Information Center: This intergovernmental organization maintains and develops
relationships with scientific research and academic organizations, civil defense agencies, and the general
public in order to mitigate the hazards associated with tsunamis for all Pacific Ocean nations. They also
maintain the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.
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NOAA SCIENTISTS ABLE TO MEASURE TSUNAMI HEIGHT FROM SPACE: This news release from
NOAA explains how scientists were able to use satellite measurements to calculate the hight of the tsunami
waves at several times during the tsunami's progress throughout the region.
Reliefweb: This site provides disaster information to and about charities working around the world. They
provide a large amount of data on deaths, injuries, damage, etc. all correlated on maps of affected areas.
Tsunami: A special Report on the Asian Tsunami Disaster: This site (created by Justin Sharpe, a teacher
at Beal High School, Ilford, Essex. UK) grew out of a series of presentations the creator has been giving to
assemblies of 11-17 year olds in a high school setting.
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center - About Tsunamis: This page on the PTWC site presents basic
information about tsunamis in the Pacific basin.
Supercourse - Epidemiology, the Internet and Human Health: This group is developing a library of Just-In-
Time Lectures written by faculty across the globe that are freely available to the rest of the world as a way of
bringing more high quality information into classrooms. They have two lectures related to the earthquake and
tsunmai in Southeast Asia.
- Tsunami
- Earthquake & Tsunami South Asia, 26 Dec 2004
Research and Data

Dr. Steven Ward, University of California - Santa Cruz: Dr. Ward has an extensive site of information on
tsunamis. There are simulations and papers. Some highlights include:
- Ward and Day, 2001, Cumbre Vieja Volcano - Potential collapse and tsunami at La Palma, Canary
Islands, Geophysical Review Letters, v 26, p 3141-3144.
- Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology: Tsunamis
- Tsunami Simulation Movies for different kinds of generation: impact, landslide, earthquake and volcano.
International Tsunami Symposium: This site contains papers and abstracts from the International Tsunami
Symposium 2001 and the U.S. National Tsunami Mitigation Program Review, held in Seattle, Washington, on
7–10 August 2001.
PMEL Tsunami Research Program: Ths program seeks to mitigate tsunami hazards to Hawaii, California,
Oregon, Washington and Alaska. Research and development activities focus on an integrated approach to
improving tsunami warning and mitigation.
National Earthquake Information Center (more info) : The mission NEIC is to rapidly determine location
and size of all destructive earthquakes worldwide and to immediately disseminate this information to
concerned national and international agencies, scientists, and the general public.
USGS Earthquakes Hazard Program - SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS EARTHQUAKE: This page
summarizes USGS data on the 9.0 earthquake that spawned the 12/26/04 tsunami.
Tsunami Laboratory at the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of the
Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This group conducts ongoing research into tsunamis
and maitains databases of historical Pacific, Atlantic and Mediterranean tsunamis dating from antiquity to the
present. Versions of these databases are available online.
The Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake: This site by Incorporated Research Institutions for
Seismology (IRIS) provides figures, graphs, and other information about the mega-thrust earthquake that
gave rise the the tsunami in South and Southeast Asia.
Tsunami Research Center at USC: This group is involved with all aspects of tsunami research; field
surveys, numerical and analytical modeling, as well as hazard mitigation and planning.
UNAVCO, Inc.: UNAVCO has summarized preliminary scientific analyses (GPS) of the recent Mw 9.0
earthquake in a brief webpage. There is also a link to the web forum.
CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information: This site is providing links to geospatial resources (GIS and
RS) relevant to tsunami affected areas.
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ZKI: This group, in partnership with other international agencies and associated with the German Aerospace
Center DLR, has taken over responsibility for the acquisition of satellite data, the generation of image maps,
and their dissemination to various relief organisations via the Internet.
DM Solutions Group: This site contains a wealth of data about all Indian Basin Tsunami affected countries
and regions – collected both before and after the ongoing disaster. The goal of the site is to help facilitate,
through the use of interactive Web-mapping technology, all aspects of disaster mitigation.
Tsunami Visualizations
Compiled by John McDaris at Carleton College.
Be sure to check out the related page of visualizations about Plate Tectonic Movement
Indian Ocean Tsunami - 26 December, 2004

This Quicktime animation (more info) , by Dr. Steven Ward at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary
Physics at the University of California - Santa Cruz, shows the tsunami's progress across the Indian Ocean. It
also shows some water level graphs and run-up heights throughout the region.

This visualization (more info) from Kenji Satake at the Active Fault Research Center in Tsukuba, Japan,
highlights the crests and troughs of the tsunami waves as they travel across the Indian Ocean and refract
around islands and interfere with each other. The red color means that the water surface is higher than
normal, while the blue means lower.

