Calculation of foundation settlements after DIN 4019

GGU-SETTLE

Last edited: January 2001 Copyright and Author: Prof. Johann Buss, Braunschweig

Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Preface............................................................................................ 6 Capabilities .................................................................................... 6 Copy protection and installation .................................................... 8 Programme concept ....................................................................... 8 Short introduction (rectangular foundations)................................. 9 5.1 Step 1 Define bore points................................................... 10 5.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh ........................................... 13 5.3 Step 3 Define foundations.................................................. 14 5.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth.................................................. 16 5.5 Step 5 System preferences ................................................. 17 5.6 Step 6 Calculate system ..................................................... 18 6 Short introduction (triangular foundations) ................................. 20 6.1 Step 1 Define bore points................................................... 20 6.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh ........................................... 20 6.3 Step 3 Define foundations.................................................. 20 6.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth.................................................. 22 6.5 Step 5 System preferences ................................................. 23 6.6 Step 6 Calculate system ..................................................... 23 7 Theoretical principles .................................................................. 25 7.1 General .................................................................................. 25 7.2 Characteristic point................................................................ 25 7.3 Limit depth ............................................................................ 26 7.4 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus for reloading27 8 File menu.................................................................................. 28 8.1 New menu item .................................................................. 28 8.2 Load menu item ................................................................. 29 8.3 Save and Save as menu items......................................... 29 8.4 Show results menu item ..................................................... 29 8.5 Save ISO data menu item ...................................................... 31 8.6 Menu item Output preferences .......................................... 31 8.7 Start output menu item....................................................... 31 8.8 Quit menu item .................................................................. 33 8.9 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items .......................................................... 33 9 Soils menu item ........................................................................ 33 9.1 Layers menu item............................................................... 33 9.2 Standard depths menu item................................................ 34 9.3 Layer base isolines menu item........................................... 35 9.4 Edit layer depths menu item .............................................. 37 9.5 Determine layer depths menu item .................................... 38 9.6 Paste layer menu item ........................................................ 38 9.7 Raise layer menu item........................................................ 39 9.8 Fixed value menu item....................................................... 39 10 Mesh menu ............................................................................... 39 10.1 Set nodes menu item ......................................................... 40 10.2 Change menu item................................................................ 40

10.3 Move menu item ............................................................... 40 10.4 Edit menu item ..................................................................... 41 10.5 Raster menu item .............................................................. 41 10.6 Mesh by hand menu item.................................................. 43 10.7 Automatic menu item........................................................ 43 10.8 Round off menu item ........................................................ 44 10.9 Delete menu item .............................................................. 44 10.10 Automesh menu item ........................................................ 44 10.11 Refine individually menu item ......................................... 44 10.12 In section menu item......................................................... 45 10.13 All menu item ................................................................... 45 11 Foundations menu........................................................................ 45 11.1 Edit menu item.................................................................. 46 11.2 Specify graphically menu item ......................................... 49 11.3 For all menu item.............................................................. 49 11.4 Results menu item............................................................. 50 11.5 Check menu item .............................................................. 51 11.6 Stress isolines menu item.................................................. 52 11.7 Delete all menu item ......................................................... 52 11.8 Generate footing foundations menu item.......................... 52 11.9 Generate circular foundations menu item........................ 53 11.10 Generate annular foundations menu item ......................... 54 12 Triangular foundations menu ................................................... 54 12.1 Standard values menu item ............................................... 55 12.2 Set nodes menu item ......................................................... 56 12.3 Change menu item ............................................................ 56 12.4 Move menu item ............................................................... 57 12.5 Edit menu item.................................................................. 57 12.6 Manipulate depths menu item........................................... 57 12.7 In section menu item......................................................... 57 12.8 Raster menu item .............................................................. 58 12.9 For all menu item.............................................................. 58 12.10 Mesh by hand to All menu item .................................... 58 12.11 Isolines menu item ............................................................ 58 12.12 Mesh menu item................................................................ 58 12.13 Generate foundations menu item ...................................... 58 13 System menu ............................................................................ 60 13.1 Info menu item.................................................................. 60 13.2 Data set designation menu item ........................................ 60 13.3 Limit depth menu item...................................................... 60 13.4 Defaults menu item........................................................... 61 13.5 Calculate system menu item ............................................. 61 13.6 Precision menu item (triangular foundations only) .......... 62 14 Evaluation menu....................................................................... 62 14.1 Preferences menu item...................................................... 62 14.2 Settlements menu item...................................................... 63

14.3 Settlement isolines menu item .......................................... 64 14.3.1 Normal settlement isolines ............................................ 64 14.3.2 Coloured settlement isolines.......................................... 65 14.3.3 3D settlement isolines.................................................... 66 14.4 Subgrade reaction modulus menu item............................. 67 14.4.1 Normal subgrade reaction modulus isolines.................. 68 14.4.2 Coloured subgrade reaction modulus isolines ............... 68 14.5 Solo individual settlements menu item............................. 68 14.6 Along a line menu item..................................................... 68 14.7 In quadrilateral menu item................................................ 69 14.8 Delete menu item .............................................................. 69 14.9 Save menu item................................................................. 69 14.10 Load menu item ................................................................ 69 14.11 Section course by hand menu item ................................... 69 14.12 Automatic menu item........................................................ 69 14.13 Display menu item ............................................................ 69 14.14 Show settlements in section menu item............................ 69 15 Special menu ............................................................................ 70 15.1 Define settlement depression menu item .......................... 70 15.2 Settlement depression preferences menu item.................. 72 15.3 Settlement depression position menu item ....................... 72 15.4 Define stress section menu item ....................................... 72 15.5 Stress section preferences menu item ............................... 73 15.6 Stress section position menu item..................................... 73 15.7 Stress bulb section menu item......................................... 73 15.8 Normal stress bulb isolines menu item ............................. 75 15.9 Coloured stress bulb isolines menu item .......................... 75 15.10 Stress bulb position menu item......................................... 75 15.11 Vertical settlements section menu item ............................ 75 15.12 Normal vertical settlement isolines menu item ................ 77 15.13 Coloured vertical section isolines menu item................... 77 15.14 Vertical settlement position menu item ............................ 77 16 View menu ............................................................................... 77 16.1 Refresh menu item ............................................................ 78 16.2 Zoom menu item............................................................... 78 16.3 Pens menu item................................................................. 78 16.4 Font menu item ................................................................. 78 16.5 Mini-CAD menu item....................................................... 78 16.6 CAD for header data menu item ....................................... 78 16.7 Icon and status bar menu item .......................................... 79 16.8 3D icons menu item .......................................................... 79 16.9 General legend menu item ................................................ 79 16.10 Soil properties menu item ................................................. 80 16.11 Section course menu item ................................................. 81 16.12 Move legends menu item.................................................. 81 16.13 Load preferences menu item............................................. 81

16.14 Save menu item................................................................. 81 17 Page menu ................................................................................ 81 17.1 Menu option Graphically .................................................. 82 17.2 Recalculate coordinates menu item .................................. 82 17.3 Coordinates by hand menu item...................................... 82 17.4 Font sizes menu item ........................................................ 82 17.5 Page format menu item ..................................................... 83 18 ? menu ...................................................................................... 84 18.1 Copyright menu item ........................................................ 84 18.2 GGU on the web menu item ............................................. 84 18.3 Maxima menu item ........................................................... 84 18.4 Help menu item................................................................. 84 18.5 Whats new ? menu item .................................................. 84 18.6 Transform all menu item................................................... 84

Preface
The GGU-SETTLE programme allows calculation of foundation settlements including mutual influence. The stress course at the foundation base is linearly variable in all directions. Settlement depressions, lines of equal settlement, stress distribution etc. can be calculated and presented. The theoretical principles are taken from the Grundbautaschenbuch (Foundation Engineering Pocketbook), 1990, Volume 1. Data input is in accordance with WINDOWS conventions and can therefore be learned almost without the use of a user-manual. Graphic output supports the True-type fonts supplied with WINDOWS, so that an excellent layout is guaranteed. The core of the programme system has been in use for approximately 10 years. It has been used in a large number of projects by renowned consultancies and institutes, and has been thoroughly tested. No errors have been discovered. Nevertheless, a liability for completeness and correctness of the programme system and the user-manual, and for damage resulting from any incompleteness, cannot be given. TIP: If you select the Copy area icon from the programme icon bar, you can copy parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an emf file (Enhanced Metafile Format). A file created in this way can be imported into other GGU programmes via the Mini-CAD system. Using the Mini-CAD or CAD for header data programme modules you can also import such an emf file from other GGU programmes into your graphics. It is thus no problem to use the results of a particle size analysis in the graphics.

Capabilities
The GGU-SETTLE programme has the following capabilities: Calculation of foundation settlements according to DIN 4019 Generation of triangular foundations which are combined in a mosaic-like manner in order to model any possible type of loading. Consideration of mutual influence of foundations. Calculation of settlement at any point inside or outside of the foundations. Calculation of settlement at a given depth. Calculation of settlement at a given layer base. Calculation of settlement of individual layers. Calculation of subgrade reaction modulus course Complete input of system geometry, if desired, using the mouse 20 soil layers 1000 rectangular foundations or 4000 triangular foundations

Excavation unloading can be considered. For a given excavation unloading, the oedometer modulus for reloading can be considered for the resulting re-loading. Limit depth calculation via x % of the overburden stress or via a multiple of the foundation width or as fixed value Generation of footing foundations, circular foundations and annular foundations. Calculation and presentation of settlement depressions. Calculation and presentation of stress distributions (also as isoline plan = stress bulb). Calculation and presentation of lines of equal settlement in plan and in any desired vertical section. Presentation of calculation results in tables. Presentation of a legend with soil properties. Presentation of a legend with general information on the basis for calculations. Mini-CAD system for free labelling and for drawing graphic elements in the form. Very user-friendly. Free definition of page size.

