XVIII-th International Conference on Electromagnetic Disturbances

Vilnius, Lithuania, 25-26 September 2008

EMD 2008

TRANSMISSION LINE OVERVOLTAGES CAUSED BY STANDARD LIGHTNING SURGES

Jerzy BAJOREK, Michal KORZENIOWSKI, Grzegorz MASLOWSKI, Robert ZIEMBA jbajorek@prz.edu.pl, mkorzen@prz.edu.pl, maslowski@prz.edu.pl, ziemba@prz.edu.pl Rzeszw University of Technology, Poland Summary: The paper presents EMTP modeling of a selected 220 kV transmission line for fast front overvoltages caused by standard lightning surges defined in IEC Standard 62305-1. Computer simulations show that nonlinear models of back-flashover phenomena and ZnO arresters work properly, while the implemented corona model can not be used for peak values of currents fixed for I and II lightning protection levels. Keywords: lightning surges, LEMP, EMTP modeling of a transmission line The main lightning hazard in power transmission or distribution networks comes from the direct lightning strikes to shielding wires or line towers, which produce current and voltage waves travelling in all parts of system in the vicinity of the striking point [1]. Simulations of such strikes must be used for prediction of lightning overvoltage magnitudes in an optimized design of power systems [2]. Simulators of fast transients in power systems use different linear and nonlinear models. Main problems are for frequency dependent characteristics of skin effect in line conductors and in the ground combined together with corona nonlinear charge-voltage characteristics, air-gap models of insulators for backflashover phenomena, and ZnO arrester characteristics for very fast surges. We show these problems for standard peak values of the first positive 10/350 s, and the subsequent negative 0.25/100 s short stroke currents. 2. Standard lightning current waveshapes for computer simulations 1. Introduction was proposed by Heidler [4, 5]. In this equation I is the peak current, k the correction factor for the peak current, and n the current steepness factor. The coefficients 1 and 2 determine the front time and the decay time, respectively. The current rise can be adjusted by the coefficients n and 1. Finally, in IEC Standard 62305-1 the following form

i (t ) =

(t / 19)10 I exp(t / 485) 0.93 1 + (t / 19)10

(2)

is fixed for the first positive 10/350 s short stroke current and the form

i (t ) =

(t / 0.454)10 I exp(t / 143) 0.993 1 + (t / 0.454)10

(3)

is fixed for the subsequent negative 0.25/100 s short stroke current (time scale is in s). The peak currents for the different lightning protection levels (LPL) are given in Table 1 [3].
Table 1. Peak currents for the different lightning protection levels. LPL Lightning current First short stroke Subsequent short stroke I 200 kA 50 kA II 150 kA 37.5 kA III-IV 100 kA 25 kA

For the purposes of IEC Standard 62305-1 [3] an empirical model of the wave shape of the lightning channel-base current is used. Its analytical form

i (t ) =

n I (t / 1 ) exp(t / 2 ) k 1 + (t / 1 ) n

(1)

The EMTP model of the analyzed 220 kV power line is presented in Figure 1. The first tower outside the substation was subjected to direct lightning strikes. The distance from this tower to the transformer protected by the ZnO surge arresters is 250 m, and the distance to the next substation is 12 km. Detailed configuration of the analyzed system is given in Table 2.

3. Mathematical model of the 220 kV power line

45

To next substation 12 km Shielding wires Phase conductors

Injected current 250 m To transformer

First, the simulation results are presented for the peak current I=11 kA. The same peak current was used for the subsequent stroke by Nucci et al. to compare different lightning return-stroke models [9]. Its analytical approximation is
I (t / 1 ) 2 i(t ) = 01 exp(t / 2 ) + (t / 1 ) 2 + 1

4. Simulation results for the current 0.25/100 s

ZnO

(4)

+ I 02 {exp(t / 3 ) exp(t / 4 )}

Fig.1. EMTP model of the analyzed 220 kV power line. Table2. Configuration of the analyzed system. Quantity Shielding wire height on the tower Shielding wire distance from the tower axis Shielding wire radius Phase conductor height on the tower Phase conductor distance from the tower axis Phase conductor radius Phase insulator length Value 30.0 m +5.1 m 0.0064 m 24.6 m 0; +7.6 m 0.0158 m 1.9 m