This Quicktime visualization from NOAA concentrates on the wave propagation in the Indian Ocean (more
info) .

This NOAA visualization tracks the tsunami waves until they reach the East African coast of Somalia.
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NOAA has rerun the tsunami model used to generate the two previous visualizations to generate a world-
wide picture (more info) of the wave's propagation. This is a very large file.

This special report (more info) from The Guardian uses imagery from #2 above and uses a stepwise
progression to show when waves reached particular points throughout the Indian Ocean area. This animation
helps pull together the phenomenon, the timing, and the consequences for a more general audience.

Before and After Tsunami Photos (more info) : This series of 14 sets of before and after photos was taken
via satellite of the tsunami-ravaged city of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. The images are very dramatic
and the ability to see before and after in the same scale and field of view in rapid succession is extremely
powerful.
Other Historical Tsunamis

How Do Tsunamis Differ from Other Water Waves? (more info) : This page from a site from the University of
Washington includes a Quicktime movie that shows the propagation of the earthquake-generated 1960
Chilean tsunami across the Pacific Ocean.

Papua New Guinea, 1998 (more info) : This is a USGS visualization of the 1998 tsunami that struck Papua
New Guinea. There are also medium-(4.7 Mb) and high-resolution (16.8 Mb) versions.

Peru, 2001 (more info) : This is a medium-resolution (4.3 Mb) animation from the USGS of the June 23,
- 133 -
2001 tsunami that struck Peru and the west coast of South America. There is also a high-resolution version
(24 Mb).

1700 Cascadia Tsunami (7Mb): This is a model of the wave propagation from the 1700 Cascadia Tsunami.
Information about the visualization and its creators is available at
http://www.pgc.nrcan.gc.ca/press/index_e.php
Hypothetical Tsunami Visualizations

Pacific Northwest, North America (more info) : This is a low-resolution (2.2 Mb) Quicktime visualization of
a Stochastic Model for Potential Tsunamis in the Pacific Northwest created by the USGS. There is also a
high-resolution version (11.3 Mb).

Tsunami Generation (more info) : This animation by Prof. Miho Aoki from the University of Alaska
Fairbanks Art Department provides a very nice look at how a tsunami can be generated by a subduction zone
earthquake. The visualization is large, so be prepared for lengthy download.

Coastal Inundation (more info) : This animation by Prof. Miho Aoki from the University of Alaska Fairbanks
Art Department shows how a coastal town can be inundated by a tsunami.

How Tsunamis Form: This animation from the Prentice Hall Geoscience Animations series shows a
schematic of how earthquakes can initiate a tsunami, how it travels in the deep ocean, and the effects it can
have when it reaches shore.
- 134 -
Documents and publications on tsunamis
The UNESCO Library provides reference and information services, including online searches, to the Organization
as a whole, as well as to the general public with an interest in UNESCO's fields of competence.
Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami

ENG
IOC. Assembly; Paris; 23rd; 2005;
Draft Programme and Budget, 2006-2007
16 p.; SC.2005/CONF.208/CLD.5; IOC-XXIII/2 Annex 3.
ENG
The World heritage newsletter, no. 48
The World heritage newsletter; 48
Publ: 2005; 4 p.
ENG
Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, delivered on behalf of the Director-General
by Mr Patricio Bernal, Assistant Director-General, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) on
the occasion of the Second International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning
and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean; Grand Baie, Republic of Mauritius, 14 April 2005
Publ: 2005; 6 p.; DG/2005/059.
ENG
A World of science, vol. 3, no. 2
A World of science; 3, 2
Publ: 2005; 24 p., illus.
ENG
International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
for the Indian Ocean within a Global Framework; Paris; 2005;
Report of working group 3: awareness and preparedness actions for an Indian Ocean tsunami warning
system
7 p.; SC/IOC/2005/TSUNAMI/WORK/GP.3.
ENG
International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the
Indian Ocean within a Global Framework; Paris; 2005;
Report of working group 2: organizational aspects of an Indian Ocean tsunami warning system
ENG
Report of working group 1: technical aspects of an Indian Ocean tsunami warning systems
ENG
Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the opening of the
International Coordination Meeting for the Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the
Indian Ocean within a Global Framework; UNESCO, 3 March 2005
Publ: 2005; 7 p.; DG/2005/037.
ENG
UNESCO Bangkok newsletter, no. 2
- 135 -
UNESCO Bangkok newsletter; 2

