Sample Question Answers - Unit 4

Upon successful completion of this unit, the students should be able to:

4.1 Define the terms solute, solvent, and solution.

1. The substance which gets dissolved.

4.2 Define the terms strong, weak, and non-electrolyte and solve related problems.
1. A substance which, when dissolved, completely separates into ions.
2. Slightly soluble means that only a small amount of solute is able to be dissolved in a given amount of
solvent. Weak electrolyte means that a substance which, when dissolved (regardless of how much
dissolves) only partially separates into ions (only a few ions form, mostly molecules remain). If
something is a weak electrolyte it can still be very soluble (meaning that a large amount of solute is
able to be dissolved in a given amount of solvent) but only a few of those dissolved particles would
separate into ions. An example of something that is very soluble and also a weak electrolyte is
acetic acid.
3. b
4. a. LiNO3 Æ Li+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
b. CaSO4 Æ Ca2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
c. Mg(C2H3O2)2 Æ Mg2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2-(aq)
d. Na3PO4 Æ 3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)

4.3 Define Arrhenius acid and base.

1. A substance which produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

Example: HNO3 Æ H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

4.4 Define and list common examples of:

a. strong acids (HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4)

b. weak acids (H3PO4, HF, HC2H3O2 [CH3COOH])
c. strong bases (Group 1 hydroxides [LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH]; other
hydroxides are strong bases in the sense that they completely dissociate into
ions when dissolved in water, but most are typically not very soluble in water to
begin with).
d. weak bases (NH3).

1. acetic acid (HC2H3O2 or CH3COOH), phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

2. A substance which a) completely dissociates into ions when dissolved and b) increases the
concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

4.5 List and/or recognize all ionic compounds and strong acids as examples of strong
electrolytes.

1. NaCl, like all ionic compounds, is a strong electrolyte. Therefore, in solution, the sodium and chloride
ions should be completely dissociated from one another. In the picture, the blue spheres (Na+) should
be separated from the green spheres (Cl-).
4.6 List and/or recognize weak acids and weak bases as examples of weak electrolytes.

1.
Name Formula Acid or Base? Strong or Weak?

sulfuric acid H2SO4 acid strong

ammonia NH3 base weak

4.7 List and/or recognize the following common examples of nonelectrolytes: sugars
(C6H12O6, C12H22O11), alcohols (CH3OH, CH3CH2OH), and water.

1. a. strong
b. weak
c. non
d. strong
e. weak
f. strong

4.8 State the meaning of molarity.

1. The label indicates that there are 6 moles of HCl in every one liter of solution.

4.9 Calculate the molarity of a solution (or of the ions in solution of a strong
electrolyte) and solve related problems.

1.

0.100 mol Ca(NO 3 ) 2 2 mol NO 3 -

x = 0.200 M NO 3 -
L soln 1 mol Ca(NO 3 ) 2
0.075 mol Mg(NO 3 ) 2 2 mol NO 3 -
x = 0.150 M NO 3 -
L soln 1 mol Mg(NO 3 ) 2
0.150 mol KNO 3 1 mol NO 3 -
x = 0.150 M NO 3 -
L soln 1 mol KNO 3
0.075 mol Al(NO3 ) 3 3 mol NO 3 -
x = 0.225 M NO 3 -
L soln 1 mol Al(NO3 ) 3

∴ 0.075 M Al(NO3)3 has the highest nitrate concentration

2.

mol FeCl 3
5.035 g FeCl 3 x = 0.03104 mol FeCl 3
162.2 g FeCl 3

L
500 mL x = 0.500 L
1000 mL

0.03104 mol FeCl 3

M= = 0.0621 M FeCl 3
0.500 L soln

3.

0.15 mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 3 mol SO 4 2 -

x = 0.45 M SO 4 2 -
L soln 1 mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3

4.

L
850 mL x = 0.850 L
1000 mL

0.135 mol K 2SO 4

M= = 0.159 M K 2SO 4
0.850 L soln

4.10 Solve molarity problems involving calculating quantities of solute or solution.

1.

1.55 mol FeBr3 295.5 g FeBr3

? g FeBr3 = 0.350 L soln x x = 160 g FeBr3
L soln mol FeBr3

2.

