Dr.

Aymen Issa Zreikat

Email Office Phone Academic Rank Faculty Department

1. aymen@mutah.edu.jo 2. siayzrei@yahoo.com +962-03-2372380 ext:3251 Associate Professor Science Information Technology Performance Evaluation of Wireless Mobile Networks (uplink, downlink): Capacity bounds and call admission control algorithms. Simulation of Queueing theory and Wireless Mobile Networks. QoS and Resource Management of Wireless Mobile Networks (2G, 2.5G, 3G and beyond, i.e. Wimax/Wi-Fi Technology).

Research Interests

My published papers: 25 papers. Submitted for publication: 1 paper.

1. Aymen I. Zreikat, Suleiman Yerima, Khalid Al-Begain: Performance Evaluation and Resource Management of Heirarchical MACRO-/MICRO Cellular Networks Using MOSEL-2, Published in Wireless Personal Communications, Springer (USA) , Vol. 44, No. 2, January, 2008.
Abstract
The paper presents a performance evaluation and resource management of hierarchical MACRO-/MICRO cellular networks using the new Modeling and Evaluation Language (MOSEL-2). MOSEL-2 with new constructs has the ability to find the performance and reliability modeling and evaluation of systems with exponential and non-exponential distributions. A MACRO/MICRO cell structure is solved numerically and mathematically in this paper to handle the handoff calls. Additionally, a simulation program is written to validate these results. In order to reduce the loss probability, a guard channels are introduced at the MICRO cell and channel reservation at the MACRO cell. Additionally, the concept of queuing is introduced where there is a possibility for the handoff calls from both MACRO and MICRO layers to be queued when all the resources are occupied. MOSEL-2 is used to find the numerical solution for this problem with both exponential and general exponential (GE) distribution. The performance analysis show the efficiency of the proposed scheme to manage the handoff calls and the ability of the suggested scheme to reduce the blocking probability of handover calls and the loss probability as the main objective is to block the new connection rather than terminating the ongoing connection as well as balancing the load all over the whole network. It is shown in this paper that there are a set of important factors that affect the performance, such as: reservation policy, channel allocation, handover ratio, capacity of the queue and the variation of the inter-arrival times. These factors are discussed via some important performance measures, such as: new call blocking probability, blocking probability of handover calls, loss probability, utilization and the average delay of the queue.

2. Aymen I. Zreikat: Performance Evaluation of GSM-Based Networks in Underlay-Overlay Using Maximum Entropy Principle, Published in Al-Manarah Journal, Al-Byt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan,Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 103-121, 2008.
Abstract The paper presents a performance evaluation for GSM-based cellular mobile networks in intelligent Underlay-Overlay principle (IUO) with Generalized Exponential (GE) distribution and variability in arrival and service time of the calls by the Maximum Entropy (ME) principle. In the IUO principle, the frequency spectrum of the cell is split into two layers (super and regular). One for those with good (i.e., better than predefined value) C/I (Carrier-to-Interference) ratio, is called super layer and the other is for those with low value (i.e., worse than predefined value) of C/I, is called regular layer. According to the above concepts, the analytical model is presented (which is based on the model in [1]) and the critical performance measures of the system are produced and discussed such as loss probability and utilization. The numerical results show that the variability of both the inter-arrival and service times have major effect on the system performance.

3. Ismat Al-Dmour, Khalid-Al-Begain, Aymen I. Zreikat: "Uplink Capacity/Coverage Analysis of WCDMA switched Beam Smart Antennas in CDMA Systems", Published in Wireless Personal Communications, Springer (USA), pp. 1705-1715, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2007.
Abstract
Capacity and coverage represent, in addition to QoS, the three main requirements for W-CDMA based 3G mobile communication systems. These are conflicting requirements; i.e. optimizing one will be on the account of the other two. All three, however, depend largely on the interference levels in the system. Improvements on interference are thought to have a decisive effect on the performance of the 3G system and one important interference reduction technique is the utilization of smart antennae. In this paper, we analyze capacity/coverage on the uplink in W-CDMA system utilizing switched beam smart antennae, SBSA, using a simple model of the antenna, while satisfying a certain minimum level of QoS. Limits imposed by both interference from others and the limited uplink power available to any user in the cell are considered. Results of this paper are analytical formulae for capacity/coverage that take into consideration many of the important parameters of either the antennae or the WCDMA system. A sectional view of improvement gains, if any, of either capacity or coverage upon antenna upgrading/downgrading is provided. It is shown that improvements by the directional SBSA of either capacity or coverage, are only attained at high interference conditions; i.e. higher number of users when considering coverage improvement or smaller coverage areas when considering capacity. The higher the interference conditions are the higher gain over side lobes or more beams SBSA are needed to attain improvement.