Publ: 2005; 11 p., illus.
ENG
Provisional anotated agenda
5 p.; IOC/IOTWS-I/1 + ADD. PROV. (only in Eng).
ENG
Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Information Meeting
for Permanent Delegates on Small Islands Developing States (SIDS), outcomes of the SIDS Mauritius
Meeting and implications for UNESCO, and on UNESCO's responses to the Indian Ocean catastrophe,
including the results of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) in Kobe, Japan (18-22 January
2005); UNESCO, 10 February 2005
Publ: 2005; 10 p.; DG/2005/022.
ENG
Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, delivered on behalf of the Director-General
by Mr Patricio Bernal, Assistant Director-General, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), on
the occasion of the Ministerial Meeting on Regional Cooperation on Tsunami Early Warning Arrangements;
Phuket, Thailand, 29 January 2005
Publ: 2005; 5 p.; DG/2005/017.
ENG
Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Tsunami Session at
the World Conference on Disaster Reduction; Kobe, Japan, 19 January 2005
Publ: 2005; 5 p.; DG/2005/007.
ENG
Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the Inter-Regional
Meeting to Review Implementation of the Programme of Action on the Sustainable Development of Small
Island Developing States: general debate in high-level segment; Mauritius, 13 January 2005
Publ: 2005; 5 p.; DG/2005/005.
ENG
International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, nineteenth session,
Wellington, New Zealand, 29 September-2 October 2003
IOC. Reports of governing and major subsidiary bodies; 103
Publ: 2003; 78 p.; SC.2004/WS/25; IOC/ITSU-XIX/3; IOC/ITSU-XIX/3s.
ENG
An Intra-Americas Sea Tsunami Warning System project proposal
Publ: 2002; 24 p.; SC.2002/WS/27; IOC/INF-1174.
ENG
International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, eighteenth session,
Cartagena, Colombia, 8-11 October 2001
Publ: 2001; 54 p.; SC.2002/WS/37; IOC/ITSU-XVIII/3.
eng
Meeting of the Officers of the International Co-ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the
Pacific (ICG/ITSU), 6-9 February 2001, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA; summary report
Publ: 2001; (32 p. in various pagings); IOC/INF/1152; SC.2001/WS/22.
ENG
International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, seventeenth session, Seoul,
Republic of Korea, 4-7 October 1999
Publ: 2000; (60 p. in various pagings); SC.2000/WS/13; IOC/ITSU/XVII/3.
eng
Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific: Master plan
Publ: 1999; 34 p., illus., maps; IOC/INF.1124; SC.99/WS/36.
eng
Panza, Giuliano F.; Romanelli, Fabio; Yanovskaya, Tatiana B.
- 136 -
Synthetic tsunami mareograms for realistic oceanic models

Publ: 1999; 33 p., illus.; IC.99/18.
eng
International Co-ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG/ITSU);
Honolulu, USA; 1999;
International Co-ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG/ITSU) Officers
Meeting: summary report
(24 p. in various pagings); IOC/INF/1115; SC.99/WS/18.
eng
Intra-Americas Sea Tsunami Warning System: education, warning, management and research; draft project
proposal
Publ: 1999; 15 p.; IOC/INF/1126; SC.99/CONF.212/CLD.18.
- 137 -
http://www.un-oceans.org/Documents.htm
UN-OCEANS Task Force on Post-Tsunami Response

Lead Agency: UNESCO - IOC (Focal Point: Patricio Bernal)
Participating Agencies: UNEP / GPA, FAO, World Bank, WMO, IMO, UNDP, UN-DOALOS
Objective 1. To coordinate the contributions of UN-OCEANS agencies in support of the establishment of an early
warning system in the Indian Ocean.
Activities: UNESCO - IOC will regularly inform UN-OCEANS agencies on the outcomes of relevant meetings,
and solicit input on contributions from Task Force participants to advance the implementation of the warning
system.
Towards the Establishment of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean. This
site, launched on Tuesday 10 February 2005, is intended to keep you informed about the progress in
developing a Regional Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian Ocean. You may subscribe to
this site to receive emails of new content.
Post-Tsunami Field Surveys
Objective 2. To provide technical assistance to affected countries through the development of Key Principles for
Reconstruction in affected coastal areas based on Integrated Coastal Management approaches.
Activities: UNEP/GPA will coordinate the implementation of an action plan for the application and, in close
cooperation with World Bank, development of the proposed guidelines for reconstruction, as well as additional
targeted guidelines on coastal and oceans aspects, including possibly fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, water
supply and sewage collection, and treatment, coastal engineering, livelihood, ports management, etc, that may be
developed by other members of UN-OCEANS.
UNEP Asian Tsunami Disaster Site
World Bank Tsunami Recovery Activities
Coastal Zone Rehabilitation and Management in the Tsunami Affected Region 17th February 2005,
Cairo, Egypt.
Key Principles to Guide the Reconstruction of Coastlines Affected by the Tsunami
Objective 3. To act as a clearinghouse mechanism providing information on the various post-event assessments.
Activities: The Task Force will compile directory-type information on the various post-event assessments related
to natural resources, socio-economic, livelihoods, and sectoral aspects of ocean and coastal areas that are being
implemented by UN agencies, programmes, and other UN-OCEANS partners. FAO will develop a clearinghouse
mechanism on the UN Atlas of the Ocean for this information.
List of UN-OCEANS Partners sites on Tsunami-related activities :
UNEP
FAO
IMO
UNDP
WMO
WB
UNESCO
Objective 4. To coordinate inputs to the ICP and the annual report of the Secretary-General on oceans and law
of the sea on this issue.
Activities: UN-DOALOS will coordinate inputs for all necessary inter-agency reporting activities.
Documents / Reports
UN Oceans First Session Report, Paris, January 2005
- 138 -
Brief History of ACC SOCA and UN-OCEANS after ICP-3