Excellent layout. The use of triangular foundations is always of advantage if the load geometry cannot be described in a satisfactory manner using rectangular foundations. This is advisable for settlement calculations of, e.g., the following systems: circular foundations annular foundations loading (e.g. for a landfill) which is extremely difficult to model with rectangular foundations

cone-shaped loading figures. Further information on the subject of triangular foundations can be found in the article Geotechnik 2/99, Johann Buss, Stress and strain below triangular foundations which is available (currently in German, to be translated at a later date) through our distributor.

Copy protection and installation

For installation and the following registration of GGU Software please make note of the information in the Installation notes for GGU Software, delivered with the programme.

Programme concept
In order to calculate foundation settlements, input of the oedometer modulus profile is necessary, as well as the foundation data (width, length, foundation stress). Many comparable programmes define this oedometer modulus per foundation. The GGU- SETTLE programme takes a different, much more flexible path. The oedometer modulus profiles are defined in a triangular mesh. At the nodes of this triangular mesh you can edit the thickness of the layers involved. After having defined the triangular mesh you can place the foundations within this mesh. During the following calculations the programme determines the valid oedometer modulus profile from linear interpolation within the triangle concerned. Even after calculations are complete, or after placing the foundations, the triangular mesh can be edited or supplemented. In order to secure a sensible interpolation within the triangular mesh, it is necessary for all nodes to have the same number of layers, and for all layers to have the same oedometer modulus within the mesh. The thickness of the layers, however, can be varied. If your system has areas in which certain soil layers are not present (e.g. sand lenses only in certain areas), then simply assign these layers a thickness of 0.0 at the appropriate nodes. After starting the programme you will see the programme window, with the following menus: File Soils Mesh Foundations or Triangular foundations System Evaluation Special View Page

?. After clicking on a menu, the so-called menu items roll down, from which you can then reach all programme functions.

The programme works on the principle of What you see is what you get. This means that the screen presentation represents, on the whole, that which you will see on your printer. With a consequent realisation of this principle, the screen would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make. For reasons of efficiency, and as this can take several seconds for complex foundation settlements, the screen is not refreshed by the programme after every alteration. If you would like to refresh the screen contents, you may press either the [F2] key, or the [Esc] key. The What you see is what you get principle also offers the possibility of sending the current screen contents to the printer at any time (menu item File / Start output).

Short introduction (rectangular foundations)

As, from personal experience, the reading of user-manuals is a chore, there will now follow a short description of the main programme functions. After studying this section you will be in a position to carry out calculations with the GGUFOUNDSET programme. You can take the details of the programme from the following chapters. The example shows the calculation of rectangular foundations. A description will follow using an example. For example, you know the oedometer modulus profile of 5 boreholes (BP 1 to BP 5) from field investigations. The boreholes have the following coordinates: Bore BP 1 BP 2 BP 3 BP 4 BP 5 x [m] 0.00 1.00 12.5 0 25.0 0 24.0 0 y [m] 21.00 6.00 15.00 22.00 4.00

We have a 3-layer system. The individual layers have the following soil properties: Layer no. Soil type Unit weight [kN/m] 18 10 11 Oedometer modulus initial loading [MN/m] 12 45 6 Oedometer modulus re-loading [MN/m] 30 110 15 Poisson s ratio [-] 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 2 3

Silt Sand Clay, silty

Unit weight input is only decisive if the limit depth is to be calculated with a percentage value of the overburden stress. Oedometer modulus input for reloading is only decisive when foundations with excavation unloading are being processed. The layers at the individual bores, measured from ground level (GL), reach the following depths: Bore Layer base 1 [m b GL] 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Layer base 2 [m b GL] 3.50 4.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 Layer base 3 [m b GL] 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00

BP 1 BP 2 BP 3 BP 4 BP 5

In the example, two foundations with the designations F1 and F2 are present. Foundatio x (left) n [m] y (bottom ) [m] 14.00 8.00 Foundation pressure [kN/m] 200.0 200.0 Lengt Widt h h [m] [m] 7.00 3.00 4.00 3.00

F1 F2

4.00 14.00

Both foundations have their base at 0.8 m b GL. The example is saved on the programme disk as MANUAL.FDA. The learning effect will certainly be better if you enter the example yourself, step by step. 5.1 Step 1 Define bore points First select the menu item File / New and activate Rectangular foundation switch.

The first step in a calculation using the GGU- SETTLE programme is the definition of a triangular mesh. The nodes of the triangular mesh are described by the borehole points. The borehole points are then connected to a triangular mesh, from which the programme can interpolate the oedometer modulus profile at any point. To define the borehole points proceed as follows:

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For this, select the menu item Soils / Layers.

In the dialogue box you can edit the soil properties and the number of layers. Click on the Edit no. of soils button and enter the new number of layers as 3. For this example, enter the values in the above dialogue box. If you are working with oedometer moduli, you should always enter the Poisson ratio as 0. If, on the other hand, you have entered Youngs moduli E instead of oedometer moduli ES then, because of the functional relationship Es = f(E, ), it makes complete sense to enter a Poisson ratio 0. You should then select the menu item Soils / Standard depths (not absolutely necessary).

As you have defined three layers using the menu item Soils / Layers, three layers will be shown in the dialogue box. The corresponding soil properties are also shown for information purposes. The given depths can be edited to suit your wishes. Depths are entered as m below ground level. For reasons of clarity, the

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programme assumes ground level to be the same for all nodes. During the following definition of triangular nodes, the layer depths are assigned to the appropriate nodes. After this, the layer depths for each node can be edited as wished. If the oedometer modulus profile is equal for almost all nodes, you can save input work via the initial definition of standard depths. Using the Load switch you can load a previously saved depth distribution. Using Save you can save the current depth distribution to a file, in order to have them available later, without renewed input. If you select the For all switch, all current triangle nodes will be assigned these depths. Using the Cancel button, you may leave the dialogue box without accepting the alterations. You can also leave the dialogue box with Done. Any changes will be accepted. After this initial input you can determine the position of triangle nodes (borehole points). A coordinate system is visible on the screen. If the area displayed does not correspond to the plan area of your system, go to the menu item Page / By hand and enter the values for your system into the dialogue box.

Then select the menu item Mesh / Set nodes. Click, with the left mouse button, on the positions of the triangle nodes (= positions of points for which you know the oedometer modulus profile). In the programme window bar the current coordinates of the mouse pointer are shown. Erroneous input can be undone by clicking on the node with the right mouse button. If you occasionally press the ESC key, or (F2), the screen will be refreshed and you will see a graphical presentation of the oedometer modulus profiles. If the presentation appears too small or too large, go to the menu item Evaluation / Preferences and enter a factor for the oedometer modulus profile width and/or depth to suit your wishes. Alternatively to coordinate input using the mouse, you can enter the values in tabular form. Then select the menu item Mesh / Change.

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In the above dialogue box, values for the example system have been entered. After entering nodes, you can edit the depths at the nodes for the individual layers. For this, select the menu item Soils / Edit layer depths. A double-click in the area of the node will then suffice to call up the following dialogue box.

This box is absolutely identical to the box for standard depths. The only difference is that any changes made are with reference to the current node. Depths are entered as m below ground level. 5.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh After you have defined at least 3 nodes (borehole points), you must connect these nodes to a triangular mesh to allow the programme to interpolate when calculating. There are two possibilities: via the menu item Mesh / Mesh by hand You must click on the three nodes to be connected to a triangle. Mistakenly created triangles can be deleted by clicking on the three nodes once again. via the menu item Mesh / Automatic The programme carries out a so-called triangulation and connects all nodes to a triangular mesh. Subsequently, you still have the

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possibility of deleting triangles by using the menu item Mesh / Mesh by hand and clicking on the three nodes of the triangle. If a triangular mesh is already present you will be asked, before triangulation begins, if the current mesh is to be deleted. Only in exceptional cases should you select Supplement, as triangulation follows certain laws which may not allow sensible complementing of a current partial mesh. For the example select the menu item Mesh / Automatic. 5.3 Step 3 Define foundations After defining the oedometer modulus profile distribution throughout the triangular mesh, you can enter the foundations. For this, select the menu item Foundations / Edit.

Besides the switches Menu and New, all previously defined foundations are shown as switches. In the example above, two foundations with the designations F1 and F2 are already defined. Select the New switch in order to define a new foundation or select the F1 or F2 switch in order to edit the values for a current foundation.

With the Edit base data switch you can edit all foundation values (also see the note in Section 0)

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After the foundation designation you enter the depth of the foundation base (FB), the excavation unloading, the foundation dimensions and the corner stresses. For linear stress distribution, input of three stress values is sufficient. The fourth value then results automatically. If foundations are already defined, you can also reach this dialogue box by double-clicking in the foundation surround on the screen. With the menu item Foundations / Check you can check your input. The foundations are displayed with the corner stresses. Which additional input values are to be displayed can be specified with the menu item Evaluation / Preferences. You can also generate an isoline plan of the depth course of a layer base. For this, select the menu item Soils / Layer base isolines.