4. Aymen I. Zreikat: Numerical solution of one GSM cell using MOSEL-2 language, in International Arab Journal of Information Technology, published in IAJIT, Al- Zarqa University, Vol. 4 , No. 2, pp. 133-140, April, 2007.
Abstract The paper presents the modeling of one GSM cell using the MOdeling Specification and Evaluation Language, MOSEL2. MOSEL2 is the new version of MOSEL which is developed at the university of Erlangen, Germany. In this regards, the frequency spectrum of GSM cell is divided into two layers (super and regular) according to the underlay-overlay principle. Based on this principle, the super frequencies have better C/I (carrier-to-interference) ratio than the regular frequencies and usually used near the base station, while the regular frequencies are used for the whole cell. In this paper, and based on the above assumptions, the queueing model of GSM systems is suggested and the numerical solution of this model is presented by MOSEL2. As a result of this, the critical performance measures are presented and discussed.

5. Aymen I. Zreikat: "Performance Evaluation of one UMTS cell by the new modelling specification and evaluation language MOSEL-2", published in Abhath Al-Yarmouk Journal, Pure Science and Engineering Series, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 105-122 2007.
Abstract In this paper, performance evaluation of one UMTS cell is presented. The UMTS stands for Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems, the third generation of mobile networks. The queuing model of one UMTS cell is suggested and solved for the first time using MOSEL-2 language, which is the new version of MOSEL, developed by the group of MOSEL in the University of Erlangen, Germany. The pre-processor rule of MOSEL-2 is used in this paper, which is useful to solve the model using both exponential and nonexponential distributions. The effect of important parameters on UMTS performance is studied in this analysis, such as the variability of service time, the availability of the codes and the effect of the arrival rate, . It is shown that the mentioned parameters have a major effect on UMTS performance and should be taken into consideration by the network designers. Based on the above, critical performance measures such as blocking probability and utilization are found and discussed.

6. Aymen I. Zreikat, Gunter Bolch: Performance Evaluation of Queuing Networks with Finite Capacity and non-exponential Distribution using MOSEL-2, Published in AMSE (Association for Modelling and Simulation in the Enterprises), Vol. 12, No. 4, 2007.
Abstract In this paper, we present a performance evaluation of queuing networks with finite capacity queues and non-exponential distribution using the MOdeling and Evaluation Language (MOSEL-2). MOSEL-2 is a new version of the existing MOSEL. MOSEL-2 has the ability to find performance and reliability measures of systems with non-exponential distributions, while the old version of MOSEL which has the ability to handle exponential distributions only. Most of the research in the literature have studied queuing networks with finite capacity using only exponential distribution for both the inter-arrival and service times. In this paper, queuing networks with finite capacity and non-exponential distribution are solved numerically using MOSEL-2. Three types of tandem queuing networks with finite capacity are introduced: blocking after service (BAS), blocking before service (BBS) and repetitive blocking (RR). Different performance measures are presented as a result of solving the above models, such as: utilization, blocking probability and the average number of jobs in the system. Furthermore, it is shown in this paper that it is possible by MOSEL-2 to approximate non-exponential distributions by using phase-type distributions.

