Advancing Physics Revision Guide CD-ROM

Talib.pk is community professionals and Lectures, Papers, more Visit

the biggest for students and where you can find download lot of Projects, sample thesis and many Below link

http://talib.pk/studymaterial/91-downloads
Advancing Physics 1

Advancing Physics Revision Guide CD-ROM

Formulae, Symbols, Units and Data

Contents
Formulae and relationships Quantities, symbols and units Useful data

Formulae and relationships

A booklet containing the values of physical data and mathematical formulae is supplied by OCR for Advancing Physics examinations. It is available from the OCR Web site, or from the Advancing Physics Web site at: http://advancingphysics.iop.org/support_materials/student/PhysicsEquations.pdf

Imaging and signalling

log2 ( V

) or 2

focal length

Advancing Physics 2

1 =1 1 +

Advancing Physics Revision Guide CD-ROM

refractive index
speed = vacuo speed medium

noise limitation on maximum bits per sample V

voltage variation Vtotal, noise

Electricity
current = IQ potential difference E V Q =
2

(current I, charge time interval t) flow Q, (potential difference V, energy E, charge Q) (power P, potential difference V, current I, resistance R) (emf , internal resistance r ) (resistance R, conductance G, potential difference V, current I) (conductors in parallel) (resistors in series) (conductivity , resistivity , cross section A, length l )

power

P = IV = I R V
load

= Ir

resistance and conductance

V R= I G= I G = G V+ G + ....... R = R + R + .......
1 2 1 2

conductivity and resistivity

G = A R = l l A

Advancing Physics 3

capacitance

C =Q V1 energy stored = QV = 2 CV Q =t Q e RC
0 1

(potential difference V, charge Q, capacitance C)

discharge of capacitor

(initial charge Q , time constant RC, time t)

0

= RC

(time constant )

Materials
density Hooke's law stress, strain and the Young modulus =M F= kx V (density , mass M, volume V)

(tension F, spring constant k, extension x)

on stresscross = - tensi sectional area

on strainoriginal =extensi length

stre Young modulus = ss stra in

elastic strain energy2=

kx

Energy and thermal effects

efficiency
efficiency = output useful energy energy input

energy

E = mc
( E

(change in energy E, mass m, specific thermal capacity c , temperature change ) (energy difference E, kelvin temperature T, Boltzmann constant k)

Boltzmann factor

e kT

Waves
v= f n = d sin (wave speed v ,)frequency f , wavelength (on a distant screen from a diffraction grating or double slit; slit spacing d , order n, wavelength , angles of maxima )

Oscillations
d 2x dt 2 k m
2

(time t, acceleration a, force per unit displacement k, mass m, displacement x, frequency f)

x = A cos 2 ft

(amplitude A, time t)

x = A sin 2 ft

T = 2

(periodic time T) (frequency f) f1 =

total energy

E=

kA = 2 mv + kx = a =

x = (2f ) x

Gases
ideal gas equation pV = nRT 1 pV = 2 3 Nmc (pressure p, volume V, number of moles n, molar gas constant R, temperature T) (pressure p, volume V, number of molecules N, mass of molecule m, mean square speed c2 )

kinetic theory of gases

Motion and forces

equations for uniformly accelerate d momentum

s = ut +

at 2

v = u + at v 2 = u 2 + 2as p= mv power = Fv force = rate of change of momentum impulse = Ft

(initial speed u, final speed v, time taken t, acceleration a, distance travelled s) (momentum p, mass m, velocity v) (force F, velocity v)

(force F)

components of a vector in two perpendicular directions

work = Fx for circular motion

v a =2

F cos

mv 2 r r F =

(force F, component of displacement in the direction of the force x) (radius of circle r )

Special relativity
relativistic factor = v (momentum p, relativistic factor , mass m, velocity v) (total energy E , relativistic factor total , rest energy Erest) 1 (speed of object v, speed of light c)

relativistic momentu m relativistic energy

p= mv E
total

= E
rest

Etotal = mc

Atomic and nuclear physics

radioactive decay N = N N= N t e ln T 2 = absorbed dose = energy deposited per unit mass dose equivalent = absorbed dose quality factor risk = probability consequen ce massenergy relationship expected random variation E in = rest mc 2 (rest energy E , mass m, speed of
rest
1 2

(number N, decay constant , time t) (initial number N )

