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Historical
Lenoir, 1860: rst auto Otto and Langen, 1867: eciency about 11% Diesel, by 1892: compression ignition engine
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Combustion engines
Chemical energy in fuel converted to thermal energy by combustion or oxidation Heat engine converts chemical energy into mechanical energy Thermal energy raises temperature and pressure of gases within engine, and gas expands against mechanical mechanisms of engine Combustion Internal: fuel is burned within the engine proper (including e.g. rocket engines, jet Engines, rearms) External: combustion is external to the engine (e.g. steam, Stirling engine, gas turbine)
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Classication of IC engines
Ignition Number of strokes Valve location Design Position and number of cylinders Air intake Fuel input method Fuel used Cooling Application
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Ignition
Spark ignition (SI): high-voltage electrical discharge between two electrodes ignites air-fuel mixture in combustion chamber surrounding spark plug Compression ignition (CI): air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in combustion chamber caused by high compression, Diesel engine
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Number of strokes
Four-stroke: four piston movements over two engine revolutions for each engine cycle Two-stroke: two piston movements over one revolution for each engine cycle
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Valve location
Valves in head Valves in block One valve in head and one in block (less common)
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Design
Reciprocating Rotary
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Reciprocating engines
Engine has one or more cylinders in which pistons reciprocate back and forth Combustion chamber in closed end of cylinders Power delivered to rotating output crankshaft by mechanical linkage with pistons
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Rotary engines
Engine made of block (stator) built around large non-concentric rotor and crankshaft Combustion chambers are built into the nonrotating block
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGrD7FTFLJc
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In-line
Flat
Radial http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine
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Air intake
Naturally aspirated: no air pressure boost Supercharged: air pressure increased with compressor driven by crankshaft Turbocharged: air pressure increased by turbine-compressor driven by exhaust gases Crankcase compressed: two-stroke engine with crankcase as intake air compressor
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Supercharger
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Turbocharger
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Fuel injection Multipoint port fuel injection: one or more injectors at each cylinder intake Throttle body fuel injection: injectors upstream of intake manifold
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Fuel used
Gasoline Diesel or fuel oil Gas (natural gas or methane) Liqueed petroleum gas (LPG): mainly propane, propylene, butane, and butylene Alcohol (ethyl, methyl) Dual fuel (e.g. methane/diesel) Gasohol (e.g. 90% gasoline, 10% alcohol) Biodiesel: cleaner-burning diesel fuel made from natural, renewable sources such as vegetable oils
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Cooling
http://www.innerauto.com/Automotive_Animations/Cooling_Syst
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Terminology I
TDC: top dead center, piston position farthest from crankshaft BDC: bottom dead center, piston position nearest to crankshaft Direct fuel injection: into main combustion chamber Indirect fuel injection: into a secondary chamber Bore: diameter of cylinder or piston face Stroke: distance that piston moves Clearance volume: volume in combustion chamber at TDC Displacement volume: volume displaced by piston Ignition delay: Time between start of ignition and start of combustion
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Terminology II
Air-fuel ratio: Ratio of mass ow rate of air to that of fuel Specic fuel consumption: fuel used per unit power Emissions: NOx, CO, HC, solids
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Engine components
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Block: body of engine containing cylinders Bearing: main bearing for crankshaft Camshaft: rotating shaft used to push open valves at the proper time in engine cycle Carburetor: Venturi ow device to draw fuel and mix with air Catalytic converter: reduces emissions by chemical reaction Combustion chamber: volume between cylinder head and piston face Connecting rod: connects piston with crankshaft Crankcase: part of engine block surrounding crankshaft Crankshaft: rotating shaft through which engine work output is supplied to external systems, rotated by reciprocating pistons through connecting rods
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Exhaust manifold: piping which carries exhaust gases away from engine cylinders Fan: to increase air ow through radiator Flywheel: to smoothen engine rotation Fuel injector: pressurized nozzle to inject fuel into air or cylinder Fuel pump: to move fuel from tank to engine Glow plug: electrical resistance inside combustion chamber to help cold start Head: piece which closes end of cylinders Head gasket: sealant between engine block and head Intake manifold: piping which delivers incoming air to cylinders Oil pan: oil reservoir on bottom of engine block, part of the crankcase
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Oil pump: to distribute oil from sump Oil sump: reservoir for the oil system of the engine Piston rings: metal rings around piston to seal gap between piston and cylinder Push rods: linkage between camshaft and valves on OHV engines Radiator: liquid to air heat exchanger to cool engine Rod bearing: rod connecting the piston with the rotating crankshaft Spark plug: creates high-voltage discharge across an electrode gap Speed control-cruise control: control system Starter: hand starter, electric motor, or small IC engines for large IC engines