Report of ACC SOCA 9th Session (ACC/2000/22) - London
Report of ACC SOCA 8th Session (ACC/2000/8) - Hague
Report of ACC SOCA 7th Session (ACC/1999/8) - Monaco
- 139 -

Dissertation Report On - Planning Coastal Areas For Tsunami

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PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

I declare that this dissertation entitled “PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR

Date: Signature of the Candidate

Dissertation Guide Head of the Department

I have a great pleasure of extending my heartful gratitude to Prof.S.Ravi, Dean,

I sincerely acknowledge the contribution made by my guide Mr.K.Pradeep Moses for

I also extend my gratitude to the examiner Mr.Soundarajan, Deputy Planner (Retd),

Also I thank Prof. Abdul Razak, Mr.S.R.Masilamani, Mr. J.Narayanaswamy, Prof.

The infrastructure facilities has to be segregated as non critical and critical

CEPT Center For Environmental Planning And Technology, India

DMT Disaster Management Teams

ELSA European Laboratory For Structural Assessment – Earthquake Engineering, Ispra,

GPS Global Positioning System

OGP/NOAA Office Of Global Program/ National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration,

UNDP-SPO United Nations Development Programme-South Pacific Office

ASSURANCE INDICATORS : Generic characteristics of ERM that allow the emergency

BUILDING CODES :Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction,

CAPACITY BUILDING :Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is more restricted, as it includes

CO-ORDINATION :The bringing together of organizations and resources to ensure effective

COMMUNITY :A group of people with a commonality of association, generally defined by

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE :A service, facility or a group of services or facilities, the loss

CONSEQUENCE :The outcome of a situation or event expressed qualitatively or

DISASTER :A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT :The systematic management of administrative decisions,

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION :The systematic development and application of policies,

ENVIRONMENT :Conditions or influences comprising built, physical and social elements,

ERM - EMERGENCY RISK MANAGEMENT :A systematic process that produces a range of

ESSENTIAL SERVICE :An indispensable supply or activity. The various Australian

EXTERNALITY :Influences exerted by others or the environment, either real or perceived, on

FORECAST :Definite statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a future event

Geological hazard includes internal earth processes or tectonic origin, such as

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) :A computerized database for the capture,

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) : GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system

HAZARD ASSESSMENT OR HAZARD VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS :The process of

HUMAN VULNERABILITY : A human condition or process resulting from physical, social,

INTERDEPENDENCY :The essential external organizational, systems or technical

LAND-USE PLANNING :Branch of physical and socio-economic planning that determines

LATENT RISK :A risk that is present but not yet apparent.

LIKELIHOOD :Used as a qualitative description of probability and frequency.

NATURAL HAZARDS : Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that

NATURAL DISASTER :A serious disruption triggered by a natural hazard causing human,

NATURAL DISASTER, RAPID ONSET : A disaster that is triggered by an instantaneous

PHYSICAL RESOURCE :The process of engaging stakeholders and communities by

PREPAREDNESS :Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of

PREVENTION :Measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood or consequences of an event.

PREPAREDNESS :Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of

RECOVERY :Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the

RETROFITTING (OR UPGRADING) :Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant

RISK ACCEPTANCE :An informed decision to accept a particular residual risk.

RISK ANALYSIS :A systematic use of information to determine likelihood and consequences

RISK CONTROL :The implementation of policies, standards, procedures and physical

RISK EVALUATION :The process used to determine risk management priorities by

RISK REDUCTION :A selective application of techniques to reduce the likelihood or

RISK RETENTION :Intentionally or unintentionally retaining the consequences of risk within

RISK TREATMENT :Measures that modify the characteristics of organizations, sources of

STRUCTURAL / NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES :Structural measures refer to any

VULNERABILITY :The susceptibility of stakeholders, communities and environment to

2. NATURAL HAZARDS AND DEVELOPMENT

2.1 What Is A Natural Hazard?

3.1 What Is A Tsunami?