10 -3 L soln 2.00 mol HNO 3

? mol HNO 3 = 25.0 mL soln x x = 0.050 mol HNO 3
mL soln L soln
3.

mol CuSO 4 L soln mL soln

? mL soln = 2.00 g CuSO 4 x x x = 35.8 mL soln
159.6 g CuSO 4 0.350 mol CuSO 4 10 - 3 Lsoln

4.

mol NaOH L soln mL soln

? mLsoln = 0.170 g NaOH x x x = 28.3 mL soln
40.00 g NaOH 0.150 mol NaOH 10 - 3 L soln

4.11 Describe the proper techniques for solution preparation.

1.

mol NaCl L soln mL soln

? mL soln = 17.5 g NaCl x x x = 99.8 mL soln
58.44 g NaCl 3.0 mol NaCl 10 -3 Lsoln

99.8 mL is the volume of the solution, NOT how much water needs to be added. While
the two values are likely to be close to each other, they are not necessarily identical.
From the information provided, there is no way to determine exactly how much water
needs to be added.

2.

M1V1 = M 2 V2
M 2 V2 (0.25 M)(1.0 L)
V1 = = = 0.083 L
M1 3.0 M

Step 1) Add 0.083 L (83 mL) of the stock solution into a 1 L volumetric flask
Step 2) Add enough water to reach the 1 L mark on the flask
4.12 Solve problems involving dilutions of solutions.

1.

mol NaOH
60.0 g NaOH x = 1.50 mol NaOH
40.00 g NaOH

1.50 mol NaOH

M= = 0.500 M NaOH
3.00 L soln

2. a.

mol C12 H 22 O11

612 g C12 H 22 O11 x = 1.78 mol C12 H 22 O11
342.3 g C12 H 22 O11

L
525 mL x = 0.525 L soln
1000 mL

1.78 mol C12 H 22 O11

= 3.39 M C12 H 22 O11
0.525 L soln

M1V1 = M 2 V2

M 2 V2 (3.39 M)(0.525 L)
V1 = = = 1.19 L
M1 1.50 M

1.19 – 0.525 = 0.65 L or 665 mL of water needs to be added

b.

It was necessary to assume additive volumes because whenever we mix 2 liquids, or 2

solutions, or a liquid and a solution, the total volume will not necessarily be the sum of
the volumes of the individual components.
 4.13 Solve stoichiometry problems involving reactants and/or products in solution.

1.

mol H2O 1 mol Ca(OH)2 L Ca(OH)2 soln 1000 mL Ca(OH)2 soln

? mL Ca(OH)2 soln = 3.4 g H2O x x x x
18.02 g H2O 2 mol H2O 0.62 mol Ca(OH)2 L Ca(OH)2 soln

= 1.5 x 10 2 mL Ca(OH)2 soln

2.

10 -3 L H2SO4 soln 0.202 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaOH L NaOH soln

? mL NaOH soln. = 10 mL H2SO4 soln × × x x
mL H2SO4 soln L H2SO4 soln 1 mol H2SO4 0.136 mol NaOH

mL NaOH soln
x = 30 mL NaOH soln
10 -3 L NaOH soln

3.
2+ 10 -3 L KMnO4 soln 0.03190 mol KMnO4 1 mol MnO4 - 5 mol Fe 2+
? g Fe = 39.32 mL KMnO4 soln × × x x
mL KMnO4 soln L KMnO4 soln 1 mol KMnO4 1 mol MnO4 -

= 0.006271 mol Fe 2+

Since all the Fe was converted to Fe 2+ we now know we had 0.006271 mol Fe

55.85 g Fe
0.006271 mol Fe x = 0.3500 g Fe
mol Fe

0.3500 g Fe
x 100 = 38.78 % Fe
1.1081 g ore
 4.
10 -3 L K2Cr2O7 soln 0.04988 mol K2Cr2O7 1 mol Cr2O7 2- 1 mol C2H5OH
? g C2H5OH = 8.76 mL K2Cr2O7 soln × × x x
mL K2Cr2O7 soln L K2Cr2O7 soln 1 mol K2Cr2O7 2 mol Cr2O7 2-

46.07 g C2H5OH
x = 0.0101 g C2H5OH
mol C2H5OH

0.0101 g C2H5OH
x 100 = 0.101 % alcohol in blood
10.002 g blood

4.14 Recognize and describe the nature of a precipitation reaction, acid-base reaction,
and redox reaction.

1. redox
2. redox
3. a. acid-base
b. precipitation
c. redox
d. precipitation

4. ___R___ S8(s) + 8O2(g) Æ 8SO2(g)

___P___ 2NaCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) Æ 2NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2(s)

___R___ CH4(g) + 2O2(g) Æ CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

___AB__ HCN(aq) + LiOH(aq) Æ LiCN(aq) + H2O(l)

5. Many acid-base reactions (including all those we have covered so far) involve an acid
reacting with a base to produce a salt plus water. Precipitation on the other hand is
when a precipitate (i.e. a solid) forms upon the mixing of two aqueous solutions.