7. Aymen I. Zreikat : "Performance of Queueing model of One UMTS cell with R virtual zones by the Maximum Entropy Solution", Wireless Personal Communications, Springer (USA), Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 135-149, 2006.
Abstract UMTS stands for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, which is one of the third generation (i.e., 3G) cellular systems, will come into full commercial phase by year 2005 and the first UMTS services are launched commercially in 2001. Therefore, the research of UMTS is an important and urgent task. In this paper, the performance of UMTS systems is studied through a queueing model which consists of one UMTS with many virtual zones to evaluate the system uplink traffic performance. The two performance measures: blocking probability and system utilization are obtained by the Maximum Entropy Principle, i.e., ME solutions for SRXR (GGeo/GGeo/1)/N queue. SRXR (GGeo/GGeo/1)/N system means that arrival time and service time are both GGeo (Generalized Geometric) distributed, each output port has a single server and the maximum capacity is N. After the theoretical analysis, the numerical results are found for the idiographic example, S8X8 (GGeo/GGeo/1)/512 queueing model. Additionally, the performance of this queueing model is discussed with the effect of the parameters Ca2 (squared coefficient of variation of the interarrival time), Cs2 (squared coefficient of variation of the service time) and the arrival rate, .

8. Ismat Al-Dmour, Khalid-Al-Begain, Aymen I. Zreikat: "Capacity Bounds Analysis of switched Beam Smart Antennas in CDMA Systems", Proceedings of UK simulation (UKSIM2006), Oxford, UK, pp. 91-96, 4-6 April, 2006.
Abstract

9. Zreikat A. and Al-Begain K., Smith, K. : "Comparative Capacity/Coverage Analysis of CDMA Cell in Different Propagation Environments", Wireless Personal Communications, Springer (USA), Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 205-231, 2004,.
Abstract Capacity and coverage represent, in addition to QoS, the three main requirements for W-CDMA based 3G mobile communication systems. These are conflicting requirements; i.e. optimizing one will be on the account of the other two. All three, however, depend largely on the interference levels in the system. Improvements on interference are thought to have a decisive effect on the performance of the 3G system and one important interference reduction technique is the utilization of smart antennae. In this paper, we analyze capacity/coverage on the uplink in W-CDMA system utilizing switched beam smart antennae, SBSA, using a simple model of the antenna, while satisfying a certain minimum level of QoS. Limits imposed by both interference from others and the limited uplink power available to any user in the cell are considered. Results of this paper are analytical formulae for capacity/coverage that take into consideration many of the important parameters of either the antennae or the WCDMA system. A sectional view of improvement gains, if any, of either capacity or coverage upon antenna upgrading/downgrading is provided. It is shown that improvements by the directional SBSA of either capacity or coverage, are only attained at high interference conditions; i.e. higher number of users when considering coverage improvement or smaller coverage areas when considering capacity. The higher the interference conditions are the higher gain over side lobes or more beams SBSA are needed to attain improvement.

10. Al-Begain K., Barner J., Bolch G., Zreikat A.: The Performance and reliability modeling language MOSEL and its applications, International Journal in Simulation: Systems, Science and technology, Vol. 3, No. 3-4, pp. 66-80, 2003.
Abstract The paper aims to demonstrate the applicability of the new and powerful performance and reliability modelling language MOSEL (MOdeling, Specification and Evaluation Language) through examples from queueing networks with finite capacity, retrial systems and mobile networks. MOSEL is a high level modelling language that allows the modeling and performance evaluation of systems in a very intuitive and simple way. The core of MOSEL consists of constructs to specify the possible states and state transitions of the underlying Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) of the system under consideration. This specification is very compact and easy to understand. With additional constructs the interesting performance or reliability measures and also the graphical presentation of them can be specified. It is specially easy to do experiments with different sets of parameters of the system. The examples chosed to demonstrate the modelling power of MOSEL come from three application areas. First, models of queueuing networks with finite capacity are presented which are very important for the performance modelling of computer and manufacturing systems. The finite capacities of the nodes of the network generates blocking at previous nodes. In the second example a retrial system is medelled. In a retrial system an arriving customer, if he finds the server idle, is served immediately. If the server is busy the customer leaves and tries his luck again after a randomly distributed amount of time independent of any other events. This happens for example in telephone systems, in supermarkets or at airports when aircrafts are waiting for landing permission. The third example presents a model a real system from wireless communications. In this example, the call admission control protocol in a Third Generation (3G)wireless mobile network is studied. In all examples, results on blocking probabilities, utilization, and response times are shown. The graphical representation of these results is done using IGL (Intermediate Graphical Language) which a complementary package to MOSEL.