Enter the layer number. If you would prefer a normal isoline plan, deactivate the Coloured switch. Confirm with OK.

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In the upper part of the dialogue box you can influence the number of isolines with the input after Spacing. If desired, change to a different smoothing out procedure. Confirm with OK. 5.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth The programme can determine the limit depth using three different procedures. Select the menu item System / Limit depth.

Limit depth = base of profile The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile.

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Limit depth with x * b The settlements are calculated to a depth of x * foundation width. But not deeper than the base of the profile.

Limit depth with p % The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress. But not deeper than the base of the profile. If foundations are close to one another (e.g. with circular foundations), you should, additionally, activate the Limit depth with all foundations switch, as otherwise too shallow limit depths will be calculated. When determining the limit depth with p %, any excavation unloading for the foundation concerned can be subtracted from the average foundation stress, which usually makes sense. More information on excavation unloading and global preloading can be had by clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue box. The limit depth will be calculated in the centre of the rectangular foundation. If the settlement is to be calculated outside of the foundation concerned, the limit depth of the foundation which creates the settlement stress is also valid. Stresses above the foundation base generate tensional stresses and will therefore not be considered. 5.5 Step 5 System preferences With the menu item System / Defaults you can specify the type of settlement to be calculated. In principle, there are three different types:

Calculate settlement at a specific depth This is usually the standard case, together with a depth of 0.0 m (=

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settlement at the surface). As the area of the foundation is undeformable, the settlement at the foundation base, including for foundations with the base below the surface, will be calculated. For settlement depths > 0.0 the settlement at this depth will be calculated. Calculate settlement at base of layer As the layers need not necessarily be horizontally arranged, you have the possibility with this calculation method of following the influence of settlements at certain layer boundaries. To do this, activate the Calculate settlement at layer base switch and enter the layer number.

Calculate settlement of a layer Quite often the deformation component of an individual layer is of interest. To do this, activate the Calculate settlement of a layer switch and enter the layer number. In the lower part of the dialogue box, you can define a so-called limit distance. The influence of a foundation on the current settlement value will only be calculated if the distance to the foundation centre is smaller than the limit distance. If you have defined a lot of foundations the calculation time can become quite long, as, for each point at which the settlement is calculated, the influence of all foundations is considered. The influence of a foundation on the current settlement decreases with increasing distance. You can thus achieve a reduction of calculation duration using the limit distance. A reliable statement on limit distances cannot be given, as the foundation loading also plays a large role. If you are unsure, use, as in the above dialogue box, a very large value and if you are calculating a lot of foundations allow yourself a coffee during calculations.

Any calculation and presentation can be prematurely cancelled using the right mouse button. 5.6 Step 6 Calculate system After defining a foundation you can have the system calculated. In principle, we can differentiate between calculation of foundation settlements and the calculation of individual settlements. The two calculations can also be mixed. With foundation settlement we mean the settlement at special points on the foundation: settlement in the foundation centre settlement at the four characteristic points settlement at the four foundation corners. With individual settlements we mean calculation of settlements at any point inside or outside of the foundations. The position of these points is not restricted to the foundation geometry. They can be user-specified in a variety of ways (see below).

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If you are only interested in settlement at the above described foundations points, select the menu item System / Calculate.

Select the switch according to your wishes and click on OK. If you have calculated a system and then edited any input values (e.g. foundation dimensions, foundation stress, type of limit depth calculation, etc.), the programme deletes all calculated settlements, as they are then no longer valid for the altered system. If you have already defined individual settlement points within the framework of previous calculations, you can have these settlements recalculated by activating the Individual settlements switch. The calculations can be started by pressing the OK button. In the GGU-SETTLE window bar you will be informed as to the current state of calculations. If you are completely uninterested in the settlements at the special foundation points, you can go directly to the Evaluation and Special menus. Menu item Evaluation / Solo individual settlements With the mouse, you can click on any point within the system. The calculated settlements will then be graphically displayed. Menu item Evaluation / Along a line With the mouse, you click on two points (start and end points of a line). The settlement along this line will then be calculated at constant intervals. If, after calculations are complete, you switch to the menu item Evaluation / Automatic section course, you can display the settlement depression for the system section.

Menu item Evaluation / In quadrilateral You click on the four points of a quadrilateral. The programme then calculates the settlement in a regular raster within this quadrilateral. This function is especially useful in connection with the above described Isolines menu item, as you have, with settlements calculated in a quadrilateral, a favourable data basis for triangulation and thus for the presentation of isolines. After calculations are complete the results can be evaluated in a variety of ways.

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Menu item Evalauation / Settlements The calculated settlements will be displayed in their appropriate positions. If, after calculating, you have altered input values, the settlements will not be shown. You must then have the system recalculated.

Menu item Evaluation / Isolines The programme will carry out a triangulation of all calculated settlements. By interpolation within this triangular mesh, which is not identical to the above described triangular mesh for the oedometer modulus profile, lines of equal settlement will then be drawn. In the Special menu it is possible to calculate settlement depressions, stress distribution and lines of equal settlement along straight, vertical sections. In accordance with the principle of What you see is what you get you can, at any stage of evaluation, send the current screen contents to the printer (menu item File / Start output). In this section the main functions are described. Further details to the individual menu items can be taken from the following sections.

Short introduction (triangular foundations)

6.1 Step 1 Define bore points First select the menu item File / New and activate the Triangular foundations switch.

Otherwise, the same input is required as in Section 0. 6.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh Completely analogous to Section 5.2. 6.3 Step 3 Define foundations After defining the oedometer modulus profile distribution throughout the triangular mesh, you can enter the triangular foundations. The definition of triangular foundations is different to that of rectangular foundations, as a much more flexible input is possible. Input of triangular foundations is very similar to the definition of bore points. First you must define the corner points of the triangular foundations. You can do this with the mouse, e.g. For this, select the

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menu item Triangular foundations / Set nodes. Now click on the corner points of the triangular foundation with the mouse. If the same system is to be calculated as in Section 5, these are then the four corner points of both foundations. If you define a new triangular foundation corner point with the mouse, this node will be assigned the values given in the menu item Triangular foundations / Standard values.

These standard values can then be individually adjusted using the menu item Triangular foundations / Change. Alternatively to clicking with the mouse, you can enter the values in tabular form. To do this, select the menu item Triangular foundations / Edit.

Enter the values from the dialogue box. You have thus defined 8 nodes of the foundation mesh. Now you must only connect the nodes to a mesh. For this, select the menu item Triangular foundations / Mesh by hand and click on three points of the foundation mesh. The triangular foundation mesh should then look like this:

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2.00 5.00

15.00

6.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth The programme can determine the limit depth using two different procedures. Select the menu item System / Limit depth.

Limit depth = base of profile The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile. Limit depth with p % The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress. But not deeper than the base of the profile. If foundations are close to one another (e.g. with circular foundations), you should,

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additionally, activate the Limit depth with all foundations switch, as otherwise too shallow limit depths will be calculated. When determining the limit depth with p %, any excavation unloading for the foundation concerned can be subtracted from the average foundation stress, which usually makes sense. More information on excavation unloading and global preloading can be had by clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue box. The limit depth will be calculated in the centre of the triangular foundation. If the settlement is to be calculated outside of the foundation concerned, the limit depth of the foundation which creates the settlement stress is also valid. Stresses above the foundation base generate tensional stresses and will therefore not be considered. 6.5 Step 5 System preferences Completely analogous to Section 5.5. 6.6 Step 6 Calculate system After defining a foundation you can have the system calculated. In principle, we can differentiate between calculation of foundation settlements and calculation of individual settlements. The two calculations can also be mixed. With foundation settlement we mean the settlement at special points on the foundation: settlement in the foundation centre settlement at the four characteristic points settlement at the four foundation corners. With individual settlements we mean calculation of settlements at any point inside or outside of the foundations. The position of these points is not restricted to the foundation geometry. They can be user-specified in a variety of ways (see below). If you are only interested in settlement at the above described foundations points, select the menu item System / Calculate.

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For calculation of triangular foundations numerical integration is required. The integration precision can be specified in the upper area of the dialogue box. The default value is sufficiently small for most problems. If the calculated values appear unusual to you, or if you are somewhat cautious by nature, enter a smaller value. This will, of course, cost you calculation time. Select the switch according to your wishes and click on OK. If you have calculated a system and then edit any input value (e.g. type of limit depth calculation, etc.), the programme deletes all calculated settlements, as they are then no longer valid for the altered system. If you have already defined individual settlement points within the framework of previous calculations, you can have these settlements recalculated by activating the Individual settlements switch. The calculations can be started by pressing the OK button. In the GGUSETTLE window bar you will be informed as to the current state of calculations. If you are completely uninterested in the settlements at the special foundation points, you can go directly to the Evaluation and Special menus. Menu item Evaluation / Solo individual settlements With the mouse, you can click on any point within the system. The calculated settlements will then be graphically displayed. Menu item Evaluation / Along a line With the mouse, you click on two points (start and end points of a line). The settlement along this line will then be calculated at constant intervals. If, after calculations are complete, you switch to the menu item Evaluation / Automatic section course, you can display the settlement depression for the system section.