Yes, a reaction can be both. The reaction of sulfuric acid with barium hydroxide
produces the insoluble barium sulfate:

H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) Æ BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

4.15 Learn and be able to apply the following solubility rules for ionic compounds (and
appreciate that these are general rules; even if two compounds are labeled soluble, the
extent to which one of the compounds is soluble is likely different than the other).

Soluble Ionic Compounds:

1. All common compounds of Group 1 ions (Li+, Na+, K+ etc…) and the
ammonium ion (NH4 +) are soluble.
2. All common nitrates (NO3 -), acetates (CH3COO -), chlorates (ClO3-), and
perchlorates (ClO4 -) are soluble.
3. Most common chlorides (Cl -), bromides (Br -), and iodides (I -) are soluble,
except those of Ag +, Pb 2+, and Hg2 2+.
4. All common sulfates (SO4 2-) are soluble, except those of Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Ba 2+,
Ag +, Hg2 2+, and Pb 2+.

Insoluble Ionic Compounds:

1. All common metal hydroxides are insoluble, except those of Group 1 and the
larger members of Group 2 (starting with Ca 2+).
2. All common carbonates (CO3 2-), phosphates (PO4 3-), and sulfides (S2-) are
insoluble, except those of Group 1 and NH4 +.

1. a. insoluble
b. soluble
c. soluble
d. insoluble
2. To a sample of the municipal water you could add an aqueous solution that contains
an anion that would precipitate the Pb2+. For example, you could add a simple salt
solution such as NaCl(aq). The Cl- would combine with the Pb2+ to form PbCl2(s),
providing evidence of the Pb2+ in the water supply.
3. Yes, Fe(OH)2 will form.
4. The key here is that the two compounds you mix together must be soluble in water to
begin with and one of them must contain Zn2+ and the other CrO42-. In each case, for
the counter ion we can use any ion that we know is always soluble when part of an
ionic compound. For example we can pair Zn2+ with nitrate, NO3-, and we can pair
Na+ with the CrO42-. The reaction would be:

Na2CrO4(aq) + Zn(NO3)2(aq) Æ ZnCrO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)

5. Cs+, NH4+
6. This solubility rule, as well as all of those listed above as part of Objective 4.15,
relate to IONIC compounds. Carbon tetrachloride is a molecular compound.
4.16 Predict products and write a balanced molecular equation and net ionic equation
for precipitation reactions and acid-base reactions which are double displacement
reactions.

1. a. Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Æ BaSO4(s)

b. No precipitate and no reaction.
2. HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) Æ CN-(aq) + H2O(l)
3. Molecular Equation: 2HBr(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Æ CaBr2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Net Ionic Equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) Æ H2O(l)
4. a. products: KCl(aq) and Zn3(PO4)2(s)
b. products: CaCl2(aq) and H2O(l)
c. No reaction
d. products: SrSO4(s) and Al(NO3)3(aq)
5. HC2H3O2(aq) + OH-(aq) Æ C2H3O2-(aq) + H2O(l)

4.17 Identify spectator ions in a chemical reaction.

1.
1. a. Cr3+ and NO3-
b. All spectator ions (or no spectator ions depending how you look at it). The
important thing to know is that there was no reaction.
+
2. Na
3. Ca2+ and Br-
5. Ca2+

2. d

4.18 Define titration and perform calculations related to titrations.

1.

mol Na2CO3 2 mol HCl

? mol HCl = 0.2844 g Na2CO3 x x = 0.005366 mol HCl
106.0 g Na2CO3 1 mol Na2CO3

10 -3 L HCl soln
42.43 mL HCl soln x = 0.04243 L HCl soln
mL HCl soln

0.005366 mol HCl

= 0.1265 M HCl
0.04243 L HCl soln
2. HNO2 + KOH Æ KNO2 + H2O

10 -3 L HNO 2 soln 0.100 mol HNO 2 1 mol KOH

? mol KOH = 25 mL HNO 2 soln x x x = 0.0025 mol KOH
mL HNO 2 soln L HNO 2 1 mol HNO 2