11. A. I. Zreikat, G. Bolch, J. Sztrik: Performance Modeling of Non-Homogeneous Unreliable Multi-Server systems using MOSEL, International Journal in Computers and Mathematics with Applications, Elsivier, Vol. 46, pp. 293-312, 2003.
Abstract In this paper, we introduce a non-homogeneous unreliable multi-server system with Markovian arrival, service, breakdown and repair processes. First we consider the case with only one queue and different servers and the job assigns to one server. Then we extend this model to more than one queue in which the jobs are assigned to different queues. We assume that our system has different servers with different service times and a job is assigned to a server using the following strategies: FFS (Fastest Free Server) or random selection. FFS strategy means that the job is served by the fastest available server, and if this server is busy then the job goes to the next available server and so on. In the random strategy, the job served by one of the free servers which is chosen randomly. In our problem, we consider a general queuing system (M/M/n) with a finite number of jobs K in the whole system. Our system is unreliable; this means that we need to specify the parameters, mtbf and mttr (mean time between failures and mean time to repair), and we need to consider the possibility that a server might be up or down at some point of time. The performance modeling of this type of system is done using the programming language MOSEL (MOdeling Specification and Evaluation Language), which contains several constructs to describe the system, the results (performance parameters) and the graphical representation.

12. A. I. Zreikat, Khalid Al-Begain: Simulation of 3G Networks in Realistic Propagation Environments. ,International Journal on Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology, Special Issue by G. K. Theodoropoulos: Modeling and simulation of Computer Systems, Vol. 4, No. 3-4, September, 2003.
Abstract The coverage of a mobile system depends significantly on the geographical nature of the covered area. The signal propagation can be dramatically different in downtown area with many high buildings than in a building free area. This is particularly critical in third generation (3G) mobile systems based on Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) air interfaces where the power management is a core part of the call admission control of the system. Therefore, performance studies of such systems based on free space assumptions may lead to optimistic results. In this paper, the performance of a 3G UMTS mobile network covering an urban area and surrounding suburban areas is considered. For modelling the propagation, the COST-231 extended Hata model has been used which represents more realistic propagation models for urban-suburban environments. Based on this model, closed expressions have been derived for the capacity bounds in the existence of interference due to non-ideal orthogonality of codes in the used CDMA system and background noise. These expressions are used to develop a network level sophisticated call admission control (CAC) algorithm to achieve nearly equal blocking probability and balanced utilization over the whole network area. Detailed simulation is used to study the performance of the network under different traffic and interference conditions. The results show that the proposed CAC algorithm performs very well in achieving equal blocking probability by releasing the load on the heavily loaded central area and, thus, achieving better balanced load on the network under different interference conditions. Additionally, some design and environment parameters are studied like the height of the base station and the average height of the mobile.

13. A. I. Zreikat and K. Begain: Soft Handover-based CAC in UMTS Systems. International Conference in Telecommunication, In Proceedings of ICT'2003 Conference, Feb. 23 Mar. 01, Tahiti, French Polynesia, pp. 1307-1312, 2003.
Abstract Call Admission Control (CAC) is one of the important means to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) in the telecommunication systems. This is especially true in the mobile networks due to their limited capacity. In the Second Generation (2G) GSM systems, the cell has static coverage and capacity and, therefore, the call is rejected if all channels in the given cell are occupied. In the Third Generation (3G) systems, such as UMTS, cells have dynamic coverage and capacity that depend on the interference levels and the number of active connections in the cell. In this paper, a new sophisticated multi-cell CAC algorithm is presented that uses the soft handover feature of the UMTS systems to provide multiple goals: (i) provide efficient utilization of the available capacity, (ii) protect the QoS of existing connections, and (iii) prevent the loss of coverage resulting from the so-called "Cell Breathing". The algorithm works on balancing the load over the network by transferring some connections from the overloaded cells to the neighboring cell with lighter load. Therefore, it achieves more balanced utilization over the whole network. The algorithm is evaluated on a network cluster of seven cells via a detailed simulation under different traffic and interference conditions.