Menu item Evaluation / In quadrilateral You click on the four points of a quadrilateral. The programme then calculates the settlement in a regular raster within this quadrilateral. This function is especially useful in connection with the above described Isolines menu item, as you have, with settlements calculated in a quadrilateral, a favourable data basis for triangulation and thus for the presentation of isolines. After calculations are complete the results can be evaluated in a variety of ways. Menu item Evalauation / Settlements The calculated settlements will be displayed in their appropriate positions. If, after calculating, you have altered input values, the settlements will not be shown. You must then have the system recalculated. Menu item Evaluation / Isolines The programme will carry out a triangulation of all calculated settlements. By interpolation within this triangular mesh, which is not identical to the above described triangular mesh for the oedometer modulus profile, lines of equal settlement will then be drawn.

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In the Special menu it is possible to calculate settlement depressions, stress distribution and lines of equal settlement along straight, vertical sections. In accordance with the principle of What you see is what you get you can, at any stage of evaluation, send the current screen contents to the printer (menu item File / Start output). A comparison of calculation results for rectangular and triangular foundations will show that there are minor differences in the calculated settlements. This is because of the different calculation point of the limit depth. With rectangular foundations, the limit depth is determined in the foundation centre. Triangular foundations do not know the centre point of the rectangles. For triangular foundations, the limit depth is determined at the centre of the triangles, which deviates from the centre of the rectangles. If you select the profile base as limit depth, you will get the same results in both cases, as the limit depth is then the same for both procedures.

Theoretical principles

7.1 General The programme calculates the stresses and strains after the theory of elasticisotropic half space. Especially in the days when pocket calculators and personal computers were not yet available, comprehensive diagrams and tables were developed. A literature list of tables can be taken from DIN 4019. Further to this, you are referred to the article Stress calculations1 (Spannungsberechnung) in the Foundation Engineering Pocket Book (Grundbau-Taschenbuch) (1990; Fourth Edition). Here you will also find the complete relationships for stresses and strains below a rectangle in elastic-isotropic half space (formulas 8 to 10 and formulas 14 and 15). These relationships are the basis for the programme. The stress relationships are only used for limit depth calculations and for the presentation of stress distributions. The strains are calculated directly from the relationships given in the Foundation Engineering Pocket Book. A numerical integration with associated loss of precision is therefore not required. 7.2 Characteristic point The stiffness of foundations cannot be considered using the above mentioned relationships. The foundation loading will be assumed to be a flexible load bundle, whatever the case. It is usual to calculate the settlements at the so-called characteristic point. At this point of the foundation, for a uniform load, the settlements for a flexible load bundle correspond to the settlement of a rigid foundation. The position of the characteristic point is defined as follows:

Translators note: As far is is known, these works are not available in English

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0,13 * a 0,13 * b

Figure 1 Characteristic point 7.3 Limit depth Of great importance for the size of settlements is the limit depth. The programme allows definition of limit depth in three different ways: Limit depth = base of profile The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile. Limit depth with x * b The settlements are calculated to a depth of x * foundation width. But not deeper than the base of the profile.

Limit depth with p % The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress. The last possibility is also described in DIN 4019. Here, a percentage value p of 20 % is given. This is the programme default value. If you have selected this type of limit depth calculation, the programme calculates the overburden stress due to the soil weight for each foundation and compares this value to the average stress due to the foundation load at the characteristic point. The depth distribution of the unit weights for calculation of the overburden stress is determined in the foundation centre. Any excavation unloading for the foundation can be subtracted from the foundation stress, which the usual case. For settlement calculations, only the stress from the foundation base to the limit depth will be considered. Thus, for all points outside of the foundation, the limit depth of the appropriate foundation is valid. Figure shows, in a vertical section, how the settlements of a point, A, are composed if two foundations are defined.

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Foundation 1

Point A

Foundation 2

Limit depth

Limit depth

Figure 2 Influence of limit depth on settlement

If you divide a foundation into several smaller sub-foundations you should, according to theory, get the same settlement values. However, a problem then occurs when calculating limit depths. The limit depths of the sub-foundations is smaller due to the smaller widths. Because of the differing limit depths you will also get different settlement values. To solve this contradiction the GGU- SETTLE programme offers the possibility of calculating the limit depth from the stress distribution of all foundations. If you select this possibility the stress distribution at the characteristic point is calculated from the stresses of all foundations. In this case you will get larger settlements and, depending on the system, more appropriate results. 7.4 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus for reloading You can define excavation unloading for each foundation. The excavation unloading has the same dimensions as the foundation stress [kN/m]. It is constant for each foundation. If you have defined an excavation unloading, settlement calculations will be carried out to this value using the oedometer modulus for reloading.

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Excavation unloading

Stress at the foundation base

Es(w) Es
Calculated settlement

Settlement

Figure 3 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus

File menu
This menu has a total of nine selectable menu items. New Load Save Save as Result output Save ISO data Output preferences Start output Quit

8.1 New menu item After a security request, you can delete all previous input and thus enter a new system. You will first be asked whether rectangular or triangular foundations are to be generated.

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The Triangular foundations option allows you to calculate settlements and stresses below a flexible foundation of any shape and linear loading. By combining the triangular foundations in mosaic-like manner, any type of load (with reference to ground plan and load size) can be easily modelled. After selecting this menu item the Triangular foundations menu appears instead of the usual Foundations menu (see Section 12). 8.2 Load menu item Using the second menu item, Load, you can load a file with foundation information into the computer, which can then further processed. This file must have been created, e.g. in a previous sitting, using the GGU-SETTLE programme. The Load menu item will usually be selected for editing previously saved foundations. 8.3 Save and Save as menu items Here, you can save alterations to an existing file or save completely new foundation input, in order to have them available again for a later sitting.
After clicking on one of the two described menu items the so-called file selector box appears. When saving alterations or new data, you should always use the file suffix .FDA, as this is the suffix used by the programme when one of the above two menu items is selected. If you do not enter a suffix when saving, .FDA will be used automatically. Currently calculated settlements will be saved with the file and are then available for later evaluation. 8.4 Result output menu item You can have a result protocol of the current calculation results sent to the printer or to a file (e.g. for further processing with a word processor). Alternatively, you have the possibility of looking at the results in a separate window where they can also, if necessary, be edited. Output contains all information on the current state of calculations, including system data. First, decide how comprehensive output is to be:

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After confirming with OK you will see the dialogue box:

With the Edit button, you can edit the current printer preferences or select a different printer. With the Save button, you can save all preferences from this dialogue box in a file, in order to have them available at a later sitting. If you select FUNDA.DRK as file name and save the file on the programme level (default), the file will be automatically loaded at the next programme start. With the Page format button you can specify, amongst others, the size of the left margin and the number of lines per page. With the Head/Foot button you can enter a head and foot text for each page. If the # sign appears within the text, the current page number will be entered during printing (e.g. Page #). You can, if page numbering is not to begin at page 1, enter an offset for the page number. This offset will be added to the current page number. The text size can be specified in pts. With the buttons at the bottom of the dialogue box, output is sent to the Printer, to a Window or to a File, the name of which must then be

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given. If you select the Window button, the results will displayed in an additional window. In this window editing is possible, as well as loading, saving and printing of text. 8.5 Save ISO data menu item With this menu item you can have the result data made available for further processing by the GGU-GEOGRAPH programme. With this programme you can, e.g., have lines of equal settlement drawn as 3D graphics. Selection of this menu item only makes sense after the settlements have been calculated. 8.6 Menu item Output preferences You can edit printer preferences or change printer in accordance with WINDOWS conventions. 8.7 Start output menu item The following dialogue box appears:

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Printer allows graphic output of the current screen contents to the WINDOWS standard printer or, if necessary, to a different printer selected in the menu item Printer

preferences. For direct output, the following dialogue box appears: In the upper part of the dialogue box the maximum dimensions which the printer can accept are given. Below this, the dimensions of the image to be printed are given. If the image is larger than the output format of the printer, the image will be printed to several pages (in the above example, 4). In order to be better able to re-connect the images later, the possibility of entering an overlap for each page, in x and y direction, is given. Alternatively, you also have the possibility of selecting a smaller zoom factor, ensuring output to one page (Fit in button). Following this, you can enlarge to the original format on a copying machine, to ensure a true scaling. Further, you may enter the number of copies to be printed. DXFfile allows output of the graphics to a DXF file. DXF is a common file format for transferring graphics between a variety of applications. GGUCAD file allows output of the current screen contents to a file, in order to be further processed with the GGUCAD programme. Clipboard The current screen contents are copied to the WINDOWS clipboard. From there, they can be imported into other WINDOWS programmes for further editing, e.g. into a word processor. Metafile allows output of the current screen contents to a file, in order to be further processed with third party software. Output is in the so-called EMF format, which

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is standardised. Use of the Metafile format guarantees the best possible quality when transferring graphics. TIP: If you select the Copy area icon from the programme icon bar, you can copy parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an emf file (Enhanced Metafile Format). Using the Mini-CAD or CAD for header data programme modules you can import such an emf file into your graphics. It therefore presents no problems to import the results of a slope failure calculation or the results of a particle size analysis or anything else into your graphics. MiniCAD / GGUMiniCAD allows output of the graphics to a file, in order to be read-in to different GGU programmes with the MiniCAD modules. 8.8 Quit menu item You can quit the programme, after a security request. 8.9 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items The 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items show the last four edited files. By selecting one of these menu items the listed file will be loaded. If you have saved GGU- SETTLE files in any other folder than the programme folder, you can save yourself the occasionally onerous rummaging through various sub-folders.

