Summer 2013

ENVIRONMENT

RESEARCH AND REVIEW 3

Environment and City Development | a2bitnickel

1

Research and Review

Before you start each story do some research.
Where should you look?
The title helps you find the ideas. In this title we find three (3) words
that will help us.
The url is http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/24/science/with-a-splash-of-salt-industry-may-reapenvironmental-advantages.html

salt ~ ionic liquids ~ chemical bond

Now go find some information about replacement cleaners
to answer these three questions
Find some ideas like ~
What are three cleaners to be replaced?
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
Why are they called ionic liquids?
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
What solutions can you find to use these liquids?
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
Discuss this when you get to class.
~2~

Topic ~ Environment and City Development 5x5

Step 1 ~~ Think about 5 different ideas for Environment and City
Development. Look at your research to help you.
1.___ionic chemicals ____
2._________________
3._________________
4._________________
5._________________
Step 2 ~~ Make 5 questions about each idea. There is one example for
you to look at.
1.___ Ionic chemicals ________
i)
What is important about ionic chemicals?
ii) Which ionic chemical is the best?
iii) Why are ionic chemicals useful?
iv) Who gains the most from ionic chemicals?
v)
What advantages are there to using ionic chemicals?
2._________________
i)
_______________________________________________
ii)

_______________________________________________

iii)

_______________________________________________

iv)

_______________________________________________

v)

_______________________________________________
~3~

3._________________
i)
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
ii) _______________________________________________
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iii) _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
iv) _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
v)
_______________________________________________
4._________________
i)
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
ii) _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
iii) _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
iv) _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
v)
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
5._________________
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

_______________________________________________
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~4~

Step 3 ~~ Make longer one sentence answers for each question.

1.___Ionic chemicals ________
i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

What is important about ionic chemicals?

________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Which ionic chemical is the best?
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Why are ionic chemicals useful?
________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Who gains the most from ionic chemicals?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
What advantages are there to using ionic chemicals?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

2._________________
i) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
ii) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
iii) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

~5~

iv) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
v) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3._________________
i) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
ii) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
iii) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

iv) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
v) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

~6~

4._________________
i) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
ii) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
iii) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
iv) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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v) ___________________________________________________
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5._________________
i) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
ii) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

~7~

iii) ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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iv) ___________________________________________________
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v) ___________________________________________________
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Read the story

With a Splash of Salt, Industry May Reap Environmental Advantages
By KENNETH CHANG / Published: April 24, 2001

Substances with chemical structures similar to table salt -- but which look and flow like water -may one day become environmentally friendly replacements, for some of the noxious solvents
used by industry. The so-called ionic liquids -- essentially salts with low melting temperatures -were first invented in the 1940's but remained mainly novelties.
''They look terribly ordinary,'' said Dr. Kenneth R. Seddon, a Professor of Chemistry, at Queen's
College in Belfast, Northern Ireland. ''They look like water.'' Only in the past few years have
chemists started thinking of them as a medium for performing chemical reactions. Although still
years away from widespread industrial use, ionic liquids are attracting the interest of Exxon
Mobil, BP Amoco and other companies.
''It's just a new way of thinking about them,'' said Dr. Robin D. Rogers, Director of the Center for
Green Manufacturing at the University of Alabama. More than 200 scientists crowded into 80
talks about ionic fluids at the American Chemical Society meeting in San Diego this month.
''It is a very exciting and promising young field,'' said Dr. Robert Morland, a senior scientist at
BP Amoco Chemicals. ''It's just beginning to emerge.'' The most evident advantage of ionic
liquids is environmental. Chemical reactions producing materials ranging from polyester to
pharmaceuticals generally employ organic solvents -- a commonplace example of one is paint
thinner -- but their fumes are often dangerous if inhaled and can contribute to the formation of
smog.

