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Current TE materials:
Power: 8 to 15% against 25 to 45% Cooling: COP is 3x lower than typical compressor
Current TE conversion efficiency usually too low to compete with dynamic technologies for stand-alone systems
30
25 ZTave = 2
20
15
ZTave = 1
10 ZTave = 0.5
500
700
900
1100
1300
Power generation
State-Of-Practice materials: ZTaverage ~ 0.5 State-Of-the-Art materials: ZTaverage ~ 0.9 Best SOA materials: ZTpeak ~ 1.5 to 2.0
High Temperature Module Technology High Efficiency Integrated Heat Exchanger Technology
TE Cooling Technology
Nanostructured Thin film & Bulk Materials Research & Engineering
Indo-US Workshop on Power and Energy 03/2007
Efficient Heat Transfer and Low Electrical Resistances for High Power Miniaturized Devices
JPF-3
TE Cooling Technology
NASA ONR (MURI) ONR (MURI) for cooling NASA ONR, DOE NASA ONR NASA (Adv. RPS), 1300 K hot side DARPA (DTEC), 900 K hot side DOE (automobile), 700 K hot side
Increasing Thermoelectric Materials Conversion Efficiency Key Science Needs and Challenges
TE Research & Technology
Identification, synthesis and characterization of complex bulk materials with good potential for high efficiency
Large phase space, especially for lower temperature applications Reproducible synthesis with controlled stoichiometry, defect concentration and dopant concentrations
Need for theoretical modeling and simulation of transport in real, practical materials
Predictions are very encouraging but often apply to ideal geometries Large ZT values projected for feature sizes < 10-30 nm
Perfect superlattices and wires
Developing Advanced TE Components & Systems Key Technology Needs and Challenges
TE Research & Technology
1.25
1.00
ZT
0.75
0.50
Bi2Te(3-x)Se(x) n-PbTe LT SKD La(3-x)Te4 Si0.8Ge0.2 (JIMO)
0.25
0.00 200
400
Integrate new high ZT materials to high efficiency high temperature modular technology
1200
1400
Thermoelectrics
Application Opportunities That Would Require Developing Advanced Technology Based on Existing State-of-the-Art Materials
TE technology developed in early 1980s (100-600W range) had low overall fuel-to-electric efficiency (~ 2.6%) but many attractive features
Fuel flexible operation ( such as JP-8) High level of converter redundancy and reliability, easily scalable Rugged, low noise, low IR signature, and low maintenance requirements
the weight, x 2 the electrical power now possible over existing proven thermoelectric generator technology
Only limited design and configuration changes Combining proven TE technology and power systems heritage with new advances in components
Power Inventory Baseline TEG MEL Advanced TEG MEL 120 W (W) Ancillaries Blower (including ECA control) Atomizer Cooling fan Fuel pump (includes fuel solenoid) Ignitor (steady state contribution) Battery charge 11.0 7.2 13.0 1.0 0.2 4.7 37.1 Electronic Control Assembly Shunt Regulator driver (ECA) Load switch relay Microprocessor Internal wiring and diode Joule losses 0.3 2.4 2.0 2.4 7.1 Other: Main Harness Joule Losses DC/DC Converter (85% and 90% eff.) Shunt regulator reserve Output component loss 0.7 21.2 2.0 3.1 27.0 Load: Gross TEG Output 120.0 191.2 200 W
15.2
JPF-8
Waste heat recovery of high efficiency combuster heat used for high efficiency absorption cooler Rejected heat transferred to desorber TE converter operates between combuster and desorber temperatures (1275 K and 450 K) TE converter covers parasitic power load (10% of cooling load) and extra power generated provided for auxiliary electronics (25 to 50 W) Concept extensible to larger systems
323 298 K Absorption Cooler 0.4 to 0.6 COP 250 to 600 Wcooling
JPF-9
Power plant bottoming cycle to support peak energy summer demands and avoid building of new plants
Higher ZT = lower cost 1998 study: 3x ZT = material cost
Vehicle Operation
Gasoline
Gasoline
100%
Diesel
Proposed DOE OFCVT 5-year Goal By 2012, achieve at least 25% efficiency in advanced thermoelectric devices for waste heat recovery to potentially increase passenger and commercial vehicle fuel economy by 10%.
JPF-11
Thermoelectrics at JPL
Thermoelectrics at JPL
TE Research & Technology
Expertise 35 years of materials research, component development and testing for radioisotope power sources More than twenty years of program management, R&D experience in reactor power sources More than thirty years of mission requirements analysis and project support/engineering
Technologies Advanced high temperature materials Segmented thermoelectric couples Advanced lightweight thermal insulation Micro/nanoscale generator & coolers Performance modeling tools Materials modeling tools Space Power System Design & Engineering
Indo-US Workshop on Power and Energy 03/2007
- Thermoelectric Devices
- High temperature bonding/brazing
- TE leg metallizations - Unicouple/multicouple assembly
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.2
0.6
0.5
0 0 5 10 Iout, Amps 15 20 25
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Thermal packaging, performance and life testing of High Temperature, High Performance Thermoelectric Power Generation Devices
Indo-US Workshop on Power and Energy 03/2007 JPF-14
Time (hrs)
Thermoelectrics
Background on Power Generation and Cooling Operational Modes
2 Z =
Conversion Efficiency
Carnot TE Materials
HEAT SINK
I Power generation
max =
1 + ZT 1 T 1 + ZT + cold Thot
TE Materials
Qin = K TE .T
Converter Configuration (A/l aspect ratio)
Converter Efficiency
Thermoelectric Cooling
TE Research & Technology
1 + ZT
Thot Tcold 1 + ZT + 1
Both conditions directly proportional to ZT Tmax Projected COP for temperatures of 3.5 interest in soldier cooling applications
297 K at 323 K ambient State-of-practice: ZT ~ 0.7
Bulk and thin film devices ZT ~ 2.0 reported on thin film superlattices but no validation at the device level yet
3.0 2.5
2 ZTcold = 2
Series1 Series2
"Materials" COP
COPmax
2.0
SOA Bi2Te3
"Module" COP
1.5
1.0
N
0.5
0.0
+
Current
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5 ZT
2.0
2.5
3.0