14. A. I. Zreikat, K. Begain: Efficient Network-level Call Admission Control Algorithm for 3G Networks, Sixth United Kingdom Simulation Society Conference, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, London, UK, April, 2003.
Abstract Call Admission Control (CAC) is one of the important means to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) in the telecommunication systems. This is specially true in the mobile networks due to their limited capacity. In the Second Generation (2G) GSM systems, the cell has static coverage and capacity and, therefore, the call is rejected if all channels in the given cell are occupied. In the Third Generation (3G) systems, such as UMTS, cells have dynamic coverage and capacity that depend on the interference levels and the number of active connections in the cell. In this paper, a new sophisticated multi-cell CAC algorithm is presented that uses the soft handover feature of the UMTS systems to provide multiple goals: (i) provide efficient utilization of the available capacity, (ii) protect the QoS of existing connections, and (iii) prevent the loss of coverage resulting from the so-called ``Cell Breathing''. The algorithm works on balancing the load over the network by transferring some connections from the overloaded cells to the neighboring cell with lighter load. Therefore, it achieves more balanced utilization over the whole network. The algorithm is evaluated on a network cluster of seven cells via a detailed simulation under different traffic and interference conditions. The obtained multi-cell UMTS cell results have been compared with the previous results of a single UMTS cell. The comparative results show that the performance of the cell is clearly improved as the blocking probability and the utilization are improved dramatically.

15. A. I. Zreikat, K. Begain: A multi-cell Call Admission Control Algorithm for 3G Networks. PREP2003 (Book of Abstracts), University of Exeter, UK, 14-16 April, 2003.
Abstract Call Admission Control (CAC) is one of the important means to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) in the telecommunication systems. This is especially true in the mobile networks due to their limited capacity. In the Second Generation (2G) GSM systems, the cell has static coverage and capacity and, therefore, the call is rejected if all channels in the given cell are occupied. In the Third Generation (3G) systems, such as UMTS, cells have dynamic coverage and capacity that depend on the interference levels and the number of active connections in the cell. In this paper, a new sophisticated multi-cell CAC algorithm is presented that uses the soft handover feature of the UMTS systems to provide multiple goals: (i) provide efficient utilization of the available capacity, (ii) protect the QoS of existing connections, and (iii) prevent the loss of coverage resulting from the so-called ``Cell Breathing''. The algorithm works on balancing the load over the network by transferring some connections from the overloaded cells to the neighboring cell with lighter load. Therefore, it achieves more balanced utilization over the whole network. The algorithm is evaluated on a network cluster of seven cells via a detailed simulation under different traffic and interference conditions.

16. K. Begain and A. I. Zreikat: Interference Based CAC for up-link traffic in UMTS Networks. In Proceedings of World Wireless Congress, San Francisco, USA, pp. 298-303, June, 2002.
Abstract Performance analysis of multi service UMTS networks is of major interest for mobile network providers. Because of the W-CDMA technique used in UMTS, which leads to an interference limited system with a dynamic cell capacity and load dependent cell coverage, the service mix has a big influence on the system performance. The paper provides a detailed description of the performance relevant mechanisms for the uplink of a single UMTS cell and extracts capacity bounds due to interference and power limitations for single service operation. Based on these expressions, a sophisticated Call admission Control algorithm is proposed. Finally, an analytical model is proposed for the system based on multi-class multiple queues system. In our paper, the model is validated against simulation and used to derive an important performance measures like : blocking probability and system utilization.

17. A. I. Zreikat, K. Begain: Power and Interference Based CAC for up-link Traffic in UMTS Networks. East Midlands Conference Center, Prep2002 (Book of Abstracts, University of Nottingham, UK, pp. 1-2, 17-19 April, 2002.
Abstract Performance analysis of multi service UMTS networks is of major interest for mobile network providers. Because of the W-CDMA technique used in UMTS, which leads to an interference limited system with a dynamic cell capacity and load dependent cell coverage, the service mix has a big influence on the system performance. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the performance relevant mechanisms for the uplink of a single UMTS cell and to extract capacity bounds for single and multi service operation. We propose a simplified calculation model for the multi service case, based on the number of users of different radio link services. CAC (Call Admission Control) algorithm was defined along with the extraction of the most important performance measures like : blocking probability, average data rate, and utilization. The results and the visualized graphical representations were produced using the modeling language MOSEL (Modelling Specification and Evaluation Language).