3. H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Æ Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

10 -3 L H2SO4 soln 0.567 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaOH

? mol NaOH = 25.43 mL H2SO4 soln x x x = 0.0288 mol NaOH
mL H2SO4 soln L H2SO4 soln 1 mol H2SO4

10 -3 L NaOH soln
15.10 mL NaOH soln x = 0.0150 L NaOH soln.
mL NaOH solution

0.0288 mol NaOH

= 1.92 M NaOH
0.0150 L NaOH soln

4. Titration – a technique in which one solution is used to analyze another (often to find
an unknown concentration).

4.19 State and apply the following rules for assigning oxidation numbers:

1. For free elements, the oxidation number is zero. Examples: Na (0), O2 (0), S8
(0).
2. For monatomic ions, the oxidation number is the charge on the ion. Examples:
Na+ (+1), Cl- (-1), Al3+ (+3).
3. For Group 1A elements, the oxidation number is always +1 when they are in
their ionic form. Examples: Na+ (+1), Rb+ (+1).
4. For Group 2A elements, the oxidation number is always +2 when they are in
their ionic form. Examples: Ca2+ (+2), Ba2+ (+2).
5. For oxygen, the oxidation number is usually a -2. Exceptions: as a free
element it is zero; for peroxides it’s a -1 (examples of peroxides: Na2O2, H2O2);
for superoxides it’s -1/2 (examples of superoxides: RbO2, CsO2); with fluorine
it’s positive (examples of oxyfluorine compounds: OF2, O2F2).
6. For hydrogen, the oxidation number is +1 when combined with other
nonmetals and -1 when combined with metals.
7. For fluorine, the oxidation number is always a -1 (except when it is a free
element).
8. When two elements are covalently bonded (usually a bond between two
nonmetals), the element with the greater electronegativity is assigned a negative
oxidation number equal to its charge in simple ionic compounds of that
element. Example: In PCl3, Cl is more electronegative than P and since Cl
forms a -1 charge in simple ionic compounds (such as NaCl, MgCl2), Cl is
assigned an oxidation number of -1 in PCl3.
9. The sum of the oxidation numbers equals the charge on the molecule or ion.
1. a. +2
b. +6

2. a. +3
b. -1
c. +6
d. -1

4.20 Define oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, and oxidizing agent and solve related
problems.

1. Oxidizing agents get reduced therefore it has gained electrons.

2. Upper right hand corner (not including the noble gases); where the most reactive
nonmetals are like fluorine and oxygen.
3. Oxidation – loss of electrons.

4.21 Identify the following in an oxidation-reduction reaction: element getting

oxidized, element getting reduced, oxidizing agent, reducing agent.

1. a. Cr (because it changes from a +3 oxidation state in Cr(OH)3 to a +6 oxidation

state in CrO42-)
b. ClO3-
2. S2O32- (because sulfur gets oxidized; it changes from a +2 oxidation state in S2O32-
to a +2.5 oxidation state in S4O62-)
3. oxidized: C (because it changes from a -2 oxidation state in CH3OH to a zero
oxidation state in CH2O)
reduced: Cr (because it changes from a +6 oxidation state in Cr2O72- to a +3
oxidation state in Cr3+)
oxidizing agent: Cr2O72-
reducing agent: CH3OH
Additional Unit 4 Sample Questions:

1. 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) Æ BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

1.35 mol HCl

1.25 L HCl soln x = 1.69 mol HCl
L HCl soln
have

1.25 mol Ba(OH)2

0.75 L Ba(OH)2 soln x = 0.938 mol Ba(OH)2
L Ba(OH)2 soln

1 mol Ba(OH)2
1.69 mol HCl x = 0.845 mol Ba(OH)2
2 mol HCl need

2 mol HCl
0.938 mol Ba(OH)2 x = 1.88 mol HCl
1 mol Ba(OH)2

For HCl have < need therefore HCl is limiting reactant.