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Supercharger: compressor powered from crankshaft to compress incoming air Throttle: buttery valve at upstream end of intake maniford to control air ow rate into SI engine Turbocharger: turbine-compressor powered by exhaust ow to compress incoming air valves; controls ow of air in and out of the cylinders Water jacket: liquid ow passages around cylinder for cooling Water pump: to circulate coolant
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-kYu0k5lF4
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Second stroke: compression Piston reaches BDC, intake valve closes and piston travels back to TDC with all valves closed
Air-fuel mixture compresses and temperature and pressure increase Near end of compression stroke, spark plug red and combustion initiated
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Combustion Piston near TDC: nearly constant-volume combustion Changes composition of gas mixture to exhaust products and temperature and pressure increases
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Third stroke: expansion All valves closed High pressure pushes piston away from TDC: produces work output of engine cycle Piston moves from TDC to BDC: volume increases and pressure and temperature drop
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Exhaust blowdown Late in power cycle exhaust valve is opened pressure dierential pushes hot exhaust gas out of cylinder and through exhaust system when piston is at BDC Exhaust gas carries away high amount of enthalpy, which lowers cycle thermal eciency
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Fourth stroke: exhaust When piston is at BDC cylinder is still full of exhaust gases at atmospheric pressure Exhaust valve stays open and piston moves from BDC to TDC pushing out most of the remaining exhaust gases into the exhaust system Near end of exhaust stroke before TDC, intake valve starts to open and is fully open by TDC when intake stroke starts next cycle Near TDC the exhaust valve starts to close and is fully closed sometime after TDC
Period where both intake valve and exhaust valve are open is called valve overlap
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First stroke: intake Second stroke: compression Combustion Third stroke: power Exhaust blowdown Fourth stroke: exhaust
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Combustion: occurs quickly with piston at TDC First stroke: expansion power Exhaust blowdown Intake and scavenging: simultaneous intake and exhaust http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuCUmQ9FxMU http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_engine
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Dierences with respect to 2-stroke SI No fuel added to incoming air; only air is compressed Fuel injector located in cylinder
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Otto cycle
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Diesel engine
Uses heat of compression to initiate ignition and burn fuel Fuel injected into the combustion chamber during nal stage of compression
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Variations
Dual cycle: cross between SI and CI Atkinson cycle Miller cycle Homogeneous charge compression ignition: well-mixed fuel and air are compressed to auto-ignition. Ignition occurs at several places simultaneously.
Homogeneous charge spark ignition gasoline engines Stratied charge compression ignition diesel engine
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Engine parameters
Vc Vd TDC B S BDC s r Stroke S = 2a Average piston speed U p = 2SN N = engine speed Displacement for one cylinder Vd = a 2 B S 4
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Distance between crank axis and wrist pin axis s = a cos + r 2 a2 sin2
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High compression ratio allows engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air-fuel mixture due to its higher thermal eciency
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Cylinder volume V = Vc + B 2 (r a s) 4
Cross-sectional area of cylinder and the surface area of a at-topped piston are given by Ap = 2 B 4
Combustion chamber surface area A = Ach + Ap + B r + a s Ach is the cylinder head surface area
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Work
Work is the output of any heat engine It is generated by the gases in the combustion chamber of the cylinder Force due to gas pressure on the moving piston generates work W = Ap dx = dV W = p dV F dx = pAp dx
P = pressure in combustion chamber Ap = area against which the pressure acts (piston face) x = distance the piston moves
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Indicator diagram
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Specic work w: per unit mass of air within cylinder Brake work: actual work available in the crankshaft wb = wi wf wi = indicated specic work generated inside combustion chamber wf = specic work lost due to friction and parasitic loads Mechanical eciency m = wb wi
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Engine parameters
Mean eective pressure (MEP) MEP = Specic displacement vd = vBDC vTDC Using brake work BMEP = Using indicated work IMEP = wb vd wb vd w vd
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Torque
For one revolution 2T = Wb BMEP Vd = n so that BMEP Vd 2 BMEP Vd 4 2-stroke
T =
4-stroke
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Power
2-stroke 4-stroke
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n 4-stroke SI
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Typical values
Model airplane 2-stroke Bore (cm) Stroke (cm) Displacement/cyl (L) Speed (rpm) Power (kW) Average piston speed (m/s) Power/displacement (kW/L) BMEP (kPa) 2.00 2.04 0.0066 13,000 0.72 8.84 109 503 Automobile 4-stroke 9.42 9.89 0.69 5,200 35 17.1 50.7 1170 Large stationary 2-stroke 50.0 161 316 125 311 6.71 0.98 472
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