The lightning return-stroke channel is represented by the current sources (2) or (3) situated at the channel base. The tower structure is modeled in EMTP by the transmission line sections with constant parameters (wave impedance Zt=200 , propagation velocity v=300 m/s, and resistance per meter Rt=0.001 /m). The RLC tower footing model adopted in EMTP is used. Its first approximation assumes the constant dc grounding resistance of the tower Rgdc=25 . The integral method implemented in EMTP is used for the back-flashover model of the insulator. The insulation gap is modeled as an ideal open switch before flashover and as an ideal closed switch after flashover. The gap remains closed during flashover stage until the control signal becomes greater than 0. The other models based on a simple voltage-dependent flashover switch, or the leader development method were also tested [6]. The corona model implemented in EMTP and called the Suliciu model [7] is able to account for the dynamic behavior of charge-voltage corona characteristic. The space charge in the Suliciu model is represented by a cylinder of radius x on which corona charge is concentrated when the conductor voltage brings down to zero. However, the parameters needed for the Suliciu model are particularly difficult to establishing because they are indispensable to determine corona current inside the cylindrical segments with space charge. The substation equipment, such as the transformer and circuit breakers are represented by the equivalent stray capacitances inserted between the line and ground. The model suggested by IEEE Surge Arrester Committee [8] is used for the ZnO arresters. It is implemented in EMTP and its frequency dependent characteristics are of significant importance when fastfront surges are considered. 46

with: I01=9.9 kA, =0.845, I02=7.5 kA, 1=0.072 s, 2=5 s, 3=100 s, 4=6 s. Comparison of overvoltage simulations for subsequent strokes (3) and (4) is in our ICHVE2008 paper [10]. As the additional comments to these simulations Figures 27 are presented. Fig. 2 shows lightning channel-base current according to (3) for I=11 kA, and the tower top current flowing to the ground. Voltage across the insulator does not exceed the critical flashover value, and we do not observe the backflashover phenomena in this case. Currents entering shielding wires into transformer and into the next substation are shown in Fig. 3. This Figure presents also the current induced in the phase conductor. Overvoltages computed in the line tower and at the transformer without or with ZnO arresters, and without or with corona model are presented in Figs. 4 and 5. Influence of corona is negligible in this case. For I=25 kA the phase insulator voltage exceeds the critical flashover value 900 kV and the influence of back-flashover phenomena on the currents is shown in Fig. 6 and on the voltages in Fig. 7. For peak current greater than 25 kA the simulation was interrupted by the corona model error. Some instabilities of the numerical results were observed for the transformer node where the power line with corona is connected to the arrester model and substation capacitance for typical values from 1000 pF to 3000 pF. Thus, the results in Figs. 6 and 7 are for an open circuit which is used as the conservative approach to represent the transformer in lightning studies.
14 12 10 Current (kA) 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4

Fig.2. Lightning channel-base current according to (3) for I=11 kA (solid line), and the tower top current flowing to the ground (dashed line).

1600 1200 800 Current (A)

3 2 1 0

0 -400 -800

-1200 -1600 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4

Current (kA)

400

-1 -2

Fig.3. Currents entering shielding wires (transformer direction - solid line, to the next substation - dashed line) and induced in the phase conductor (transformer direction - dotted line) for I=11 kA.
600 400 Voltage (kV)

2 3 4 Time (s) Fig.6. Currents entering shielding wires (transformer direction - solid line, to the next substation - dashed line) and induced in the phase conductor (transformer direction - dotted line) for I=25 kA.
3M

-3

2M Voltage (V)
0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4

200 0 -200 -400 -600

1M

-1M

Fig.4. Overvoltages induced in the phase conductor without corona for I=11 kA: on the line tower (solid line), at the transformer without ZnO arresters (dashed line); dotted line shows the phase insulator voltage.
350 300 250 Voltage (kV) 200 150 100 50 0 -50 0 1 2 Time (s) 3 4
I II

Fig.7. Overvoltages computed for I=25 kA in the phase conductor without corona model: on the line tower (solid line), at the transformer without ZnO arresters (dash-dot line); dashed line is for the voltage at the transformer with ZnO arrester and dotted line is for the phase insulator voltage.