Soils menu item

This menu has a total of 8 selectable menu items. Layers Standard depths Layer base isolines Edit layer depths Determine layer depths Paste layer Raise layer Fixed value

9.1 Layers menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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In the dialogue you can enter the name, the oedometer modulus for initial loading and for reloading, Poisson's ratio and the unit weights of the individual layers. Further, you may edit the number of layers. If you would like to edit the number of layers, select the Edit no. of soils button and then enter the new number of layers. If wished, edit the soil properties. In order to ensure a sensible interpolation within the triangular mesh it is necessary that all nodes possess the same number of layers. If your system has areas in which certain soil layers are not present (e.g. peat lenses only in certain areas), then simply assign these layers a thickness of 0.0 at the appropriate nodes, using the menu item Standard depths. With the Save button you can save the current stratification with all corresponding data in a separate file in order to have it available for a different system, without a lot of typing work, using the Load button. 9.2 Standard depths menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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If you have defined three layers using the menu item Soils / Layers, three layers will also be shown in the dialogue box. The corresponding oedometer moduli are also shown for information purposes. The given depths can be edited to suit your wishes. Depths are entered as m below ground level. During the following definition of triangular nodes, these layer depths are assigned to the appropriate nodes. The layer depths for each node can be edited as wished. If the oedometer modulus profile is equal for almost all nodes, you can save input work during the initial definition of standard depths. Using the Load switch you can load a previously saved depth distribution. Using Save you can save the current depth distribution to a file, in order to have it available later, without renewed input. If you select the For all switch, all current triangle nodes will be assigned these depths. In the dialogue box a maximum of 8 layers are displayed. If more than eight layers are present you can move through the table with the Forw. and Back buttons. Using Cancel, you may leave the dialogue box without using the alterations. You can leave the dialogue box with Done. Any changes will be accepted. 9.3 Layer base isolines menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

This menu item serves as a check for the input data of the layer depths. Enter the number of the layer for which you would like to see an isoline plan of the base. If you activate Coloured switch you will see a colour filled isoline plan. Other wise a normal isoline image will be drawn (see also Section 0).

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For colour filled graphics you will see the above dialogue box. First, press the Determine extreme values button. The programme then determines the minimum and maximum values for the appropriate layer base. If so desired, you can have the isolines labelled using the Line labelling preferences button (generally superfluous). Using the switches Mesh, Contour and Lines you can have the triangular mesh, the system contours and/or additionally to a colour fill, limiting lines drawn between the colour regions. Generally, the preferences in the above dialogue box make sense. With No. of colours you specify the number of colour increments to be used between Colour 1 and Colour 2. If you activate the Swap colour series switch, the colour fill will not be from colour 1 to colour 2, but will be swapped around. With the Colour 1 and Colour 2 buttons you can edit the colours. The graphics can be shown by pressing the OK button. Additionally to the colour fill a colour bar will be shown at the right-hand page edge, from which the allotment of colours to the various values can be read off. If this colour bar is drawn in the right page edge, specify a larger value for the right plotting edge (e.g. 25 mm) in the menu item Page / Page format.

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9.4 Edit layer depths menu item This menu item makes it possible to edit the base of a layer at the nodes of the triangular mesh.

After double-clicking near the node to be edited you can change the depth of the layer base.

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9.5 Determine layer depths menu item You can determine the layer depths at any point within the triangular mesh. Simply click on a point at which you would like to determine the layer depth.

9.6 Paste layer menu item Sometimes it is necessary to paste a layer into an existing system. Using the previously described menu items this is strenuous.

The selected layer is duplicated. The layer base of the new layer is taken as the mean of the two neighbouring layers.

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9.7 Raise layer menu item Sometimes it is necessary to raise or lower the base of layer in an existing system by a certain amount. Using the previously described menu items this is strenuous.

The selected layer base will be raised by the specified amount. If incompatibilities with the layer above or below result, the rise will limited to the necessary value. Lowering of a layer is achieved using negative values. 9.8 Fixed value menu item With this menu item you can assign a specific layer base a fixed value.

10 Mesh menu
This menu has a total of 13 selectable menu items. Set nodes Change Move Edit Raster Mesh by hand Automatic Round-off Delete Automesh Refine individually In section All

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10.1 Set nodes menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

With this menu item you specify the position of triangle nodes using the mouse. Use of the mouse is in accordance with the description in the box. 10.2 Change menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

Within this box it is possible to change the x and y coordinates of the nodes (bore points) via the keyboard. If you increase the number of nodes with the Edit no. of nodes button, the new nodes will be assigned the standard depths with reference to the Oedometer modulus profile. Use of the switches corresponds to those in the menu item Soils / Layers. 10.3 Move menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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Using this menu item it is possible to displace current triangle nodes with the mouse and thus alter the x and y coordinates. 10.4 Edit menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

This menu item allows subsequent editing of the coordinates of the nodes (bore points) and the layer depths. Double-clicking with the mouse on node number 3 of an example system would call up the following box:

Here you can edit the x and y coordinates and, after pressing the Layer depths button, the layer depths. If you click directly in the bore profile, you will immediately arrive at the layer depth dialogue box. 10.5 Raster menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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Using this menu item you can select geometrical shapes in order to simplify input, which allow an automatic triangular node coordinate assignment corresponding to the selected subdivisions. Following, the three raster possibilities, line, rectangle and quadrilateral are shown as a screen shot:

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10.6 Mesh by hand menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

You can combine triangle nodes to a triangular mesh by hand. Normally, you would have the triangulation (see below) carried out automatically. If the triangular mesh generated automatically by the programme is not in accordance with your wishes, however, you can carry out the triangulation by hand. If you would like to delete a current triangle, click on the nodes of this triangle again. 10.7 Automatic menu item The Automatic menu item runs a programme-controlled mesh generation routine (triangulation). You have the possibility of deleting or supplementing a current triangular mesh. Only in exceptional cases should you select Supplement, as triangulation follows certain laws which may not allow sensible complementing of a current partial mesh.

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10.8 Round off menu item During triangulation a triangular mesh is created which envelopes all nodes. In this way triangular elements can occur which, in the boundary areas, can be very acutely angled. Using this menu item you can remove such triangles from the mesh.

The radius ratio describes the relationship between exterior radius and interior radius of a triangle. For an isosceles triangle this ratio equals 2.0 (optimum). Before you arrive at the dialogue box above, the maximum and the average radius ratio of the mesh appear. In the example above, all exterior triangles with a radius ratio larger than 4.76 will be removed. 10.9 Delete menu item With this menu item you can delete selected system triangles. You must click on the four points of a quadrilateral. All triangles with a centroid within the quadrilateral will be deleted. 10.10 Automesh menu item With this it is possible to quickly generate a rectangular oedemeter modulus mesh with standard depths for further processing. 10.11 Individually refine menu item The programme allows the refinement of a current triangular mesh. Refinement is generally only then necessary when you would like to supplement a current triangular mesh with further, possibly ficticious, nodes. Three menu items are available for mesh refinement. After selecting the first menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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Three different methods can be used for triangular mesh refinement. Method 1: In the centroid of the selected triangle an additional node is created. Method 2: The selected triangular element and the neighbouring element are halved.

Method 3: A new triangular element will be inserted at the median of the clicked triangular element. The neighbouring triangular elements will be halved. Method 3 generally gives the best mesh refinement and is recommended. 10.12 In section menu item After selecting this menu item the following box appears for mesh refinement:

10.13 All menu item The following box appears for the final menu item for mesh refinement:

11 Foundations menu
The Foundations menu allows editing of foundations or the specification of new foundations. It has a total of 11 selectable menu items. Edit Specify graphically

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For all Results Check Stress isolines Delete individually Delete all Generate footing foundations Generate circular foundation Generate annular foundation

11.1 Edit menu item The Edit menu item allows input and editing of foundations. After clicking on this menu you will advance to the following dialogue window:

If no foundations have yet been entered, only the two dialogue boxes To menu and New are shown in the dialogue window. If, on the other hand, foundations are already present you will see, besides the To menu and New dialogue boxes, further boxes which are labelled with the designations of the individual foundations. The following actions are possible: By clicking on the To menu button you can return to the original menu bar. By clicking in the New box, you can open a new foundation. You can now enter a new foundation. By clicking in a box with a foundation name (if present), you can edit the corresponding foundation. After clicking in the New box, or a box with a current foundation, the following dialogue box will be opened.

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In the dialogue box there are six action boxes. The following actions are possible: By clicking on the Done button you can return to the original menu bar. After clicking in the Edit base data box, you can enter or edit the base data for the corresponding foundation (see description below). After clicking in the Delete foundation box the current foundation can be deleted, after a safety request. After clicking in the See results box, the calculated settlements will be displayed. If certain settlement values have not yet been calculated, the corresponding entries will remain empty. After clicking in the Print results box, the results for the currently selected foundation will be sent to the printer. By clicking in the Duplicate foundation box, you can duplicate the current foundation log. You can then edit the base data of the duplicated foundation. After clicking in the Edit base data box, you can enter or edit the base data for the corresponding foundation. The following window will open:

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In the first box you enter the foundation designation. The position of the foundation base is now entered. The third box is for input of an excavation unloading. If this value is zero, the oedometer moduli for reloading will be used in settlement calculations, for the proportion of the excavation unloading which is re-used. This corresponds to the reloading case of a time-settlement diagram. For the load component over and above this, or for a system without excavation unloading, the oedometer modulus for initial loading will be used. In boxes four to eight you enter the x and y ordinates and the length and breadth of the foundation. Further to this, an inclination to the horizontal can be given so that non-axis-parallel foundations can also be calculated. In the final three dialogue boxes you can enter the corner stresses of the foundation. As the stress distribution within a foundation is assumed to be linear, three corner stresses are sufficient to describe the stress distribution. The fourth is calculated internally by the programme. It will be visible in the window when it opened the next time. By selecting the Calculate stresses via M and V action box, you can have the foundation stresses calculated from the moment and vertical force (if these values are known). After clicking in the OK box, input or alterations will be accepted and the dialogue window removed from the screen. After clicking in the Cancel box, input or alterations will not be accepted and the dialogue window removed from the screen.