2 mol H2O
1.69 mol HCl x = 1.69 mol H2O
2 mol HCl

2. 2AgNO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) Æ 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)

10 -3 L AgNO3 soln 0.657 mol AgNO3 2 mol AgCl

? g AgCl = 30.0 mL AgNO3 soln x x x
mL AgNO3 soln L AgNO3 soln 2 mol AgNO3

143.4 g AgCl
x = 2.82 g AgCl
mol AgCl

3. 0.10 M KBr because it would have the most ions in solution. KBr is an ionic
compound and is therefore a strong electrolyte. HC2H3O2, acetic acid, is a weak
electrolyte so would have fewer ions in solution. CH3CH2OH, ethyl alcohol, and
C6H12O6, glucose, would have no ions in solution (except for negligible amounts of
H+ and OH- from the ionization of water) because they are nonelectrolytes.
 4. Na2SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) Æ 2NaNO3(aq) + PbSO4(s)

10 -3 L Na 2SO 4 soln 0.179 mol Na 2SO 4

23.7 mL Na 2SO 4 soln x x = 0.00424 mol Na 2SO 4 have
mL Na 2SO 4 soln L Na 2SO 4 soln

10 -3 L Pb(NO 3)2 soln 0.130 mol Pb(NO 3)2

30.6 mL Pb(NO 3)2 soln x x = 0.00398 mol Pb(NO 3)2
mL Pb(NO 3)2 soln L Pb(NO 3)2 soln

1 mol Pb(NO 3)2

0.00424 mol Na 2SO 4 x = 0.00424 mol Pb(NO 3)2
1 mol Na 2SO 4 need

1 mol Na 2SO 4
0.00398 mol Pb(NO 3)2 x = 0.00398 mol Na 2SO 4
1 mol Pb(NO 3)2

For Pb(NO3)2 have < need therefore Pb(NO3)2 is limiting reactant.

1 mol PbSO4 303.3 g PbSO4

0.00398 mol Pb(NO 3)2 x x = 1.21 g PbSO4
1 mol Pb(NO 3)2 mol PbSO4

Three ions will be left in the solution after the reaction is complete: Na+, NO3-, and SO42-.
The Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions which have undergone no net change. Therefore
whatever their number of moles was at the start of the reaction will be the same as after
the reaction. Their concentrations will be different however because we now have a
different volume because we mixed two solutions together. To get the total volume we
will have to assume additive volumes (therefore the total volume will be 23.7 mL + 30.6
mL = 54.3 mL = 0.0543 L).
2 mol Na +
0.00424 mol Na2SO4 x = 0.00848 mol Na +
mol Na2SO4

0.00848 mol Na +
= 0.156 M Na +
0.0543 L soln

2 mol NO3-
0.00398 mol Pb(NO3)2 x = 0.00796 mol NO3 -
mol Pb(NO3)2

0.00796 mol NO3 -

= 0.146 M NO3 -
0.0543 L soln
Some of the SO42- has precipitated as part of PbSO4 but some remains in solution because
Na2SO4 was the excess reactant. So the number of mol of SO42- left over after the
reaction will be the difference between how much SO42- we started with and how much
precipitated as part of PbSO4.

1 mol SO4 2-
0.00424 mol Na2SO4 x = 0.00424 mol SO4 2- before reaction
1 mol Na2SO4

1 mol PbSO4 1 mol SO4 2-

0.00398 mol Pb(NO3)2 x x = 0.00398 mol SO4 2- precipitated
1 mol Pb(NO3)2 1 mol PbSO4

0.00424 mol before - 0.00398 mol precipitated = 0.00026 mol SO4 2- remains in solution

0.00026 mol SO4 2-

= 0.0048 M SO 4
2-

0.0543 L soln

5. a. Bright because sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong electrolyte.

b. Molecular Equation: H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) Æ BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Total Ionic Equation:

2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Æ BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

Net Ionic Equation: same as Total Ionic Equation

As we add Ba(OH)2, the sulfuric acid gets neutralized and produces solid BaSO4
and H2O, neither of which have mobile ions to conduct the electric current.
Therefore the light begins to grow dim as the concentrations of ions decreases in
solution. When exactly one mole of Ba(OH)2 has been added, the light bulb will
be completely off because only the BaSO4 precipitate and the additional water
will be in solution.
c. Upon adding excess Ba(OH)2(aq) there is no longer H2SO4 available to
neutralize it. Therefore, Ba(OH)2, being a strong electrolyte, will now add Ba2+
and OH- ions into solution so the solution is able to conduct again.