18. A. I. Zreikat, K. Begain: Capacity Analysis and Call Admission Control Algorithms for UMTS Systems. Proceedings of the 3nd Annual Postgraduate Symposium on the Convergence of Telecommunications, Networking and Broadcasting, Liverpool, John Moores University, UK, 17th-19th, pp. 74-79, June, 2002.
Abstract CDMA is the main technology which provides an integrated services for the third generation of mobile networks. In UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems), the transmission power is the main share resource among the users. However, the number of users entering the cell is limited by the total interference received at each base station and will vary with time. When the system is congested, admitting a new call can only make the link quality worse for ongoing calls. Therefore, the system needs a call admission policy for new call requests in order to maintain an acceptable QoS connection for existing users. In this paper, the capacity bounds due to interference and power limitations for single service operation have been extracted. Based on these capacity bounds expressions, a Call Admission Control (CAC) algorithm is studied and developed.

19. A. I. Zreikat , K. Begain: Power and Interference Based CAC for Up-link Traffic in UMTS Networks. Proceedings of the Third Informatics Workshop for Research Students, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK, pp. 15-20, Friday, 25 January, 2002.
Abstract Performance analysis of multi service UMTS networks is of major interest for mobile network providers. Because of the W-CDMA technique used in UMTS, which leads to an interference limited system with a dynamic cell capacity and load dependent cell coverage, the service mix has a big influence on the system performance. The paper provides a detailed description of the performance relevant mechanisms for the uplink of a single UMTS cell and extracts capacity bounds due to interference and power limitations for single and multi service operation. Based on these, a sophisticated Call admission Control algorithm is proposed. Finally, an analytical model is built for the system based on multi-class multiple queues system.

20. A. I. Zreikat , K. Begain: A new Call Admission Control Algorithm in UMTS Systems. Proceedings of the 4th Informatics Workshop for Research Students, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK, Wednesday, pp. 17-22, 20 November, 2002.

Abstract Call Admission Control (CAC) is one of the important means to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) in the telecommunication systems. This is especially true in the mobile networks due to their limited capacity. In the Second Generation (2G) GSM systems, the cell has static coverage and capacity and, therefore, the call is rejected if all channels in the given cell are occupied. In the Third Generation (3G) systems, such as UMTS, cells have dynamic coverage and capacity that depend on the interference levels and the number of active connections in the cell. In this paper, a new sophisticated multi-cell CAC algorithm is presented that uses the soft handover feature of the UMTS systems to provide multiple goals: (i) provide efficient utilization of the available capacity, (ii) protect the QoS of existing connections, and (iii) prevent the loss of coverage resulting from the so-called Cell Breathing. The algorithm works on balancing the load over the network by transferring some connections from the overloaded cells to the neighboring cell with lighter load. Therefore, it achieves more balanced utilization over the whole network. The algorithm is evaluated on a network cluster of seven cells via a detailed simulation under different traffic and interference conditions.

21. A. I. Zreikat , K. Begain: Resource Management in Mobile Networks. proceedings of the Second Informatics Workshop for Research Students, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK, Wednesday, 30 May, 2001.

Abstract The idea of this paper is to study the resource management allocation techniques in GSM and the 3rd generation mobile networks. The main objective is to improve the spectral efficiency in GSM and 3rd generation (UMTS). Re-use partitioning is seen to be one of the best solutions to improve the spectral efficiency. Some of the results about the work that we have been already done in GSM to improve the utilization of spectral efficiency will be introduced in this paper. Also we outline the literature survey for some suggested algorithms in GSM, GSM 2+ (GPRS), UMTS. The transition from GSM to GPRS. Then the limitations and the future work of UMTS will be briefly discussed.