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11.2 Specify graphically menu item This menu item allows the input of rectangular foundations using the mouse.

After confirming with OK you click on the two corners of a foundation with the left mouse button. If the inclined foundation switch is activated an inclined foundation (inclined to the horizontal) can be entered with mouse support. In this case you must click on three points with the mouse. You can greatly simplify input if you have a scanned foundation template. You can integrtae such graphics using the Mini-Cad system. The scaling of the graphics is a problem which is easy to overcome. If you know the separation of two points in the template then simply draw a line with Mini-CAD, which connects these two points. Then double-click on this line. In the dialogue box which then appears, the length of the line is given. From this length and the known length of the line, you can determine the scale discepancy. Then select the Manipulate object icon from Mini-CAD and enter the scale distorsion. Voila! The imported graphics are now true to scale. You now need only click on the foundation corner points. You can then delete the scanned graphics from the presentation. 11.3 For all menu item After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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Using this menu item it is possible to specify certain foundation data globally for all foundations. The following input data can be globally specified: position of foundations base, excavation unloading and the corner stresses of the foundations. After each input field there is a For all button. By pressing these buttons the currently given values will be used for all foundations. The All for all button will use all values for all foundations. The Default values switch refers to the foundations created with the mouse on the screen, and to foundations generated using the menu items Generate footing foundation, Generate circular foundation or Generate annular foundation. This means that all graphically created foundations and/or all generated foundations will be assigned the parameters given in this menu item. Independently of this, you can edit the assigned foundation values at any time (see menu item Edit foundations). After activating the Default values switch, the currently entered values will be saved and are then available as the default values for the definition of new foundations. 11.4 Results menu item After activating this menu item the results for the foundations entered can be shown on the screen by double-clicking with the mouse. If the system is not yet calculated, the following info box will be displayed with the foundations dimensions and the limit depth:

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If the system is already calculated, the complete results for the selected foundation will be shown. The following box appears with the foundation dimensions, the settlements and the rotation at the characteristic point

11.5 Check menu item With the help of this menu item you can check your input with reference to the position of the foundations, etc. You can define what is to be displayed in the graphics.

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In the menu item Evaluation / Preferences, you can specify what is to be additionally entered in the graphics. 11.6 Stress isolines menu item The foundation stress course can be shown as a colour filled isoline plan with the help of this menu item. The procedure is completely analogous to the layer base isoline presentation (see Section 0). The foundation stress course can be shown as a colour filled isoline plan with the help of this menu item. The procedure is completely analogous to the layer base isoline presentation (see Section 0). 11.7 Delete individually menu item With this menu item individual foundations can be deleted. The programme will go through all foundations in the order in which they were entered. For each foundation the following dialogue box appears:

11.8 Delete all menu item By selecting this menu item you can edit all current foundations, after a safety request. 11.9 Generate footing foundations menu item You can generate several footing foundations of equal dimensions:

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First, enter the x and y ordinates of the first foundation. Define the length and breadth of all foundations. With Spacing x and Spacing y the displacement of the generated foundations to each other is given. The name of the foundation is supplemented with the current number. The foundation base, the excavation unloading and the foundation stresses will be entered in accordance with the values in the For all menu item. Immediately after generation, the created foundations can be deleted by pressing the [Backspace] key, if the foundation generation is not according to your wishes. 11.10 Generate circular foundations menu item You can combine several footing foundations to a circular foundation.

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First, enter the x and y ordinates of the centre, and the diameter of the foundation. The circular foundation will be made up of rectangular foundations. The modelling of a circular foundations is more precise with a large amount of foundations. However, calculation time is then longer. The name of the foundation is supplemented with the current number. The foundation base, the excavation unloading and the foundation stresses will be entered in accordance with the values which you enter using the Stresses button. Alternatively, the stresses can be calculated via the vertical load V and the moments M(x) and M(y). Activate the switch Stresses via M and V. Immediately after generation, the created foundations can be deleted by pressing the [Backspace] key, if the circular foundation generated is not according to your wishes. Optimum circular foundations can be generated with triangular foundations, as adjustment to the foundation geometry is much better using triangles. 11.11 Generate annular foundations menu item In complete analogy to circular foundations, you can generate an annular foundation.

You need only additionally enter the interior diameter. Optimum annular foundations can be generated with triangular foundations, as adjustment to the foundation geometry is much better using triangles.

12 Triangular foundations menu

The Triangular foundations menu appears if the appropriate selection has been made in the menu item File / New (see Section ). With this, it is possible to calculate settlements and stresses below a flexible triangular foundation of any shape and linear loading. By combining the triangular foundations in mosaic-like manner, any type of load (with reference to ground plan and load size) can be easily modelled. This menu has a total of 20 selectable menu items.

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Standard values Set nodes Change Move Edit Manipulate In section Raster For all Mesh by hand Automatic Delete Refine individually In section All Results Check Isolines Test mesh Generate foundations

12.1 Standard values menu item Here you can specify the foundation stress, excavation unloading and depth of the foundation base. If you prefer, the excavation unloading can be determined automatically. The programme automatically calculates the excavation unloading from the depth of the foundation base and the unit weight of the soil.

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12.2 Set nodes menu item With the help of this menu item you can specify the positions of foundation nodes. Use of the mouse is in accordance with the description in the box.

Additionally, the node numbers, stresses, excavation unloading and foundation base can be entered at the nodes. 12.3 Change menu item With this menu item you can enter or edit the x and y coordinates of the nodes via the keyboard. The following dialogue box, e.g., appears:

Additionally, the foundation stresses, the excavation unloading and the depth of the foundation base can be edited.

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12.4 Move menu item Use is analogous to that of moving bore points. See Section 0. 12.5 Edit menu item In order to edit the stresses, excavation unloading, depth and position of the foundation base, you must double-click on the node, in accordance with the instructions in the dialogue box.

Additionally, the node numbers, stresses, excavation unloading and foundation base can be entered at the nodes. 12.6 Manipulate depths menu item After activating this menu item it is possible to manipulate the stresses, excavation unloading and foundation bases at the nodes. The following dialogue box appears:

The current values will be manipulated with a constant in accordance with the selected specified calculation type. The manipulation is valid for all nodes. This function allows fast editing of the described values with a large number of nodes. 12.7 In section menu item This function is for assigning edited values (stress, excavation unloading, foundation base) to nodes. The procedure is described in the dialogue box.

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12.8 Raster menu item Using this menu item you can select geometrical shapes in order to simplify input, which allow an automatic triangular node coordinate assignment corresponding to the selected subdivisions. Use is in analogy to the menu item Mesh / Raster in accordance with Section 10.5. 12.9 For all menu item See the menu item Foundations / For all (Section 11.3). 12.10 Mesh by hand to All menu item The creation of a triangular mesh with foundation nodes is in complete analogy to the creation of a triangular mesh with bore points in accordance with Sections 10.6 to 10.12 12.11 Isolines menu item See the description in the menu item Foundations in accordance with Sections 11.4 to 11.6 12.12 Mesh menu item By activating this menu item, the mesh will be investigated with reference to overlapping of individual triangles. 12.13 Generate foundations menu item You have the possibility of generating circular foundations, elliptical foundations, annular foundations, footing foundations and rectangular foundations.

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Input of foundation data is in analogy to input of rectangular foundations in accordance with Sections 11.9 to 11.11. The only difference is, that the foundations will be composed of triangular foundations instead of rectangular foundations. In this way it is possible to model the shape and loading of a foundation much more easily. The rectangular foundation function considers, if necessary, the case of a foundation which separates from the soil (foundation gap). If this is the case, a correspondingly smaller foundation will be drawn.

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13 System menu
The System menu allows editing of system calculation preferences. It has a total of 5 (rectangular foundations) or 6 (triangular foundations) selectable menu items. Info Data set designation Limit depth Defaults Calculate system Precision (triangular foundations only)

13.1 Info menu item The following system information e.g., appears:

13.2 Data set designation menu item Using the menu item Data set designation you can enter, if so desired, a description of the problem being processed, which will then be used in the General legend. 13.3 Limit depth menu item The programme can determine the limit depth using three different procedures.

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Limit depth = base of profile The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile. Limit depth with p % The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress. But not deeper than the base of the profile. If foundations are close to one another (e.g. with circular foundations made up of triangular foundations), you should, additionally, activate the Limit depth with all foundations switch, as otherwise too shallow limit depths will be calculated. When determining the limit depth with p %, any excavation unloading for the foundation concerned can be subtracted from the average foundation stress, which usually makes sense. More information on excavation unloading and global preloading can be had by clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue box. Subtract excavation unloading from foundation stress When determining the limit depth with p %, the excavation unloading would normally be subtracted from the foundation stress and a comparison with the overburden stress at various depths carried out (see also the examples in DIN 4019). In certain cases it may make sense to suppress this subtraction. You must then deactivate this switch.