0

(half-life T
1/2

light c) energyfrequency relationship for photons E= hf (photon energy E, Planck constant h, frequency f) (wavelength , Planck constant h, momentum p; NOTE p = mv for slow moving particles, p = E / c for photons and particles moving close to speed of light)

h =p

Field and potential

for all fields gravitational fields

V dV field strength = dr r

(potential V, distance r , potential gradient dV / dr ) (gravitational field strength g, gravitational force F, mass m) (gravitational potential V , radial
grav

gF= V = GM F = GMm electric fields E F= V = kQ F = kQq

constant G, masses m and M, distance r ) (electric field strength E, electric force F, charge q ) (electric potential V , radial component of force F, electric force constant k, charges q and Q, distance r )
grav elec

component of force F, gravitational

elec

Electromagnetism
force on a current carrying conductor F = ILB (flux density B, current I, length L )

force on a moving charge

F = qvB

(charge q , velocity perpendicular to field v ) (induced emf , flux , number of turns linked N, time t)

d ) (Nd

Quantities, symbols and units

Quantity absolute temperature acceleration acceleration of free fall activity of radioactive source angle angular displacement angular frequency angular speed amount of substance area atomic mass Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant capacitance Celsius temperature conductance conductivity decay constant density displacement distance electric charge electric current electric field strength electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force (emf) electron mass Usual symbols T a g A n A m L, N
A a

The following list illustrates the symbols and units which are used in Advancing Physics, and in the AS and A2 question papers. Usual unit K
2

ms
2

ms Bq , rad , rad
1

rad s
1

rad s mol
2

m kg, u
1

mol
1

k C G x or s d,r,x Q, q

JK F C S
1

Sm
1

s
3

kg m m m C A
1 1

I
E V V m
e

NC ,Vm V V V kg, u

Advancing Physics Revision Guide CD-ROM

Quantity elementary charge energy energy transferred thermally (heating) force frequency gravitational constant gravitational field strength half-life kinetic energy length magnetic flux magnetic flux density mass molar gas constant momentum neutron mass neutron number nucleon number number number density (number per unit volume) period permeability of free space permittivity of free space Planck constant potential energy power pressure proton mass proton number resistance resistivity specific thermal capacity

Usual symbols e E, W Q F f G g t E l B m R p m
n 1/2 K

Usual unit C J J N Hz
2 2

N kg
1

N kg s J m Wb T kg
1 1

JK

mol
1

kg m s kg, u

N A N, n, m n T
0 3

m s
1

Hm
1

Fm
1

h E
P

J s or J Hz J W Pa kg, u

P p m
p

Z R c or C W Wm
1 1

J kg

Advancing Physics

Advancing Physics Revision Guide CD-ROM

Quantity specific latent heat speed speed of electromagnetic waves spring constant strain stress time time constant velocity volume wavelength work work function energy Young modulus

Usual symbols L u, v, c c k t u, v, c V W W E

Usual unit
1

J kg
1

ms
1

ms
1

Nm fraction or per cent Pa s s

1

ms
3

m m J J, eV Pa

Advancing Physics

Advancing Physics Revision Guide CD-ROM

Useful data
Physical constants
speed of light

This list of data is more comprehensive than lists issued with examination papers. Values are given to three significant figures, except where more or less are useful.

3.00 10 ms
12 2 1 2 1

permittivity of free space

8.85 10
9

C N
2 2

(or F m )

electric force constant

permeability of free space

k = 1 4 0
0

8.98 10 N m C 4 107 N A2 (or H m1)

charge on electron

e m
e

19

1.60 10
31

mass of electron

9.11 10

kg = 0.000 55 u
27

mass of proton

m
p

1.673 10
27

kg = 1.007 3 u

mass of neutron

m
n

1.675 10
27

kg = 1.008 7 u

mass of alpha particle

6.646 10
23 A

kg = 4.001 5 u
1

Avogadro constant

L, N 6.02 10

mol
34

Planck constant

6.63 10
23

Js
1

Boltzmann constant

1.38 10
1

JK
1

molar gas constant

8.31 J mol
11

K
2 2

gravitational force constant

6.67 10

N m kg

Advancing Physics 13

Advancing Physics Revision Guide CD-ROM

Other data
standard temperature and pressure (stp) V
m 5

273 K (0 C), 1.01 10 Pa (1 atmosphere)

molar volume of a gas at stp

22.4 dm = 2.24 10

gravitational field strength at the Earth's surface in the UK

9.81 N kg (or m s )

Conversion factors
unified atomic mass unit 1u
27

= 1.661 10
4

kg

1 day

= 8.64 10 s 3.16 107 s

1 year

1 light year

1016 m

Mathematical constants and equations

e = 2.72 arc = r sin tan and cos 1 for small = 3.14 1 radian = 57.3 circumference of circle = 2r area of circle = r 2 curved surface area of cylinder = 2rh
n

ln(x ) = n lnx
kx

volume of cylinder = r 2h surface area of sphere = 4r 2 4 3 volume of sphere = 3 r

ln(e ) = kx

Advancing Physics 14

Advancing Physics Revision Guide CD-ROM

Prefixes
12

10
9

T G M k m n p

10
6

10
3

10
3

10
6

10
9

10
12

10

Advancing Physics 15