22. K. Begain, A. I.Zreikat, Y. Li: Optimizing Capacity in GSM. Proceedings of 12th European Simulation Multi-conference (ESM2001) , Prague, czech Republic, pp. 846-850, June, 2001.
Abstract The capacity of GSM networks is running into its physical limits and the 3G networks are not expected to be widely operational in the very near future. Therefore, methods of increasing spectrum efficiency with low cost implication can be very welcomed by network operators. The re-use partitioning is one of the well-known such methods. In this paper, we provide a numerical methodology for the design of re-use partitioning to achieve maximum efficiency gain. The numerical results give exact value on the coverage of each layer in order to achieve this maximum gain.

23. A. I. Zreikat, K. Begain: Resource Management in Mobile Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Postgraduate Symposium on the Convergence of Telecommunications, Networking and Broadcasting, Liverpool, John Moores University, UK, 17th-19th , pp. 201-205, June, 2001.
Abstract The idea of this paper is to study the resource management allocation techniques in GSM and the 3rd generation mobile networks. The main objective is to improve the spectral efficiency in GSM and 3rd generation (UMTS). Re-use partitioning is seen to be one of the best solutions to improve the spectral efficiency. Some of the results about the work that we have been already done in GSM to improve the utilization of spectral efficiency will be introduced in this paper. Also we outline the literature survey for some suggested algorithms in GSM, GSM 2+ (GPRS), UMTS. The transition from GSM to GPRS. Then the limitations and the future work of UMTS will be briefly discussed.

24. A. I. Zreikat: Performance Evaluation of Non-Homogeneous Multi-Server systems using MOSEL, Master Thesis, Operating System Department, University of Erlangen, Nurmberg, Germany, July, 2000.
Abstract ..\My Documents\Master_Thesis\Thesis\Master_Thesis_ABSTRACT.doc

25. A. I. Zreikat, G. Bolch: Performance Modeling of Non- Homogeneous Multi-server systems using MOSEL, ESS2000 Conference, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 570574, September, 28-30, 2000.

Abstract We introduce in this paper a Non-homogeneous multi-server system with Markovian arrival and service processes. First we consider the case with only one queue and different servers and the job assigns to one server. Then we extend this model to more than one queue in which the jobs are assigned to different queues. We assume that our system has different servers with different service times NonHomogeneous Multi-Server System and a job is assigned to a server using the strategies: FFS (fastest free server) or random selection. In our problem, we consider a general queuing system (M/M/n) with K is a finite number of jobs in the whole system. In which we have different queues with different jobs and the jobs are served by different number of servers. The performance modeling of this type of system is done by using the programming language MOSEL (MOdeling Specification and Evaluation Language), which contains several constructs to describe the system, the results (performance parameters) and the graphical representation.

26. Aymen. I. Zreikat: Performance and Resource Management of Concentric Cells by means of Nominal load space in GSM Systems, submitted to Wireless Personal Communications, Springer (USA), Nov., 2009.

Abstract We present in this paper a concentric cell approach which is suggested by Motorola to improve GSM capacity by 20-40 % in addition to the 80 % provided by the Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SFH) approach. This work is an extension of the well-known UnderlayOverlay scheme to any number of layers/zones. The blocking/loss probability of the network is derived and calculated such that the blocking/loss probability meets at least the operators' demands at all locations in the cellular network (< 2%). Hence, the network partitioning is optimized in terms of the nominal load for a standard channel assignment scheme and a new channel assignment scheme with reservation policy is presented. To improve the efficiency of the model, the mobility is introduced in different places of the downtown. The numerical results are given to show that the blocking/loss probability of the outer zones is more critical than the inner zone, however, the blocking/loss probability of the inner zone is always below the limit while the resources of the network are not used very effectively. This problem is solved in this paper by suggesting the reservation policy where all resources of the network are used very effectively while maintaining the blocking/loss probability within the limit to all zones. On the other hand, when the mobility is introduced, the system behavior becomes more realistic. When the load becomes high, we approximately reach a balanced load over the cell zones as well as the whole network. Different parameters that affect the performance are presented and discussed in this paper, such as; the reservation policy, the ratio of moving mobiles, the coverage and the speed of the mobile in different downtown areas. The curves for the loss probability and the utilization are shown to demonstrate this effect. Some of these curves are validated against real data taken from Ericsson AB, Jordan Branch.