13.4 Defaults menu item See Section 0 13.5 Calculate system menu item See Section 0

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With a lot of foundations, calculations can take a long time. If you have calculated a system and then edit the foundation data, the programme internally deletes all calculated settlements, as they are then no longer valid for the altered system. You should therefore always evaluate such a system first. Alternatively, you have the possibility of saving the calculation data using the Save menu item from the File menu. Any calculated settlements will be saved with the file and are then available for later evaluation. 13.6 Precision menu item (triangular foundations only) Using this menu item you can specify the precision of the numerical integration for triangular foundations. A high degree of precision leads to longer calculation times and vice versa. You must weight up between the complexity of the foundation and the desired precision.

14 Evaluation menu
This menu has the following menu items: Preferences Settlements Settlement isolines Subgrade reaction modulus isolines Solo individual settlements Along a line In a quadrilateral Delete Save Load Section course by hand Automatic Display Show settlements in section

14.1 Preferences menu item After selecting this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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Using this menu item general presentation parameters can be given, which influence the system graphics. With Depth factor you can control the length of the profile columns in the presentation. If the Automatic soil colours switch is activated, the colour-fill for the profiles will be carried out automatically by the programme. Otherwise, the user-defined colours will be used. 14.2 Settlements menu item After selecting this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

Within this dialogue box the presentation parameters for the settlement calculations are specified. If certain settlement values have not yet been calculated, they will naturally not be entered in spite of being activated.

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14.3 Settlement isolines menu item This menu item allows the presentation of the calculated settlements in an isoline plan. Further, the programme creates a triangular mesh from all calculated settlements. This triangular mesh, which has nothing to do with the interpolation mesh for layer depths, is used by the programme as the basis of interpolation for isoline calculation. First select the type of isoline and the value to be additionally shown at the nodes:

14.3.1 Normal settlement isolines The following dialogue box appears:

The programme supports two smoothing out procedures: Method 1 strict Bezier spline Method 2 loose Bezier spline Minimum and Maximum value describe the boundaries of the settlement values to be presented. Spacing describes the separation of two consecutive isolines.

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With the Further preferences switch, presentation parameters such as system boundaries, triangular mesh, isoline labelling, font size, etc., can be specified. The handling of the dialogue window is self-explanatory.

14.3.2 Coloured settlement isolines In analogy to the previous menu item, colour-filled isolines can also be created.

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Use corresponds to the explanations in the menu item Layer base isolines (see Section 0). 14.3.3 3D settlement isolines You can have 3D graphics of the settlements created.

For an optimum 3D impression you must first define a raster which the programme lays over the system. At the raster points the programme determines the current settlement values.

From the current values, the programme determines some basic values for the 3D presentation, which can also be edited.

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Finally, in analogy to the Coloured isolines menu item, you can specify further preferences. After confirming with OK, the 3D graphic will be displayed. Parallel to this, an icon bar appears at the lower left of the window, with which the graphics can be rotated.

With the first icon you can change the angle of rotation. With the icons rot x+, rot x-, ..., rot z- etc. you can rotate around each axis with the specified rotation angle. With the last two icons you can zoom in or out of the graphics. 14.4 Subgrade reaction modulus menu item This menu item allows the presentation of the subgrade reaction moduli from calculated settlements in an isoline plan. Further, the programme creates a triangular mesh from all calculated settlements. However, only those settlement

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points which lie within the foundation are considered, as the subgrade reaction modulus results from the division of the foundation stress at the point in question by the corresponding settlement value. The thus created triangular mesh, which has nothing to do with the interpolation mesh for layer depths, is used by the programme as the basis of interpolation for isoline calculation. First, select the type of isolines:

14.4.1 Normal subgrade reaction modulus isolines Completely analogous to Section 14.3.1. 14.4.2 Coloured subgrade reaction modulus isolines Completely analogous to Section 14.3.2. 14.5 Solo individual settlements menu item This menu item allows calculation of individual settlements at any point within the triangular mesh. Click on the point with the left mouse button. To assist in orientation the current coordinates are shown in the window bar.

The With dialogue box option offers the possibility of having the settlements and coordinates shown in a dialogue box after being clicked. 14.6 Along a line menu item This menu item supports calculation of individual settlements along a userdefined line. The line is determined with the left mouse button. For this, two points must be clicked. The user must then enter the number of subdivisions. The settlements along the line will then be calculated in accordance with this number.

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14.7 In quadrilateral menu item This menu item is comparable to the previous one. You must simply define a quadrilateral with the mouse. You will then be asked to enter a raster in x and y direction, at the intersections of which settlement calculations will be carried out. 14.8 Delete menu item By selecting this menu item you can delete all current individual settlement points, after a safety request. 14.9 Save menu item By selecting this menu item you can save all current individual settlement points to a file. A file requester box appears, in which you can enter the file name. The file suffix should be .PKT. 14.10 Load menu item This menu item makes possible loading of point data files, which were saved using the previous menu item. For a renewed calculation of the settlements at the loaded points the menu item Calculate system should be selected and then the Individual settlements switch activated. 14.11 Section course by hand menu item It is possible to have the individual settlements graphically displayed as a settlement depression. The Section course by hand menu item allows a freely definable section course, the points of which are selected with the mouse. By pressing the left mouse button the points are set. The actions necessary to specify the section course can be taken from a programme info box. If settlement values have not yet been calculated it is naturally not possible to specify a section. 14.12 Automatic menu item This menu item allows automatic specification of a section course. The individual settlements will be combined to a section in accordance with their specified sequence. 14.13 Display menu item This menu item allows display of the section course in the plan view. 14.14 Show settlements in section menu item The settlements within the specified section course (with the menu items Section course by hand or Automatic) can be shown in a coordinate system with the help of the menu item Show settlements in section. It is thus possible to display the settlement depression along the section course.

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15 Special menu
The Special menu allows comprehensive evaluation of calculations in vertical sections. It has a total of 14 menu items. Define settlement depression Settlement depression preferences Settlement depression position Define Stress section Stress section preferences Stress section position Stress bulb section Normal stress bulb isolines Coloured stress bulb isolines Stress bulb position Vertical settlements section Normal vertical section isolines Coloured vertical section isolines Vertical settlements position

15.1 Define settlement depression menu item This menu item allows the calculation and presentation of settlement depressions. As opposed to the settlement depression which was described in the previous menu item, this vertical section is always along a straight line. This is, on the one hand, a restriction but, on the other hand, offers more clarity, as the soil stratification and positions of foundations are shown in such a section. In principle, this is the menu item of choice when it comes to displaying settlement depressions.

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You can specify the position of the section by hand, by giving two coordinate pairs or, alternatively, click on two points with the mouse (select the OK switch). After defining two points you enter the subdivision along the section:

The following dialogue box appears:

With Depression colour you can assign the settlement depression a colour with which the depression will be filled when the Depression in colour switch is activated. The settlement depression will be displayed in a vertical section, generally with the strata. With Settlement factor you can influence the depth of the settlement depression in the presentation. With Max. stress you specify the presentation of the foundation stress in section. With Foundation colour you can assign the foundation a colour with which the depression will be filled when the With foundations switch is activated. With the Labelling switch you can create labelling of the settlement depression at the lower page edge, which shows the settlement values. If the specified section is required again later for further evaluations, you can save this section to a file and reload it again later using the above shown dialogue box. With the Display switch you can have the settlement depression displayed.

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15.2 Settlement depression preferences menu item If a section is already defined you can load it with the above described dialogue box and edit certain preferences.
In the legend the x and y ordinates of the section position will be entered as numerical values. 15.3 Settlement depression position menu item The position of the settlement depression is shown in the plan view. 15.4 Define stress section menu item This menu item allows the calculation and presentation of stress distributions in vertical sections. The procedure is almost completely analogous to the procedure for settlement depressions.

You can specify the position of the section by hand, by giving two coordinate pairs or, alternatively, click on two points with the mouse (select the OK switch). After defining two points you enter the subdivision along the section:

The following dialogue box appears:

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With Stress colour you can assign the stress distribution a colour with which it will be filled when the Stress in colour switch is activated. Subtract excavation unloading allows you to select calculations with or without excavation unloading. With Max. stress you specify the presentation of the foundation stress in section. With Foundation colour you can assign the foundation a colour with which it will be filled when the With foundations switch is activated. Using the Labelling switch you can have the stress distribution labelled. If the specified section is required again later for further evaluations, you can save this section to a file and reload it again later using the above shown dialogue box. With the Display switch you can have the stress distribution displayed. 15.5 Stress section preferences menu item If a section is already defined you can load it with the above described dialogue box and edit certain preferences.
In the legend the x and y ordinates of the section position will be entered as numerical values. 15.6 Stress section position menu item The position of the stress section is shown in the plan view. 15.7 Stress bulb section menu item This menu item allows the calculation and presentation of stress distributions in vertical sections as an isoline plan. The procedure is almost completely analogous to the procedure for settlement depressions.

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You can specify the position of the section by hand, by giving two coordinate pairs or, alternatively, click on two points with the mouse (select the OK switch). After defining two points you enter the subdivision along the section:

The following dialogue box appears:

Subtract excavation unloading allows you to select calculations with or without excavation unloading. With Max. stress you specify the presentation of the foundation stress in section. You can specify whether the soil stratification is to be shown, in addition to the isoline plan. If The Layers coloured switch is activated, the soil layers will be colour-filled in accordance with the specified soil colours (see menu item Evaluation / Preferences). With Foundation colour

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you can assign the foundation a colour with which the depression will be filled when the With foundations switch is activated. With the Depth increment value you define the vertical spacing for stress calculations. Very small value mean especially long calculation times. Very large values can lead to an unround stress course. If the specified section is required again later for further evaluations, you can save this section to a file and reload it again later using the above shown dialogue box. With the Display switch you can have the stress distribution calculated. After calculations are complete you can select between a normal or a colour-filled isoline plan.