~8~

Most ionic liquids emit hardly any fumes, and they can usually be easily recycled and reused,
eliminating many of the problems and costs of disposing of solvents. ''If, in fact, that turns out to
be true, it may create an economic advantage,'' Dr. Morland said. The resemblance of ionic
liquids to table salt is in their chemical bonds.
Sodium chloride, the chemical name of table salt, consists of equal parts of sodium and chloride.
Because of how the laws of quantum mechanics place electrons around a nucleus of an atom, a
sodium atom has a loose hold on its outermost electron. (Think of the electrons filling seats in an
auditorium. A sodium atom has, in essence, a single atom sitting alone in the upper balcony.)
By contrast, the top level of electrons in a chlorine atom is full save for one spot (just one empty
seat in the balcony). A chlorine atom will readily yank the loose electron away from a nearby
sodium atom. That electron shift leaves the sodium positively charged and the chlorine
negatively charged, and the two are pulled together like socks with static cling. The sodium and
chlorine pairs then neatly stack up into a crystal of salt.
Heated, the atoms in salt crystal start vibrating. Heated to 1,474 degrees Fahrenheit, the
vibrations become so strong that the salt crystal melts into a liquid. Hot molten sodium chloride
is of little use, but in an ionic liquid, a molecule with a similar loose electron takes the place of
sodium and a second molecule is inserted for electron-grabbing chlorine.
Because the molecules are larger than sodium and chlorine atoms, they do not stack as neatly.
The molecules are not held together as tightly, and the compound melts at much lower
temperatures. Some ionic liquids are still liquids at temperatures as cold as -130 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Because the liquid is made of ions rather than molecules, the chemical properties are different
from those of conventional organic solvents. ''It's not surprising everything we see is brand new
chemistry,'' Dr. Seddon said.

~9~

Vocabulary check
Find the colored words and look them up in the dictionary. There
are ten (10) of them.
__________
1. ______________________________________________________
__________
2. ______________________________________________________
__________
3. ______________________________________________________
__________
4. ______________________________________________________
__________
5. ______________________________________________________
__________
6. ______________________________________________________
__________
7. ______________________________________________________
__________
8. ______________________________________________________
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9. ______________________________________________________
___________
10. ______________________________________________________
~ 10 ~

__________
11. ______________________________________________________
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12. ______________________________________________________
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13. ______________________________________________________
__________
14. ______________________________________________________
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15. ______________________________________________________
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16. ______________________________________________________
__________
17. ______________________________________________________

~ 11 ~

Step 4
Step 4 is to put all the answers into paragraphs. Each of the five (5)
in section one (1) is a paragraph. You will have a 5 paragraph essay
now.
1. Ionic Chemicals
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2.______________
_______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3.______________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
~ 12 ~

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
4.______________
_______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
5.______________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

~ 13 ~

Step 5 is to add an introduction and a conclusion. Do this for your

essay homework.

Graphic Organization ~
Main topic = 5 Paragraph Topics

paragraph 1
____________
____________
____________
____________
paragraph 5
____________
____________
____________
____________

Main
topic

paragraph 4
____________
____________
____________
____________

paragraph 2
____________
____________
____________
____________

paragraph 3

____________
____________
____________
____________

~ 14 ~

Discussion Graphic ~ How are ionic chemicals linked to the environment?

Answer ~ I think ionic chemicals (are / are not) an answer because

Problem /
Environment and City
Development

Ionic chemicals are good

for the environment, so
the city should use them
only.

Respond

Respond

A city controls their

environment as it
develops.

Respond

Respond

~ 15 ~

Companies should spend

more money on
developing ionic
chemicals.

Respond

Respond

graphic ~ choose one statement from the

list

above.
Write it here _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________

To make your argument you should understand that they are connected.
In the next two charts (1) list your argument facts and ideas, (2) show how your argument
connects to both the center point and the other points.

Facts
For

Against

~ 16 ~

graphic ~ choose one statement from the

list above.

If this -- then
If this -- then

Write your statement position here.

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
If this -- then

____________________________________

If this -- then

______

If this -- then

Now start the

As a team choose which points they will speak about.

Each person will listen for the opposite point and create a new
response to what the other person has said.
A: point 1
B: responds to the point and give a new point.
C: responds to B and give a new point.
After all persons have spoken each person can respond to any point given by the
opposite team, or add more points from their team which will need responding to from
the opposite team.

~ 17 ~