2 Time (s)

Fig. 8 shows lightning channel-base current according to (2) and tower top currents flowing to the ground for I=100 kA and for I=150 kA. Overvoltages on the line tower and at the transformer without or with ZnO arrester, and without or with corona model are presented in Figs. 8, 9 and 10. For I=100 kA we do not observe the back-flashover phenomena (Fig. 9), while for I=150 kA the phase insulator voltage exceeds the critical flashover value (Fig. 10). Some instabilities of the obtained results for this surge were also observed and the simulations were interrupted by the corona model error for I=150 kA. 6. Conclusions Presented results show the usefulness of backflashover and ZnO arrester models implemented in EMTP for the first positive 10/350 s and for the subsequent negative 0.25/100 s short stroke currents. 47

5. Simulation results for the current 10/350 s

Fig.5. Overvoltages induced in the phase conductor for I=11 kA: on the line tower (I), at the transformer with ZnO arresters (II) (without corona model - dashed line, and with corona model - solid line).

150k

2M
100k

Injected currents
Voltage (V) 1M

Current (A)

50k

50

Fig.8. Lightning channel-base currents according to (2) and tower top currents flowing to the ground for I=150 kA (solid line), and for I=100 kA (dashed line).
1M 750k 500k Voltage (V) 250k 0 -250k -500k -750k -1M 0 50 Time (s) 100 150

Time (s)

100

150

-1M

50

Fig.11. Overvoltages in the phase conductor without corona for I=150 kA: on the line tower (solid line), at the transformer with ZnO arresters (dashed line); dotted line shows the phase insulator voltage.

Time (s)

100

150

The problems for the Suliciu model of corona and modeling of the substation capacitance were observed. They will be verified in our future work. 7. References
1. Flisowski, Z. 2005. High Voltage Engineering. Warsaw: WNT 2005. 2. Metwally, I.A., Heidler, F.H. 2003. Improvement of the lightning shielding performance of overhead transmission lines by passive shield wires, in IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 45(2): 378-392. 3. IEC Standard 62305-1 2003. Protection against lightning. - Part 1: General Principles. 4. Heidler, F. 1985. Traveling current source model for LEMP calculations, in Proceedings of 6th Symposium EMC, Zurich 1985: 157-162. 5. Heidler, F.H., Cvetic, J.M., and Stanic, B.V. 1999. Calculation of lightning current parameters, in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 14 (2): 399-404. 6. Bajorek, J., Korzeniowski, M., Ziemba, R. 2006. Analysis of back-flashover in high voltage transmission line using ATP-EMTP in Academic Journals of Poznan University of Technology 52: 21-33. 7. Mihailescu-Suliciu, A., Suliciu, I. 1981. A rate type constitutive equation for the description of the corona effect, in IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems100 (8): 3681-3685. 8. IEEE Working Group 3.4.11, Application of Surge Protection Devices Subcommittee, Surge Protection Devices Committee, 1992. Modeling of metal oxide surge arresters, in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 7 (1):, 302-309. 9. Nucci, C.A., Diendorfer, G., Uman, M.A., Rachidi, F., Ianoz, M., and Mazzetti, C. 1990. Lightning return stroke current models with specified channel-base current: a review and comparison, in Journal of Geophysical Research 95 (D12): 20.395-20.408. 10 Bajorek, J., Korzeniowski, M., Masowski, G., Ziemba, R. 2008. Modeling of nonlinear elements during lightning overvoltage simulations, 2008 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Applications, Chongquing 2008.

Fig.9. Overvoltages in the phase conductor with corona for I=100 kA: on the line tower (solid line), at the transformer with ZnO arresters (dashed line); dotted line shows the phase insulator voltage.
4M 3M Voltage (V) 2M 1M 0 -1M

50

Fig.10. Overvoltages in the phase conductor with corona for I=150 kA: on the line tower (dashed line), at the transformer without ZnO arresters (solid line); dotted line shows the phase insulator voltage.

Time (s)

100

150

48