According to your selection, one of dialogue boxes already shown for isoline preferences will appear (see, e.g., Section 0 or Section 0). 15.8 Normal stress bulb isolines menu item If a section is already defined you can load it with the above described dialogue box and edit certain preferences.
In the legend the x and y ordinates of the section position will be entered as numerical values. 15.9 Coloured stress bulb isolines menu item If a section is already defined you can load it with the above described dialogue box and edit certain preferences.
In the legend the x and y ordinates of the section position will be entered as numerical values. 15.10 Stress bulb position menu item The position of the stress bulb section is shown in the plan view. 15.11 Vertical settlements section menu item This menu item allows the calculation and presentation of settlement distribution in vertical sections as an isoline plan. The procedure is almost completely analogous to the procedure for stress bulbs.

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You can specify the position of the section by hand, by giving two coordinate pairs or, alternatively, click on two points with the mouse (select the OK switch). After defining two points you enter the subdivision along the section:

The following dialogue box appears:

With Max. stress you specify the presentation of the foundation stress in section. You can specify whether the soil stratification is to be shown, in addition to the isoline plan. If The Layers coloured switch is activated, the soil layers will be colour-filled in accordance with the specified soil colours (see menu item Evaluation / Preferences). With Foundation colour you can assign the foundation a colour with which the depression will be filled when the With

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foundations switch is activated. With the Depth increment value you define the vertical spacing for settlement calculations. Very small value mean especially long calculation times. Very large values can lead to an unround settlement course. If the specified section is required again later for further evaluations, you can save this section to a file and reload it again later using the above shown dialogue box. With the Display switch you can have the settlement distribution calculated. After calculations are complete you can select between a normal or a colour-filled isoline plan.

According to your selection, one of dialogue boxes already shown for isoline preferences will appear (see, e.g., Section 0 or Section 0). 15.12 Normal vertical settlement isolines menu item If a section is already defined you can load it with the above described dialogue box and edit certain preferences.
In the legend the x and y ordinates of the section position will be entered as numerical values. 15.13 Coloured vertical section isolines menu item If a section is already defined you can load it with the above described dialogue box and edit certain preferences.
In the legend the x and y ordinates of the section position will be entered as numerical values. 15.14 Vertical settlement position menu item The position of the vertical settlements section is shown in the plan view.

16 View menu
This menu has a total of 15 selectable menu items. Refresh Zoom Pens Font Mini-CAD

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CAD for header data Icon and status bar 3D icon bar General legend Soil properties section course Move legends Load preferences Save

16.1 Refresh menu item If, e.g., after using the zoom function (see below), only part of the image is visible, you can achieve a complete view using this menu item. The zoom factor may be specified. It is much simpler, however, to get a complete overview (zoom factor = 1.0) using the [Esc] key. With the [F2] key you can refresh the screen without altering the zoom factor. 16.2 Zoom menu item You will see information on the zoom function. 16.3 Pens menu item Here you can edit the colour and width of pens for the presentation. 16.4 Font menu item You can change the font in accordance with WINDOWS conventions. 16.5 Mini-CAD menu item With this menu item you can add free text to your graphics and equip them with additional lines and bitmaps. A non-modal dialogue box appears, the functions of which are explained in the Mini-CAD manual. 16.6 CAD for header data menu item Drawing elements created with CAD for header data are with reference to the page format (in [mm]). They therefore always remain at the same position on the page, regardless of the coordinate system. You should always use this menu item when entering general information in the image (e.g. company logo, report number, attachment number, stamp). When you save these so-called header data (see the Mini-CAD manual), they can be reloaded into a completely different system (with different system coordinates). The generated data sets can be read by other GGU programmes. The thus saved header data will once again be at the

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same position on the page. This much simplifies creation and management of general page information. 16.7 Icon and status bar menu item You can influence the appearance of the icon and status bar. The following dialogue box appears:

The icon bar can be presented as a pop-up window, a horizontal bar (default setting) or not at all. By clicking on these icons (Smarticons) you can directly reach most of the programme functions. The preferences will be saved, amongst others, in the FUNDA98.ALG file (see menu item Save preferences), and will be active at the next programme start. The meaning of the Smarticons appears in the programme window bar if you hold the mouse over the icon for a moment. 16.8 3D icons menu item If the current graphics are of settlements in 3D, an icon bar appears at the bottom left of the programme window, allowing simple rotation of the graphics. You can switch the icon bar on and off.

The meaning of the Smarticons appears in the programme window bar if you hold the mouse over the icon for a moment. 16.9 General legend menu item Important calculation data are shown in a freely positionable legend.

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With the values for x value y value you can alter the legend position. With Max. no. of lines you can define the number of lines to be entered below each other. If necessary, presentation will be in several columns. Further to this, you can have the file name entered in the legend. If you deactivate the Show legend switch, the legend will not be displayed. By double-clicking within the legend the above mentioned dialogue box will also be opened. 16.10 Soil properties menu item A legend with soil properties will be displayed in the graphics. The shape and appearance of the legend can be altered using this menu item.

With the values for x value

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 y value you can alter the legend position. If you deactivate the Show legend switch, the legend will not be displayed. By double-clicking within the legend the above mentioned dialogue box will also be opened. 16.11 Section course menu item When displaying sections, e.g. a stress section (see Section 15.4), presentation of the section course in plan view is necessary for orientation. This is automatically displayed at the lower left of the page. It can be edited either using the menu item Section course or by double-clicking with the left mouse button. The following dialogue box appears:

Here you can specify a heading, position, font size and colour of the foundation. 16.12 Move legends menu item This menu item makes it possible to move the legends using the mouse. 16.13 Load preferences menu item With the help of this menu item you can load the preferences specified under the Save menu item in the View menu. 16.14 Save menu item This menu item allows saving of the presentation parameters from the View menu.

17 Page menu
This menu has a total of 5 selectable menu items. Graphically

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Recalculate By hand Font sizes

Page format The Page menu item allows editing of the current page coordinates. 17.1 Menu option Graphically you can alter the image coordinates graphically with the mouse. An info box explains the possibilities.

17.2 Recalculate coordinates menu item If the image coordinates have been altered in the course of data processing, this menu item reclaculates the coordinates, ensuring that all foundations are visible on the screen (same scale in x and y direction). 17.3 Coordinates by hand menu item With this menu item you can edit the screen coordinates by hand as wished.

17.4 Font sizes menu item Using this menu item you can specify font sizes for the presentation. After selection the following dialogue box appears.

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17.5 Page format menu item Using this menu item the page format: height, width and page and/or plotting edges can be edited.

With Page in general you enter the size of the drawing area (cutting edges). The page edges are the spacing of a thickly drawn frame from the cutting edges. Within this frame is the actual drawing area for the system presentation. The spacing to the page edges are entered under plotting edges.

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18 ? menu
18.1 Copyright menu item You will see a copyright message and information on the programme version number. 18.2 GGU on the web menu item This menu item will take you to the GGU Internet Homepage. Here you can find information on current programme developments and updates. 18.3 Maxima menu item The programme default maxima are shown. 18.4 Help menu item You call up the programme Help system. This user-manual is available in this format. 18.5 Whats new ? menu item You will see information on programme improvements in comparison to older versions. 18.6 Transform all menu item Allows displacement or rotation of the complete system. The following dialogue box appears:

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Index: A AutoCAD..................................... 27 B base data ...................................... 41 C calculate layer base settlement .... 15 calculation duration ..................... 15 calculation time ........................... 20 cancel calculation ........................ 15 characteristic point .......... 16, 20, 22 contradiction, limit depth ............ 23 copyright...................................... 72 corner stress................................. 12 cutting edges................................ 72 D defaults ........................................ 14 depth course of a layer base ........ 12 determine layer depth .................. 33 direct output................................. 27 duplicate current foundation........ 41 E edit layer depths........................... 32 emf................................................. 5 Enhanced Metafile Format ............ 5 excavation unloading................... 23 F font sizes...................................... 71 Foundation base data ................... 12 Foundation Engineering Pocket Book ......................................... 22 foundation settlements........... 16, 20 G generate annular foundation ........ 46 generate circular foundation........ 45 generate footing foundations ....... 45 GGUCAD.................................... 28 H half space, elastic-isotropic ......... 21 head and foot text ........................ 26 I inclination.................................... 42 individual settlements...... 16, 20, 59 integration precision.................... 20 L legend .......................................... 68 limit depth ................. 13, 19, 22, 52 limit distance ............................... 15 load a file..................................... 25 M move legends............................... 70 O oedometric modulus for reloading23 open a new foundation ................ 40 output........................................... 27 overburden stress....... 14, 19, 22, 52 P page edges ................................... 72 page format.................................. 71 page numbering ........................... 26 plotting edges .............................. 72 printer preferences................. 26, 27 programme version number ........ 72 R refinement, triangular mesh......... 39 S section course .............................. 60 settlement depression .................. 60 Stress calculations ....................... 22 subgrade reaction modulus.......... 58

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T To menu....................................... 40 triangular foundations.................. 47

Triangulation ............................... 11 W WINDOWS conventions............. 26

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